Electrical Components and Circuits Not Mine
Electrical Components and Circuits Not Mine
Figure 1. Ampermeter
An ampermeter (ammeter) is a galvanometer with a calibrated current
scale for its indicator and a bypass resistor (called a shunt) for a fixed
fraction of the current, shown in Figure 1. Many ammeters have several
selectable shunts which provide their corresponding current meter
ranges. Typically, ammeters can be found with calibrated ranges of 1
micro-A for full scale deflection up to 1000 A for full scale deflection,
and in multiples of 10 between these extremes.
Figure 2. Voltmeter
A voltmeter, shown in Figure 2, is just a calibrated galvanometer with a
series resistor so that the total resistance of the path is increased. The
galvanometer range is calibrated for the current Ig passing through it.
This scale is adjusted to display the potential difference between points
A and B, (voltage) by substituting Vg values for Ig on the scale where
Vg = Ig Rg and Rg is the total resistance of the voltmeter. Voltmeters
may have more than one calibrated scale which can be selected by
changing the resistance Rg.
Current in a circuit is the flow of the positive charge from a high
potential (+) to a low potential (-). Meters are labeled to indicate the
proper direction of current flow through them. A reverse flow of DC
current may destroy a meter.
Electrical charge will not move through a conducting path unless there
is a potential difference between the ends of the conductors. All
materials resist the flow of current through them, requiring work to be
done to move the charge through the material. The source of energy in
a circuit which provides the energy to move the charge through the
circuit can be a battery, photocell, or some other power supply.
An electrical circuit is a circuitous path of wire and devices. A
schematic drawing of a real circuit utilizes the symbols shown in Figure
3.
Figure 3.
Circuit Symbols
bulb) that changes the electrical energy into a more useful form of
energy (light), and a switch to control the energy delivered to the load.
A load is any device through which an electrical current flows and
which changes this electrical energy into a more useful form. The
following are common examples of loads:
A light bulb (changes electrical energy to light energy).
An electric motor (changes electrical energy into mechanical energy).
A speaker in a radio (changes electrical energy into sound).
A source is the device that furnishes the electrical energy used by the
load. It may be a simple dry cell (as in a flashlight), a storage battery
(as in an automobile), or a power supply (such as a battery charger). A
switch permits control of the electrical device by interrupting the
current delivered to the load.
Laws of Electricity
Ohms law describes the relationship among potential, resistance
and current in a resistive series circuit. In a series circuit, all circuit
elements are connected in sequence along a unique path, head to tail,
as are the battery and three resistors shown in Figure 2-1. Ohms Law
may be written as:
V = IR
Where V is the potential difference in volts between two points in a
circuit, R is the resistance between the two points in ohms, and I is the
resulting current in amperes.
diagrams for determining resistance and voltage in a basic circuit,
respectively.
Where:
V is the Voltage measured in volts
I is the Current measured in amperes
R is the resistance measured in Ohms
Therefore:
Volts = Amps times Resistance
Ohms Law is used to calculate a missing value in a circuit.
Kirchhoffs Law
Kirchhoffs current law states that the algebraic sum of currents
around any point in a circuit is zero. Kirchhoffs voltage law states that
the algebraic sum of the voltages around a closed electrical loop is
zero.
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
So
Power Law
The power law states that the power in watts dissipated in a
resistive element is given by the product of the current in amperes and
the potential difference across the resistance in volts:
P = IV
And substituting Ohms law gives:
P = I2R = V2/R
Basic Direct Current Circuits
The Schematic Diagram
The schematic diagram consists of idealized circuit elements each of
which represents some property of the actual circuit. The Figure shows
some common circuit elements encountered in DC circuits. A twoterminal network is a circuit that has only two points of interest, say A
and B.
Series Circuits
region and the excess electrons in the n region move under the
influence of the electric field toward the junction, where they combine
and annihilate each other. The negative terminal of the battery injects
new electrons into the n region, which can then continue the
conduction process; the positive terminal extracts electrons from the p
region, creating new holes that are free to migrate towards the pn
junction.
Figure 2-3d shows when the diode is reverse-biased and the
majority carriers in each region drift away from the junction to form the
depletion layer, which contains few charges. Only the small
concentration of minority carriers present in each region drifts toward
the junction and creates a current.
Figure 1. Ampermeter
An ampermeter (ammeter) is a galvanometer with a calibrated current
scale for its indicator and a bypass resistor (called a shunt) for a fixed
fraction of the current, shown in Figure 1. Many ammeters have several
selectable shunts which provide their corresponding current meter
ranges. Typically, ammeters can be found with calibrated ranges of 1
micro-A for full scale deflection up to 1000 A for full scale deflection,
and in multiples of 10 between these extremes.
Figure 2. Voltmeter
A voltmeter, shown in Figure 2, is just a calibrated galvanometer with a
series resistor so that the total resistance of the path is increased. The
galvanometer range is calibrated for the current Ig passing through it.
This scale is adjusted to display the potential difference between points
A and B, (voltage) by substituting Vg values for Ig on the scale where
Vg = Ig Rg and Rg is the total resistance of the voltmeter. Voltmeters
may have more than one calibrated scale which can be selected by
changing the resistance Rg.
REFERENCES:
Direct Current Circuits.
http://pneuma.phys.ualberta.ca/~gingrich/phys395/notes/node2.html
Field effect transistors (FETs) as transducers in electrochemical
sensors.
http://www.ch.pw.edu.pl/~dybko/csrg/isfet/chemfet.html
Skoog, Holler, and Nieman. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 5th ed.
Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1998.
Shulga AA, Koudelka-Hep M, de Rooij NF, Netchiporouk LI. Glucose
sensitive enzyme field effect transistor using potassium ferricyanide as
an oxidizing substrate. Analytical Chemistry. 15 Jan. 1994.
Thompson JM, Smith SC, Cramb R, Hutton. Clinical evaluation of
sodium ion selective field effect transistors for whole blood assay.
Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 31 Jan. 1994.