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Rolled Steel Joists
Rolled Steel Joists
Experiment No.5
Bending Tests on rolled steel Joists
Submitted by
Group G2
Amit Agarwal CE13B003
Immanuel CE13B018
Manish Dhariwal CE13B079
Abhishek Tapadar CE13B098
Table of Contents
AIM :........................................................................................................................................... 3
APPARATUS AND DESCRIPTION:.................................................................................................. 3
BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................ 4
Assumptions of Beam Bending Theory and the implications on the experiment:...................4
DERIVATION OF FLEXURE FORMULA :...................................................................................... 4
SHEAR STRESS AT NEUTRAL AXIS (N.A.) OF AN I-SECTION :....................................................6
Deflection of Beams Methods............................................................................................... 9
Direct Integration Method :.................................................................................................. 9
Theory of Strain Rosette........................................................................................................ 11
OBSERVATIONS......................................................................................................................... 12
Raw strain gauge and dial gauge readings :.........................................................................12
CALCULATIONS......................................................................................................................... 14
GRAPHS:................................................................................................................................... 15
Depth vs Strain :................................................................................................................... 15
Load vs Deflection (3 points):................................................................................................ 15
Moment vs Curvature............................................................................................................ 16
Moment vs Depth of Neutral Axis :........................................................................................ 16
Load vs Principal Strain:........................................................................................................ 17
Load vs Shear Strain:............................................................................................................ 17
CALCULATION OF FLEXURAL RIGIDITY:..................................................................................... 17
CALCULATION OF SHEAR RIGIDITY:........................................................................................... 18
DISCUSSIONS DEPARTURE FROM THEORETICAL VALUES:......................................................18
AIM :
To study the behaviour of rolled steel joists under bending
BACKGROUND
Assumptions of Beam Bending Theory:
1. The beam is subject to pure bending, the shear force is zero, and that no torsional or axial loads are
present -- But in reality bending will induce axial forces in the beam.
2. The material is isotropic and homogeneous Material imperfections have not been taken into
consideration in deriving the theoretical values.
3. The material obeys Hooke's law (it is linearly elastic and will not deform plastically) To ensure this
the beam should be loaded so that the stresses are well below the yield point.
4. The beam will fail by bending rather than by crushing, wrinkling or sideways buckling ISMB 200
satisfies this criterion. Load applied is well below the elastic limit to satisfy this condition
3
5. Plane sections of the beam remain plane before and during bending a consequence of our assumption
pure bending scenario. Here we assume that no shear stresses are present in the cross section which is
not true for the same reasons refuting assumption #1. Consequently, some shear deformation is expected
which will cause deviations.
The majority of the deviations from the theoretical values occur because of our idealised assumptions
which are not truly practical in reality.
X
Now lets consider a beam subjected to an arbitrary transverse load.
The deformations can be related to the strains by considering a small element of the beam x.
Before bending: AB = CD = EF = x
After bending, line segment AB shortened and line segment CD lengthened, line segment EF does not
change. Line segment EF is referred to as the neutral surface.
As shown above, o = center of curvature
= radius of curvature
4
Distribution of strain
Stress Strain Relationship:
-------- EQN
(1)
Moment Stress Relationship:
5
From the figure above, we see that internal stresses are equivalent to the external forces and moment.
Let,
Therefore :
-------- EQN
(2)
This is the basic differential equation of the deflection of a beam . From Eqn 1 and 2,
From the bending moment and shear force diagrams, the shape of the beam will be different in the 1st and
last 1/3rd portions and the middle third portion subject to pure bending will have a different shape.
1st 1/3rd portion : Taking origin at the left end of the beam :
Since shear is constant (= P/2), deflected shape has cubic profile. So let
To find the value of C, Take the middle 1/3rd of the beam. For our convenience we will choose
the origin at L/3 from the left. i.e. Define
Since the slope is continuous across the length of the beam, this is the slope at
8
. Hence
The shape on the second half of the beam span is a mirror image of the shape on the first half of the
span owing to symmetry and so we have not considered it separately. It can be described by the same
equations by shifting the origin to the right side end of the beam and analyzing the beam from right
to left.
Equations:
Since a single gage can only measure the strain in only a single direction, two gages are needed to determine
strain in the x and y. However, there is no gage that is capable of measuring shear strain. But any rotated
normal strain is a function of the coordinate strains, x, y and xy, which are unknown in this case. Thus, if
three different gages are all rotated, that will give three equations, with three unknowns, x, y and xy.
These equations are,
Applying this equation to each of the three strain gauges results in the following system of equations
To increase the accuracy of a strain rosette, large angles are used. A common rosette of three gages is where
the gages are separated by 45o, or a = 0o, orb = 45o, or c = 90o. The three equations can then be simplify to
REF: https://ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-bin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=me&chap_sec=08.3&page=theory
OBSERVATIONS
Raw strain gauge and dial gauge readings:
Raw Strain Guage Reading (x10e-6)
Load
10
0.11
-1.56
-0.75
-1.10
-1.25
-1.75
-1.26
-1.64
-0.49
-1.04
-1.45
64.59
-6.72
-3.68
-1.69
0.02
2.11
-1.18
-1.27
-0.81
-3.02
0.15
200.9
6
400.6
8
650.8
0
801.9
2
1011.
18
1201.
99
16.03
28.76
45.78
56.81
71.05
84.24
-7.34
-1.89
4.01
12.07
-0.87
0.69
-0.95
-6.70
4.73
-0.50
11.25
27.27
0.88
4.56
0.21
-0.20
19.07
44.78
2.12
10.01
3.22
-0.45
22.81
54.80
3.09
14.01
5.51
-0.08
28.80
69.18
4.08
19.97
9.69
-0.40
34.77
82.44
4.85
25.30
12.84
11.14
18.80
23.76
29.74
34.94
10
10.96
16.57
20.61
25.35
29.76
12.90
22.37
28.29
35.94
43.26
1401.
06
42.44
-0.43
40.84
96.12
6.49
30.61
15.29
34.24
50.76
46.80
-0.16
46.17
109.1
5
8.15
34.58
17.67
38.14
57.31
46.86
0.41
46.97
110.9
3
8.61
35.35
17.93
39.15
58.54
50.94
1.29
53.29
125.2
9
10.03
40.45
19.69
43.63
66.15
57.15
1.02
59.79
139.6
1
11.67
45.86
21.50
47.89
73.57
54.52
0.39
56.36
132.0
8
10.79
43.86
20.94
44.73
69.49
52.63
-0.24
53.40
125.9
6
10.04
42.30
20.59
42.71
66.13
50.59
-1.11
49.31
117.5
9
9.48
39.87
19.80
39.33
61.86
48.95
-1.35
46.99
113.2
7
8.65
38.53
18.94
37.61
59.16
44.01
-2.18
41.18
99.62
7.19
34.53
16.68
33.51
51.72
1205.
59
1001.
00
800.9
3
600.2
3
435.0
1
400.4
7
200.7
2
98.01
108.8
5
110.4
1
124.2
5
136.4
4
130.3
4
125.6
8
118.7
3
114.3
6
102.6
5
90.52
76.08
61.60
46.94
35.11
31.23
16.39
-2.45
34.92
85.93
5.49
29.67
14.24
-2.99
28.87
71.26
3.88
23.12
10.03
-2.56
22.37
56.48
2.22
16.40
5.98
-2.76
16.64
41.94
0.96
9.51
2.29
-2.16
11.17
30.46
0.02
5.20
0.67
-2.00
10.57
27.36
-0.25
4.56
0.52
-8.07
-1.35
5.04
13.37
-0.53
1.50
0.24
-6.38
5.94
30.21
-4.35
-3.33
-0.88
-0.29
1.63
-0.82
-0.72
0.30
-1.41
0.37
1576.
98
1605.
10
1805.
36
2001.
19
1880.
07
1793.
33
1666.
46
1599.
06
1401.
41
39.20
32.97
27.91
20.85
17.04
15.35
Load
0.11
Table 2
Raw Dial Guage Reading (mm)
1
2
3
0.00
0.00
0.00
11
29.18
25.33
21.02
16.41
12.18
11.42
44.42
36.03
27.76
20.31
14.10
12.70
64.59
200.96
400.68
650.80
801.92
1011.18
1201.99
1401.06
1576.98
1605.10
1805.36
2001.19
1880.07
1793.33
1666.46
1599.06
1401.41
1205.59
1001.00
800.93
600.23
435.01
400.47
200.72
30.21
0.02
0.10
0.19
0.30
0.36
0.45
0.52
0.59
0.66
0.67
0.74
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.77
0.74
0.67
0.59
0.51
0.42
0.33
0.25
0.24
0.14
0.04
-0.01
-0.09
-0.19
-0.31
-0.37
-0.46
-0.55
-0.63
-0.70
-0.71
-0.79
-0.86
-0.84
-0.81
-0.76
-0.74
-0.66
-0.58
-0.50
-0.41
-0.32
-0.24
-0.23
-0.12
-0.02
0.00
0.07
0.15
0.25
0.30
0.38
0.46
0.53
0.59
0.60
0.67
0.74
0.73
0.71
0.66
0.64
0.58
0.51
0.43
0.36
0.28
0.21
0.20
0.11
0.02
Load
0.11
64.59
200.9
6
400.6
8
650.8
0
801.9
2
1011.
18
1201.
99
1401.
06
1576.
98
1
0.00
-5.15
2
0.00
-2.93
Table
3
Corrected Strain Guage Reading (x10e-6)
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.59
1.27
3.86
0.08
0.36
-0.33
-14.47
-6.59
-0.79
5.26
13.82
0.39
2.33
-0.47
-5.65
6.18
-27.19
-10.38
0.61
12.51
29.02
2.15
6.20
0.70
-9.92
14.35
-44.22
-18.05
0.91
20.32
46.53
3.38
11.64
3.71
-15.53
23.82
-55.25
-23.00
0.65
24.06
56.55
4.35
15.65
6.00
-19.56
29.74
-69.49
-28.99
1.02
30.05
70.93
5.34
21.61
10.18
-24.30
37.39
-82.67
-34.19
0.71
36.02
84.19
6.11
26.94
13.33
-28.71
44.71
-96.45
-41.69
0.67
42.10
97.88
7.75
32.24
15.78
-33.19
52.21
107.2
9
-46.05
0.94
47.42
110.9
0
9.41
36.22
18.15
-37.10
58.76
12
9
0.00
-1.97
10
0.00
1.60
1605.
10
1805.
36
2001.
19
1880.
07
1793.
33
1666.
46
1599.
06
1401.
41
1205.
59
1001.
00
800.9
3
600.2
3
435.0
1
400.4
7
200.7
2
30.21
108.8
5
122.6
9
134.8
7
128.7
8
124.1
1
117.1
6
112.8
0
101.0
9
-46.10
1.51
48.22
112.6
9
9.88
36.99
18.42
-38.11
59.99
-50.19
2.39
54.54
127.0
5
11.29
42.08
20.18
-42.58
67.60
-56.40
2.13
61.04
141.3
6
12.93
47.50
21.99
-46.85
75.02
-53.77
1.49
57.61
133.8
3
12.06
45.50
21.43
-43.68
70.94
-51.88
0.86
54.66
127.7
1
11.30
43.93
21.07
-41.67
67.57
-49.83
-0.01
50.56
119.3
5
10.74
41.51
20.28
-38.28
63.30
-48.20
-0.24
48.24
115.0
2
9.91
40.16
19.43
-36.56
60.61
-43.25
-1.08
42.43
101.3
7
8.45
36.16
17.17
-32.47
53.17
-88.95
-38.45
-1.35
36.18
87.68
6.75
31.30
14.73
-28.13
45.87
-74.51
-32.22
-1.89
30.12
73.01
5.14
24.76
10.52
-24.29
37.48
-60.04
-27.16
-1.46
23.62
58.23
3.48
18.03
6.47
-19.97
29.21
-45.37
-20.10
-1.66
17.89
43.70
2.22
11.15
2.77
-15.37
21.76
-33.55
-16.29
-1.06
12.42
32.21
1.28
6.84
1.16
-11.14
15.55
-29.66
-14.60
-0.90
11.82
29.11
1.01
6.19
1.01
-10.37
14.15
-14.83
-7.32
-0.24
6.30
15.12
0.73
3.14
0.72
-5.33
7.39
-2.79
-2.57
0.22
0.96
3.38
0.45
0.92
0.78
-0.37
1.82
Load
0.11
64.59
200.96
400.68
650.80
801.92
1011.18
Table 4
Corrected Dial Guage Reading
(mm)
1
2
3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.10
-0.09
0.07
0.19
-0.19
0.15
0.30
-0.31
0.25
0.36
-0.37
0.30
0.45
-0.46
0.38
13
1201.99
1401.06
1576.98
1605.10
1805.36
2001.19
1880.07
1793.33
1666.46
1599.06
1401.41
1205.59
1001.00
800.93
600.23
435.01
400.47
200.72
30.21
0.52
0.59
0.66
0.67
0.74
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.77
0.74
0.67
0.59
0.51
0.42
0.33
0.25
0.24
0.14
0.04
-0.55
-0.63
-0.70
-0.71
-0.79
-0.86
-0.84
-0.81
-0.76
-0.74
-0.66
-0.58
-0.50
-0.41
-0.32
-0.24
-0.23
-0.12
-0.02
0.46
0.53
0.59
0.60
0.67
0.74
0.73
0.71
0.66
0.64
0.58
0.51
0.43
0.36
0.28
0.21
0.20
0.11
0.02
CALCULATIONS
Principal
Strain @ Loc
2
Load(kg
)
0.1
64.6
201.0
400.7
650.8
801.9
1011.2
1202.0
1401.1
1577.0
Moment
(Nm)
0.1
42.2
131.3
261.8
425.2
523.9
660.6
785.3
915.4
1030.3
Curvature(
)
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.3
Dept
h of
NA
(mm) 1
2
100.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
0.4
-0.7
100.0
2.4
-2.4
100.0
6.3
-3.4
100.0 11.6
-4.6
100.0 15.7
-5.3
100.0 21.8
-6.3
100.0 27.3
-7.9
100.0 32.6
-9.1
100.0 36.6
-9.1
14
1605.1
1805.4
2001.2
1880.1
1793.3
1666.5
1599.1
1401.4
1205.6
1001.0
800.9
600.2
435.0
400.5
200.7
30.2
1048.7
1179.5
1307.4
1228.3
1171.6
1088.8
1044.7
915.6
787.7
654.0
523.3
392.2
284.2
261.6
131.1
19.7
2.3
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
37.4
42.5
47.8
45.9
44.4
41.9
40.6
36.6
31.7
25.0
18.1
11.2
6.8
6.2
3.1
1.0
GRAPHS:
Depth vs Strain :
15
-9.1
-11.0
-12.9
-12.4
-12.0
-10.9
-11.3
-10.9
-10.2
-9.3
-8.2
-6.2
-4.4
-4.2
-1.7
0.3
-4.5
-5.5
-6.5
-6.2
-6.0
-5.5
-5.6
-5.5
-5.1
-4.7
-4.1
-3.1
-2.2
-2.1
-0.8
0.1
-38.1
-42.6
-46.8
-43.7
-41.7
-38.3
-36.6
-32.5
-28.1
-24.3
-20.0
-15.4
-11.1
-10.4
-5.3
-0.4
60.0
67.6
75.0
70.9
67.6
63.3
60.6
53.2
45.9
37.5
29.2
21.8
15.6
14.1
7.4
1.8
16
Moment vs Curvature
17
18
19
DISCUSSIONS:
Reasons for the deviations from theoritical values:
INFERENCES:
1) Moments observed in the beam were lower than the calculated moments indicating lower flexural
rigidity than calculated which was also verified by separate calculations.
2) The shear rigidity was higher than theoretically calculated mainly because of inaccuracies in the
dimensions resulting in the inaccuracies in the calculation of shear forces and consequently, the value
of G.
3) The assumption of plane sections remaining plane before and after bending was proved to be
considerably accurate.
20