Hebrews
Hebrews
This article is about the Hebrew people. For the book of 1.1 Shasu of Yhw
the Bible, see Epistle to the Hebrews.
Main article: Shasu
The hieroglyphic rendering of the Egyptian word 3 sw
Hebrews (Hebrew: or , Tiberian Irm,
Iriyym; Modern Hebrew Ivrim, Ivriyyim; ISO 259-3
ibrim, ibriyim) is a term appearing 34 times within 32
verses[1][2][3] of the Hebrew Bible. While the term was
not an ethnonym,[4][5] it is mostly taken as synonymous
with the Semitic-speaking Israelites, especially in the premonarchic period when they were still nomadic, but in
some instances it may also be used in a wider sense, referring to the Phoenicians, or to other ancient groups, such
as the group known as Shasu of Yhw on the eve of the
Bronze Age collapse.[6]
By the Roman Empire, Greek Hebraios could refer to
the Jews in general, as Strongs Hebrew Dictionary puts
it any of the Jewish Nation[7] and at other times more
specically to the Jews living in Judea. In Early Christianity, the Greek term refers to Jewish Christians as opposed to the gentile Christians and Judaizers
(Acts 6:1 among others). is the province where
the Temple was located.
In Armenian, Italian, Modern Greek, Serbian, Bulgarian
Russian, Romanian and a few other modern languages because of pejorative connotation of the word corresponding to the word Jew, Hebrew is in the primary word
used for a Jew.[8][9][10] The name corresponding for Hebrew is used also in the Kurdish and was once used also
in French.
Egyptian representation of a captive Shasu
Etymology
The origin of the term remains uncertain.[11] The Biblical term Ivri (), meaning to traverse or pass over, is
usually rendered as Hebrew in English, from the ancient
Greek and Latin Hebraeus. In the plural it is
Ivrim, or Ibrim.
In Genesis 10:21 Shem, the elder brother of Ham and
Japheth, rst-born son of Noah, is referred to as the father of the sons of Eber (), which may have a similar
meaning.
Some authors argue that Ibri denotes the descendants of 1.2 Habiru
the biblical patriarch Eber (Hebrew ), son of Shelah,
a great grandson of Noah and an ancestor of Abraham,[12] Main article: Habiru
hence the occasional anglicization Eberites.
1
Since the discovery of the second millennium inscriptions mentioning the Habiru, there have been many theories linking these to the Hebrews. Some scholars argue that the name Hebrew is related to the name of
the seminomadic Habiru people, who are recorded in
Egyptian inscriptions of the 13th and 12th centuries BCE
as having settled in Egypt.[17] This is rebutted by others who propose that the Hebrews are mentioned in older
texts of the 3rd Intermediate Period of Egypt (15th century BCE) as Shasu of Yhw.[18] According to Anson F.
Rainey, modern scholars conclude that the attempts to
relate apiru (Habiru) to the Hebrew word ibri (Hebrews)
are not fruitful.[19]
1.3
Hyksos
According to the Jewish Encyclopedia the terms Hebrews and Israelites usually describe the same people,
stating that they were called Hebrews before the conquest
of the Land of Canaan and Israelites afterwards.[22] Professor Nadav Na'aman and others say that the use of the
word Hebrew to refer to Israelites is rare and when used
it is used to Israelites in exceptional and precarious situations, such as migrants or slaves.[23][24]
Use in Zionism
7.2
Notes
The Hebrew language is a member of the larger group of [9] Jewish Ghetto of Venice. Ghetto.it. Retrieved 201208-04.
Canaanite languages within Northwest Semitic. The language has been known as Hebrew in English since the [10] Yann Picand; Dominique Dutoit. translation of evreiesc in English | Romanian-English dictionary. Transla11th century, from Old French Ebreu, in turn from Latin
tion.sensagent.com. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
Hebraeus and Greek , whose alphabet is ultimately a loan from "Assyrian lettering (Ktav Ashuri), the [11] Hebrew. Encyclopdia Britannica. Ultimate Reference
square-script, by Ezra the Scribe following the BabyloSuite. Chicago: Encyclopdia Britannica. 2009.
nian Exile.
[12] Jewish Encyclopedia article on Eber
References
Jewish Encyclopedia
Biblical History The Jewish History Resource Center
7.1
Bibliography
7.2
Notes
[4] Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, p.567, Hebrew, Hebrews... A non-ethnic term
External links
EXTERNAL LINKS
9.1
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9.2
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9.3
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