Chapter 2 - METROLOGY-Main Notes
Chapter 2 - METROLOGY-Main Notes
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Introduction
What is metrology?
Science of measurement experimental and theoretical with certain level
of uncertainties.(International Bureau of Weights and Measures)
Aim of metrology
To provide and to maintain precise definition of units measurement
measurement=comparison of unknown dimension to a known standard
Why metrology is important?
Measurement system
1. Imperial/English
2. Metric (SI)
To measure scientifically
Inspect and check measuring parameters
Form standard
Verify specification, to conform the specification of products
Guidelines for measurement to comply with the standard or do
measurement according to standards methods
Find exact dimension
Find and calculate error, avoid discrepancies
To control quality of products
To reduce cost of production
Standards
Common use of the word standard implies that it is a universally
agreed upon set of guidelines for interoperability.
Known set of dimensions or guidelines to evaluate products and
services and identify nonconformity.
Who are the respective parties responsible to maintain standards?
- Local ?
- International?
Example of standards?
Principle of measurement
-two terms that commonly used and important to describe
the type and quality of an instrument are:
Accuracy
- the degree to which the measured values agrees with the
true value of the quantity of the interest.
Precision
- the degree to which the instrument gives repeated
measurements of the same standard. (degree of repeatability in
the measurements process)
Description of measurement:
Common quantities and geometric features;
Length
Diameter
Roundness
Depth
Straightness
Flatness
Parallelism
Perpendicularity
Angles
Profile
Type of fits
FIGURE 35.17 Basic size, deviation, and tolerance on a shaft, according to the ISO system.
2.
Bevel protractor:
direct-reading of
angles
Sine bar: angle
calculated from trigorelationships
Flatness
Interferometry uses an optical flat. This is a glass disk or fusedquartz disk with parallel flat surfaces, which is placed on the
surface of the workpiece when surfaces are not flat the fringes are
curved
Roundness
1.
2.
fail test.
gives categorical data on one or more dimension of a workpiece is within
specification
Popularly known as GO/NO GO gauges, because one gauge limit allows the
part to be inserted while the other limit does not.
Snap gage (adjustable)
-commonly used to
measure external
dimensions
Plug gage
-commonly used to
measure holes