Professional Documents
Culture Documents
C 1279-00
C 1279-00
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of edge
stresses and surface stresses in annealed, heat-strengthened,
and fully tempered flat glass products.
1.2 This test method is non-destructive.
1.3 This test method uses transmitted light and is, therefore,
applicable to light-transmitting glasses.
1.4 The test method is not applicable to chemicallytempered glass.
1.5 Using the procedure described, surface stresses can be
measured only on the tin side of float glass.
1.6 Surface-stress measuring instruments are designed for a
specific range of surface index of refraction.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 analyzera polarizing element, typically positioned
between the specimen being evaluated and the viewer.
3.1.2 polarizeran optical assembly that transmits light
vibrating in a single planar direction, typically positioned
between a light source and the specimen being evaluated.
3.1.3 retardation compensatoran optical device, variants
of which are used to quantify the optical retardation produced
in transparent birefringent materials: typically positioned between the specimen being evaluated and the analyzer.
3.2 For definition of terms used in this test method, refer to
Terminology C 162.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 Two test methods are described in this standard:
4.1.1 Procedure A describes a test method for measuring
surface stress using light propagating nearly parallel to the
surface.
4.1.2 Procedure B describes a test method for measuring
edge-stress using light propagating in the direction perpendicular to the surface.
4.2 In both methods, the fundamental photoelastic concept
is used. As a result of stresses, the material becomes optically
anisotropic or birefringent. When polarized light propagates
through such anisotropic materials, the differences in the speed
of light rays vibrating along the maximum and minimum
principal stress introduce a relative retardation between these
rays. This relative retardation is proportional to the measured
stresses, and can be accurately determined using compensators.
For additional background see Surface and Edge Stress in
Tempered Glass4.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products2
C 770 Test Method for Measurements of Glass StressOptical Coefficient2
C 1048 Specification for Heat-Treated Glass: Kind HS,
Kind FT Coated and Uncoated Glass2
F 218 Test Method for Analyzing Stress in Glass
2.2 Other Documents:
Engineering Standards Manual3
Surface and Edge Stress in Tempered Glass4
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass
and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.08 on Flat
Glass.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2000. Published February 2001.
Orginally published as C 1279-94. Last previous edition C 1070-94.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
3
Available from GANA, 3310 Harrison, Topeka, Kansas.
4
Redner, A. S. and Voloshin, A. S., Proceedings of the Ninth International
Conference on Experimental Mechanics, Denmark, 1990.
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 1279 00e1
Rc 5 by
tan u 5
aCS
b and
(5)
b
Stress 5 Ca tan u 5 Ktan u
In the actual procedure (see 9.1 below) the operator measures the tilt angle u of the observed set of fringes.
NOTE 1The surface-stress measuring apparatus described in this
section is manufactured by Strainoptic Technologies, Inc. in North Wales,
Pennsylvania.
NOTE 2The stress constant of float glass is typically 2.55 to 2.65
Brewsters. Calibration can be performed using one of the test methods
described in Test Methods C 770.
(1)
(4)
6. Principles of Operation
6.1 Procedure A: Measuring Surface Stress:
6.1.1 Measurement of surface stresses requires an optical
apparatus that permits the injection of polarized light rays
propagating in a thin layer adjacent to the surface (see Note 1).
A prism is usually used for this purpose. The rays emerge at
critical angle ic. The photoelastic retardation due to the surface
stresses, (see Fig. 1), is measured using a wedge-compensator.
6.1.2 The incident light beam should be arriving at the
critical angle ic and polarized at 45 to the entrance of the prism
edge. A quartz wedge-compensator, Wc, placed in the path of
emerging light adds a retardation, Rc, to the retardation Rs
induced by stresses in the surface of the specimen. The
analyzer, A, placed between the eyepiece, E, and the wedgecompensator, W c, generates a visible set of fringes or lines of
constant retardation R where
R 5 R s 1 Rc
(3)
(2)
where:
R = is the relative retardation,
C = stress-optical constant (see Note 2),
S = surface stress in the direction perpendicular to the
path, t
t = path of light traveling between the entrance and exit
points 1, 2 (Fig. 1),
a = Geometrical factor, (depending upon the prism design) a = t/x. This constant is determined by the
manufacturer.
6.1.3 The compensator adds its own retardation. It is linearly variable along its length y and is calculated as
C 1279 00e1
6.2.4 The uniform field does not require a reticle, and must
be equipped with a lead screw measuring the relative motion of
its wedges.
7. Sampling
7.1 Procedure A: Measuring Surface StressThe number
of points to be measured are determined by the product
specification.
7.2 Procedure B: Measuring Edge Stress Readings must
be obtained at the mid-span point of every edge.
8. Conditioning
8.1 In order to avoid thermal stresses, the specimen should
be allowed to reach ambient temperature throughout its entire
mass prior to testing.
9. Procedure
9.1 Procedure AMeasuring Surface Stress:
9.1.1 Clean the surface of any trace of oil or other chemical
deposits.
9.1.2 Place a few drops of index liquid on the tin side
surface of the specimen at the point of interest. The index of
refraction of the liquid should be higher than the index of the
examined glass and lower or equal to the index of the prism.
9.1.3 Perform the adjustments of the optical path in accordance with manufacturers specifications to obtain a clear
image of an equally-spaced set of fringes in the compensator
plane.
9.1.4 Using the goniometer, measure the angle u (in degrees) of these fringes to the plane of symmetry (see Fig. 2).
9.1.5 In all instances where the surface stress is uniform
(independent of direction), measure the angle u, orienting the
instruments plane of symmetry to measure stress parallel to
the nearest edge.
9.1.5.1 In those instances where the direction of maximum
and minimum stress is uncertain (as a result of irregular
geometry, proximity of edges, or non-uniformity of heattreating process), orient the instrument along direction a1, a2,
a3, and measure the fringe pattern angle u1, u2, u 3, in degrees,
for each direction. Select a1, a2, a3 as follows:
a1 parallel to the nearest edge,
a2 45 to the nearest edge, and
a3 perpendicular to the nearest edge. (See Fig. 4)
9.2 Procedure BMeasuring Edge Stress:
9.2.1 Place the instrument in position, with a measuring
reticle placed adjacent to instrument, and in close contact with
the edge of glass.
C 1279 00e1
FIG. 6 a) Fringes Observed Using Wedge Compensator (Babinet), b) Fringes Observed Using Double Wedge Compensator
(Babinet-Soleil)
S 5 Ktan u average
Smin 5
S1 1 S3 =2
2 2 =~S1 2 S2!2 1 ~S 2 2 S3!2
2
(11)
(12)
x1
x2
(6)
12 to 1 inch
(12 to 24.5 mm)
2.0 mm
3.0 mm
where:
Re = the compensator reading (nm),
t
= the thickness of the glass sample (mm, in.),
CB = stress-optical constant, Brewsters (1 Brwstr. = 10-12)
/Pa or nm/psiin.,
Se = stress MPa (psi), and
b
= compensator constant, determined by manufacturer.
11. Report
11.1 At a minimum, the report must contain:
11.1.1 Date of specimen manufacture
11.1.2 Identification of specimen (material)
11.1.3 Selected procedure
11.1.4 Glass thickness
11.1.5 For surface measurement:
11.1.5.1 Location(s) of measurement(s)
11.1.5.2 Direction of measurement(s)
11.1.5.3 Values of u1, u2, u 3 at each location and the
calculated stress
(7)
S1 1 S 3 =2
1 2 = ~S1 2 S2!2 1 ~S 2 2 S3!2
2
Reb
Se 5 tC
B
uaverage 5
Smax 5
S 5 K tan u
(9)
(8)
C 1279 00e1
stress was measured within each sample, yielding a substantial
data scatter. The variability of stress in each sample was
substantially higher than the reproducibility of measurements
at an individual point
12.3 In Table 2, the repeatability standard deviation Sr
expresses an average of within laboratory reproducibility and
the standard deviation Sx expresses interlaboratory deviation.
The stress was calculated from the measured angle using Eq.
(4). There is no assurance that all instruments used in the round
robin were calibrated to verify their conformance to factory
specification.
12.4 BiasThe calibration and instrument constant K used
to convert measured fringe angle u to stress is affected by the
material stress-optical constant C and the index of refraction of
the measured sample. Disregarding these changes will result in
a systematic error that can be only eliminated when the
calibration of the instrument is performed on the same batch of
material as the measured sample.
13. Keywords
13.1 annealed glass; heat-strengthened glass; polariscopic
examination; stress measurement; tempered glass
13
17
16
18
15
Point A
Sample #
Stress direction
x
y
Stress direction
x
y
Stress direction
x
y
Stress direction
x
y
Stress direction
x
y
Stress direction
x
y
23.6
2657
2.04
53.4
8188
1.7
55.4
8815
1.82
61.5
11200
2.01
29.6
3454
54.1
8401
55.4
8815
64
12468
68.4
15359
1.63
68.4
15359
70.6
17268
1.98
0.49
0.48
0.41
0.61
0.33
0.46
258
507
598
936
1274
1901
71.9
18605
C 1279 00e1
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).