Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 1 Recap: Insurance Fraud 101: Chapter 3 1. Vehicle Dumping, Aka "Owner Give-Up"
Chapter 1 Recap: Insurance Fraud 101: Chapter 3 1. Vehicle Dumping, Aka "Owner Give-Up"
Car insurance fraud is any deception committed against an insurance company for financial gain.
Fraud is illegal in all 50 states, and insurance companies (like ours) do all we can to investigate
and expose fraudsters.
Some states, like California, passed protective laws regarding airbag replacement. Replacing an
airbag with a fraudulent one can be penalized by a year in prison and up to $5,000 in fines.
Car insurance fraud happens when someone deceives an auto insurance company for financial
gain. This can include anything from staged pile-ups to relatively minor fibs about extra damage
after an accident.
Reporting higher repair costs than those actually paid to the mechanic
Now that you know what car insurance fraud is, consider yourself an honorary member of our
SIU team. By reporting anything suspicious, you'll help keep premiums low for all drivers.
If you suspect someone has filed a fraudulent claim with Esurance, or that you've been
victimized by fraud, email us at [email protected].
Chapter 14 Related links
Staged accidents and how to spot them
Peek into the fraudster's world with this look at commonly staged crashes.
The Coalition Against Insurance Fraud
Find out about current trends in fraud and what's being done to stop them.
Car insurance
Motorcycle insurance
Renters insurance
Homeowners insurance
Condo insurance
Health insurance
Life insurance
All products
Chapter 16 o
Criminal law
Elements
Actus reus
Mens rea
Causation
Concurrence
Complicity
Corporate
Vicarious
Seriousness of offense
Felony
Misdemeanor
Inchoate offenses
Attempt
Conspiracy
Incitement
Solicitation
Assassination
Assault
Battery
Bigamy
Criminal negligence
False imprisonment
Home invasion
Homicide
Kidnapping
Manslaughter (corporate)
Mayhem
Murder
o
Negligent homicide
Public indecency
corporate
Rape
Robbery
Sexual assault
Statutory rape
Vehicular homicide
Arson
Blackmail
Bribery
Burglary
Embezzlement
Extortion
False pretenses
Larceny
Payola
Fraud
Pickpocketing
Robbery
Smuggling
Tax evasion
Theft
Compounding
Malfeasance in office
Miscarriage of justice
Misprision
Obstruction
Perjury
Adultery
Apostasy
Blasphemy
Buggery
Dueling
Fornication
Gambling
Adult incest
Interracial marriage
Masturbation
Creation of Obscenity
Prostitution
Sodomy
Suicide
Cruelty to animals
Wildlife smuggling
Bestiality
Defences to liability
Automatism
Defence of property
Diminished responsibility
Consent
Duress
Entrapment
Infancy
Insanity
Justification
Mistake (of law)
Necessity
Provocation
Self-defence
Contracts
Evidence
Property
Torts
Criminal justice
Law
Criminal law
Elements
Actus reus
Mens rea
Causation
Concurrence
Complicity
Corporate
Vicarious
Seriousness of offense
Felony
Misdemeanor
Inchoate offenses
Attempt
Conspiracy
Incitement
Solicitation
Assassination
Assault
Battery
Bigamy
Criminal negligence
False imprisonment
Home invasion
Homicide
Kidnapping
Manslaughter (corporate)
Mayhem
Murder
o
corporate
Negligent homicide
Public indecency
Rape
Robbery
Sexual assault
Statutory rape
Vehicular homicide
Blackmail
Bribery
Burglary
Embezzlement
Extortion
False pretenses
Fraud
Larceny
Payola
Arson
Pickpocketing
Robbery
Smuggling
Tax evasion
Theft
Compounding
Malfeasance in office
Miscarriage of justice
Misprision
Obstruction
Perjury
Adultery
Apostasy
Blasphemy
Buggery
Dueling
Fornication
Gambling
Adult incest
Interracial marriage
Masturbation
Creation of Obscenity
Prostitution
Sodomy
Suicide
Cruelty to animals
Wildlife smuggling
Bestiality
Defences to liability
Automatism
Consent
Defence of property
Diminished responsibility
Duress
Entrapment
Infancy
Insanity
Justification
Mistake (of law)
Necessity
Provocation
Self-defence
Contracts
Evidence
Property
Torts
Criminal justice
Law
Insurance fraud is any act committed with the intent to obtain a fraudulent outcome from an
insurance process. This may occur when a claimant attempts to obtain some benefit or advantage
to which they are not otherwise entitled, or when an insurer knowingly denies some benefit that
is due. According to the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation the most common
schemes include: Premium Diversion, Fee Churning, Asset Diversion, and Workers
Compensation Fraud. The perpetrators in these schemes can be both insurance company
employees and claimants.[1] False insurance claims are insurance claims filed with the intent to
defraud an insurance provider.
Insurance fraud has existed since the beginning of insurance as a commercial enterprise.[2]
Fraudulent claims account for a significant portion of all claims received by insurers, and cost
billions of dollars annually. Types of insurance fraud are diverse, and occur in all areas of
insurance. Insurance crimes also range in severity, from slightly exaggerating claims to
deliberately causing accidents or damage. Fraudulent activities affect the lives of innocent
people, both directly through accidental or intentional injury or damage, and indirectly as these
crimes cause insurance premiums to be higher. Insurance fraud poses a significant problem, and
governments and other organizations make efforts to deter such activities.
Chapter 19 Contents
1 Causes
4.4 Examples
6 Legislation
o
6.2 Canada
7 See also
8 Further reading
9 Bibliography
10 References
11 External links
Chapter 20 Causes
The chief motive in all insurance crimes is financial profit.[2] Insurance contracts provide both
the insured and the insurer with opportunities for exploitation.
According to the Coalition Against Insurance Fraud, the causes vary, but are usually centered on
greed, and on holes in the protections against fraud.[3] Often, those who commit insurance fraud
view it as a low-risk, lucrative enterprise. For example, drug dealers who have entered insurance
fraud [4] think its safer and more profitable than working street corners. Compared to those for
other crimes, court sentences for insurance fraud can be lenient, reducing the risk of extended
punishment. Though insurers try to fight fraud, some will pay suspicious claims anyway; settling
such claims is often cheaper than legal action.
Another reason for fraud is over-insurance, when the amount insured is greater than the actual
value of the property insured.[2] This condition can be very difficult to avoid, especially since an
insurance provider might sometimes encourage it in order to obtain greater profits.[2] This allows
fraudsters to make profits by destroying their property because the payment they receive from
their insurers is of greater value than the property they destroy. The most common form of
insurance fraud is inflating the value of the loss.[citation needed]
Insurance companies are also susceptible to fraud because it's possible for fraudsters to file
claims for damages that never occurred.
provide quality care for their patients. Many patients, although disapproving of the idea of fraud,
are sometimes more willing to accept it when it affects their own medical care. Program
administrators are often lenient on the issue of insurance fraud, as they want to maximize the
services of their providers.[17]
The most common perpetrators of healthcare insurance fraud are health care providers. One
reason for this, according to David Hyman, a Professor at the University of Maryland School of
Law, is that the historically-prevailing attitude in the medical profession is one of fidelity to
patients.[18] This incentive can lead to fraudulent practices such as billing insurers for treatments
that are not covered by the patients insurance policy. To do this, physicians often bill for a
different service, which is covered by the policy, rather than that which they rendered.[19]
Another motivation for insurance fraud is a desire for financial gain. Public healthcare programs
such as Medicare and Medicaid are especially conducive to fraudulent activities, as they are
often run on a fee-for-service structure.[20] Physicians use several fraudulent techniques to
achieve this end. These can include up-coding or upgrading, which involve billing for more
expensive treatments than those actually provided; providing, and subsequently billing for,
treatments that are not medically necessary; scheduling extra visits for patients; referring patients
to other physicians when no further treatment is actually necessary; "phantom billing," or billing
for services not rendered; and ganging, or billing for services to family members or other
individuals who are accompanying the patient but who did not personally receive any services.[20]
Perhaps the greatest total dollar amount of fraud is committed by the health insurance companies
themselves. There are numerous studies and articles detailing examples of insurance companies
intentionally not paying claims and deleting them from their systems,[21] denying and cancelling
coverage, and the blatant underpayment to hospitals and physicians beneath what are normal fees
for care they provide.[22] Although difficult to obtain the information, this fraud by insurance
companies can be estimated by comparing revenues from premium payments and expenditures
on health claims.
In response to the increased amount of health care fraud in the United States, Congress, through
the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), has specifically
established health care fraud as a federal criminal offense with punishment of up to ten years of
prison in addition to significant financial penalties.
insurer for whiplash and damage which can give the fraudsters up to 30,000.[24] In the Insurance
Fraud Bureau's first year or operation, the usage of data mining initiatives exposed insurance
fraud networks and led to 74 arrests and a five-to-one return on investment.[25]
The Insurance Research Council estimated that in 1996, 21 to 36 percent of auto-insurance
claims contained elements of suspected fraud.[26] There is a wide variety of schemes used to
defraud automobile insurance providers. These ploys can differ greatly in complexity and
severity. Richard A. Derrig, vice president of research for the Insurance Fraud Bureau of
Massachusetts, lists several ways that auto-insurance fraud can occur,[27] such as:
Chapter 27 Staged collisions
In staged collision fraud, fraudsters use a motor vehicle to stage an accident with the innocent
party. Typically, the fraudsters' vehicle carries four or five passengers. Its driver makes an
unexpected manoeuvre, forcing an innocent party to collide with the fraudster's vehicle. Each of
the fraudsters then files claims for injuries sustained in the vehicle. A recruited doctor
diagnoses whiplash or other soft-tissue injuries which are hard to dispute later.
Other examples include jumping in front of cars as done in Russia. The driving conditions and
roads are dangerous with many people trying to scam drivers by jumping in front of expensivelooking cars or crashing into them. Hit and runs are very common and insurance companies
notoriously specialize in denying claims. Two-way insurance coverage is very expensive and
almost completely unavailable for vehicles over ten years oldthe drivers can only obtain basic
liability. Because Russian courts do not like using verbal claims, most people have dashboard
cameras installed to warn would-be perpetrators or provide evidence for/against claims.[28]
Chapter 28 Exaggerated claims
A real accident may occur, but the dishonest owner may take the opportunity to incorporate a
whole range of previous minor damage to the vehicle into the garage bill associated with the real
accident. Personal injuries may also be exaggerated, particularly whiplash.[29]
Chapter 29 Examples
Examples of soft auto-insurance fraud can include filing more than one claim for a single injury,
filing claims for injuries not related to an automobile accident, misreporting wage losses due to
injuries, or reporting higher costs for car repairs than those that were actually paid. Hard autoinsurance fraud can include activities such as staging automobile collisions, filing claims when
the claimant was not actually involved in the accident, submitting claims for medical treatments
that were not received, or inventing injuries.[30] Hard fraud can also occur when claimants falsely
report their vehicle as stolen. Soft fraud accounts for the majority of fraudulent auto-insurance
claims.[26]
Another example is that a person may illegally register their car to a location that would net them
cheaper insurance rates than where they actually live, sometimes called "rate evasion". For
example, some drivers in Brooklyn drive with Pennsylvania license plates because registering
their car in a rural part of Pennsylvania will cost a lot less than registering it in Brooklyn.
Another form of automobile insurance fraud, known as "fronting," involves registering someone
other than the real primary driver of a car as the primary driver of the car. For example, parents
might list themselves as the primary driver of their children's vehicles to avoid young driver
premiums.
"Crash for cash" scams may involve random unaware strangers, set to appear as the perpetrators
of the orchestrated crashes.[31] Such techniques are the classic rear-end shunt (the driver in front
suddenly slams on the brakes, possibly with brake lights disabled), the decoy rear-end shunt
(when following one car, another one pulls in front of it, causing it to brake sharply, then the first
car drives off) or the helpful wave shunt (the driver is waved into a line of queuing traffic by the
scammer who promptly crashes, then denies waving).[32]
Organized crime rings can also be involved in auto-insurance fraud, sometimes carrying out
schemes that are very complex. An example of one such ploy is given by Ken Dornstein, author
of Accidentally, on Purpose: The Making of a Personal Injury Underworld in America. In this
scheme, known as a swoop-and-squat, one or more drivers in swoop cars force an
unsuspecting driver into position behind a squat car. This squat car, which is usually filled with
several passengers, then slows abruptly, forcing the driver of the chosen car to collide with the
squat car. The passengers in the squat car then file a claim with the other drivers insurance
company. This claim often includes bills for medical treatments that were not necessary or not
received.[33]
An incident that took place on Golden State Freeway June 17, 1992, brought public attention to
the existence of organized crime rings that stage auto accidents for insurance fraud. These
schemes generally consist of three different levels. At the top, there are the professionals
doctors or lawyers who diagnose false injuries and/or file fraudulent claims and these earn the
bulk of the profits from the fraud. Next are the "capper (insurance fraud)s" or "runners", the
middlemen who obtain the cars to crash, farm out the claims to the professionals at the top, and
recruit participants. These participants at the bottom-rung of the scheme are desperate people
(poor immigrants or others in need of quick cash) who are paid around $1000 USD to place their
bodies in the paths of cars and trucks, playing a kind of Russian roulette with their lives and
those of unsuspecting motorists around them. According to investigators, cappers usually hire
within their own ethnic groups. What makes busting these staged-accident crime rings difficult is
how quickly they move into jurisdictions with lesser enforcement, after a crackdown in a
particular region. As a result, in the US several levels of police and the insurance industry have
cooperated in forming task forces and sharing databases to track claim histories.[34][35]
In the United Kingdom, there is an increasing incidence of false whiplash claims to car insurance
companies from motorists involved in minor car accidents (for instance; a shunt). Because the
mechanism of injury is not fully understood, A&E doctors have to rely on a patient's external
symptoms (which are easy to fake). Resultingly, "no win no fee" personal injury solicitors
exploit this "loophole" for easy compensation money (often a 2500 payout). Ultimately this has
resulted in increased motor insurance premiums, which has had the knock-on effect of pricing
younger drivers off the road.
Fraudulent claims can be one of two types. They can be otherwise legitimate claims that are
exaggerated or built up, or they can be false claims in which the damages claimed never
actually occurred. Once a built up claim is identified, insurance companies usually try to
negotiate the claim down to the appropriate amount.[43] Suspicious claims can also be submitted
to special investigative units, or SIUs, for further investigation. These units generally consist
of experienced claims adjusters with special training in investigating fraudulent claims.[44] These
investigators look for certain symptoms associated with fraudulent claims, or otherwise look for
evidence of falsification of some kind. This evidence can then be used to deny payment of the
claims or to prosecute fraudsters if the violation is serious enough.[45]
Determining fraud committed by the health insurance companies can sometimes be found by
comparing revenues from premiums paid against the expenditure by the health insurance
companies on claims.
As an example, in 2006 the Harris County Medical Society, in Texas, had a health insurance rate
increase of 22 percent for consumer-driven health plan from Blue Cross and Blue Shield of
Texas. This was despite the fact that during the previous year Blue Cross had paid out only 9
percent of the collected premium dollars for claims.[22]
Chapter 33 Legislation
National and local governments, especially in the last half of the twentieth century, have
recognized insurance fraud as a serious crime, and have made efforts to punish and prevent this
practice. Some major developments are listed below:
The Coalition Against Insurance Fraud was founded in 1993 to help fight insurance fraud.
This organization collects information on insurance fraud, and is the only anti-fraud
alliance speaking for consumers, insurance companies, government agencies and others.
Through its unique work, the Coalition empowers consumers to fight back, helps fraud
fighters better detect this crime and deters more people from committing fraud. The
Coalition supports this mission with a large and continually expanding armory of
practical tools: Information, research & data, services and insight as a leading voice of
the anti-fraud community.
Approximately one third of these investigations result in criminal conviction, one third
result in denial of the claim, and one third result in payment of the claim.[48]
19 states require mandatory insurer fraud plans. This requires companies to form
programs to combat fraud and in some cases to develop investigation units to detect
fraud.[12]
41 states have fraud bureaus. These are law enforcement agencies where investigators
review fraud reports and begin the prosecution process.[12]
Section 1347 of Title 18 of the United States Code states that whoever attempts or carries
out a scheme or artifice to defraud a health care benefit program will be fined under
this title or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both. If this scheme results in bodily
injury, the violator may be imprisoned up to 20 years, and if the scheme results in death
the violator may be imprisoned for life.[46]
Besides making laws more severe, Legislation has also come up with a list for management that
should be implemented so that companies are better suited to combat the possibility of being
scammed. That list includes:
Understanding that fraud does exist and that there is a high possibility for it happening.
Understanding the importance of the hiring process and how important it is to hire honest
individuals.
Learn to deal with the economic side of business. That means putting procedures and
policies in place to catch and deal with individuals trying to commit fraud. [47]
Chapter 35 Canada
The Insurance Crime Prevention Bureau was founded in 1973 to help fight insurance
fraud. This organization collects information on insurance fraud, and also carries out
investigations. Approximately one third of these investigations result in criminal
conviction, one third result in denial of the claim, and one third result in payment of the
claim.[48]
British Columbias Traffic Safety Statutes Amendment Act of 1997 states that any person
who submits a motor vehicle insurance claim that contains false or misleading
information may on the first offence be fined C$25,000, imprisoned for two years, or
both. On the second offense, that person may be fined C$50,000, imprisoned for two
years, or both.[49]
A major portion of the Financial Services Act 1986 was intended to help prevent fraud.[50]
The Serious Fraud Office, set up under the Criminal Justice Act 1987, was established to
improve the investigation and prosecution of serious and complex fraud.[50]
The Fraud Act 2006 specifically defines fraud as a crime. This act defines fraud as being
committed when a person makes a false representation, fails to disclose to another
Horse murders
Split billing
The Invisible Bankers: Everything the Insurance Industry Never Wanted You to Know
(book)
Viaene S. & Dedene G. Insurance fraud: issues and challenges. Geneva Papers on Risk
and Insurance. 29 (2) : 313 -333, 2004 (article)
Chapter 39 Bibliography
Bolton, Richard J. and David J. Hand. "Statistical Fraud Detection: A Review." Statistical
Science. 17.3 (2002): 235-249.
Clarke, Michael. "The Control of Insurance Fraud, A Comparative View." The British
Journal of Criminology. 30.1 (1990): 1-23.
Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. Annual Report. Washington, DC: Coalition Against
Insurance Fraud, 2006.
Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. "Insurance Fraud Hall of Shame: Mother Almost
Blamed for Son's Arson." 31 12 2006. Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. 13 December
2007.[52]
Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. "Learn About Fraud." Coalition Against Insurance
Fraud. 1 December 2007.[53]
Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud." The Journal of Risk and Insurance. 69.3 (2002):
271-287.
Feldman, Roger. "An Economic Explanation for Fraud and Abuse in Public Medical Care
Programs." The Journal of Legal Studies. 30.2 (2001): 569-577.
Ghezzi, Susan Guarino. "A Private Network of Social Control: Insurance Investigative
Units." Social Problems. 30.5 (1983): 521-531.
Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud and Abuse: Market Change, Social Norms, and the
Trust 'Reposed in the Workmen'." The Journal of Legal Studies. 30.2 (2001): 531-567.
Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 35.1
(1945): 34-42.
Ministry of Justice. "Fraud Act 2006." 11 August 2006. The UK Statute Law Database.
13 December 2007.[57]
National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association. "The Problem of Health Care Fraud."
National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association. 1 December 2007.[58]
Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives. "United States
Code; Title 18, Section 1347." 2 January 2006.[59]
Pontell, Henry N., Paul D. Jesilow and Gilbert Geis. "Policing Physicians: Practitioner
Fraud and Abuse in a Government Medical Program." Social Problems. 30.1 (1982): 117125.
Staple, George. "Serious and Complex Fraud: A New Perspective." The Modern Law
Review. 56.2 (1993): 127-137.
U.S. Fire Administration. "Arson Fire Statistics." 11 October 2007. U.S. Fire
Administration. 13 December 2007.[60]
United States of America v. Naseem Chaudhry. United States District Court, Northern
District of Illinois, Eastern Division. February 2005.
Chapter 40 References
1.
"FBI Insurance Fraud". Fbi.gov. 2005-09-08. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes." p. 34.
"Why Fraud Persists". Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. Insurancefraud.org. April 4,
2012.
Kendall, Marisa. Southwest Florida gangs eschew street for Internet, [1] The News Press
- Fort Myers, Fla. January 17, 2012
Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. Annual Report.
Insurance Information Institute. "Insurance Fraud."
National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association. "The Problem of Health Care Fraud."
Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud and Abuse." p. 532.
Insurance Fraud Bureau. "Fighting Organized Insurance Fraud." p. 2.
Insurance Bureau of Canada. "Cost of Personal Injury Fraud."
"Indiaforensic Study on quantification of fraud losses to Indian Insurance Sector "
Insurance Information Institute. "Fraud."
Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. "Learn About Fraud."
Summers, Chris (17 November 2004). "Couple face 'fake drowning' trial". BBC.
Retrieved 17 November 2004.
Quiggle, James. [2] "Health Fraud" Scam Alerts. Coalition Against Insurance Fraud, 2011
U.S. Attorney's Office (2011-07-26). "Salisbury Cardiologist Convicted of Implanting
Unnecessary Cardiac Stents". FBI.
Feldman, Roger. "Economic Explanation." p. 569-570.
Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud and Abuse." p. 541.
Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud and Abuse." p. 547.
Pontell, Henry N., et al. "Policing Physicians." p. 118.
Fried, Joseph P. (2000-08-02). "Metro Business; New York State Fines Insurer
$500,000". The New York Times.
"hcfan.3cdn.net" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-02-03.
"San Diego Fraud Ring Cracked". Insurance Journal. 20 December 2002. Retrieved 24
April 2006.
Howard, Bob (16 December 2006). "Fraud body warns of crash scams". BBC. Retrieved
2 December 2007.
Grant, Ian (9 August 2007). "Insurance Fraud Bureau's data-mining initiatives net
fraudsters". Computer Weekly. Retrieved 2 December 2007.
Tennyson, Sharon et al. "Claims Auditing" p. 289.
"Insurance Fraud" (PDF). Retrieved 8 August 2013.
Galperina, Marina (13 June 2012). "Why Russians Are Obsessed With Dash-Cams".
Jalopnik. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
Press Association (2012-12-11). "Government plans to cut whiplash injury claims |
Money | guardian.co.uk". Guardian. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud." p. 274.
"BBC News - Car crash scams at record level". Bbc.co.uk. 2010-08-21. Retrieved 201008-21.
The One Show Team - September 15, 2008 3:50 PM (2008-09-15). "Crash for cash - a
scam for the unquestioning? - Consumer". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Dornstein, Ken. Accidentally on Purpose. p. 3.
"motherjones.com". motherjones.com. 1992-06-17. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
Robertson, Grant; Perkins, Tara (2010-12-27). "How small-time auto insurance scams
have evolved into big business in Canada". The Globe and Mail (Toronto).
Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes." p. 35.
U.S. Fire Administration. "Arson Fire Statistics."
[3][dead link]
"Housing and Council Tax Benefit fraud - Allerdale Borough Council". Allerdale.gov.uk.
2009-11-02. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Bolton, Richard J. Statistical Fraud Detection. p. 236.
Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud." p. 277.
Viaene, Stijn, et al. "Insurance Claim Fraud Detection." p. 375.
Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud." p. 278.
Viaene, Stijn, et al. "Insurance Claim Fraud Detection." p. 374.
Ghezzi, Susan Guarino. " Private Network."
Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives. "United States
Code."
Silverstone, Howard; Davia, Horward R. (April 13, 2005). Fraud 101: Techniques and
Strategies for Detection. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Son, Inc. p. 6. ISBN 9780471721123.
Clarke, Michael. The Control of Insurance Fraud. p. 10.
Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. "Traffic Safety Statutes Amendment Act."
Staple, George. "Serious and Complex Fraud." p. 127.
Ministry of Justice. "Fraud Act 2006."
"Articles on insurance fraud". insurancefraud.org. 2006-12-31. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
"Learn about fraud". Insurancefraud.org. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
"Fraud". III. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
"Insurance Fraud". III. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
"Conozca los deducibles por huracanes y si aplica a su pliza de seguro de propietario
de vivienda". III. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
"Fraud Act 2006 (c. 35) - Statute Law Database". Statutelaw.gov.uk. 2007-01-15.
Retrieved 2010-08-21.
"Anti-Fraud Resource Center". nhcaa.org. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
1.
21.
What is Auto Insurance Fraud and How to Prevent it? Carsnaps.com (this link no longer
valid)
Insurance
[show]
Types of fraud
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