2 - 3D Motion
2 - 3D Motion
Vectors
Velocity & Acceleration Vectors
Constant Acceleration
Projectile Motion
Uniform Circular Motion
Relative Motion
45
Multiplication by scalar.
3.1. Vectors
B A
2A
z
Vectors:
Coordinate system.
(Free vectors)
Az k = Az
y
k
j
A
Displacement
r r
Ay j = Ay
r r
Ax = Ax i
A Ax A y Az
Vector components:
1.Commutative: A + B = B + A
Unit vectors:
r r r r
Vector addition:
Ay = Ay j
Position vector
Ax i = Ax
A Ax A y
A Ax i Ay j Ax i Ay j
Ax A cos
Ay A sin
A2 Ax2 Ay2
tan
2. Associative: (A + B) + C = A +( B + C )
A Ax i Ay j Az k
Ax i Ay j Az k
Ay
Ax
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Ax , Ay
B Bx i By j
Bx , By
Kinematic variables
Position:
Velocity:
Acceleration:
AB
Ax Bx & Ay By
A B Ax Bx i Ay By j Ax Bx , Ay By
in one dimension
x(t) m
v(t) m/s
a(t) m/s2
Position:
r (t ) xi yj zk m
v (t ) v x i v y j v z k m/s
Velocity:
Acceleration: a (t ) a x i a y j a z k m/s2
i
x
In one dimension
x x2 (t 2 ) x1 (t1 )
x1 (t1) = - 3.0 m, x2 (t2) = + 1.0 m
x = +1.0 m + 3.0 m = +4.0 m
r rx i ry j
y (N)
In two dimensions
Position: the position of an object is
r ( x2i y2 j ) ( x1i y1 j )
( x2 x1 )i ( y2 y1 ) j
160 0.81915
km 131.06
km 131 km
r = 160 km
= 35
x (E)
home
160 0.57357
km
91.77
km 92 km
r 131 i 92 j km
xi yj
September 22, 2008
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Displacement :
rf
Average Velocity :
v avg r / t
v (t t )
Acceleration is the rate of
change of velocity :
v (t )
time t t
dv
time t
a
dt
path
of
particle
v
v
lim
a
t 0 t
t
vavg
ri
(a vector parallel to r )
initial
x
Instantaneous Velocity :
v dr / dt
is tangent to the
path of the particle
v (t )
v (t t )
r
x
Average velocity v
avg
r
t
x y
vavg
i
j vavg , x i vavg , y j
t
t
v
aavg
t
v y
v
j aavg, xi aavg, y j
aavg x i
t
t
Instantaneous velocity
r dr
v lim vavg lim
t 0
t 0 t
dt
dr dx dy
v
i
j vx i v y j
dt dt
dt
Average acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration
v dv
a lim aavg lim
t 0
t 0 t
dt
dv dvx dv y
a
i
j axi a y j
dt
dt
dt
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r0 0 , 0 m
v
t
t 0
v0 7.3 , 0 m / s
2
a 0.82 cos 60 , sin 60 m / s 2 0.41 , 0.71 m / s
a m / s 2
Speeds up
1
x 7.3 t 0.41 t 2
2
1
y 0.71 t 2
2
net displacement
dv
v
dt
t
Slows down
x 79.0 m
y 26.9 m
x 2 y 2 84 m
100 km / h
10 s
10 km / h / s
a v circular motion
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a 0 , g
x = (vocoso)t
y = (vosino)t 1/2gt2
vx = vocoso
vy = vosino gt
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v0 y
v0 x
tan 0
ax 0; a y g
x 0 v0 xt
vx v0 x ; vy v0 y gt
x(t ) x0 v0 xt ;
x
;
v0 x
Vertical motion:
x
v0 x
y 0 v0 y t 12 gt 2
y(t ) y0 v0 yt gt
1
2
x g x
y v0 y
v0 x 2 v0 x
y x tan 0
x 1 x v0 y g 2
y ( x) v0 y
2 g
x 2 x
v0 x
v0 x v0 x 2v0 x
2
g
y ( x) tan 0 x 2
x
2
2v0 cos 0 This is the equation
for a parabola.
g
x2
2
2v0 cos 2 0
Parabola;
0 = 0 and 0 = 90 ?
Trajectory of Projectile
v0 x v0 cos 0 ; v0 y v0 sin 0 ;
v0 y
tan 0
v0 x
ax 0; ay g
y y0 x x0 tan 0
g
g
2
t
gt
2
h y y0 v0 y th 12 gth v0 y
2 2 2
2
v sin 2 0
h 0
2g
2
R x x0 v0 xt
g
2
x x0
2 v cos 2 0
2
0
2v sin 0
t
0
g
g
2v0 y
x x0
v0 cos 0
x x0 1 x x0
y y0 v0 sin 0
g
v0 cos 0 2 v0 cos 0
0 0 v0 yt 12 gt 2
x 0 v0 xt
1
x x0 vx 0 t ax t 2 x v cos t
0
0
0
2
1 2
1
y y0 v y 0 t a y t 2 y0 v0 sin 0 t g t
2
2
v y v0 y gt v0 y g
Projectile trajectory:
parabola
2v0 y
g
v0 y
Horizontal
Vertical
vx v0 x
v y v0 y gt
x x0 v0 xt
y y0 v0 y t 12 gt 2
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g
2
x x0
2 v02 cos 2 0
Horizontal range y = y0 :
g
2
0 x x0 tan 0 2
x x0
2 v0 cos2 0
x x0
2 v2
v2
2 v2
x x0 0 cos 2 0 tan 0 0 cos 0 sin 0 0 sin 2 0
g
g
g
v0 x v0 cos 0 ; v0 y v0 sin 0 ;
v0 x
tan 0
ax 0; a y g
vx v0 x ; vy v0 y gt
x(t ) x0 v0 xt ;
t
Longest range at 0 = 45 = /4.
v0 y
x
;
v0 x
y(t ) y0 v0 yt 12 gt 2
2
x 1 x v0 y g 2
y ( x) v0 y
2 g
x 2 x
v0 x
v0 x v0 x 2v0 x
2
g
y ( x) tan 0 x 2
x
2
2v0 cos 0 This is the equation
for a parabola.
v0 y 12 gT 0
T
2v0 y
g
2v0
sin 0
g
2v
v2
R v0 xT v0 cos 0 0 sin 0 0 2sin 0 cos 0
g
g
v0 2
sin 2 0
g
R is maximum when o=45o,
so that sin 2o = 1.
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1
v0 v t
2
1
x x0 v0 t a t 2
2
2
2
v v0 2a x x0
x x0
4/ ].
5
y0 10 m,
y0m
v0 0
a g 9.8 m / s 2
y(t ) v0 yt 12 gt 2
v2 v02 2 g y y0 2 9.8 m / s 2 10 m
196 m / s
v0 y v0 sin 0
v 14 m / s
v v0 a t
y0 1.5 m,
v0 7.3 m / s,
1
x x0 v0 v t
2
1
x x0 v0 t a t 2
2
2
2
v v0 2a x x0
vT 0
a g 9.8 m / s 2
1
yF 0 y0 v0 t g t 2
2
1
t
v0 v02 2 g y0
g
1
7.3
9.8 m / s 2
y(t ) v0 yt 12 gt 2
v0 y v0 sin 0
1.7 s
t
0.18 s
yT 4.2 m
vh2 v02 2 g y0 y0
s 1.4 s
1.428
v v0 a t
yF 0
14 m / s
v v0
9.8 m / s 2
g
v 14 m / s
vh v0
1
2
gt 2 v0 y t y
v0 y v02y 2 gy
x v0 xt
v0 x v0 cos 0
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vx v0 x
v y v0 y g t
A section of highway was washed away by flood, creating a gash 1.7 m deep.
x x0 vx 0 t
1
y y0 v y 0 t g t 2
2
vx 0 31 m / s
x0 0
vy 0 0
y0 1.7 m
y0
1.7
s
4.9
1
9.8 m / s 2 t 2
2
y y0 x x0 tan 0
0 x tan 0
x 31 m / s t
0 1.7 m
g
x2
2 v02 cos2 0
x2
g
2
x x0
2 v02 cos 2 0
v2
v02
sin 0 cos 0 0 sin 2 0
g
g
4.6 km / s sin 2
0
9.8 103 km / s 2
2
50 km
0.589 s
sin 20 0.0232
x 31 0.589 m 18 m
1.33
2 0
180 1.33
0.67
90 0.67
In the zero launch angle case, the initial velocity in the y-direction is zero.
Here are the equations of motion, with x0 = 0 and y0 = h:
y y0 x x0 tan 0
x0 0
y0 1.0 m
x 3.1 m
y 2.6 m
1.6 3.1tan 35
minimum speed
1.6 x tan 35
x
9.8
2 11 cos 35
2
1
0.70 0.33
0.12
x2
g
2
x x0
2 v02 cos 2 0
0 35
9.8
2
3.1
2 v02 cos2 35
v0 11 m / s
2
0.060 x 0.70 x 1.6 0
8.7 m
3.1 m
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Zero-Launch Trajectory
Examples:
Satellite orbit.
Planetary orbits (almost).
Earths rotation.
Uniform circular motion
Motors.
Electrons in magnetic
field.
10
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Magnitude: constant v
ac v
Velocity:
ac
Acceleration:
ac
v
r
v2
r
Magnitude:
Period:
Centripetal acceleration
v r
vr
so, v
v
r
r
v r v v 2
t t r
r
v v 2
a r lim
t 0 t
r
2r
v
vi
A
v
vi f
v = vf - vi
y
r
ri
vf
R
rf
Direction: Centripetal
v2
r
r
Orbit of space shuttle is circular at altitude 250 km, where g is 93% of its surface value.
Consider a flat, horizontal road with 80 km/h (22.2 m/s) speed limit.
2 r
v
2 r
T
ar
r
a
v2
r
a
2
v2
r
2
22.2 m / s 329 m
vmax
amax
1.5 m / s 2
2
rmin
5355 s
89 min
(low orbits)
ISS: r ~ 350 km
15.7 orbits a day
11
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Arbitrary motion:
a r = v2 / r
r = radius of curvature
v
at
ar
If v1 = v4 , & v2 = v3 , rank ak.
a
Ans: a2 > a3 > a4 > a1
12
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y ' y Vy t ;
v pG v pA vAG
arcsin
vAG
(90 km/h)
arcsin
26.7 west of north
v pA
(200 km/h)
2
v pG v 2pA vAG
(200 km/h)2 (90 km/h)2 179 km/h
Jet velocity
190
km/h
960
km/h
v 960 km / h
cos i sin j
v v y j 0 , v y
V 190 km / h i 190 , 0
v
190
cos
960
v y 960 sin
Trip time
1290 km
941 km / h
190
101.4
960
cos1
941 km / h
1.4 h
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