A)

B)
C)
D)

1.Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing,
remembering, and communicating?
algorithm
heuristic
cognition
universal grammar

A)
B)
C)
D)

2.Professor Pegler's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences the way
people assess financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent?
developmental psychology
biological psychology
cognitive psychology
personality psychology

A)
B)
C)
D)

3.A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n)

algorithm.
prototype.
heuristic.
concept.

A)
B)
C)
D)

4.When we use the word automobile to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are
using this word as a(n)
mental set.
heuristic.
concept.
algorithm.

A)
B)
C)
D)

5.A prototype is a
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
step-by-step procedure for solving problems.
best example of a particular category.
simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently.

A)
B)
C)
D)

6.In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of
algorithms.
fixations.
prototypes.
telegraphic speech.

A)
B)

7.Prototype is to category as ________ is to ________.

rose; flower
couch; bed
Page 1

C)
D)

man; woman
rope; weapon

A)
B)
C)
D)

8.With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?
A penguin is a bird.
A goose is a bird.
A robin is a bird.
An ostrich is a bird.

A)
B)
C)
D)

9.After identifying an ethnically blended face as Asian rather than as Caucasian, Belgian
students recalled the face as more closely resembling their ________ of an Asian face.
algorithm
heuristic
prototype
fixation

A)
B)
C)
D)

10.Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely
resemble her fish
syntax.
heuristic.
algorithm.
prototype.

A)
B)
C)
D)

11.People are likely to take less time to recognize a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse
because a woman more closely resembles their nurse
heuristic.
prototype.
algorithm.
fixation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

12.People are likely to detect male prejudice against females ________ easily than they
detect female prejudice against males. They are likely to detect younger people's
prejudice against older people ________ easily than they detect older people's prejudice
against younger people.
more; less
less; more
more; more
less; less
13.Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his

Page 2

A)
B)
C)
D)

right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short
hallway. His problem-strategy best illustrates
confirmation bias.
the framing effect.
trial and error.
belief perseverance.

A)
B)
C)
D)

14.An algorithm is a
simple thinking strategy for making decisions quickly and efficiently.
testing method involving trial and error.
automatic, intuitive judgment.
methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.

A)
B)
C)
D)

15.A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all
possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of
the availability heuristic.
belief perseverance.
an algorithm.
framing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

16.Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments
efficiently are called
fixations.
heuristics.
prototypes.
algorithms.

A)
B)
C)
D)

17.The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to

save time in arriving at solutions to problems.
yield more accurate solutions to problems.
minimize the overconfidence phenomenon.
involve greater reliance on language skills.

A)
B)
C)
D)

18.As he attempted to spell the word receive, Tim reminded himself i before e except after
c. Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of
trial and error.
insight.
an algorithm.
a heuristic.

Page 3

A)
B)
C)
D)

19.After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up.
As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head.
Amira's experience best illustrates
belief perseverance.
the availability heuristic.
insight.
a mental set.

A)
B)
C)
D)

20.Research participants were asked to identify a word that could be associated

meaningfully with each of three other words. Solutions that occurred with sudden insight
were accompanied by a burst of activity in the brain's ________ lobe.
right temporal
left temporal
right occipital
left occipital

C)
D)

21.The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to

search for information that supports our preconceptions.
judge the likelihood of events on the basis of how easily we can remember examples
of them.
overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
make judgments in a very inefficient, time-consuming fashion.

A)
B)
C)
D)

22.Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade
teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior.
Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates
the availability heuristic.
confirmation bias.
framing.
belief perseverance.

A)
B)
C)
D)

23.Business managers are often overly confident of their own hiring ability because they are
more likely to monitor the successes of people they hired than the achievements of those
they rejected. This illustrates that overconfidence may be facilitated by
an algorithm.
prototypes.
the framing effect.
confirmation bias.

A)
B)

24.Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are
inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce

Page 4

A)
B)
C)
D)

the framing effect.

process simulation.
confirmation bias.
algorithms.

A)
B)
C)
D)

25.The inability to see a problem from a new perspective is called

a critical period.
a fixation.
a heuristic.
framing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

26.Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because
they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of
________ on problem solving.
fixation
heuristics
framing
overconfidence

A)
B)
C)
D)

27.A mental set is most likely to inhibit

confirmation bias.
overconfidence.
creativity.
belief perseverance.

A)
B)
C)
D)

28.During prior school years, Charlie found it easy to get away with cheating on his tests.
Now its not so easy so Charlie spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it
would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion. Charlie's shortsightedness
best illustrates the consequences of
an algorithm.
a mental set.
confirmation bias.
the availability heuristic.

A)
B)
C)
D)

29.In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic
feelings or thoughts are called
mental sets.
phonemes.
algorithms.
intuitions.

Page 5

A)
B)
C)
D)

30.A reliance on quick intuitive judgments is best illustrated by our use of

telegraphic speech.
algorithms.
trial and error.
heuristics.

A)
B)
C)
D)

31.Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can
remember instances of its occurrence is called
framing.
confirmation bias.
belief perseverance.
the availability heuristic.

A)
B)
C)
D)

32.Just passing by a person who sneezes and coughs heightens our perceptions of various
health risks. This best illustrates the impact of
the availability heuristic.
a critical period.
confirmation bias.
framing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

33.Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility
because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family
members have done. This best illustrates the impact of
overconfidence.
framing.
confirmation bias.
the availability heuristic.

A)
B)
C)
D)

34.A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of
the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous
scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is
influenced by
belief perseverance.
an algorithm.
confirmation bias.
the availability heuristic.
35.By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by winds from a
hurricane, insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners'
policies. They are most clearly exploiting the influence of

Page 6

A)
B)
C)
D)

belief perseverance.
a critical period.
overconfidence.
the availability heuristic.

A)
B)
C)
D)

36.A single, memorable case of welfare fraud can have a greater impact on people's
estimates of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the
exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by
confirmation bias.
overconfidence.
belief perseverance.
the availability heuristic.

A)
B)
C)
D)

37.The indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's
estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of
a critical period.
the availability heuristic.
confirmation bias.
framing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

38.Which of the following best accounts for people's greater fear of commercial air flights
than of driving an automobile?
perceived control
fixation
the framing effect
insight

A)
B)
C)
D)

39.We fear too little those events that will claim lives
accidentally.
undramatically.
in the near future.
one person at a time.

A)
B)
C)
D)

40.The overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency to

cling to our initial conceptions, even though they have been discredited.
search for information that supports our preconceptions.
underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are inaccurate.
judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence
are remembered.

Page 7

A)
B)
C)
D)

41.Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that
will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates
a fixation.
the framing effect.
the availability heuristic.
overconfidence.

A)
B)
C)
D)

42.When Larina started college, she was certain that she would never smoke marijuana. By
the end of her freshman year, however, Larina had used this drug on three different
occasions. Larina's experience best illustrates
the availability heuristic.
confirmation bias.
overconfidence.
the framing effect.

A)
B)
C)
D)

43.Stockbrokers who market their services with confidence that they can outperform the
market average in picking stocks are especially likely to
appear credible to their customers.
find it difficult to decide which stocks to purchase.
avoid the dangers of belief perseverance.
use algorithms to generate stock choices.

A)
B)
C)
D)

44.An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is
called
the availability heuristic.
trial and error.
belief perseverance.
confirmation bias.

A)
B)
C)
D)

45.People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its
effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more
strongly than ever. This best illustrates
the framing effect.
linguistic determinism.
belief perseverance.
the availability heuristic.

46.Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief
perseverance is
A)
Try to justify your positions.
B)
Consider the opposite.

Page 8

C)
D)

Don't draw hasty conclusions.

Be as objective as possible.

A)
B)
C)
D)

47.When Quang couldn't find his wallet, he began to wonder about his roommate's honesty.
Although Quang later recalled that he had left his wallet in the glove compartment of his
own car, he continued to doubt his roommate's honesty. Quang's irrational thinking best
illustrates
confirmation bias.
an algorithm.
belief perseverance.
framing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

48.The value of making a good first impression when you begin work for a new employer is
best underscored by the research on
overconfidence.
the framing effect.
belief perseverance.
the availability heuristic.

A)
B)
C)
D)

49.In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's
support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to understand the impact of
belief perseverance.
telegraphic speech.
a fixation.
framing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

50.Wording a question or presenting an issue in such a way that it evokes a desired judgment
is called
framing.
confirmation bias.
belief perseverance.
telegraphic speech.

A)
B)
C)
D)

51.On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her
umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so
Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the effect of
confirmation bias.
overconfidence.
the availability heuristic.
framing.

Page 9

A)
B)
C)
D)

52.The risks of smoking are more alarming when presented in terms of the number of
smokers with lung cancer than the percentage of smokers with lung cancer. This
illustrates the importance of
fixation.
belief perseverance.
overconfidence.
framing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

53.A $100 coat marked down from $150 can seem like a better deal than the same coat
priced regularly at $100. This best illustrates the importance of
belief perseverance.
confirmation bias.
framing.
the availability heuristic.

A)
B)
C)
D)

54.Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as 75 percent lean than
to ground beef described as 25 percent fat. This illustrates that consumer reactions are
influenced by
belief perseverance.
confirmation bias.
the availability heuristic.
framing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

55.People are less upset when they miss getting an early payment discount than when they
are asked to bear a late payment surcharge. This best illustrates the importance of
belief perseverance.
confirmation bias.
framing.
the availability heuristic.

A)
B)
C)
D)

56.People are very likely to decide to be organ donors when the default option on their
renewable drivers' license forms is yes but they can choose to drop out. They are much
less likely to decide to be organ donors if the default option on their license forms is no
but they can choose to opt in. This best illustrates the effects of
framing.
overconfidence.
confirmation bias.
the availability heuristic.
57.A period of distraction that enables people to process complex information unconsciously

Page 10

A)
B)
C)
D)

can improve decision making. This best illustrates the value of

algorithms.
critical periods.
intuition.
trial and error.

A)
B)
C)
D)

58.Although intuition can at times hinder rationality, it is often adaptive because it facilitates
framing.
quick decisions.
belief perseverance.
a mental set.

A)
B)
C)
D)

59.If a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way,
we maywithout consciously recalling the earlier experiencereact warily. This
illustrates that our reactions to others may be influenced by
critical periods.
algorithms.
intuition.
overconfidence.

A)
B)
C)
D)

60.Although Kaylee agreed with a particular politician's policies and position statements, her
unconscious gut reaction to his slightly high-pitched voice led her to vote for the
opposition candidate. This best illustrates the impact of
intuition.
confirmation bias.
a critical period.
belief perseverance.

A)
B)
C)
D)

61.Master chess players can make correct game moves at such speed that their acquired
expertise feels like
an algorithm.
a prototype.
a process simulation.
intuition.

A)
B)
C)
D)

62.By learning to classify cats and dogs, monkeys demonstrate a capacity to form
a universal grammar.
telegraphic speech.
rules of syntax.
concepts.

Page 11

A)
B)
C)
D)

63.Alex was an African Grey parrot who displayed

self-awareness.
numerical ability.
insight.
tool use.

A)
B)
C)
D)

64.In Wolfgang Khler's experiments, the chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to retrieve a
longer stick, which he then used to reach a piece of fruit. The chimpanzee appeared to
display
insight.
a fixation.
trial and error.
the availability heuristic.

A)
B)
C)
D)

65.Forest-dwelling chimpanzees use a light, flexible stick for fishing for termites. This
illustrates their naturally developed use of
sign language.
tools.
heuristics.
outcome simulations.

A)
B)
C)
D)

66.One group of chimpanzees slurp termites directly from a stick, another group picks them
off the stick one by one. One group of chimpanzees breaks nuts with a stone hammer;
another group does this with a wooden hammer. These group differences in food
gathering practices best illustrate
algorithms.
semantics.
syntax.
cultural diversity.

A)
B)
C)
D)

67.Chimpanzee B watches Chimpanzee A obtain food either by sliding or by lifting a door.

Chimpanzee B will then typically do the same to get food. And so will Chimpanzee C
after observing Chimpanzee B. This sequence has been said to illustrate
syntax.
an algorithm.
an outcome simulation.
cultural transmission.

68.Language refers to the

A)
smallest distinctive sound units.

Page 12

B)
C)
D)

rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.

spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate
meaning.
rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes.

A)
B)
C)
D)

69.The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a

prototype.
suffix.
morpheme.
phoneme.

A)
B)
C)
D)

70.The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a t and an n produce words
such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different
morphemes.
prototypes.
phonemes.
semantics.

A)
B)
C)
D)

71.English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes.

5
6
26
40

A)
B)
C)
D)

72.Morphemes are
the smallest speech units that carry meaning.
the best examples of particular categories of objects.
the smallest distinctive sound units of a language.
rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences.

A)
B)
C)
D)

73.In the words helped and called, the ed ending is a(n)

prototype.
morpheme.
heuristic.
algorithm.

74.The word cats contains ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s).

A)
2; 1
B)
4; 1
C)
2; 4

Page 13

D)

4; 2

A)
B)
C)
D)

75.The system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with
others is called
an algorithm.
telegraphic speech.
grammar.
a heuristic.

A)
B)
C)
D)

76.Semantics refers to the

logical and methodical procedures for solving problems.
orderly arrangement of words into grammatically correct sentences.
simple thinking strategies that facilitate quick decision making.
rules by which we derive meaning from sounds.

A)
B)
C)
D)

77.The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact
that you can recognize two different meanings for the word hit in the preceding
sentence demonstrates the importance of
syntax.
semantics.
morphemes.
prototypes.

A)
B)
C)
D)

78.To combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, we need to apply proper rules
of
semantics.
syntax.
simulation.
phonics.

A)
B)
C)
D)

79.Lavonne was careful to avoid the use of dangling participles and run-on sentences in her
essay because she did not want to lose points for faulty
semantics.
phonemes.
morphemes.
syntax.

80.Mentally segmenting other's spoken sounds into individual words best illustrates a 7month-old's capacity for
A)
telegraphic speech.

Page 14

B)
C)
D)

receptive language.
fixation.
productive language.

A)
B)
C)
D)

81.The ability to produce words is to productive language as the ability to comprehend

speech is to ________ language.
sign
grammatical
receptive
telegraphic

A)
B)
C)
D)

82.Using barely recognizable syllables to communicate meaning best illustrates a 12-monthold's developing capacity for
syntax.
telegraphic speech.
productive language.
framing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

83.The earliest stage of speech development is called the ________ stage.

babbling
telegraphic speech
one-word
grammatical

A)
B)
C)
D)

84.Infants are first able to discriminate speech sounds during the ________ stage.
one-word
telegraphic
babbling
syntactic

A)
B)
C)
D)

85.At some point during the babbling stage, infants begin to

imitate adult grammar.
communicate in telegraphic speech.
speak in simple words that may be barely recognizable.
lose their ability to discriminate sounds they never hear.

86.At the age of 15 months, Anita repeatedly cries hoy when she wants her mother to hold
her. Anita is most likely in the ________ stage of language development.
A)
syntactic
B)
babbling

Page 15

C)
D)

telegraphic speech
one-word

A)
B)
C)
D)

87.Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language
development.
one-word
babbling
two-word
semantic

A)
B)
C)
D)

88.Which of the following would be most characteristic of a 2-year-old's telegraphic speech?

a doggy
eat apple
to store
ball pretty

A)
B)
C)
D)

89.No matter what language we first use, our first words are mostly
verbs.
adverbs.
adjectives.
nouns.

A)
B)
C)
D)

90.Noam Chomsky suggested that all human languages share a(n)

universal grammar.
neural network.
outcome simulation.
algorithm.

A)
B)
C)
D)

91.Noam Chomsky attributed children's ability to pick up language so readily to

trial-and-error problem solving.
the availability heuristic.
belief perseverance.
a built-in readiness to learn grammar rules.

92.Infants can learn the difference between syllable sequences that follow an ABA pattern
(such as ga-ti-ga) and those that follow an ABB pattern (such as wo-fe-fe). This best
illustrates the infant's capacity for
A)
telegraphic speech.
B)
statistical learning.
C)
a productive language.

Page 16

D)

the availability heuristic.

A)
B)
C)
D)

93.By about age 7, those who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language
gradually lose their ability to master any language. This illustrates the importance of
________ for language acquisition.
a critical period
an outcome simulation
the availability heuristic
linguistic determinism

A)
B)
C)
D)

94.The best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that
infants babble sounds that occur in their parents' native language.
toddlers maintain a capacity to discriminate language sounds they have never heard.
people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood.
preschoolers typically fail to use proper syntax.

A)
B)
C)
D)

95.Compared with deaf children exposed to sign language from birth, those who first learn
sign language as teens are less likely to
correctly imitate the signs they are shown.
use signs to indicate concrete objects.
mentally associate signs with written words.
comprehend grammatical subtleties of sign language.

A)
B)
C)
D)

96.Deaf culture advocates are most likely to object to the use of cochlear implants for
children who were deaf prior to learning any language.
adults who have experienced a loss of both vision and language.
children who have never learned sign language.
adults whose hearing becomes impaired later in their lives.

A)
B)
C)
D)

97.Blind people are ________ accurate than sighted people at locating a sound source with
one ear plugged, and blind musicians are ________ likely than sighted ones to develop
perfect pitch.
less; more
more; less
less; less
more; more
98.In several studies, people with hearing loss, especially those not wearing hearing aids,
have reported being ________ socially engaged and ________ often experiencing others'
irritation.

Page 17

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

more; more
less; less
more; less
less; more
99.An impairment of language is known as
a fixation.
telegraphic speech.
babbling.
aphasia.

100.The part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech is
known as
A)
Wernicke's area.
B)
Broca's area.
C)
the temporal lobe.
D)
the parietal lobe.
101.After Miguel's recent automobile accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex
in Broca's area. It is likely that Miguel will have difficulty
A)
remembering past events.
B)
speaking fluently.
C)
reading.
D)
understanding other people when they speak.
102.Wernicke's area is typically located in the left ________ lobe.
A)
parietal
B)
occipital
C)
temporal
D)
frontal
103.After Paul's snow-skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in
Wernicke's area. Because of the damage, Paul is most likely to experience difficulty in
A)
remembering past events.
B)
pronouncing words correctly.
C)
understanding what others are saying.
D)
recognizing familiar faces.
104.A stroke may impair the ability to speak distinctly without harming the ability to read
because different language functions depend on different

Page 18

A)
B)
C)
D)

heuristics.
mental sets.
neural networks.
critical periods.

105.A football quarterback simultaneously calculates receiver distances, player movements,

and weather conditions. This best illustrates the activity of multiple
A)
critical periods.
B)
morphemes.
C)
neural networks.
D)
algorithms.

A)
B)
C)
D)

106.Beatrice and Allen Gardner taught the chimpanzee Washoe to communicate by means of
pictures.
Morse code.
sign language.
English letters.

107.Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they have the
capacity to
A)
vocalize the most common vowel sounds.
B)
acquire language vocabulary as rapidly as most children.
C)
communicate through the use of symbols.
D)
do all of these things.
108.Animal trainers' expectations may have led them to interpret some chimpanzees' signs as
indicative of greater linguistic ability than is warranted. This best illustrates the
shortcoming of
A)
an algorithm.
B)
a critical period.
C)
a process simulation.
D)
linguistic determinism.
109.Human language appears to have evolved from
A)
the availability heuristic.
B)
gestured communication.
C)
a process simulation.
D)
a critical period.
110.Psychologists are most likely to doubt that chimpanzees have the capacity to

Page 19

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

use complex grammar.

communicate with gestures.
transmit cultural innovations.
form concepts.
111.Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that
infancy is a critical period for language development.
all languages share a similar grammar.
our linguistic proficiencies influence our social status.
words shape the way people think.

112.Many people who are bilingual experience a different sense of self, depending on which
language they are using. This most clearly illustrates the implications of
A)
Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis.
B)
Khler's insight hypothesis.
C)
Tversky's decision theory.
D)
Chomsky's language acquisition theory.
113.It has been suggested that Alaskan Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables
them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. This
suggestion most clearly illustrates
A)
universal grammar.
B)
the availability heuristic.
C)
linguistic determinism.
D)
telegraphic speech.
114.Six-month-old Ohmar recognizes the difference between squares and circles just as
accurately as his 3-year-old brother, who can correctly name the different shapes. This
fact would most directly challenge
A)
Chomsky's language acquisition theory.
B)
Tversky's decision theory.
C)
Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis.
D)
Khler's insight hypothesis.
115.The isolated Piraha tribespeople of Brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than
2. If shown 7 nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their
own pile of nuts. This best illustrates the impact of
A)
language on thinking.
B)
algorithms on decision making.
C)
prototypes on concept formation.
D)
fixations on problem solving.

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116.Bilingual people, who inhibit one language while using the other, can better inhibit their
attention to irrelevant information. This has been called
A)
linguistic determinism.
B)
the availability heuristic.
C)
the bilingual advantage.
D)
universal grammar.
117.Contemporary psychologists are most likely to criticize Whorf's linguistic determinism
hypothesis for
A)
overestimating the impact of thinking on language.
B)
overestimating the extent to which thinking occurs without language.
C)
underestimating the impact of language on thinking.
D)
underestimating the extent to which thinking occurs without language.
118.People's procedural memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to
consist of
A)
an algorithm.
B)
a mental image.
C)
telegraphic speech.
D)
universal grammar.
119.Introductory psychology students facing a midterm exam one week later spent five
minutes each day visualizing themselves scanning the posted grade list, seeing their A
grade, and feeling proud. This ________ simulation had ________ effect on their exam
scores.
A)
process; little
B)
outcome; little
C)
process; a large
D)
outcome; a large
120.Introductory psychology students performed best on a midterm psychology test if they
had previously spent five minutes a day visualizing themselves
A)
studying effectively.
B)
physically relaxing.
C)
receiving a high midterm test grade.
D)
feeling proud about receiving a high midterm test grade.

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Answer Key
1.C
2.C
3.D
4.C
5.C
6.C
7.A
8.C
9.C
10.D
11.B
12.C
13.C
14.D
15.C
16.B
17.A
18.D
19.C
20.A
21.A
22.B
23.D
24.C
25.B
26.A
27.C
28.B
29.D
30.D
31.D
32.A
33.D
34.D
35.D
36.D
37.B
38.A
39.B
40.C
41.D
42.C
43.A
44.C

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45.C
46.B
47.C
48.C
49.D
50.A
51.D
52.D
53.C
54.D
55.C
56.A
57.C
58.B
59.C
60.A
61.D
62.D
63.B
64.A
65.B
66.A
67.D
68.C
69.D
70.C
71.D
72.A
73.B
74.D
75.C
76.D
77.B
78.B
79.D
80.B
81.C
82.C
83.A
84.C
85.D
86.D
87.C
88.B
89.D
90.A

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91.D
92.B
93.A
94.C
95.D
96.A
97.D
98.D
99.D
100.B
101.B
102.C
103.C
104.C
105.C
106.C
107.C
108.C
109.B
110.A
111.D
112.A
113.C
114.C
115.A
116.C
117.D
118.B
119.B
120.A

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