Soil Plasticity and The Structured Cam Clay Model
Soil Plasticity and The Structured Cam Clay Model
Brief summary
A simple predictive model
the Structured Cam Clay (SCC) model
Aim of the model: to provide tool for the
solution of boundary value problems
encountered in geotechnical engineering.
Simple and convenient for engineers
Brief summary
We select Modified Cam Clay (MCC) model as the
base for the new model.
(1) simple and rational, yet describes the
behaviour reconstituted soil with acceptable
accuracy;
(2) widely applied in geo-engineering field.
Brief summary
the SCC model, soil response defined in a 4-D
space:
e, current voids ratio,
(p , q ), current stress state,
stress history, and
soil structure.
Brief summary
Elastic
Voids ratio e
Virgin yielding
Structured soil
e = e* + e
e
e
e*
Reconstituted
soil: e *
p' y,i
p'
M*
Yield surface
p' s
p'
brief summary
Voids ratio e
Elastic
Virgin yielding
Structured soil
e = e* + e
e
e
e*
Reconstituted
soil: e *
p' y,i
p'
M*
Yield surface
p' s
p'
Brief summary
The compression behaviour of structured soils
is described as
e = e* + e
e*: voids ratio for the same soil in a
reconstituted state
e: additional voids ratio sustained by
soil structure
Brief summary
The compression behaviour of structured
soils is described as
Based on experimental data, Liu and Carter
(1999, 2000) proposed the following equation
for e
p y ,i
+c
e = a
b: destructuring index;
Brief summary
Some basic assumptions are:
(1) The mechanical properties of a clay in laboratory
reconstituted states are treated as intrinsic, which
can be described adequately by the MCC model.
(2) Elastic properties of soil are independent of soil
structure.
(3) Both hardening and destructurig of soil are
dependent on plastic volumetric deformation.
With the proposed isotropic compression line, the
SCC model is formulated.
Brief summary
The Structured Cam Clay (SCC) model applied to
simulate the behaviour of soil for (1) laboratory
single element tests and (2) boundary value
problems.
(1) Convenient identification of model
parameters and for implementation into
numerical analysis
(2) Successfully captures many important
features of the behaviour of structured soils and
influence of soil structure
Brief summary
(3) Significantly improves the performance of the
Modified Cam Clay Model, represents well the
behaviour of real soil, the soil found in nature
(4) Useful tool for the solution of boundary value
problems encountered in geotechnical practice
1: Introduction
In the previous talk,
(1)introduce plasticity theory for constitutive
modelling of soils; Demonstrate how plastic
deformation of soil modelled within the
conventional plasticity theory with special
consideration characteristics of soil.
A distinguished feature of soils: plastic
volumetric deformation dependent
hardening.
1: Introduction
(2) introduce two elasto-plasticity models:
original Cam Clay model and Structured Cam
Clay model.
Models within the framework critical state
soil mechanics
In SCC model, (1) differences between actual
soil found in nature and that in laboratory
reconstituted state illustrated. (2) The
behaviour of natural soil modelled by
considering the influence of soil structure
1: Introduction
The SCC model formulated to be simple as a
practical tool for geotechnical engineers.
Simplifications and idealizations made in
accordance with this requirement. Only
features of first importance for common
engineering problems represented.
Situations where a simple model not
enough, refinement of the model or more
advance models needed
1: Introduction
Situations for examples
(1) more accurate descriptions and detailed
examination of soil behaviour
e.g., features of second importance cannot
be ignored.
(2) more complicated material behaviour
e.g., more complicated stress paths
(3) special circumstances
e.g., anisotropy significant
1: Introduction
Improvement of the SCC model within the
proposed theoretical framework possible
Some of techniques for the improvement
discussed, they are
1: soil behaviour in the general stress and
strain state
2: Plastic deformation within yield surface
3: Effect of cementation
4: Small strain behaviour
5: Anisotropy
q 2 *2 p( ps p) = 0
d
d
p
d
p
v
2
=
2
2
*
2.1
2.1
'
' 1=' 2
2
3
( 2 3 ), y = (1 p)
x=
2
2
The X & Y coordinates
& conventional triaxial
tests are shown
' 2
' 2=' 3
2.1
Fuji sand
Plane
' 1=' 2
' 2
' 2=' 3
2.1
p'=124 kPa
p' =162 kPa
' 1= '2
' 2
2.1
' 2
2.1
2.1
2.1
)]
2
2
2
2
(1 +2 +3)(1 +2 +3) s 1 +2 +3
f2 =
27+9s
123
27+ 9s
Mohr-Coulomb's criterion
Matsuoka-Nakai's criterion (s =1)
Lade's criterion (s =0)
A strength locus (s =-10)
Von Mises's criterion
' 3
' 2
2.1
^ =
2 f 2 + f 2 ( f 2 + 27 15s)
f 2 + 27 15s + f 2 ( f 2 + 27 15s)
' 1
' 2=(' 1+' 3)/2
2( 1 3 )
^ =
1 + 3
For the stress on the
surface with
( 1 + 3 )
2 =
2
' 3
' 2
1
p = ( 11
+ 22 + 33
)
3
q ^ = p ^
2.3
q 2 *2 p( ps p) = 0
Rewritten as
q ^ * p( po p) = 0
2
2.3
Yield surface
q ^ * p( po p) = 0
2
' 3
' 2
' 1
2.3
Yield surface
q ^ * p( po p) = 0
2
'1
'3
Liu-Carter's criterion
s=1 (Matsuoka-Nakai)
s=0 (Lade criterion)
s=-10
2.4
d dp
d
p
v
p e
* 2 2 + 2 1
p s
d
=
d
p
d
p
v
2 ^
* ^ + ^ 1
2
pe
ps
2.4
Generalized dilatany:
d
=
d
p
d
p
v
2 ^
* ^ + ^ 1
2
pe
ps
2.4
Mathematically
(d dv ) = ( ' p' )
p
(
)
I
6
p
d
d
d p = d vp +
3
2 ( p) ( p)
3: Effect of cementation
Dr. Suksun Horpibulsuk has carried frontier
research on the behaviour of cemented soil. I
believe that he is more qualified than I to talk to you
about the influence of cementation on the behaviour
of soils and how to model these influence
mathematically. I will not omit this topic here.
4: Conceptual Framework
Useful:
guidance for mathematical modelling
understand which characteristics of soil
behaviour which are most significant
Experimental data
Cyclic isotropic tests (El-Sohby, 1964)
No. cycles
1
2
600
4
11
24
400
103
151
200
0
0
0.001
0.002
Volumetric strain v
0.003
No. cycles
Mean effective stress kPa
1
2
4
600
11
24
400
103
151
200
0
0
0.001
0.002
Volumetric strain v
0.003
deformation dependent on
type of loading and the
stress state, independent of
N.
made.
Unloading & reloading not the
same, not completely
recoverable
not exact elastic =
actual plastic
Voids ratio e
2.5
2.3
C
B
2.1
1.9
10
100
1000
importance
(a) Loading with large stress
reversals
For loading, virgin yielding
Unloading, at start, elastic
As reversal
, plastic occurs.
1.83
1.78
1.73
Unloading
Initial stress
Loading
1.68
1.63
10
100
1000
(b) Liquefaction,
The feature of plastic deform.
similar to the isotropic
unloading. Huge plastic
deformation occurs as the
stress goes to zero.
If subyielding not considered,
no liquefaction
Unloading
Initial
stress
Loading
1.68
1.63
10
100
1000
V o id s ratio e
2.3
2
3
structured
reconstitute
2.15
2
100
1000
Friction angle ( )
residual state
28
critical state
22
16
10
4
0
20
40
60
80
100
Anisotropy
Isotropy and anisotropy
A material is defined as isotropy if it
possesses no preferred direction; and the
orientation in space of a sphere of an isotropic
material can not be detected experimentally.
Otherwise, the material is anisotropy
Anisotropy
Cross anisotropy
Formulation and property
Most geo-materials found in site cross
anisotropic
arising from the depositional history of natural
soil
1= 2= 3=p
1=2=3
v/ a=3
Virgin compression
n=37.5%
isotropy
Anisotropy increases
with n.
1= 2= 3=p
v/ a=3
Unloading
The same
v/ a=3
Elastic & isotropic for
this sand
ground
1
1
1
rotation angle
=0
45
90
2 2 12
11 2 1
Conceptual Framework
Four regions of
different behaviour
Elastic region
Virgin yielding
Sub-yielding
Stable behaviour
Yield surface
Current stress
Sub-yielding
Pure elastic
p'
surface
Equivalent yield
surface
Loading surface
Elastic surface
Stable surface
Mf
Structural
yield surface
Loading surf.
Elastic surf.
p'
Stable surface
Equivalent yield surface
Types of Behaviour
Behaviour
Condition
Elastic
Elastic Response
Mf
Structural
yield surface
Loading surf.
Elastic surf.
p'
Stable surface
Types of Behaviour
Behaviour
Condition
Elastic
Virgin Yielding
Mf
Structural
yield surface
Loading surf.
Elastic surf.
p'
Stable surface
Equivalent yield surface
Types of Behaviour
Behaviour
Condition
Elastic
Sub-Yielding
Mf
Structural
yield surface
Loading surf.
Elastic surf.
p'
Stable surface
Equivalent yield surface
Types of Behaviour
Behaviour
Condition
Elastic
Structural
yield surface
Loading surf.
Elastic surf.
A
p'
Stable surface
Equivalent yield surface
Types of Behaviour
Behaviour
Condition
Elastic
Structural
yield surface
Loading surf.
Elastic surf.
p'
Stable surface
Equivalent yield surface
Types of Behaviour
Loading Type
Condition
First loading
Types of Behaviour
Loading Type
Condition
First loading
Reloading
Types of Behaviour
Loading Type
Condition
First loading
Reloading
Unloading
Consequences
Magnitude of plastic volumetric
Changes in Structure
Destructuring
caused by stress changes
monotonic and irrecoverable
Development of structure
all other effects such as ageing,
leaching, change of chemical
components of the pore fluid, and
weathering
B
A
Destructuring
C
E
Sub-yielding: AB
p' o,B
p' y,i
p' o,F
p' c
e - p' c
Mf
F
p' y,i
E
C
A
B
p' c,B
p'
p' c,
C
p' c,F
Destructuring
A
C
E
p' o,B
p' y,i
p' o,F
p' c
e - p' c
Mf
F
p' y,i
E
C
A
B
p' c,B
p'
p' c,
C
p' c,F
Sub-yielding: AB
Virgin yielding: BC
Destructuring
A
C
E
p' o,B
p' y,i
p' o,F
p' c
e - p' c
Mf
F
p' y,i
E
C
A
B
p' c,B
p'
p' c,
C
p' c,F
Sub-yielding: AB
Virgin yielding: BC
Unload. & reload.: CDE
Development of Structure
Many factors affect development of
structure: e.g., ageing effect on the size of
the structural yield surface (Mesri and
Shahien, 1997)
t
py,i = po
t
p
Soil Strength
Final state under shearing is either
the critical state of deformation or
the residual state of deformation
Strength Reduction
Strength after the critical state depends on
particle orientation
Mf=M*cs-(M*cs-M*r)o
f
*cs
*r
o
Summary
7 Major points
1.
2.
3.
Summary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Conclusions
Conceptual framework - describing
mechanical behaviour of structured soils
Stress-strain behaviour divided into four
regions in stress space, i.e.,
an elastic region, a stable deformation
region, a sub-yielding region and a virgin
yielding region
Influence of structure on mechanical
behaviour discussed