Supply Chain Management
Supply Chain Management
4.Information:
The firm should make use of the latest technology and information
present to reduce the cost and improve the responsiveness within a
supply chain.
5.Sourcing:
The firm should outsource few of the manufacturing processes. It
will increase the efficiency and the company can achieve significant
economies of scale.6.Pricing: Differential pricing strategies should be
used for the two types of customers. The Time sensitive customers
should be charged more for the extra value being provided
Ability
Ability
Ability
Ability
to
to
to
to
products
Ability to provide a very high service level
Supply chain efficiency is the cost of making and delivering a
product to the customer. Increase in costs lower efficiency.
Achieving strategic fit
The greater the implied demand uncertainty, the more responsive a
supply chain has to be. More responsive supply chains are more
costly supply chains. When compared directly with less responsive
but more efficient supply chains, their costs may look excessive.
Expanding the Supply Chain Optimization and Strategic Fit Scope
Competitive strategy
Value chain analysis espouses three roles for marketing in a global
competitive strategy. The first relates to the configuration of
marketing. It may be advantageous to concentrate some marketing
activities in one or a few countries. A second role relates to the
coordination of activities across countries to gain leverage say, of
know how. A third critical role of marketing is its role in tapping
opportunities for upstream advantage in the value chain. More will
be said about value chain analysis in later chapters.
Generic approaches
According to Porter1 (1980) there are three generic approaches to
outperforming others in an industry - overall cost leadership,
differentiation and focus
The scope of strategic fit refers to the functions and stages within a
supply chain that coordinate strategy and target a common goal.
When the scope is narrow, individual functions try to optimize their
performance based on their own goals. This practice often results in
conflicting actions that reduce the supply chain surplus. As the
scope of strategic fit is enlarged to include the entire supply chain,
actions are evaluated based on their impact on overall supply chain
performance, which helps increase supply chain surplus
Intercompany Interoperation scope:
The most limited scope over which strategic fit and optimization can be attempted is one with
operation within a functional area in a company.
Intercompany Intra functional scope:
If the competitive strategy and supply chain strategy are aligned across all the operations
functions of the company and optimization is attempted in an integral manner including the
raw material inventory, manufacturing operations, finished goods inventory and warehouse,
and transportation, the scope is extended to intra company intra fuctional level.
Intra company Inter functional scope:
At this level of scope, the entire company's activities are viewed and modeled as one single
system, and optimization is done and company profit is maximized.
Intercompany Inter functional scope:
The Maximum Supply Chain Surplus view: At this level of optimization and fit making, the
entire supply chain is modeled as a system and optimization and fit is designed so that
supply chain surplus is maximized.
Production
Inventory
Location
Simulate this decision in SCM Globe by the method you use to select
locations for your facilities (factories, warehouses and stores) and
the storage capacities and operating expenses you define for these
facilities.
Transportation
Information
The power of this driver grows stronger each year as the technology
for collecting and sharing information becomes more wide spread,
easier to use, and less expensive. Information, much like money, is
a very useful commodity because it can be applied directly to
enhance the performance of the other four supply chain drivers.
High levels of responsiveness can be achieved when companies
collect and share accurate and timely data generated by the
operations of the other four drivers. The supply chains that serve
the electronics markets are some of the most responsive in the
world. Companies in these supply chains from manufacturers, to
distributors, to the big retail stores collect and share data about
customer demand, production schedules, and inventory levels.
Please note however that the cost of information continues to drop and
the cost of the other four drivers mostly continues to rise. Over the
long run, those companies and supply chains that learn how to
maximize the use of information sharing to increase their coordination
and get optimal performance from the other drivers will gain the most
market share and be the most profitable.
A Customer's Perspective
Customers may sometimes wonder, why buy from a middle
man when I can just go direct at a lower cost? There are
several answers, the most straightforward being that either the
buyer or seller in a direct relationship will have to perform the
function of the distributor. This adds cost to the equation,
which can be seen in several key areas.
In addition, distributors can typically offer a greater level of
flexibility than manufacturers, including quicker turnaround
times on orders - often as little as two hours. Most
manufacturers today supply orders based on 730-day leadtimes, excluding transit time to import products to the United
States. With just-in-time manufacturing principals in place at
many customers facilities, not to mention ever-changing
production schedules, customers do not have the luxury of
waiting four to eight weeks for materials to arrive. With
customers focused on increasing inventory turns and
improving working capital and revenue through operational
efficiencies, the distribution channel is critical to maintain
inventory strategically located near the customer base.
Q11: What role does forecasting play in the supply chain of a buildto-order?
Q12: In what way can improper incentives lead to lack of
coordination in a supply chain? What countermeasures can be used
of offset this effect?
MARKS = 100
1. You are studying English at a private language school attended by many international
students. You are planning a surprise birthday party for a friend who has been feeling
particularly sad and homesick. Write to another classmate and invite him / her to the party. In
your letter:
(20)
Explain the reason for the party
Well I have many friend in my that group, I have a friend who always miss his family and
always be lonely and miss you family a lot. Well its not mean I do not miss my family
when I saw him its make me sad. So I have a chance to make him happy and give him
some surprise because today is its birthday so I am doing all this for my friend because he
have to be happy because its not his own country and neither is area where he used to live
all of his life. So I try my best to make him happy and I wish he be happy always this is a
reason and I have to let him know that making me his friend is his good choice so I am his
friend and I will prove it.
Give the date and time and place of the party
The time I will suggest it ofcouse after 8 pm because after that time he used to miss his
family so much and I have seen him very sad on that time so I have been noticing him a
while ago and I was already made my plan that on his birthday I will make a speaial day
for him and I will try to give some special gift from his family I am corresponding with his
younger brother what he like so he sent me his best T-shirt which he is like to wear when
he was in his country.
Suggest what the classmate could bring to the party
Well I will suggest that he is missing his family so we have to be show that we are his
family so one will be like his elder brother and sister and make him think that that you are
real ones
I want you to invite all and give some time by him own just thinking if we were on his
behalf what we feel? So I hope this give you best idea what make you to and yes if this is
possible then you just wear his kind of dress which he used to wear trust me guys you will
got tears in your eyes when you saw his happiness trust me it would be great feelings to
make someone happy.
2. You have received a job offer for a position you have wanted for a long time. You are
expected to start on September 1st. However, you can only start a week later due to
personal reasons. Write a letter to Mr. Ahmar, your new boss. In your letter:
Attention Mr. Ahmar
I am writing you a letter to explain the reason behind why I am not supposed
to join you on time and why I was delay. I was in some trouble due to some
current issues so having some personal family issues which makes me to
delay and I was feeling guilty. I will make you sure I will not do this again I
will surely let you before I hope you will consider my problem and give me a
second chance and I will make you very sure I will work hard for the job and
never allow you to complaint and do my best to make you proud for choosing
me
Im so sorry for taking this long to write you back. I was away
for a few days and am digging out from the emails that piled
up! Its a giant, digital deluge.
I need to confess something: If even a few days go by without
me replying to you, I start to worry. Am I making you feel bad?
Am I being rude? And the most fifth grade fear of all: will you
be mad at me?
I find myself apologizing constantly. Im sorry for the delay in
replying, but. Sorry its taken me so long. I do it so often I
can cut and paste the phrases into each email reply. One day,
drowning in electronic apologies, it hit me: I have the curse of
the e-Good Girl.
Sure, everybodys got email problems. But if youre the kind of
person who worries about disappointing others, who wants to
be liked, who wants to do everything right, a mounting pile of
email lights your Good Girl issues up like a Christmas tree.
When I stop and think about it, I realize that letting four or five
days go by before responding to you is actually not a big deal.
With all the instant technology at our disposal (text! Chat!
Skype!), Ive gotten warped about what a long time really
means. The pressure for an immediate response has gotten
out of hand.
And my productivity suffers. When Im writing back to you, Im
not working on a lesson plan or a book chapter. Its just that
answering email is so darn attractive. It offers a satisfying
double hit of blazing through my to-do list and fulfilling my
need to be nice and please you. (By the way, it turns out the
book chapter doesnt say thank you. It doesnt think Im a nice
person for writing it, either).
In a highly scientific survey, I asked one of my best friends,
who works in publishing, if she ever felt like this. It was
Saturday morning and we were both trudging through our
inbox (yes, the word Saturday is what is wrong with that
sentence). When I asked her if she had the Curse of the E-Good
Girl, I could practically hear her sit up.
Temporary workers may work full-time or part-time depending on the individual situation. In
some instances, temporary workers receive benefits (such as health insurance), but usually
benefits are only given to permanent employees as a cost-cutting measure by the employer to
save money. Not all temporary employees find jobs through a temporary employment agency.
A temporary work agency, temp agency or temporary staffing firm finds and retains workers.
Other companies, in need of short-term workers, contract with the temporary work agency to
send temporary workers, or temps, on assignments to work at the other companies.
Temporary employees are also used in work that has a cyclical nature, requiring frequent
adjustments to staffing levels.
4. Write the detailed paragraphs of the following topics. Firstgenerate topic sentences
and then cover the three parts of paragraph in each topic.
Earthquake
(10)
are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than
magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on
the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter magnitude scale. These two
scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower
earthquakes are mostly imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially
cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest
earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no
limit to the possible magnitude. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli
scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else
being equal.[1]
In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event
whether natural or caused by humans that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are
caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic
activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture
is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above
the hypocenter.
agency is to use every tool at its disposal to clothe the brand with substance and endow it
with personality and make it a trusted friend.
Consumers also buy things and services that reflect a brand reputation and fit with their own
personal values and aspirations. They may develop an emotional relationship with a brand,
buying it for the simple reason that they have always bought it, or because it reminds them of
their childhood, or because it gives them a taste of the glamour they want in their life.
Good advertisers can tap into this well of emotion. It's a maxim of advertising when products
are similar; the advertising has to rely on the difference in the experience. Advertising
attaches value to the product by creating the anticipation of a superior experience. (Just take a
look, for instance, at some of the shampoo television ads, which strongly imply that women
will be brought to the heights of ecstasy merely by shampooing their hair with the product.)
If the links between customer and brand are properly built, leveraged and translated into an
emotionally involving and gratifying experience, an intensely loyal, committed customer will
result. Virtually every business follows some variation of the 20/80 rule. Roughly, 20 percent
of customers generate 80 percent of sales. Their lifetime value to the brand is significant. The
best customers often become brand advocates and recruit new customers.
The underground railroad
The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19thcentury enslaved people of African descent in the United States in efforts to escape to free
states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause.
The term is also applied to the abolitionists, both black and white, free and enslaved, who
aided the fugitives. Various other routes led to Mexico or overseas.[3] An earlier escape route
running south toward Florida, then a Spanish possession, existed from the late 17th century
until shortly after the American Revolution. However, the network now generally known as
the Underground Railroad was formed in the early 19th century, and reached its height
between 1850 and 1860. One estimate suggests that by 1850, 100,000 slaves had escaped via
the "Railroad".
British North America (present-day Canada), where slavery was prohibited, was a popular
destination, as its long border gave many points of access. Most former slaves settled in
Ontario. More than 30,000 people were said to have escaped there via the network during its
20-year peak period,[6] although U.S. Census figures account for only 6,000.[7] Numerous
fugitives' stories are documented in the 1872 book The Underground Railroad Records by
William Still, an abolitionist who then headed the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee
5. Write a detailed essay on Global warming. The essay should be long enough to cover
all aspects of the topic.
(20)
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale
rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related
effects. Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is
warming Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the
measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the
additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into the
oceans. The rest has melted ice and warmed the continents and atmosphere.
Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over tens to
thousands of years.
Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than
95% certain that global warming is mostly being caused by human
(anthropogenic) activities, mainly increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases
such as carbon dioxide Human-made carbon dioxide continues to increase above
levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. Currently, about half of the
carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the
atmosphere. The rest is absorbed by vegetation and the oceans. Climate model
projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the
global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 C for their lowest
emissions scenario and 2.6 to 4.8 C (4.7 to 8.6 F) for the highest emissions
scenario.[15] These findings have been recognized by the national science
academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any
scientific body of national or international standing.
Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region
around the globe.[19][20] Anticipated effects include warming global
temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts
in the subtropics.[21] Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the
oceans and greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers,
permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme
weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall with floods and
heavy snowfall;[22] ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting
temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food
security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas
due to rising sea levels. Because the climate system has a large "inertia" and
CO2 will stay in the atmosphere for a long time, many of these effects will not
only exist for decades or centuries, but will persist for tens of thousands of years.
[25]
ASSIGNMENT # 2
100
MARKS =
Choose 4 articles of your own choice regarding Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and
Economic Growth. Read the articles thoroughly and cover following areas;
A. Generate an attractive topic sentence of your article.
(5)
Net inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) fell by 16% globally in 2014, to $1.2 trillion,
as a result of economic fragility, greater geopolitical risks and policy uncertainty. FDI flows
to developed countries dropped by 28%, to $499 billion, their lowest level in a decade.
Inflows to the United States fell by 60%, to $92 billion, mainly due to Vodafones divestment
of Verizon, while flows to Europe fell by 11%, to $289 billion. Owing largely to Asia,
developing economies share of FDI inflows is rising steadily: it accounted for 55% of the
global total. Services continue to gobble up the bulk of investment, accounting for 63% of the
global FDI stock, more than twice the share of manufacturing.
India to allow foreign direct investment from Pakistan
NEW DELHI: Improving the economic ties between the two nations, India on Friday said it
will allow FDI from Pakistan paving the way for industries from the neighbouring country to
set up businesses in the growing Indian market. "India has taken in-principle decision as part
of trade normalisation process to allow foreign direct investment from Pakistan...," commerce
and industry minister Anand Sharma said after a meeting with his Pakistani counter.
C. Write literature review based on the relevant previous researches and propose
hypotheses. (Note: Focus on proper citation in APA style)
A literature review is a text of a scholarly paper, which includes the current knowledge
including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a
particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and do not report new or original
experimental work. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such reviews are
found in academic journals, and are not to be confused with book reviews that may also
appear in the same publication. Literature reviews are a basis for research in nearly every
academic fieldA narrow-scope literature review may be included as part of a peer-reviewed
journal article presenting new research, serving to situate the current study within the body of
the relevant literature and to provide context for the reader. In such a case, the review usually
precedes the methodology and results sections of the work. Producing a literature review may
also be part of graduate and post-graduate student work, including in the preparation of a
thesis, dissertation, or a journal article. Literature reviews are also common in a research
proposal or prospectus (the document that is approved before a student formally begins a
dissertation or thesis) Literature review in psychology compares research concerning
assumptions on the research question, the experimental methodology, the data assessments,
and the conclusions
The APA style refers to the method of writing research papers recommended by the American
Psychological Association. The APA style is used in the social sciences and is governed by
two basic ideas. The first is that a scientific paper attempts to show something that has
already been proven true, so it calls for the past or present perfect tense when you cite the
work of others. Second, the year of publication is important, so you need to feature it
immediately after any named source in the text.
Smyth (1972) found that children often studied while watching television.
A conceptual framework is a bit like a recipe or a plan. It provides an outline of how you plan
to conduct the research for your thesis, but it goes further than that by also positioning your
work within the larger field of research. Writing a conceptual framework can not only help to
guide your thesis to ensure that your research stays on track, but it also helps to guide fellow
researchers or advisers who are analyzing your thesis.
Create a Flow Chart
Conceptual frameworks are often visual in nature and allow those reading the framework to
understand the flow of your research. You can present this in whatever way makes the most
sense for your work, which can include a flow chart, mind map or diagram. For each
component of your research, you should show the variables that influence it. For example, if
you are studying childhood development outcomes, you might study home life, school and
community, which would each be influenced by different variables. For school, your
variables might be peers, teachers and learning disabilities. The more detailed you are with
your diagram, the more thorough your conceptual framework will be.
Write a Narrative
Not all conceptual frameworks have to include a diagram or graphic. You can present the
same information by writing a narrative. Your narrative should summarize the variables
influencing your research and explore how they may change your hypothesis. The narrative
should also explain the basic methodology for your research. Even if you include a diagram
in your conceptual framework, a narrative should also be included explaining these details for
those who prefer more in-depth information. Use bolded headers to separate the sections of
your narrative and to create a visual hierarchy of information.
Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study.
It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a
branch of knowledge. Typically, it encompasses concepts such as philosophical or theoretical
frameworks, theoretical model, phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques.[1]
A methodology does not set out to provide solutions - it is, therefore, not the same as a
method. Instead, a methodology offers the theoretical underpinning for understanding which
method, set of methods, or best practices can be applied to specific case, for example, to
calculate a specific result.
It has been defined also as follows:
The methodology is the general research strategy that outlines the way in which research is to
be undertaken and, among other things, identifies the methods to be used in it. These
methods, described in the methodology, define the means or modes of data collection or,
sometimes, how a specific result is to be calculated. Methodology does not define specific
methods, even though much attention is given to the nature and kinds of processes to be
followed in a particular procedure or to attain an objective. When proper to a study of
methodology, such processes constitute a constructive generic framework, and may therefore
be broken down into sub-processes, combined, or their sequence changed. A paradigm is
similar to a methodology in that it is also a constructive framework. In theoretical work, the
development of paradigms satisfies most or all of the criteria for methodology. An algorithm,
like a paradigm, is also a type of constructive framework, meaning that the construction is a
logical, rather than a physical, array of connected elements. Any description of a means of
calculation of a specific result is always a description of a method and never a description of
a methodology. It is thus important to avoid using methodology as a synonym for method or
body of methods. Doing this shifts it away from its true epistemological meaning and reduces
it to being the procedure itself, or the set of tools, or the instruments that should have been its
outcome. A methodology is the design process for carrying out research or the development
of a procedure and is not in itself an instrument, or method, or procedure for doing things.
Methodology and method are not interchangeable. In recent years however, there has been a
tendency to use methodology as a "pretentious substitute for the word method[not in citation
given] Using methodology as a synonym for method or set of methods leads to confusion and
misinterpretation and undermines the proper analysis that should go into designing research
APA style is a format for academic documents such as journal articles and
books. It is modified in the style guide of the American Psychological
Association (APA), titled the Publication Manual of the American