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Mark Scheme Practice Mechanics 1110
Mark Scheme Practice Mechanics 1110
1.
A catapult fires an 80 g stone horizontally. The graph shows how the force on the stone varies
with distance through which the stone is being accelerated horizontally from rest.
Force/N
200
100
10
15
20
25
30
35
Distance /cm
Use the graph to estimate the work done on the stone by the catapult.
Work done
Work done = 24 J
(4 marks)
Calculate the speed with which the stone leaves the catapult.
0.08 v2 = 24
v=
600
Speed = 24.5 m s1
(2 marks)
[Total 6 marks]
2.
The graph shows how the height above the ground of the top of a soft bouncing ball varies
with time.
A
Ball
Height of
top of
bouncing
ball
D
C
tA
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tB
tC
tD
Describe briefly the principal energy changes which occur between the times
tA and tB
The ball loses gravitational potential energy and gains kinetic energy
(2 marks)
tB and tC
The kinetic energy is transformed into elastic potential energy when the ball
deforms on the ground.
(3 marks)
tC and tD
The elastic potential energy is converted back into kinetic energy
(1 mark)
[Total 6 marks]
3.
The Moon moves in a circular orbit around the Earth. The Earth provides the force which causes
the Moon to accelerate. In what direction does this force act?
Towards the Earth
(1 mark)
There is a force which forms a Newton's third law pair with this force on the Moon. On what
body does this force act and in what direction?
On the Earth
Towards the moon
(2 marks)
[Total 6 marks]
4.
Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to measure the acceleration of a body
in free fall.
Diagram showing
relevant distance
timing devices
disposition of equipment
(3 marks)
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List the measurements you would make and show how you would use them to calculate the
acceleration.
measure and record which distance
measure and record which time
repeat for other distances
graph of distance against time2
acceleration of free fall
equals twice the gradient
(5 marks)
[Total 8 marks]
5.
At the battle of Agincourt in 1415, the English archers overcame a much stronger French army
by shooting arrows from longbows which required a maximum force of about 800N to draw the
string back a distance of half a metre. The graph shows the force-extension graph for a helical
spring stretched elastically throughout this distance by this force.
Force/N
800
0.5
Extension/m
Calculate the energy stored in the spring for an extension of half a metre.
Energy stored = correct area or force extension
(1)
= (800 N) (0.50m)
Energy = 200 J
(1)
(2 marks)
The arrows used at Agincourt were able to penetrate light armour and had a mass of about 60 g.
Use your calculated value of energy to find an approximate value for the speed at which the
arrow would leave the bow.
mv 2 = 200
(1)
v=
(200 J) 2
0.060kg
= 82 m s1
(1)
(1)
(3 marks)
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In practice, the energy stored in the drawn bow is more than that stored in the helical spring
stretched the same amount by the same force. Sketch, on the axes bow, a possible
force-extension graph for this bow.
Line drawn on graph at beginning of question with the same start and
finish points
(1)
and enclosing larger area below
(1)
(2 marks)
The arrows were fired upwards at an angle of 45 to the horizontal. Describe and explain what
happens during the flight to the
(i)
(1)
(1)
(ii)
6.
Describe, with the aid of a diagram, how you would measure the acceleration of free fall by a
method involving the use of a freely-falling body.
Diagram showing any apparatus which could be used for this purpose
(1)
Clear statement of two separate measurements which could lead
to a value for g (1) each 2
(2)
(2)
(1)
(6 marks)
Identify and explain one precaution you would take to minimise the errors in your experiment.
Increase fall time
(1)
to minimise timing errors
(1)
or several readings at each distance
or suitable alternatives
(2)
(1)
(2 marks)
[Total 8 marks]
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7.
An athlete of mass 55 kg runs up a flight of stairs of vertical height 3.6 m in 1.8 s. Calculate
the power that this athlete develops in raising his mass.
Power =
Numerator correct
(1)
Denominator correct
Power = 1080 W
(1)
(1)
(3 marks)
One way of comparing athletes of different sizes is to compare their power-to-weight ratios.
Find a unit for the power-to-weight ratio in terms of SI base units.
Units correctly attached to a correct equation
power N m s 1
e.g.
weight
N
= m s1
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1080 W)
(55 kg) (9.81 m s 2 )
(1)
(1)
8.
The diagram shows a velocity-time graph for a ball bouncing vertically on a hard surface.
+5.0
v/ms1
1.0
2.0
t/s
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At what instant does the graph show the ball to be in contact with the ground for the third time?
2.05 s t 2.10 s
(2)
OR
2.00 t 2.20 s
(1)
(2 marks)
The downwards-sloping lines on the graph are straight. Why are they straight?
Acceleration of the ball or force on the ball or gravitational field strength
is constant or uniform
(2 or 0)
(2 marks)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3 marks)
Displacement/m
Sketch a displacement-time curve on the axes below for the first second of the motion.
0.5
1.0
t/s
1.25
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3 marks)
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9.
An artery has a cylindrical cross-section of diameter 8 mm. Blood flows through the artery at
an average speed of 0.3 m s-1.
Calculate the average mass of blood flowing per second through the artery.
Density of blood at body temperature, 37C = 1060 kg m-3.
Use of r2h (1)
Substitute (4 10-3) and (0.3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Mass of blood =
Unit penalty
(5 marks)
How would you verify experimentally the value of the density of blood quoted above, given a
sample of volume approximately 5 cm3?
Measure volume in small measuring cylinder/syringe/pipette
(1)
(1)
(3 marks)
[Total 8 marks]
10.
The free-body force diagram shows the two principal forces which act on a parachutist at the
instant of first contact with the ground.
(1)
(1 mark)
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(1)
(1 mark)
(1)
(1)
(2 marks)
[Total 4 marks]
11.
The diagram illustrates an elastic collision between two spheres, A and B, of equal mass.
A
10 cm
10 cm
Sphere A is tied to the end of a long vertical thread and pulled to one side until it has risen a
distance of 10 cm. It is then released and comes to rest when it strikes the sphere B which is
resting on a smooth flat support.
Sphere B travels a horizontal distance d before it hits the ground after falling 10 cm.
Calculate the speed of A as it strikes B.
Gain of kinetic energy = loss in potential energy
v 2 gh
(1)
(1)
2 (9.8 m s 2 ) (0.10 m)
Speed =1.4 m s-1
(1)
(1)
(4 marks)
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(1)
2 (0.10 m)/(9.8 m s 2 )
Time = 0.14 s
(1)
(1)
(3 marks)
(1)
(1 mark)
(1)
(1)
(2 marks)
(1)
12.
The graph shows the horizontal speed v of a long jumper from the start of his run to the time
when he reaches the take-off board.
10
1
/m s
8
6
4
2
0
t/s
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3 marks)
(1)
(1)
(2 marks)
[Total 5 marks]
13.
The diagram shows a mass attached by a piece of string to a glider which is free to glide along
an air track.
Glider
Air track
A student finds that the glider takes 1.13 s to move a distance of 90 cm starting from rest.
Calculate the speed of the glider after 1.13 s.
Since u = 0
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4 marks)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3 marks)
How would you test whether or not the acceleration of the glider is constant?
Attach ticker tape to glider
(1)
Cut tape up into 10 dot lengths and lay them side by side
(1)
(1)
(3 marks)
[Total 10 marks]
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14.
A mass is oscillating vertically on the end of a spring. Explain what happens to the following
quantities as the mass rises from the bottom of its motion to the top.
Kinetic energy
Increases from zero at bottom to maximum at midpoint
and falls back to zero at the top
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
After a long time, the mass stops oscillating. What has happened to the energy?
Transformed (by friction) into heat
in the spring or in the surroundings
(1)
(1)
(2 marks)
[Total 6 marks]
15.
Complete and label two free-body force diagrams in the space below, one for the man and one
for the planet.
Normal
contact
force
Weight
Man pushing
down on
planet
Man pulling
planet
upwards
(4 marks)
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The man is in equilibrium. Explain what can be deduced about the forces acting on
the man.
The two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
(1 mark)
[Total 5 marks]
16.
You are asked to test the relation between force and acceleration.
Draw and label a diagram of the apparatus you would use.
Diagram showing
1.
and
2.
(1).
State clearly how you would use the apparatus and what measurements you would make.
A statement of how the magnitude of the variable force is known.
The identification of the distance and
(1)
time measurements that could yield a value for the acceleration
Repeat the acceleration measurements for different forces
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6 marks)
Explain how you would use your measurements to test the relationship between force and
acceleration.
Method of determining the acceleration from the distance and time
measurements.
(1)
Draw a graph of force against acceleration.
(1)
Proportionality indicated by a straight line passing through the origin.
(1)
(3 marks)
[Total 11 marks]
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17.
The engine of a hang-glider is the gravitational field of the Earth. Hang-gliders drop slowly
through the air during their flight. The weight of a reasonably efficient hang-glider, including
the pilot, is about 900 N. When the forward flight speed has a steady value of 18 m s1, the
sinking speed is approximately 1.2 m s1.
Calculate the decrease in potential energy per second.
Decrease in potential energy per second + = weight weight loss per second
= (900 N)(1.2 m)
(1)
Decrease = 1.08 kJ
(1)
The maximum steady power output of a fit racing cyclist over several hours is about
400 W. Explain why sustained man-powered flight is difficult to achieve.
The shortfall in power (1080 W 400 W)
(1)
is more than the man can provide over a long-enough period for
sustained flight
(1)
(2 marks)
[Total 6 marks]
18.
(2)
(2 marks)
Two forces have equal magnitudes. State three ways in which these two equal forces can differ.
Direction
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(Any three)
(3 marks)
[Total 5 marks]
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19.
Demonstrate that the following equation is homogeneous with respect to units. The symbols
have their usual meanings.
x = ut + at
Show that ut is in metre
(1)
The following graph shows the speed v of a body during a time interval of just 3 seconds.
8
6
/m s
4
2
0
t/s
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3 marks)
Find the distance travelled by the body between t = 6 s and t=8 s..
distance travelled
(1)
(1)
(2 marks)
[Total 7 marks]
20.
Each of the following graphs can be used to describe the motion of a body falling from rest. (Air
resistance may be neglected.)
Which graph shows how the kinetic energy of the body (y-axis) varies with the distance fallen
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(x-axis)?
Graph
C (1)
(1)
(1)
(3 marks)
Which graph shows how the distance fallen (y-axis) varies with the time (x-axis)?
Graph
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3 marks)
Which graph shows the relationship between acceleration (y-axis) and distance (x-axis)?
Graph
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3 marks)
[Total 9 marks]
21.
A ball rolls over an obstacle which has been placed on a flat horizontal surface. The diagrams
opposite show a velocity-time graph, a displacement-time graph and the axes for an
acceleration-time graph for the horizontal motion of the ball. The time axes for the three graphs
are identical.
Calculate the changes of displacement during the time intervals (i) t = 0 to t = X
and (ii) t = X to t = Y.
(i)
(4 ms1 0.5 s)
0X = 2m (1)
(ii)
(1)
Add in the scale values for the displacement axis on the second graph.
Allow mark for isolated correct value and no wrong values (1)
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Sketch the acceleration-time graph and add the scale values to the acceleration axis.
Correctly placed hollow (1)
Correct rectangular shapes (1)
(1)
(1)
Sketch the shape of a vertical cross-section of the obstacle (without showing any of the
dimensions) in the space below.
(2 marks)
humps (1)
correct
shape (1)
4
Velocity/m
s 1
3
2
1
0
0
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Time/s
1.5
2.0
2.5
Time/s
8
Displacement/m
6
4
2
0
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Acceleration/m s 2
4
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Time/s
[Total 10 marks]
22.
The diagram shows a smooth wooden board 30 cm long. One end is raised 15 cm above the
other. A 100 g mass is placed on the board. The two forces acting on the 100 g mass are shown
on the free-body force diagram.
c
30
m
100 g
15 cm
Weight
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Explain with the aid of a sketch why the resultant force on the 100 g mass acts parallel to the
board and downwards.
N
mg sin
mg cos
mg
The normal contact force N balances mg cos
(1)
(1)
(2 marks)
(1)
(1)
(2 marks)
Calculate the kinetic energy gained by the 100 g mass as it slides down 20 cm of the slope.
EK = (0.49 N) x (0.20 m)
Kinetic energy = 0.098 J
(1)
(1)
(2 marks)
The smooth board is replaced by a similar rough board which exerts a frictional force of 0.19 N
ont he 100 g mass. Calculate the new value for the kinetic energy gained by the 100 g mass as it
slides down 20 cm of slope.
EK = (0.49 N 0.19 N) x (0.20 m)
Kinetic energy = 60 m J
(1)
(1)
(2 marks)
Explain why the final kinetic energy of the 100 g mass is greater when the board is smooth.
The work done against friction is smaller for the smooth board than for the
rough board.
(1)
So more of the energy transferred is transformed into kinetic energy.
(1)
(2 marks)
[Total 10 marks]
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23.
A lamp is suspended from two wires as shown in the diagram. The tension in each wire is 4.5N.
4.5 N
4.5 N
40 40
Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force exerted on the lamp by the wires.
4.5 N cos 40 (1)
2 (1)
Resultant force = 6.9 N (1)
24.
(i)
(ii)
(1)
2
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25.
Explanation:
Identify the timing device
(1)
Define time interval to be measured
(1)
Either check length of truck value
or significant detail of timing process
(1)
Speed = length of truck/time interval
(1)
2 u2
2s
= 0.158 m s2
(1)
(1)
Or
Time interval t =
= 0.76 s
(1)
Acceleration =
2 (1.20 m)
2s
=
(1.64 m s1) (1.52 m s1)
u
u
t
= 0.158 m s2
(1)
(1)
2
[Total 6 marks]
26.
Force A
Force B
Force C
Force D
2
[Total 6 marks]
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27.
Max 3
Differences:
On different bodies [must say bodies or equivalent]
Direction [again, it answers this particular question] or opposite
1
[8]
28.
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6
[10]
29.
Calculation of time bullet takes to reach top of its flight and statement of any assumption made:
9.8 m S2 = (0 m s1 450 m s1)/t
t = 46 s
Assumption: air resistance is negligible, acceleration constant or equivalent
450 m s1
92 s
46 s
450 m s 1
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30.
2
[9]
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31.
Therefore force
Therefore force
Explanation:
Acceleration smaller/momentum decreases more slowly/F =
p
(1)
t
32.
2
7]
=
=
=
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Calculation of energy:
GPE
0.14 J (1)
Comparison:
Some energy transferred to some other form (1)
Reason [a mechanism or an alternative destination for the energy], e.g. (1)
Friction
Air resistance
Heat transfer to named place [air, frog, surroundings etc]
Internal energy
Vibrational energy of spring
Sound
OR quantitative comparison (0.3 J converted)
[No e.c.f. if gpe > work]
2
[7]
33.
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34.
Completion of table:
Force
Description of force
Body which
exerts force
Gravitational
Earth
Child
Earth/ground
(1) for both
Gravitational
[Not gravitational weight] (1)
Child
(1) for both
Child
Earth
4
3
[9]
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