Rice Mill Project Report
Rice Mill Project Report
Roll No. 93
Semester: 5th
Supervisor: Mr. Bhargav Majumdar
Title: Problems and Prospects of Indian Rice Mills
Signature
To,
The Controller of Examination,
Jadavpur University,
Kolkata.
Respected sir,
This research work has been done by me and is an original work. The references
used have been mentioned in the bibliography.
This research is partial fulfilment of the requirement for the BBA degree to be
awarded by Jadavpur University.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully,
(NIKITA TIBREWAL)
Abstract
Rice is one of the chief grains of India. Moreover, this country has the biggest
area under rice cultivation, as it is one of the principal food crops. It is in fact
the dominant crop of the country. India is one of the leading producers of this
crop. Rice is the basic food crop in India. The southern region of India
consumes more rice and also cultivates paddy in large quantities.
Rice is the end product of paddy after various production operations. In the past,
the conversion of paddy to rice was a house hold job, a tasking proposition for
the women folk. But due to high demand for rice the household job was
transformed to mills operations. Milling is a crucial step in post-production of
rice. The basic objective of a rice milling system is to remove the husk and the
bran layers, and produce an edible, white rice kernel that is sufficiently milled
and free of impurities. This is initially done in mills by manual operation. Due
to the innovation of machineries, the new technology, has been adopting for
converting paddy to rice in the name modernization.
Modernization of rice mill yield more rice from it, and came with more
competition between the rice mill entrepreneurs. It involve of high capital, and
huge investment to start a new rice mill. Even though more rice mills were
emerged in southern region of India. Many of the rice processing units are of the
semi automatic type and are inefficient. Modern rice mills are having high
capacity and are capital intensive, although inefficient. It is a bottleneck in its
adoption by the prospective entrepreneur. So, it leads more challenges for all
rice mill entrepreneurs.
This paper identifies the problems which are all faced by rice mill
entrepreneurs from the stage of procuring paddy till the end process of Rice.
And also the rice mill entrepreneur has been obtaining some prospects from it.
All frameworks for problems and prospects of rice mill entrepreneur identifies
with the help review of literature and some data collected from the rice mill
entrepreneur through some observation. This paper produces the findings of
factors identification for constructing questionnaire to conduct survey for my
research work in the topic of A study on the Problems and Prospects of Indian
Rice Mills
INDEX
3
SERI
AL
NO.
1.
CONTENTS
PAGE
NO.
INTRODUCTION
5-7
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW
3.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
11
4.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
12-18
4.1 MEANING
12
4.2 CHARACTERISTICS
12
4.3 ASSUMPTIONS
14
14
4.5 ADVANTANGES
14
4.6 LIMITATION
16
4.7 CONCLUSION
17
18
DATA ANALYSIS
19-23
5.1 PROBLEMS
19
5.2 PROSPECTS
22
6.
24
7.
RECOMMENDATION
25
8.
26
9.
ANNEXURE
27-29
BIBLIOGRAPHY
30
5.
10.
8-10
1. Introduction:
4
Many of the rice processing units in India are of the traditional huller type and
are inefficient. Modern rice mills are having high capacity and are capital
intensive, although efficient small modern rice mills have been developed.
In the year 1968, a study was conducted by the group of officials and they
pointed out that pointed out that the overall supply of rice could be augmented
substantially with additional yield obtained through modernization of the
existing rice processing techniques. A number of studies were also undertaken
and came out with the same findings. As a result, the policy of modernization of
rice mills in India has since then pursued by the Government of
India and various States within it. Thus, the industry has become fairly
modernized and more important in economy of the country. Thus, with higher
priority being given to paddy production programmes and the changing pattern
of demand for rice, the milling industry has to adopt itself to the rice milling.
Most of the small size mills are huller mills. Other various types are Battery of
Huller mills, Huller-cum-Sheller mills, Sheller mills and modern mills.
The process for modernization of rice milling industry in the country was
initiated in 1970 with a view to obtaining higher yields of rice and better quality
of by-products such as bran and husk, suitable for edible oil/industrial oil
extraction and as a source of fuel respectively. As a first step towards
modernization, the Rice Milling Industry (Regulation) Act
1958 and the Rice Milling Industry (Regulation and Licensing) Rules 1959
were amended. In the initial phase of modernization, shellers-cum-hullers and
multiple hullers were brought under purview of modernization. However,
keeping in view various problems involved in the modernization of single huller
mills, units existing on 27.7.1984 have been exempted from modernization.
This relaxation is not available to new single huller mills set up after the date,
Except to certain categories enumerated under the Act and the rules made there
under. In view of the sustained efforts made by the Government, the number of
Modern/modernized rice mills has gone up from practically nil in 1970 to 41,
513 in 2006-07. Also the quantity of rice bran processed for oil extraction has
increased from 1.87 lakhs tones in 1970-71 to 43.50 lakhs tones in 2006-07.
Traditional Method
Before the advent of mechanical milling, hand-pounding traditional method of
rice milling was in practice. In fact, hand-pounding rice has got more nutritive
value as compared to machine milling rice. In hand-pounding, a variety of
implements is used such as:
Mortor and Pestle
Dhenki
Hand Stone (Chakki)
Mechanical Method
6
Two types of rice are produced by milling of paddy in the rice mills. These are:
Raw Rice
Parboiled Rice
The manufacturing of raw rice and parboiled rice from paddy involves the
following major steps:
Cleaning of Paddy using paddy cleaner & de stoner
Parboiling of cleaned paddy in parboiling plant
Mechanical Drying of parboiled paddy using steam
Milling of parboiled & dried paddy using Sheller type milling machines
Separation of husk using sieve cleaning of rice
Polishing of rice using purling cones
Separation of rice bran using sieve
Separation of broken rice (broken) using sieve
Weighing & Bagging of rice & by-products
For production of ordinary parboiled rice, atmospheric parboiling system.
For production of raw rice, the paddy after its cleaning and steaming is after
soaking then drying is milled using Sheller. Whole rice is the main product of
rice milling and rice bran, rice husk and broken rice are obtained as by-product
during the process. Rice husk is the outer shell of rice and it is a fibrous material
containing good amount of silica. Rice bran is a fine powder obtained during
polishing of the brown rice when the outer coating on rice is removed as rice
bran. It contains vegetable oil as a valuable constituent.
2. Literature Review
7
The electricity charge increase was imposed at a time when there was shortage
of paddy in the state and 50 percent of the rice mills had stopped their
operations, he said. Stating that the price of rice had gone up by Rs 2 during the
last two months, he said the present hike would affect the common man as the
price would go up by another 50 paisa.
Rice mill owners are seeking concessions in power tariff. The Salem Rice Mill
Owners' Association has urged Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa to
provide concession in power tariff for rice mills in the State.
This, the association pointed out at its General Council meeting held here on
Wednesday, would give a fillip to the important industry, which was facing a
plethora of problems today.
The meeting also resolved that the government should abolish the marketing
committees' cess on rice movement within the State and sought 25 per cent
subsidy for those rice mill owners who were erecting windmills.
The association also said that rice mill owners had to pay double tax one
based on horsepower under the Industries Act and another for local bodies. This
system of double taxation for single use should be immediately done away with,
it further demanded. The government also should allot subsidies for new rice
mills under the Anna Marumalarchi scheme.
Indian rice, both basmati and non basmati, CARE Ratings said in its report here
Thursday.
According to the first advance estimates released by the agriculture ministry,
India's kharif rice crop output is expected at 92.32 tonnes during the 2013-14
crop season, which is more or less in line with the kharif rice output of 92.76
tonnes last year.
India is expected to retain its top rank as rice exporter in 2012-13 marketing
year given the second-highest level of production during the 2012-13 crop year,
large public stocks, liberal export policy and weak currency.
3. Problem Statement
10
Many Rice mills are still need to be updated about recent technology and
use it for effluent treatment and utilize the by-products, such as husk, in
increasing their income.
Problem of achievable target set by government for production of rice in
mills may lead to shutting down of many rice mills, if not revised.
Data confidentiality is a key consideration for all companies. Costs and
other commercial information were not needed to complete the analysis
so confidentiality could be maintained.
The results are not necessarily applicable to the industry as a whole. The
studies analyse specific product supply chains with specific companies
and processes involved. Because the analyses are specific, it is not
possible to make sector-wide recommendations from the results.
Many rice mills are asked to shell out more tax than their working capital
which has highly affected their investment.
4. Research Methodology
The methodology used in this paper is a CASE STUDY METHOD 11
4.1 Meaning:
The case study method is a very popular form of qualitative analysis and
involves a careful and complete observation of a social unit, be that unit a
person, a family, an institution, a cultural group or even the entire community. It
is a method of study in depth rather than breath. The case study places more
emphasis on the full analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and
their inter relations. The case study deals with the processes that take place and
their inter relationship. Thus, case study is essentially an intensive investigation
of the particular unit under consideration. The object of the case study method is
to locate the factors that account for the behaviour- patterns of the given unit as
an integrated totality.
According to H.Odum, The case study method is a technique by which
individual factor whether it be an institution or just an episode in the life of an
individual or a group if analysed in its relationship to any other in the group.
Thus, a fairly exhaustive study of a person (as to what he does and has done,
what he thinks he does and had done, and what he expects to do and says he
ought to do) or group is called a life or case history. Burgess has used the words
a comprehensive study of a social unit be that unit a person, group, a social
institution, a district or a community. In brief, we can say that case study
method is a form of qualitative analysis wherein complete and careful
observation of an individual or a situation or an institution is done; efforts are
made to study each and every aspect of the concerning unit in minute details
and then from case data generalisations and inferences are drawn.
4.2 Characteristics:
The important characteristics of case study method are as under:
1. Under this method the researcher can take one single social unit or more
of such units for his case study purpose; he may even take a situation to
study the same comprehensively.
2. Here the selected unit is studied intensively that is, it is studied in minute
details. Generally, the study extends over a long period of time to
ascertain the natural history of the unit so as to obtain enough information
for drawing correct inferences.
3. In the context of this method we make complete study of the social unit
covering all facets. Through this method we try to understand the
12
13
4.3Assumptions:
The case study method is based on several assumptions. The important
assumption may be listed as following:
1. The assumption of uniformity in the basic human nature inspite of the
fact that human behaviour may vary according to situations
2. The assumption of studying the natural history of the unit concern.
3. The assumption of comprehensive study of the unit concerned.
4.4 Major phases involved:
Major phases involved in case study are as follows:
1. Recognition and determination of status of the phenomenon to be
investigated or the unit of attention.
2. Collection of data, examination and history of the given phenomenon.
3. Diagnosis and identification of casual factors as a basis for remedial or
developmental treatment.
4. Application of remedial measures, that is, treatment and therapy (this
phase is often characterised as case work).
5. Follow up programme to determine effectiveness of the treatment
applied.
4.5 Advantages:
There are several advantages of the case study method that follow from the
various characteristics outlined above.
1. Being an exhaustive study of a social unit, the case study method enables
us to understand fully the behaviour pattern of the concerned unit. In the
words of Charles Horton Cooley, case study deepens our perception and
gives us a clearer insight into life It gets at behaviour directly and not
by an indirect and abstract approach.
2. Through case study a researcher can obtain a real and enlightened record
of personal experiences which would reveal a mans inner strivings,
14
tensions and motivations that drive in to action along with the forces that
direct him to adopt a certain pattern of behaviour.
3. This method enables the researcher to trace out the natural history of the
social unit and its relationship with the social factors and the forces
involved in its surrounding environment.
4. It helps in formulating relevant hypothesis along with the data which may
be helpful in testing them. Case studies, thus, enable the generalised
knowledge to get richer and richer.
5. The method facilitates intensive study of social units which is generally
not possible if we use either the observation method or the method of
collecting information through schedules. This is the reason why case
study method is being frequently used, particularly in social researches.
6. Information collected under the case study method helps a lot to the
researcher in the task of constructing the appropriate questionnaire or
schedule for the said task requires through knowledge of the concerning
universe.
7. The researcher can use one or more of the several research methods under
the case study method depending upon the prevalent circumstances. In
other words, the use of different methods such as depth interviews,
questionnaires, documents, study reports of individuals, letters, and the
like is possible under case study method.
8. Case study method has proved beneficial in determining the nature of
units to be studied along with the nature of the universe. This is the
reason why at times the case study method is alternatively known as
mode of organising data .
9. This method is a means to well understand the past of a social unit
because of its emphasis of historical analysis. Besides, it is also a
technique to suggest measures for improvement in the context of the
present environment of the concern social units.
10.Case studies constitute the perfect type of sociological material as they
represent a real record of personal experiences which very often escape
the attention of most of the skilled researchers using other techniques.
15
11.Case study method enhances the experiences of the researcher and this in
turn increases his analysing ability and skill.
12.This method makes possible the study of social changes. On account of
the minute study of the different facets of a social unit, the researcher can
well understand the social change then and now. This also facilitates the
drawing of inferences and helps in maintaining the continuity of the
research process. In fact, it may be considered the gateway to and at the
same time the final destination of abstract knowledge.
13.Case study techniques are indispensable for therapeutic and
administrative purposes. They are also of immense value in taking
decisions regarding several management problems. Case data are quite
useful for diagnosis, therapy and other practical case problems.
4.6 Limitations:
Important limitations of the case study method may be as well highlighted:
1. Case situations are seldom comparable and as such the information
gathered in case studies is often not comparable. Since the subject under
case study tells history in his own words, logical concepts and units of the
scientific classification have to be read into it or out of it by the
investigator.
2. Read Bain doesnt consider the case data as significant scientific data
since they do not provide knowledge of the impersonal, universal, nonethical, non-practical, repetitive aspects of phenomenon. Real
information is often not collected because the subjectivity of the
researcher does enter in the collection of information in a case study.
3. The danger of false generalisation is always there in view of the fact that
no set rules are followed in collection of the information and only few
units are studied.
4. It consumes more time and requires lot of expenditure. More time is
needed under case study method since one study the natural history
cycles of social units and that to minutely.
16
5. The case data are often vitiated because the subject, according to Read
Bain, may write what he thinks the investigator wants and the greater the
rapport, the more subjective the whole process is.
6. Case study method is based on several assumptions which may not be
very realistic at times and as such the usefulness of case data is always
subject to doubt.
7. Case study method can be used only in a limited sphere; it is not possible
to use it in case of a big society. Sampling is also not possible under a
case study method.
8. Response of the investigator is an important limitation of the Case study
method. He often thinks that he has full knowledge of the unit and can
himself answer about it. In case the same is not true, then consequences
follow. In fact, this is more the fault of the researcher rather than that of
the case method.
4.7 Conclusion:
Despite the above stated limitations, we find that case studies are being under
taken in several disciplines, particularly in sociology, as a toll of scientific
research in view of the several advantages indicated earlier.
Most of the limitations can be removed if researchers are always conscious of
these and are well trained in the modern methods of collecting case data and in
the scientific techniques of assembling, classifying and processing the same.
Besides, case studies, in modern times, can be conducted in such a manner that
the data are amenable to quantification and statistical treatment. Possibly, this is
also the reason why case studies are becoming popular day by day.
researcher utilises secondary data, then he has to look into various sources from
where he can obtain them. In this case he is certainly not confronted with the
problems that are usually associated with the collection of original data.
Secondary data may either be published data or unpublished data. Usually
published data are available in: a) various publications of the central, state and
local governments; b) various publications of international bodies, foreign
governments and their subsidiary organisations; c) technical and trade journals;
d)books, magazines and newspapers; e) reports and publications of various
associations connected with business and industry, banks, stock exchange etc;
f)reports prepared by research scholars, universities, economists, etc. in
different fields; and (g) public records and statistics, historical documents, and
other sources of published information. The sources of unpublished data are
many; they may be found in diaries, letters, unpublished bibliographies and
autobiographies and also may be available with scholars and research workers,
trade associations, labour bureaus and other public/private individuals and
organisations. By way of caution, like using reliable data, suitable data and
adequate data, the researcher, before using secondary data, must be seen.
5. Data Analysis
18
5.1 Problems
Case 1: Mounting pressure on rice mill owners
Anna Bhagya, one of the ambitious programmes of the State government, may
have come as a relief to as many as 10 million Below Poverty Line (BPL) and
Anthyodaya cardholders across the State from the daily pressure of arranging
for food. However, it seems to have mounted terrible pressure on as many as
1,818 rice mill owners in Karnataka. The rice mill owners complain that the
target of levy rice to be collected from them and then distributed among Anna
Bhagya beneficiaries is totally unscientific and unrealistic. The levy rice
collection target set by the government for the present year is 13.53 lakh tonnes
as against just 1.5 lakh tonnes in the previous year.
Another issue that the mill owners are concerned about is the government may
indefinitely delay payments for levy rice. The payments are supposed to be
made within 24 hours of purchase. Last year, however, it was delayed for one
month, despite the fact that the amount was negligible as compared to this
years huge target, said Mr. Purushottam. If the target of 13.5 lakh tonnes is
met, the government will have to pay Rs. 3,000 cr. at the price fixed.
MINISTERS VIEW
When contacted, Minister of State for Food and Civil Supplies Dinesh Gundu
Rao said: We dont mean to harass anybody. As per the existing procedure, 33
per cent of the hulled rice is to be collected as levy, and we will follow it.
Result:
The mill owners say it is impossible as they could meet only 33 per cent of the
target of 1.5 lakh tonnes last year.
It is impossible to meet nine-times last years target this year, when we could
not meet the target last year. If the government doesnt come up with a revised,
19
achievable target, rice mills will have no other option but to shut down, said
Konda Krishnamurthy, owner of a rice mill in Raichur.
The rice mill owners allege that the government has not taken into account the
increased cost of production while fixing the rates for levy rice. The costs of
labour, empty bags, electricity and other things have drastically increased in the
last ten years. However, the government has not factored that while fixing the
price for levy rice, said Savitri Purushottam, a mill owner and office-bearer of
the association.
Result:
The Indian government extended stockholding limit for rice and paddy under
the Essential Commodities Act for another year until November 2014 to prevent
hoarding. However, rice exporters with government licenses are exempt from
20
the limit until November 2014. The government said, This [exemption] will
help exporters benefit from economies of scale and bigger operation for
optimally meeting export demands on a long-term basis. Maximum limit of
stock for rice in India is decided by the state governments. The extension will
be valid until November 30, 2014.
Case 3: 21% rice mills yet to complete shelling of last season's
paddy
21
5.2 Prospects
1. Cash subsidy announced for setting up rice mills
The West Bengal government Thursday announced cash subsidy for setting up
rice mills in 165 blocks in the state. It will provide Rs 80 lakh for setting up a
rice mill in a block in the Junglemahal area while the amount for other blocks is
Rs 55 lakh, finance minister Amit Mitra said.
"We are providing subsidy to set up the mills in those 165 blocks, which do not
have the facility. The farmers from these blocks incur huge expenses in
transporting the produce to mills in other blocks.
"The subsidy is an incentive to encourage people to set up rice mills. It will also
help mill owners secure bank loans," Mitra said, adding that the decision was
taken in a meeting of standing committee on food processing.
Ten blocks of Junglemahal have rice mills, Mitra said adding more mills can be
set up depending on the viability and total paddy produce in the area. "We do
not want farmers to face financial crisis or go for distress sale," he said. The
state at present has 1,018 rice mills.
He said the government will also set up 1,000 paddy collection camps so that
"farmers do not have to bear the transportation cost of taking the produce to rice
millers".
"We will involve the MLAs in this work. The work for 60 new stockyards for
paddy is on," said Jyotipriya Mallcik, state food minister.
The state industry department has decided to seek help from the Indian
Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Thanjavur, to spread awareness among
rice mill owners on technology in effluent treatment.
22
At present, there are 100 rice mills in Ranchi district. Most of these do not use
technology for treatment of effluents that leads to pollution.
Sources in the industry department said most of the rice mills, operating in and
around Ranchi, are not updated about recent technology and hence cannot use
by-products to earn extra money.
"We want every rice mill owner to use the latest technology for effluent
treatment and utilize the by-products, such as husk, in increasing their income,"
said state industry secretary A P Singh on Friday.
Adviser to Governor Madhukar Gupta said both the Centre and the state have
policies that will help in the development of food processing industry in general
and rice mill industry in particular. "I hope that all the entrepreneurs will take
advantage of the policies and also the available technology," said Gupta.
Jharkhand Industrial Policy 2012 has made food processing industry its focus
with a series of incentives and facilities for storage, which includes cold chain
and godowns even in the rural areas. It also provides incentives for private
industrial estate, industrial park and clusters.
"The investors should come forward and take benefits from these schemes for
development of food processing industry in the state," Gupta said.
23
6.
fresh crop. It is necessary to find the reason behind the failure and work
on it, as not only millers are suffering but also farmers are facing delay
causing heavy loss to them.
However, some state governments are doing their best to keep up the rank
of our country in production and exporting of rice.
West Bengal govt. is working on setting up new rice mils on 165 blocks
by providing cash subsidy as an incentive to people willing to open their
new rice mills.
Bihar govt. is planning to introduce new technology to the rice millers for
treatment of effluents causing pollution and utilize the by-products and
increase their income.
Overall in India, planting area of winter rice also increased 22% from last
year and reached 106,000 hectares.
Thus, the above findings are clearly indicative of the fact that the
Government has a significant impact on the Rice production, Total
exports, Market Size and the Gross Sown Area.
7. Recommendation
There should be control in hike in price of rice, distribution and sales as the
sufferer is, ultimately, common man. Also, there should be proper availability of
ground water for irrigation and proper technology to ensure that the production
and manufacturing processes create least amount of environmental pollution
and can efficiently utilize the by-product. Record shipments and large supplies
should be maintained to keep the current status of production and exports of rice
mills. Rice millers should follow the rules that are necessary to keep the pace of
regular shelling and allocation of stock. The Government should not regulate
the operations of the industry to the extent that the mill owners, producers and
manufacturers of Rice are unable to exercise their willful decisions. It should be
modified time to time as per requirement.
25
9. Annexure
Table 1: India Milled Rice Production by Year
Market Year
Production
Unit of Measure
Growth Rate
1960
34639
(1000 MT)
NA
1961
35663
(1000 MT)
2.96 %
1962
33217
(1000 MT)
-6.86 %
1963
36998
(1000 MT)
11.38 %
1964
39308
(1000 MT)
6.24 %
1965
30589
(1000 MT)
-22.18 %
1966
30438
(1000 MT)
-0.49 %
1967
37612
(1000 MT)
23.57 %
1968
39761
(1000 MT)
5.71 %
1969
40430
(1000 MT)
1.68 %
1970
42225
(1000 MT)
4.44 %
1971
43068
(1000 MT)
2.00 %
1972
39245
(1000 MT)
-8.88 %
1973
44051
(1000 MT)
12.25 %
1974
39579
(1000 MT)
-10.15 %
1975
48740
(1000 MT)
23.15 %
1976
41917
(1000 MT)
-14.00 %
1977
52617
(1000 MT)
25.53 %
1978
53773
(1000 MT)
2.20 %
1979
42330
(1000 MT)
-21.28 %
27
1980
53631
(1000 MT)
26.70 %
1981
53248
(1000 MT)
-0.71 %
1982
47116
(1000 MT)
-11.52 %
1983
60097
(1000 MT)
27.55 %
1984
58337
(1000 MT)
-2.93 %
1985
63825
(1000 MT)
9.41 %
1986
60416
(1000 MT)
-5.34 %
1987
56862
(1000 MT)
-5.88 %
1988
70489
(1000 MT)
23.97 %
1989
73573
(1000 MT)
4.38 %
1990
74291
(1000 MT)
0.98 %
1991
74680
(1000 MT)
0.52 %
1992
72868
(1000 MT)
-2.43 %
1993
80300
(1000 MT)
10.20 %
1994
81810
(1000 MT)
1.88 %
1995
76980
(1000 MT)
-5.90 %
1996
81730
(1000 MT)
6.17 %
1997
82540
(1000 MT)
0.99 %
1998
86080
(1000 MT)
4.29 %
1999
89680
(1000 MT)
4.18 %
2000
84980
(1000 MT)
-5.24 %
2001
93340
(1000 MT)
9.84 %
2002
71820
(1000 MT)
-23.06 %
2003
88530
(1000 MT)
23.27 %
2004
83130
(1000 MT)
-6.10 %
2005
91790
(1000 MT)
10.42 %
2006
93350
(1000 MT)
1.70 %
2007
96690
(1000 MT)
3.58 %
2008
99180
(1000 MT)
2.58 %
2009
89090
(1000 MT)
-10.17 %
2010
95980
(1000 MT)
7.73 %
2011
105310
(1000 MT)
9.72 %
2012
104400
(1000 MT)
-0.86 %
28
2013
105000
(1000 MT)
0.57 %
29
Websites:
www.wikipedia.com
www.google.com
www.nabard.org
www.rkmp.co.in
www.knowledgebank.irri.com
www.ricenews.net
www.scribd.com
www.crri.nic.in
30
WebPages:
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Ricemill/news/
http://www.indianexpress.com/gsearch.php?
q=rice+mills&x=-1124&y=62&mod=dsearch&onSubmit=Submit
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-andeconomy/agri-biz/sops-for-private-sector-in-bengal-toset-up-rice-mill-in-every-block/article5330385.ece
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/ric
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http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/01/rice-millimportation-should-be-done-by-private-sector-lcci/
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