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Elasticity: Hooke's Law Young's Modulus Bulk Elastic Properties
Elasticity: Hooke's Law Young's Modulus Bulk Elastic Properties
Hooke's Law
One of the properties of elasticity is that it takes about twice as much force to stretch a
spring twice as far. That linear dependence of displacement upon stretching force is
called Hooke's law.
Young's Modulus
For the description of the elastic properties of linear objects like wires, rods, columns
which are either stretched or compressed, a convenient parameter is the ratio of the
stress to the strain, a parameter called the Young's modulus of the material. Young's
modulus can be used to predict the elongation or compression of an object as long as
the stress is less than the yield strength of the material.
Density
(kg/m3)
Young's Modulus
109 N/m2
Ultimate Strength Su
106 N/m2
Yield Strength Sy
106 N/m2
Steela
7860
200
400
250
Aluminum
2710
70
110
95
Glass
2190
65
50b
...
Concretec
2320
30
40b
...
Woodd
525
13
50b
...
Bone
1900
9b
170b
...
Polystyrene
1050
48
...
F = -kx
where x is the size of the displacement. The
proportionality constant k is specific for each
spring.
The object of this virtual lab is to determine
the spring constant k.
Displacement is measured in centimeters.
Each of the blue weights has a mass of 50
grams. The gray virtual weight hanger has no
mass.
Snapshots of the lab are found in the four
figures that follow.
50 grams mass is 2 cm
displacement.
Mass
(grams)
Displacement
(cm)
50
100
150
200
W = kx.
W is the weight of the added mass. Therefore, the spring constant k is the slope of
the straight line W versus x plot.
Weight
(dynes)
Displacement
(cm)
49000
98000
147000
196000
Standard non-virtual lab data will be scattered a bit. Just spot the best straight line fit
and draw the line in with a ruler (or run a linear least squares calculation).
Slope of a line is commonly defined as the rise over the run. This is figured in the
final plot of W versus x. Thus, the spring constant of the virtual spring is 24,000
dynes/cm.
Where,
Hooke's Law
Hooke's Law states that if a spring is not stretched beyond its elastic limit, the force that
acts on it is directly proportional to the extension of the spring.
Elastic Limit
The elastic limit of a spring is defined as the maximum force that can be applied to a
spring such that the spring will be able to be restored to its original length when the
force is removed.
Equation derived from Hooke's Law
From Hook's Law, we can derived that
Spring Constant
Spring constant is defined as the ratio of the force applied on a spring to the extension of the spring.
It is a measure of the stiffness of a spring or elastic object.
Graph of Streching Force - Extension
The higher the gradient, the greater the spring constant and the harder (stiffer) spring.
For example, the stiffness of spring A is greater than spring B.
2.
1.
Next
Forces may change the shape of an object. An elastic object such as a spring stores
elastic potential energy when stretched or squashed. The extension of an elastic object
is directly proportional to the force applied.
A force acting on an object may cause the shape of an object to change. Elastic objects can store
elastic potential energy if they are stretched. For example, this happens when a catapult is used.
Changing shape
Elastic objects can also store elastic potential energy when they are squashed. For example, this
happens when a squash ball is dropped onto a hard surface.
Work is done on an elastic object when its shape changes and it stores elastic potential energy. It
is possible to calculate the amount of energy stored when stretching or squashing an elastic
material, but you do not need to be able to do this for your examination.
Hooke's Law
When an elastic object - such as a spring - is stretched, the increased length is called its
extension. The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied to it:
F=ke
Assuming the limit of proportionality (elastic limit) is not exceeded, a graph of force against
extension produces a straight line that passes through the origin. Thegradient of the line is the
spring constant, k. The greater the value of k, the stiffer the spring.