Elasticity: Hooke's Law Young's Modulus Bulk Elastic Properties

Elasticity
Elasticity is the property of an object or material which causes it to be restored to its

original shape after distortion. It is said to be more elastic if it restores itself more
precisely to its original configuration. A rubber band is easy to stretch, and snaps back
to near its original length when released, but it is not as elastic as a piece of piano
wire. The piano wire is harder to stretch, but would be said to be more elastic than the
rubber band because of the precision of its return to its original length. A real piano
string can be struck hundreds of times without stretching enough to go noticeably out
of tune. A spring is an example of an elastic object - when stretched, it exerts a
restoring force which tends to bring it back to its original length. This restoring force
is generally proportional to the amount of stretch, as described by Hooke's Law. For
wires or columns, the elasticity is generally described in terms of the amount of
deformation (strain) resulting from a given stress (Young's modulus).Bulk elastic
properties of materials describe the response of the materials to changes in pressure.
Hooke's Law
One of the properties of elasticity is that it takes about twice as much force to stretch a
spring twice as far. That linear dependence of displacement upon stretching force is
called Hooke's law.
Young's Modulus
For the description of the elastic properties of linear objects like wires, rods, columns
which are either stretched or compressed, a convenient parameter is the ratio of the
stress to the strain, a parameter called the Young's modulus of the material. Young's
modulus can be used to predict the elongation or compression of an object as long as
the stress is less than the yield strength of the material.
Elastic Properties of Selected Engineering Materials

Material
Density
(kg/m3)
Young's Modulus
109 N/m2
Ultimate Strength Su
106 N/m2
Yield Strength Sy
106 N/m2
Steela
7860
200
400
250
Aluminum
2710
70
110
95
Glass
2190
65
50b
...
Concretec
2320
30
40b
...
Woodd
525
13
50b
...
Bone
1900
9b
170b
...
Polystyrene
1050
48
...
Determine the Spring Constant
Hooke's Law states that the restoring force of

a spring is directly proportional to a small
displacement. In equation form, we write
F = -kx
where x is the size of the displacement. The
proportionality constant k is specific for each
spring.
The object of this virtual lab is to determine
the spring constant k.
Displacement is measured in centimeters.
Each of the blue weights has a mass of 50
grams. The gray virtual weight hanger has no
mass.
Snapshots of the lab are found in the four
figures that follow.
50 grams mass is 2 cm
displacement.

displacement.

displacement.
Mass
(grams)
Displacement
(cm)
50
100
150
200

displacement.
These data have been entered into

the table to the left.
For each snapshot above the
downward pull of gravity is balanced
by the upward pull of the spring. A
force or free-body diagram of this is
shown on the right-hand side.
Note that the restoring spring force is
given by Hooke's Law as kx.
This equilibrium can be expressed as
W = kx.
W is the weight of the added mass. Therefore, the spring constant k is the slope of
the straight line W versus x plot.
Weight is mass times the acceleration of gravity or W

= mg where g is about 980 cm/sec2. Using this
relationship weights are computed for the masses in
the table above. The results are on the right.
Data from this table are plotted on the graph below.
Note that the points fall precisely on the line since
this is a virtual experiment.
Weight
(dynes)
Displacement
(cm)
49000
98000
147000
196000
Standard non-virtual lab data will be scattered a bit. Just spot the best straight line fit
and draw the line in with a ruler (or run a linear least squares calculation).
As stated above the relationship depicted on the graph is W = kx where k is the

spring constant. Therefore, the spring constant is the slope of the line.
Slope of a line is commonly defined as the rise over the run. This is figured in the
final plot of W versus x. Thus, the spring constant of the virtual spring is 24,000
dynes/cm.
Hooke's Law Formula

Hooke's law is a principle of physics that states that the force needed to extend or compress a spring by
some distance is proportional to that distance. That is: where is a constant factor characteristic of the
spring, its stiffness. One of the properties of elasticity is that it takes about twice as much force to stretch
a spring twice as far. That linear dependence of displacement upon stretching force is called Hooke's law.
Hooke's Law is that which says that how much stress we apply on any body that much strain will be
observed on it. which means Stress Strain.
Hooke's Law Formula is given by
Where,
F is the amount of force applied in N,

x is the displacement in the spring in m
k is the spring constant or force constant.
Hooke's law formula is used to determine the force constant, displacement and force in a stretched
spring.
Hooke's Law
Hooke's Law states that if a spring is not stretched beyond its elastic limit, the force that
acts on it is directly proportional to the extension of the spring.
Elastic Limit
The elastic limit of a spring is defined as the maximum force that can be applied to a
spring such that the spring will be able to be restored to its original length when the
force is removed.
Equation derived from Hooke's Law
From Hook's Law, we can derived that
Spring Constant
Spring constant is defined as the ratio of the force applied on a spring to the extension of the spring.
It is a measure of the stiffness of a spring or elastic object.
Graph of Streching Force - Extension
Gradient = Spring constant

Area below the graph = Work done
F-x graph and spring constant
The higher the gradient, the greater the spring constant and the harder (stiffer) spring.
For example, the stiffness of spring A is greater than spring B.
Forces and elasticity

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Forces may change the shape of an object. An elastic object such as a spring stores
elastic potential energy when stretched or squashed. The extension of an elastic object
is directly proportional to the force applied.
Elastic potential energy
A force acting on an object may cause the shape of an object to change. Elastic objects can store
elastic potential energy if they are stretched. For example, this happens when a catapult is used.
Changing shape
Elastic objects can also store elastic potential energy when they are squashed. For example, this
happens when a squash ball is dropped onto a hard surface.
Work is done on an elastic object when its shape changes and it stores elastic potential energy. It
is possible to calculate the amount of energy stored when stretching or squashing an elastic
material, but you do not need to be able to do this for your examination.
Hooke's Law
When an elastic object - such as a spring - is stretched, the increased length is called its
extension. The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied to it:
F=ke
F is the force in newtons, N

k is the 'spring constant' in newtons per metre, N/m
e is the extension in metres, m
This equation works as long as the elastic limit (the limit of proportionality) is not exceeded. If a
spring is stretched too much, for example, it will not return to its original length when the load is
removed.
The spring constant

The spring constant k is different for different objects and materials. It is found by carrying out
an experiment. For example, the unloaded length of a spring is measured. Different numbers
of slotted masses are added to the spring and its new length measured each time. The extension
is the new length minus the unloaded length.
Graph showing Hooke's Law. Extension is plotted against force.
Assuming the limit of proportionality (elastic limit) is not exceeded, a graph of force against
extension produces a straight line that passes through the origin. Thegradient of the line is the
spring constant, k. The greater the value of k, the stiffer the spring.

Elasticity: Hooke's Law Young's Modulus Bulk Elastic Properties

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Elasticity

Elasticity is the property of an object or material which causes it to be restored to its

Elastic Properties of Selected Engineering Materials

Determine the Spring Constant

Hooke's Law states that the restoring force of

100 grams mass is 4 cm

150 grams mass is 6 cm

200 grams mass is 8 cm

These data have been entered into

This equilibrium can be expressed as

Weight is mass times the acceleration of gravity or W

As stated above the relationship depicted on the graph is W = kx where k is the

Hooke's Law Formula

Hooke's Law Formula is given by

F is the amount of force applied in N,

Gradient = Spring constant

F-x graph and spring constant

Forces and elasticity

Elastic potential energy

F is the force in newtons, N

The spring constant

Graph showing Hooke's Law. Extension is plotted against force.

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