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MATB42 s1
MATB42 s1
2014/2015
Solutions #1
1
1. Recalling that sin A sin B =
cos(A B) cos(A + B) we have
Z
Z2
1
sin(k x) sin(n x) dx =
cos (k n) x cos (k + n) x dx =
2 Z
Z
1
1
cos (k n) x dx
cos (k + n) x dx =
2
2
sin
(k
n)x
sin
(k
+
n)x
1
1
, k n 6= 0
, k + n 6= 0
2
2
kn
k+n
1
1
, kn=0
, k+n=0
x
x
2
2
0 , k 6= n
, k = n 6= 0
=
, k = n 6= 0
0 ,k=n=0
2. (a) f (x) = 3 x, x < .
Z
6
1
6
x sin kx dx parts
x cos kx +
=
0
1
6
k 6
sin
kx
cos
k
=
1
. The
=
k2
k
k
0
N th Fourier polynomial is FN (x) = 0
3
6 sin x + 3 sin 2x 2 sin 3x + sin 4x + +
2
N
X
N 6
(1)k
sin Nx = 6
sin kx.
1
N
k
k=1
F0
F2
F1
-2
F3
fHxL = -3x
MATB42H
Solutions # 1
page 2
2 x , < x 0
1 , 0 < x .
Z 0
Z
1
1
a0 =
f (x) dx =
2x dx +
Z
0
1
2
=
x
x
(1) dx =
0
0
1
-
2 = 1.
-1
Z
1
F0
f (x) cos kx dx
=
ak
=
Z 0
Z
1
-
F1
(2 x) cos kx dx+
(1) cos kx dx =
0
0
=0
*
x
1
1
kx
2
sin
+
cos kx
k
k2
F2
=0
*
fHxL
2
1 1
-2
=
1 cos kx =
sinkx
2
k
k
0
0
, k = 2, 4,
.
4
,
k
=
1,
3,
k2
Z 0
Z
Z
1
1
bk =
f (x) sin kx dx =
(2 x) sin kx dx +
(1) sin kx dx =
0
* = 00
1
x
2 cos k 1
1
1
kx
cos kx+ 2sin
cos kx =
+
((1)k 1) =
2
+
k
k
k
k
k
0
, k even
k
.
1
2
1
, k odd
1
1+ 4
+ cos x + 2 1
Hence the Fourier polynomial is FN (x) =
sin x
2
4
2
1
1
sin 2x +
cos 3x +
1
sin 3x
sin 4x +
+
9
3
2
N2
N
sin Nx
, N even
N
(b) f (x) =
MATB42H
page 3
Solutions # 1
1
x
, x < 0
2 2
3. f (x) =
.
1 x ,
0x<
2 2
Since f (x) is an odd function, ak = 0, k
0, 1, 2, .Z
Z 0
1
1
f (x) sin kx dx =
1
bk =
Z
x
x
1
1
sin kx dx +
sin kx dx
2 0
= 00
>
1 ( + x) cos kx
sin kx
2
+
2
k
k2
= 0
>
sin kx
1 (x ) cos kx
2 2
k
k2
0
1
1
1
+
=
.
2k 2k
k
1
sin x
Hence the Fourier series is
1 X sin kx
1
sin 2x + =
.
2
=
+
=
F4
-
fHxL
=
1
-
2
k=1
Z
Z 2
Z
1 2
1
x , x [0, )
. a0 =
x dx + 2
4. f (x) =
dx =
f (x) dx =
2 , x [, 2)
0
0
2 2
Z
Z
1
1 2
x
1
f (x) cos kx dx =
x cos kx dx +
+ 2x
= + 2. ak =
2 0
2
0
0
2
Z 2
1
1 x sin kx
cos kx
2 sin kx
=
2
cos kx dx =
+
+
cos k 1 =
k
k2 0
k
k 2
Z
Z
0
, k = 2, 4, 6,
1 2
1
.
bk =
f (x) sin kx dx =
x sin kx dx
2
0
0
, k = 1, 3, 5,
2
2
Zk
2
1
x cos kx sin kx
2 cos kx
sin kx dx =
=
+2
k
k2
k
0
4
cos k 2 cos 2k cos k)
(1)k
, k = 1, 3, 5,
=
k
0 , k = 2, 4, 6,
k
k
k
4
1
1
, k = 1, 3, 5,
k
, k = 2, 4, 6,
k
MATB42H
page 4
Solutions # 1
a0 X
2
Hence the Fourier series is F (x) = +
ak cos kx+ bk sin kx = 1 + cos x+
2
4
k=1
1
4
1
2
1
2
4
sin x sin 2x
1
sin 3x sin 4x
cos 3x +
cos 5x +
1
2
9
3
4
25
4
1
1
sin 5x .
5
/2
Z
Z
1 /2
1
1 2
1
2
(f (x)) dx =
dx = (x)
=
= 1.
5. (a) The energy of f is E =
/2
2
/2
Z
Z
1 /2
1
f (x)dx =
dx = 1, so the energy of the constant term is
Now a0 =
/2
1
1
1 2
A2
1
1
2
A0 = a0 =
(1) = , giving 0 = 2 = . The constant term contains 50 %
2
2
2
E
1
2
of the energy.
/2
Z
Z
1
1 /2
2
1
k
(b) ak =
f (x) cos kx dx =
cos kx dx =
=
sin kx
sin
,
/2
k
k
2
/2
Z
1
k 1 and, since f (x) is an even function, bk =
f (x) sin kx dx = 0, k 1.
4 sin 2 k
2
The energy of the k th harmonic is given by A2k = a2k + b2k =
, k > 0. The
k2 2
4
energy of the 1st harmonic is 2 0.405285, the energy of the 2nd harmonic is 0
+ +
2 k=1 k
2
2
3
5
7
n cos nx i
sin
.
2
n
Please note that F4 (x) is the same as F3 (x).
F4
-3
fHxL
MATB42H
page 5
Solutions # 1
+a
(f (x))2 dx.
(f (x)) dx =
+a
Z
1
1
2
(g(x)) dx =
(f (x + a))2 dx
The energy of g is
Z
1
f rom
=
(f (t))2 dt = the energy of f .
above
Z
substitute
t = x+a
+a
(f (t))2 dt
+a
-4
kx
32 64 X (1)k+1
The Fourier series is
+ 2
cos
.
3
k=1
k2
4
y = 16 - x2
F2
-4
MATB42H
Solutions # 1
page 6
0
2
ak =
sin x cos(2kx) dx =
Z 0
1
-
2
(sin((2k + 1)x) + sin((1 2k)x)) dx =
0
1
cos((2k + 1)x) cos((1 2k)x)
=
2k + 1
1 2k
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+
2k + 1 1 2k 2k + 1 1 2k
1
4
2
1
=
+
. The
2
2k + 1 2k 1
(4k 1)
-
2
4 X cos 2kx
Fourier series is F (x) =
.
4k 2 1
k=1
-1
To obtain an odd function we need only use
sin x itself with period 2. The Fourier series
is F (x) = sin x.