1

Teaching Cognates
First Edition - October 2014
Copyright 2006-2014
[email protected]

Cover Image:
Black Dots Visual Illusion
Author Unknown

Teaching Cognates is a compilation of excerpts from Cognate Linguistics, the full letter A
section from The Dictionary of Cognates, and the full letter -N section from The Reverse
Dictionary of Cognates.
This is a free e-book. The use of this book and its content, for any research or non-commercial
purpose, is completely unrestricted. If you make use of or redistribute this material, I would
appreciate acknowledgement of its origin.

For more information, please visit www.cognates.org

Table of Contents

Page

Preface

Introduction

Cognate Linguistics
Cognate Lexis

Classification of Cognates

12

Cognate Syntax

13

Cognates by nature

18

The Four Skills: Visual and Auditory Word Recognition

22

Corpus-based Cognates

26

The Most Frequent English Cognates List - MFCogn English

28

The Most Frequent English Cognates List - MFCogn Spanish

29

The Most Frequent Business Cognates List - MFCogn Business

29

The Dictionary of Cognates

Instructions

33

Letter A

37

Expanded Spanish Conjugation

120

The Reverse Dictionary of Cognates

Author

Instructions

133

Letter -N

135

167

Preface
The original name of this compilation eBook was 'Raising Cognate Awareness and
Encouraging Cognate Use'. I loved it. It perfectly explained its content and purpose. However,
thanks to peer advice, I came to realize, once again, that books should be addressed to readers.
So, yes; if I had to use common educational jargon, I would say I would definitely like teachers
to teach cognates and learners to learn them. But there is much more to it than that.
Technically speaking, 'Teaching', 'Learning', and 'Cognates' do not match. Teachers do not
teach cognates; lexical and syntactic cognates don't need to be taught. Learners do not learn
cognates; they don't need to be learned. Cognates are just immediately and effortlessly
recognized; they are automatically understood (either consciously, subconsciously, or
unconsciously). This is so because active or passive cognate recognition depends on our mother
tongue and on the language we ALREADY possess, not on the foreign language being learned.
What we should aim at is raising awareness of the existence of lexical and syntactic cognates,
and then encouraging and supporting their free use. We, as educators, can only unveil cognates
to our students and they should be benefited by our initial validation.
What about false cognates? My answer is simple; please, just take a few more minutes to read
on and you will learn about the fallacy we all were once tied to. Although important to take into
consideration, the irrelevant number of false cognates (+200) and their irrelevant impact on
language acquisition and production contrasted to the number of real cognates (+20,000) and
their usefulness is astounding.

Introduction
A linguistic approach is a set of principles and theories about the nature of language and
language learning. This set of principles and theories can either be the basis for a wide range of
new teaching methods or nurture existing ones. A method is therefore a specific interpretation
and practical application of an approach and features a distinctive plan and procedures. Cognate
Linguistics and its approach to language acquisition are not based on theories or trends but on
the already existing and frequently used cognate lexis and syntax shared by certain Germanic
and Romance languages. Approaches and methods come and go, but the cognate nature of these
languages has always been and will always be there.
What are Cognates? From the Latin COGNATUS (co- 'together' + gnatus, pp. of gnasci, 'to be
born'), cognates are words descended from a common ancestor; that is, words having
the same linguistic family or derivation (English),
la misma familia lingstica o derivacin (Spanish),
a mesma famlia lingstica ou derivao (Portuguese),
la stessa famiglia linguistica o derivazione (Italian),
la mme famille linguistique ou drivation (French),
From the language mastery era (the grammar-translation method) to todays focus on
communicative proficiency (the communicative approach or the notional-functional approach),
we have disregarded this natural linguistic asset of ours. The awareness of lexical and syntactic
cognates in language teaching and learning reinvents the basis of a large number of current
methods as applied to English and Romance language learners. Once learners are fully aware of
the cognate dimension of these related languages, there is an immediate and permanent
associative effect affecting most future language input and output, regardless of the approach or
method being used. This phenomenon is produced by a basic but crucial psycholinguistic
principle on foreign language acquisition; the immediate and effortless recognition of linguistic
input without engaging in any type of translation process.

On the other hand, for those who disfavor formal methods, a cognate approach to language
acquisition acknowledges that every learner brings different learning styles and preferences to
their learning processes; for that reason, this linguistic approach can also limit itself to provide
both teachers and learners with its several easily adaptable resources, not to mention its unique
support to independent learners.
Although most of the samples in this book are given in English and Spanish, this linguistic
project, in its first stage, also refers to and applies to Portuguese, Italian, French, Catalan and
Romanian. This text on Cognate Linguistics proposes the learning and teaching of these
languages mainly supported by their shared lexical and syntactic cognates. Cognate Linguistics
searches for means to exploit lexical and syntactic cognates while Historical Linguistics may
limit itself to search for their etymological origins. The first tool of this research project, the first
version of the Dictionary of Cognates - DOC, has been completed. It features 20,000 EnglishSpanish cognate words plus 25,000 frequent cognate collocations. All these words have been
selected manually from several renowned dictionaries keeping to a minimum infrequent
technical, scientific or historical cognate terms. The development of the DOC was based on
practicality and frequency rather than on exhaustiveness. Samples of the Portuguese, Italian and
French raw versions of the DOC are available at cognates.org, the projects support site. The
Multilingual Dictionary of Cognates - MDOC, mentioned in chapter one, is a future project
aiming to join the definite cognate matches in the five aforementioned languages, and which may
well include Catalan and Romanian.
In addition to the DOC, several other corpus-based resources are also ready to support this
stage of the project; namely, The Most Frequent English Cognates List (MFCogn English), The
Most Frequent Spanish Cognates List (MFCogn Spanish), The Most Frequent Business Cognates
List (MFCogn Business), The Reverse Dictionary of Cognates, The Cognate Highlighter, and
Morn Molinas Spanish Corpus.

A great effort has been made to simplify as much as possible the technical language required
throughout this book so as to make it fully comprehensible and useful to the general public.

I hope you enjoy this journey as much as I do.

Rubn Morn Molina

Cognates.org

Excerpts

Cognate Lexis
The awareness of lexical and syntactic cognates in language teaching and learning reinvents
the basis of a large number of current methods as applied to English and Romance language
learners. Once learners are fully aware of the cognate dimension of these related languages, there
is an immediate and permanent associative effect affecting most future language input and
output, regardless of the approach or method being used.
Although most of the samples in this book are given in English and Spanish, this linguistic
project, in its first stage, also refers to and applies to Portuguese, Italian, French, Catalan and
Romanian.

 The first tool of this research project, the first version of the Dictionary of Cognates - DOC,
has been completed. It features 20,000 English-Spanish cognate words plus 25,000 frequent
cognate collocations. All these words have been selected manually from several renowned
dictionaries keeping to a minimum infrequent technical, scientific or historical cognate terms.
The development of the DOC was based on practicality and frequency rather than on
exhaustiveness.
These 'similar words and sounds' have always been regarded as advantageous coincidences
whenever they occur, not only among Romance languages, but also when encountering English
linguistic resemblances. However, being able to understand La Universidad Australiana est
considerando aceptar este nuevo proyecto de lingstica or LUniversit Australienne considre
accepter ce nouveau projet de linguistique does represent more than a vague funny perception of
coincidence for someone who might have never been in contact with Spanish or French before.
What you have just experienced while reading the statements above is exactly the same feeling
of acquaintance that a Romance language speaker, not knowing the English language,
experiences with The Australian University is considering accepting this new project of
linguistics.
Although there are definitely more underlying similarities than differences between Romance
Languages and the English Language, we were once taught, and many of us have unfortunately
been teaching for too long, to be more aware of their differences. The statistical data here
provided supports the assertion that, even in the most disadvantageous cases, cognates represent
at least 25% of the unique English written words met by Romance language speakers, and vice
versa, when exposed to modern language.
Cognates are already in frequent use and are waiting to be recognized as they should. This
large number of words is not limited to Latin and Greek derivations present in words related to
science; cognates actually represent a great share of the most commonly used words in these
cognate languages, including those taught to children.

10

 The exploration and exploitation of lexical and syntactic cognates imply a paradigmatic shift
in language teaching and independent learning, making it then necessary to redefine several
current theories regarding language acquisition, language curricular progression, and several
concepts such as those of 'difficulty', 'advancement', and 'learning'; as applied to cognate
language learners.
Although we already possess a large passive vocabulary in cognate languages, even before we
start a learning process, Hancin-Bhatt and Nagy (1994) claim that few Spanish-speaking students
see the words of their native language as vehicles for learning English.
Hancin-Bhatt and Nagy (1994), and Moss (1992) claim that cognates recognition, even among
upper-elementary students, is not fully developed or an automatic condition of bilinguals due to
the lack of formal methods making an explicit introduction or use of them.
Cognates need to be studied less by linguists and studied more by foreign language learners.
We propose exploitation over analysis as it seems that these words have been analyzed for too
long in their linguistic and historical contexts.
Language material in general is obviously not created bearing in mind that in the case of
cognates there is practically no limitation regarding the number of new words introduced per
lesson. Here a linguistic paradigm falls apart; regardless of the language level a student might be
in, the less knowledge of a cognate language, the more cognates we should use to accomplish
comprehension and therefore engage in communication.
Given that what cognates produce is an immediate and effortless recognition of lexical and
syntactic similarities (Immediate and Effortless Recognition of Cognates - IERC), this research
claims that extensive cognate input through Reading and Listening facilitates comprehension,
provides confidence, and encourages imitation leading to extensive output through Writing and
Speaking (the four language skills).

11

Classification of Cognates
Let us consider the following brief classification of cognates according to different
perspectives:
Exact Cognates: actor, doctor, error, terror, animal, general, hospital, hotel, cruel, angel,
terrible, visible, radio, audio, kilo, casino, piano, chocolate, mosquito.
Partial Cognates: perfect - perfecto, direct - directo, basic - bsico, citric - ctrico, to visit visitar, to limit - limitar, to indicate - indicar, to eliminate - eliminar, famous - famoso, fabulous fabuloso.
Real Cognates with some additional unrelated meaning: arm - arma: weapon; but also upper
limb in English. Battery - batera: a device that produces electricity; but also musical drums in
Spanish).
False Cognates: mayor in English is the head of a city; mayor in Spanish is older or higher.
Arena in English is a coliseum; arena in Spanish is sand. Care in English is carefulness; cara in
Spanish is face.
According to their Latin roots: dict = to say: dictate - dictar, diction - diccin, edict - edicto,
dictator - dictador, didactic - didctico.
According to their Greek roots: dem = people: democracy - democracia, demography demografa, endemic - endmico, demagogue - demagogo.
According to their prefixes: monocycle - monociclo, monochromatic - monocromtico,
monopoly - monopolio, monologue - monlogo, monogamy monogamia.
According to their suffixes: globally - globalmente, frankly - francamente, logically logicamente, obviously - obviamente, legally - legalmente.
Borrowed words: karaoke, karate, sushi (Japanese); violin, spaghetti, piano (Italian).
Linguistic adaptations of borrowed words: (Spanish adaptations of French words on the right)
collage - colaje, souvenir - suvenir, vedette - vedet, croissant - cruasn, souffl - sufl.

12

Cognate Syntax
The recognition of cognate similarities is not only lexical but also syntactic.
The common SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) cognate framework existing in both English and
Romance language families takes cognates as a whole far beyond the expected. The SVO
cognate syntax provides cognate and non-cognate text with an interesting amount of
intelligibility and predictability.
Scott, Nagy, and Flinspach (2008) claim that syntactic awareness -or syntax recognition- is a
metalinguistic skill that helps learners make effective use of context through the understanding
of how words, affixes or structures are combined. In the case of the SVO cognate framework, it
does not feature thousands of items as in the case of a cognate lexicon which ultimately needs a
dictionary; nevertheless, this simple formula is what joins isolated words into concrete messages.
We have to consider that, unlike any other language teaching trend, the SVO awareness
approach cannot become outdated or obsolete because it is based on acquiring languages through
their unchangeable structural nature. Although style and usage changes may occur over time, the
syntactic foundation of cognate languages will not change.
Cognate Collocations may well be defined as the natural progression from comprehensible
words to complex comprehensible structures; the link between cognate lexis and syntax. The
idea of a cognate word as a comprehensible but isolated bit of information is only theoretical
given that in practice cognates will always be the familiar associative elements of a text which
will provide some insights into the meaning of those unfamiliar. See Table 1.4.
What we usually hear and read are not isolated words but meaningful chunks of information.
Its also important to consider that we cannot assume that a reader would only recognize
cognates and their collocations not knowing any other words in the language being learnt. The
impact of cognates + most frequently used words is more realistic and much more interesting
yet. See Table 1.5.

13

 Table 1.4 English cognate collocations to Spanish speakers

that Jesus had a

special relationship with

Training for a very

special offer [/h] [h]

special skills and

special talents and this

for other reasons [p] special presentation of a

for details of our

special discount offer),

although the most

special is probably the

the creation of a

special programme worth

the Rare Books and

special Collections

Department convened a special meeting of cultural

suitcase with

special codes for the

cancer is something special. Adult patients

usual yesterday for a special exhibition of the
Drives: Mercedes 500 special Edition.[p]

the charter

special Trains Unit, a

title in the womens special slalom. Feb. 12 [p]

saws, axes, and the

special equipment required

Kuwait because of '

special circumstances,'

medical care but no

special enriched day care.

car owners to go to

special centers to obtain

Frank Deford is a

special correspondent for

finishes available by special order.) Nightstand.

[c] logo [/c] [h]

special Olympics [/h] [p]

(from the Corpus Concordance Sampler, The Collins Wordbanks Online English Corpus).

14

 Table 1.5 English cognate collocations to Spanish speakers + the 100 most frequently used words

that Jesus had a

special relationship with

Training for a very

special offer [/h] [h]

special skills and

special talents and this

for other reasons [p] special presentation of a

for details of our

special discount offer),

although the most

special is probably the

the creation of a

special programme worth

the Rare Books and

special Collections

Department convened a special meeting of cultural

suitcase with

special codes for the

cancer is something special. Adult patients

usual yesterday for a special exhibition of the
Drives: Mercedes 500 special Edition.[p]

the charter

special Trains Unit, a

title in the womens special slalom. Feb. 12 [p]

saws, axes, and the

special equipment required

Kuwait because of '

special circumstances,'

medical care but no

special enriched day care.

car owners to go to

special centers to obtain

Frank Deford is a

special correspondent for

finishes available by special order.) Nightstand.

[c] logo [/c] [h]

special Olympics [/h] [p]

(from the Corpus Concordance Sampler, The Collins Wordbanks Online English Corpus).

15

 Table 1.6 Spanish cognate collocations, from Morn Molinas Corpus

La tropa dispar. Una guardia especial

A principios de abril, un emisario especial
no fuera revisado por una comisin especial
en las cuales dedicaba un prrafo especial
para su casa con una custodia especial
pues desde nia tena una aversin especial
y no le prest una atencin especial
de Medicina les imparti un curso especial
Desde entonces se le rindi un culto especial
revisti el acto de una solemnidad especial
dejado impresionar de un modo especial
ese instante por el correo urbano especial
se le impona una contribucin especial
y fue recibido con un tratamiento especial
el coronel y prescribi un rgimen especial
El joyero le consagr una atencin especial
otras exquisiteces de cocina, y en especial
a los clientes por un precio especial
de padre y madre una memoria especial
de variedades ingeniosas, y en especial
enciclopdicas comprimidas, en especial
sus preferencias polticas . En especial
con su credencial de delegado especial

16

 The means to exploit cognates are endless. At Cognates.org you will find another free resource
derived from our research; The Cognate Highlighter. We made use of the syntax highlighting
feature of an open source text editor application (used by programmers to avoid syntax errors in
their scripts); and, instead of conditioning the highlighting of text to a programming language,
we added a list of cognates to be automatically highlighted when typed or pasted in a text box.
As a result, English cognates (to Romance learners) are highlighted in bold blue fonts when
typed or pasted into the text box. Additionally, the first ten operators according to the GSL (the,
be -am, is, are-, of, and, a, to, in, that, for, with) will be highlighted in green. Below there is a
screen capture of some text pasted into The Cognate Highlighter. It is Article 26 from the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, regarding our rights to education:
Table 1.7 The Cognate Highlighter

Now, if Uchida (2001) claims that loanwords are a type of cognates, it is important to report
that our Highlighter has proven that hundreds of international brand names should count as one
more cognate type too. From Google, Blackberry, or Boeing; to Coca Cola, KFC, or Tampax, it
was really necessary to find a reliable list of the most renowned brands worldwide to make our
highlighters even more realistic and more accurate in terms of word recognition. These words
might not be cognates per se, but they support our overall comprehension along with their related
cognates and cognate collocations. Proper names, especially those of well-known worldwide
characters, do count too, and the list keeps growing.
17

 According to Merriam-Webster (2003), the cognate nature of a word or morpheme is not only
related by descent from the same ancestral language but also related by derivation or borrowing.
Uchida (2001) reports Tomoda (1999) by saying that 9.95% (13,300 words) of the lexicon of
the Nihongo Daijiten Japanese Dictionary (1989) consists of foreign words. Uchida claims that
these loanwords actually constitute a class of cognates, which play an important role in
pedagogy.
Apart from the Internet and the media, there is still another important sociological factor that
encourages the use of an increasing number of borrowed words: Migration. The contact we have
with our migrant relatives is sometimes the means to popularize certain foreign words. This is
understandable if we consider that, for example, according to the American Modern Language
Association, 10% of the population of the USA speaks Spanish; that means that 28 million
people residing in the US speak this language, equaling the home population of Peru or
Venezuela.
Bowen (2010) recognizes that the majority of students studying English around the world will
never live or work in an English-speaking country; instead, they will be using English in their
own countries, in their own ways, with their own lexical and idiomatic preferences.

Cognates by nature
There are several claims that have become the common criteria for some linguists and teachers
when determining the false cognate status of a word. Let us discuss the inappropriateness of
three of the most common assertions:
1. A word is a false cognate when the (English) term is more common than its (Spanish)
counterpart.
False. A cognate will always be a cognate by nature. Its innate status is determined by its origin,
not by its frequency.

18

2. Although both words mean X, in (English) the word has upgraded/downgraded its
meaning, making it a false cognate.
False. Analyzing whether the Spanish word estpido (simple, limitado; bruto, rudo; ignorante,
nulo) is much more offensive or not than the English word stupid (unintelligent, dense, slow,
obtuse; brainless; unwise, foolish) so as to label it as a false cognate is evidently too impractical
and fruitless to be commented. The word is simply pejorative.
3. X is a false cognate when it additionally means Y in only one of the two languages.
False. This assertion arises when any of the several meanings of a cognate word is not shared by
its cognate counterpart. The most suitable definition or explanation for many of the so-called
false cognates should be that of 'real cognate words with additional unrelated or uncognate
meanings'.
Although the Online Etymology Dictionary (Harper, 2001) says that the word cognate comes
from Latin and means 'to be born together', it interestingly also says that "Words that are
cognates are cousins, not siblings" (!?).
Marcial Prado (1993) lists in his book 2,500 Spanish words "you think you know, but you
dont". Unfortunately, from the first word in his book abandon (evacuate, discard, retire,
abdicate, cede, renounce), which in Spanish means abandonar (evacuar, descartar, retirar,
abdicar, ceder, renunciar); to the last word zone (area, region, district, section), which in Spanish
means zona (area, regin, distrito, seccin); the author supports and strengthens a fallacy. The
number of false cognates that Prado refers to -2,500- is quite arguable.
The number of false cognates or, to be more precise, the number of cognates with false or
unrelated meanings is definitely immaterial. Our claim is that cognates in general will always
retain their core common meanings, although they sometimes have accessory or unrelated
meanings and usages.
By no means can the existence of false cognate words continue representing, as it has always
been, a limitation for a definite identification and exploitation of cognates.

19

 False cognates have produced so much doubt and misconception to the point of making us
keep a prudent distance from absolutely all lexical resemblances. We could be before a foreign
word that is identical to one in our mother tongue but, when we realize that we are unaware of all
its possible meanings and integral usage, refusal sometimes seems to be more sensible than
approval.
The emphasis given to the real but on the whole irrelevant cases of misinterpretation and
embarrassment caused by false cognate words in frequent everyday language what has
postponed for long the arrival of real cognates. The several statistics provided by this research
are reliable evidence to oust some deeply-rooted misconceptions regarding both the number and
impact of false cognates.
Due to a lack of practical research on this subject, most foreign language educators are usually
more concerned with the intimidating unknown number of false cognates rather than with that of
real cognates.
Thesaurus can provide the best evidence of the cognate nature of a word through a wide range
of cognate synonyms. See these interesting examples including synonyms with some unrelated
meanings:
Honest (Eng.): decent, direct, frank, honourable, scrupulous, sincere. (Antonym: dishonest).
Honesto (Spa.): decente, honorable, ntegro, modesto, razonable, sincero. (Antnimo:
deshonesto). Supplementary meanings not fully shared by the English cognate: modest, humble,
meek; austere, plain.
Elemental (Eng.): basic, essential, fundamental, primary, rudimentary, simple, uncomplicated.
Elemental (Spa.): bsico, esencial, fundamental, primario, necesario, simple, importante,
principal. Supplementary meanings not fully shared by the English cognate: current, trivial.
At cognates.org, we provide a list of approximately 500 false cognates; this list is certainly not
absolute but it is sufficient, indeed.

20

 Table 1.8 Percentages of false cognates in frequency lists

GSL

Oxford

Brown

Kelks

AWL

2,284

3,457

1st 5,000

20,833

570

words

words

words

words

words

Cognates

32%

42%

44%

40%

71%

False Cogn.

7%

6%

4%

2%

7%

Remainder

61%

52%

52%

58%

22%

(GSL, The General Service List; West, 1953. The Oxford 3000 Word List, Oxford Univ. Press. The Brown Corpus;
Francis & Kucera, 1982. Brian Kelks Most Frequent Words. AWL, The Academic Wordlist; Coxhead, 2000)

We could on purpose put together as many false cognates as we wanted to conduct a guided
analysis on the topic; cognate short stories can be a great tool to achieve this purpose.
Nakov and Paskaleva (2007) propose an interesting semantic advance to start unveiling
cognates and at the same time distinguishing them from false friends. They base such proposal
on the intuition that "if two words are cognates, then most of the words in their respective local
contexts should be translations of each other." Interestingly, most of the time the 'local context',
or those words before and after a target word, will also be cognates semantically related to it and
will frequently form cognate collocations:
Bucuresti este capitala Romniei si, n acelasi timp, cel mai mare oras, centru industrial si
comercial al tarii. Populatia de 1.944.367 de locuitori (est. 1 ianuarie 2009) face ca Bucurestiul
sa fie al saselea oras ca populatie din Uniunea Europeana. La acestea se adauga faptul ca
localitatile din preajma orasului, care vor face parte din viitoarea Zona Metropolitana,
nsumeaza populatie de aproximativ 430.000 de locuitori. Prima mentiune a localitatii apare n
1459. n 1862 devine capitala Romniei. De atunci sufera schimbari continue, fiind centrul
scenei artistice, culturale si mass-media. ntre cele doua razboaie mondiale, arhitectura
eleganta si elita bucuresteana i-au adus porecla "Micul Paris". n prezent, capitala are acelasi
nivel administrativ ca si un judet si este mpartita n sase.
(from http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucuresti the Romanian version of Wikipedia, retrieved on Dec. 18, 2009)

21

 Another reason for cognates late arrival has been 'unreasonableness'. Popular translation
software shows this lack of practicability Why would we make things much harder for
learners by telling them that usually is translated as generalmente when the evidence tells us that
usually is usualmente, generally is generalmente, normally is normalmente, regularly is
regularmente, commonly is comunmente, and frequently is frecuentemente?
Once cognates have been unveiled, we can come to the conclusion that the EFL and ESL
approaches and methods available have overestimated the time and effort needed by cognate
speakers to learn cognate languages.
We cannot multiply time and effort to someone who can now easily minimize the effects of
both factors. Failure is not an option in the cognate dimension.

The Four Skills: Visual and Auditory Word Recognition

Learners encounters with cognates have been unconscious irrelevant occurrences producing
sometimes subconscious comprehension; and when recognized, they have been regarded as no
more than merely coincidental.
Cognate lexis and syntax have always been subconsciously perceived by learners but such
perception has never been academically supported.
Waring and Takaki (2003) state that an adult individual learning a foreign language generally
does not follow the same process a toddler follows. Given that an adult learner beginning to read
in a second language starts by looking at each letter of each word to decode words, and as
progress goes on, then word by word to decode ideas. However, this claim does not seem to
apply to cognate readers given that learners seem to unconsciously 'run over' any resemblance of
their mother tongue.
Age will also prove to be an ally for immediate cognate recognition because the older we are,
the larger vocabulary we will possess in our mother tongue, and the more cognates we will 'run
over'.

22

 Nagy and Hancin-Bhatt (1993) claim that the cognate recognition spam increases with age due
to our L1 lexicon and to increased metalinguistic skills; that is, among others, knowing that
cognates are right there.
Psychologically speaking, most of the time, the mental associations of a new word are actually
more important and more easily retrievable or memorable than the new word itself. This happens
because these associations -words, images, sounds, feelings, etc.- are not new, have surely been
in use for some time; and much more important yet, have dozens or hundreds of other inward
and outward associations attached to them.
Research has proven than we do not usually finish reading words to grasp what they are.
There is a point in which what our minds read is not perceived as foreign.
Since readers and listeners subconsciously understand cognates, we could say they somehow
'ignore their foreignness' therefore reading and listening to isolated cognates and cognate
collocations as if they were written or said in their mother tongues.
Regarding translation, the immediate association and recognition of cognates has nothing to do
with engaging in such process. The process of expressing the sense of a foreign word or group of
words by using corresponding equivalents from our mother tongue does not take place while
using cognates. Once again, the phenomenon of immediate and effortless cognate input
comprehension happens when the mind processes such input as if it were in our mother tongue,
to the point of ignoring it when it is subconsciously understood.
To describe how visual or auditory input is processed, William Marlsen-Wilson (1987)
proposed The Cohort Model. According to the model, each fragment of speech input activates in
a listeners lexicon a cohort of words (or the most frequent words) that begin with that fragment,
and as more fragments are added, more words are trimmed until a perfect match is left. In fact,
this is the method that text-messaging programs on cellular phones use as the 'dictionary' or
'autocomplete' feature. Marlsen-Wilson (1987) reports that in his research the subjects who were
instructed to repeat aloud exactly what they heard, as quickly as possible, often started to repeat

23

a word before it had actually finished playing.

Lemhfer, Dijkstra, and Michel (2004) state that word representations of both of the languages
of a bilingual become active during the recognition of a single cognate word in only one of the
languages, and the fact that bilinguals recognize cognates faster than non-cognates is the key
evidence of this claim.
An increasing number of studies (Nas, 1983; Van Heuven, Dijkstra, and Grainger, 1998;
Hermans, Bongaerts, De Bot, and Schreuder, 1998; Van Hell and De Groot, 1998a; Brysbaert,
Van Dyck, and Van de Poel, 1999; Costa, Miozzo, and Caramazza, 1999; Costa, Caramazza, and
Sebastian-Galles, 2000; Dijkstra, Grainger, and Van Heuven, 1999; Colom, 2001; Van Hell and
Dijkstra, 2002; Sherkina, 2003, Kroll, Gerfen, and Dussias, 2008) agree that the activation of
words in bilingual memory operates in a parallel way, or as it is usually described, in languagenonselective way. As Brysbaert et al. (1999) claim, bilinguals cannot inhibit one of their
languages at will.
Lemhfer, Dijkstra, and Michel (2004) support the hypothesis that all languages known to an
individual affect word recognition and activation, and that cognate recognition and activation is
language-nonselective; that means that orthographic, phonological and semantic resemblances of
both languages become active during recognition.
Pitt, Dilley, and Tat (2009) assert that learning occurs through frequent exposure; as a result,
high-frequency words are recognized and produced faster than low-frequency words.
Cognate suffixes are important in our research because for Romance speakers what usually
counts is the ending sound of a word. A great number of words in Latin-derived languages have
their accents on their last syllables, not counting on the wide range of conjugation endings.
Consequently, a thousand -tion / -cin cognate nouns matches are not only an interesting lexical
group sharing the same cognate suffix or the same strong associative element, but also an
interesting motivational tool.

24

 Table 2.2 Affixes and language-nonselective activation

aplica...

atrac...

competi...

defini...

asocia...

celebra...

conversa...

decora...

descrip...

aten...

clasifica...

distribu...

Table 2.3 Sample statistics from The Reverse Dictionary of Cognates

-tion

-cin

1,000 (nouns)

-ly

-mente

1,000 (adverbs*)

-al

-ico

700 (adjectives)

-ic

-ico

500 (adjectives)

-ity

-idad

400 (nouns)

-ate

-ar

300 (adjectives and verbs)

-able/-ible

-able/-ible

300 (adjectives)

-ent

-ente

300 (nouns and adjectives)

-ism

-ismo

250 (nouns)

-ist

-ista

250 (nouns)

*1,000 cognate adjs + -ly/-mente suffixes = 1000 adverbs in each language

Other common suffixes we can mention are: -able, -al, -ancia, -ante, -ar, -ario, -encia, -ente,
-ento, -fa, -fobia, -fono, -ga, -gramo, -ia, -ible, -ico, -in, -ivo, -litro, -logo, -mana, -metro, -or,
-osis, -oso. Regarding prefixes, we have: Aero-, Agro-, Ante-, Anti-, Audio-, Auto-, Bi-, Bio-,
Circum-, Co-, Com-, Contra-, Crono-, Dis-, Doble-, Eco-, Electro-, Equi-, Euro-, Ex-, Extra-,
Foto-, Geo-, Hidro-, Il-, Im-, In-, Infra-, Inter-, Intra-, Ir-, Kilo-, Macro-, Mega-, Micro-, Mini-,
Mono-, Multi-, Orto-, Para-, Pre-, Pro-, Re-, Retro-, Semi-, Seudo-, Socio-, Sub-, Super-, Tecno-,
Tele-, Trans-, Tri-, Ultra-, Uni-.
If in the end practice is much more important than theory, in the case of cognate sounds, more
important than the cognate sound patterns themselves is the systematic habituation to these
sounds, depending on where you are and what language you are learning.

25

 Table 2.9 Cognates beyond Romance frontiers

Corpus-based Cognates
The scope of cognate recognition and the sense of cognate vocabulary difficulty, if applicable,
totally depend on the vocabulary a learner possesses in their own mother tongue. Garca de
Mara (1996) states that we will simply not recognize in L2 the cognates we do not know in L1;
additionally, Nagy and Hancin-Bhatt (1993) had stated that our cognate recognition spam
increases with age due to a richer L1 lexicon. Consequently, the active perception or use of
cognates has little to do with the target language itself because what counts first is our L1
lexicon.
In terms of word retention, Waring and Takaki (2003) claim that it usually takes between 10
and 30 meetings of a word for its form (spelling or sound) to be connected to its meaning, and
that a far greater number of meetings will be needed to deepen the knowledge of the word (its
collocations, level of formality, integral usage, etc.). Cognates contradict this claim when they
enable learners to understand easily even the most complicated and abstract cognate concepts in
L2 when those concepts already exist in our L1 lexicon (fantasa, volatilidad, exorcismo).

26

 Despite this accessibility to thousands of comprehensible cognates, there is actually a sensible

schedule we should consider thanks to the evidence from modern corpora, the usefulness of
frequency wordlists and the handy technological resources available. Given that today we have
access to realistic and practical information about how languages are used by native speakers,
corpora greatly define what to teach and when to teach it.
Nation (1990) asserts it is not how many words native speakers know what is important, but
how many words they actually use. Waring and Nation (1997) and Waring and Takaki (2003)
state that although language makes use of a large number of words, we usually do not. Nation
(1990) claims that not all the words are equally useful; principally, due to the natural tendency
we all have to communicate making use of a relatively small number of recycled written and
spoken words.
Tom Cobb, from Universit du Qubec Montral, gives us some 'good bad news' about
vocabulary growth. According to Cobbs statistics "after you have learnt the most frequent
2,000 words of English, then simply continuing to accumulate more words on a frequency basis
gives a much lower rate of return. You could learn another 3,000 words (up to the 5,000
frequency mark) and increase the amount of black ink coverage in an average text by only about
8%".

27

 The Most Frequent English Cognates List - MFCogn English

This list was made using Paul Nations Frequency33 software and Chris Greaves Concapp
Concordance and Word Profiler. Several different Most Frequent Word Lists (MFWL) based on
different corpora of both British and American, Spoken and Written English were joined.
Additionally, defining vocabulary lists used by renowned dictionaries were also used, namely:
Raw .txt lists from 'WFWSE - Word Frequency in Written and Spoken English', by Geoffrey
Looch, Paul Rayson and Andrew Wilson. Research based on the BNC - British National Corpus.
The lists are available at www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/ucrel/bncfreq/flists.html
5000 MFW in Spoken English - WFWSE-BNC
5000 MFW in Written English - WFWSE-BNC
Kilgarriff's 6000 MFW - Lemmatised List
The Brown Corpus List, 5000 MFW
Collins Cobuild's 3000 MFW
GSL - The General Service List + Word Families
UWL - The University Word List, by Paul Nation
AWL - The Academic Word List + Word Families
BNL - The Billuroglu and Neufeld List (additions to GSL and AWL)
Oxford's 3000 MFW
Longman's 3000 MFW in Spoken English
Longman's 3000 MFW in Written English
Oxford Business 300 MFW, OUP
VOA - Voice of America's Special English, Core Vocabulary
The Cambridge Defining Vocabulary, from the Cambridge International Dictionary of English
- CIDE, 1995
The Longman Defining Vocabulary, from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English LDOCE, 1988
The total words are 56,104; out of which 15,017 are unique words. The words present in at least
three of the aforementioned lists are 5,946 (2,684 cognates and 3,262 non-cognates). This is how
we come to the 2,684 Most Frequent Cognate Words (MFCogn). You will find The Most
Frequent English Cognates List at http://www.cognates.org/research/mfcogn.pdf
28

 The Most Frequent Spanish Cognates List - MFCogn Spanish

For this stage of the research, it was necessary to create our own mini Spanish corpus due to
the lack of available resources in Spanish. The index of the texts composing Rubn Morn
Molinas Spanish Corpus can be found at cognates.org. The Most Frequent Spanish Cognates
List can be found at http://www.cognates.org/research/mfcogn.pdf
Below you will find some facts about the corpus itself and how the Most Frequent Spanish
Cognates List was produced:
Total words in the corpus:

8,297,518

Total types (unique words):

176,488

Words repeated up to 100 times (MFW):

6,876 (85.32 % of corpus)

Cognates in this share (MFCogn):

2,391 (34.77 % of MFW)

The Most Frequent Business Cognates List - MFCogn Business

This is the unavoidable appearance of another Cognate by-product. This list is principally based
on The Oxford 300 Business and Finance wordlist and has been complemented with vocabulary
from the three books described below;
Business Vocabulary in Use, Cambridge, 2003 (from the Cambridge International Corpus)
Business Vocabulary in Use - Advanced, Cambridge, 2004 (from the Cambridge Intl. Corpus)
Business Vocabulary in Practice, Collins Cobuild, 2003 (from the Collins Cobuild - Bank of
English)
The Most Frequent Business Cognates List can be found at
http://www.cognates.org/research/mfcognbusiness.pdf
To begin the methodological exploitation of this resource, we could start by incorporating as
many lexical and syntactic cognates as possible into language material; that is, exposing learners
to what they already comprehend of a new language; or, starting by what they 'already know'.

29

 Table 2.13 Cognate adjectives in use (a)

Female

Male

'Negative'

Adj.s

Adj.s

Adj.s

Brillante

Ambicioso

Agresivo

Coqueta

Calmado

Ansioso

Creativa

Competitivo

Arrogante

Decente

Conservativo

Cnico

Dedicada

Constante

Cruel

Delicada

Dinmico

Desobediente

Determinada

Eficiente

Destructivo

Especial

Entusiasta

Egosta

Extraordinaria

Expresivo

Exagerado

Extravagante

Firme

Impaciente

Extrovertida

Flexible

Impulsivo

Fascinante

Idealista

Impuntual

Honesta

Importante

Indiferente

Intelectual

Innovador

Inseguro

Inteligente

Interesante

Irnico

Moderna

Optimista

Irresponsable

Natural

Organizado

Materialista

Original

Perseverante

Negligente

Paciente

Pionero

Nervioso

Persistente

Popular

Pesimista

Practica

Positivo

Rebelde

Romntica

Rpido

Rudo

Sincera

Serios

Sarcstico

30

This male/female division is only a sample. Those ending in -a under the female column can turn
into male by replacing that letter by -o (and vice versa for the male and 'negative' columns). -e
adjectives are neutral.
Following Anthonys conception of a linguistic approach (1963) and Richards and Rodgers
theoretical views of the nature of language and language learning (2005), we can see the cognate
approach through the following perspectives:
The Structural Component of the cognate approach lets learners take advantage of a strong
SVO syntax and a broad comprehensible lexis shared by cognate languages.
The Functional Component of the cognate approach lets learners achieve communicative
objectives through its broad and intertopical resources (by using cognate collocations or the
MFCogn Business, for example). In fact, the approach facilitates communication throughout an
endless range of topics since cognates are not limited to certain lexical themes, such as sciences,
as it has wrongly been believed for long.
The Interactional Component of the cognate approach lets learners accelerate their social
interaction by broadening input comprehension and encouraging the production of broader
comprehensible output.
Table 2.14 Cognates adjectives in use (b)
El Horscopo: ARIES (Marzo 21 a Abril 20)
Caractersticas primarias: Enrgico y Apasionado.
Aspectos positivos: Independiente, competitivo, y dinmico. Usualmente busca una posicin de
autoridad. Es mentalmente rpido. Posee mucho entusiasmo y una gran energa creativa. Es el
'Pionero del Zodaco'. El optimismo y la independencia son parte importante de su
personalidad. Cuando es intelectual, expresivo y objetivo posee mucho magnetismo personal.
Aspectos negativos: Su independencia extrema puede convertirse en arrogancia e intolerancia.
Como resultado, puede ser impaciente, impulsivo, rudo, agresivo. Requiere autodominio y
disciplinar su carcter egosta y su naturaleza ambiciosa y de auto-satisfaccin. Su

31

hiperactividad creadora puede conducirlo a iniciar proyectos y a no concluirlos, o delegarlos.

Puede ser extremista en la religin y poltica. Prefiere llevar el control de las conversaciones
pero no comparte sus opiniones intimas o personales.
Table 2.15 Cognates adjectives in use (c)
El Horscopo Chino: EL CONEJO (The Rabbit)
Perfil: Es sofisticado, frgil, sereno, y considerado. Posee una naturaleza tranquila. Sus
instintos y su imaginacin lo llevan a crear una atmsfera pacifica, un ambiente perfecto,
elegante y de excelente harmona. Sin embargo, sus equilibradas emociones son usualmente
desestabilizadas por situaciones impredecibles, desorganizacin, y por curvas abruptas en sus
rutinas. Influenciado por estos factores negativos, pueden ser timido e hipocondraco.
Generalmente es intelectual y posee un estilo introvertido y conservador; pero, es muy sociable,
hospitalario, atento, y pone mucha atencin a los detalles.
Ocupaciones Comunes: terapista, siquiatra, doctor, oftalmlogo, escritor, profesor, diseador,
actor, msico, administrador, agente de relaciones pblicas.
Conejos Famosos: Eintein, Bob Hope, Confucious, Sinatra.
Gemas y Piedras: Cristal, Esmeralda, Perla.

32

Instructions
A bullet next to a cognate tells you it is one of the most frequently used words in its
corresponding language. The hyphened phrases are frequently used cognate collocations.

To visit v.
visits v.

visitar v.

visita v.

visiting v.

visitando v.

visited v.

visited v. adj.

visit n.

visitor n.

visitante s.

visitation n.

visitacin s.

- annual visit

- visita anual

- casual visit

- visita casual

- to visit a region

- visitar una regin

- to visit regularly

- visitar regularmente

- to announce a visit

- anunciar una visita

- to cancel a visit

- cancelar una visita

visit v.
visitado v. adj.

visita s.

33

Since English speakers will be interested in reading the Spanish cognates on the right column, all
the notes and comments in this column are aimed to English speakers. The notes and comments
on the left column are aimed to Spanish speakers.
Conjugations: Each verb group provided in this dictionary features: a, the infinitive form of the
verb; b, the conjugation of the verb in the simple present tense for the third person singular; c,
the present participle form; d, the conjugation of the verb in the simple past tense for the third
person singular; and, e, the past participle form.

a To visit v.

visitar v.

visits v.

visita v.

visiting v.

visitando v.

visited v.

visit v.

visited v. adj.

visitado v. adj.

Unless specified otherwise, most of the Spanish cognate verbs in this dictionary are regular
verbs. The infinitive form of Spanish verbs has three possible endings; -ar -er -ir (visitar,
responder, admitir), which will be replaced by the following endings.
Present:

-o, -as/-es, -a/-e, -amos/-emos/-imos, -an/-en.

Past:

-/-, -aste/-iste, -, -amos/-imos, -aron/-ieron.

Future:

infinitive + -, -as, -, -emos, -an.

Present Participle:

-ando/-iendo

Past Participle:

-ado/-ido

The slashes above stand for conjugation endings for -ar verbs (left), and for -er and -ir verbs
(right). The 5 conjugation endings in every line above are arranged for the following personal
pronouns;

Yo (I)

T (You, singular)

El/Ella/Aquello (He/She/It)

Nosotros/Nosotras (we, males/we, females)

Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas (You, plural/they, males/they, females)

34

See the following example with the verb Visitar:

a To visit v.

visitar v.

visits v.

visita v.

visiting v.

visitando v.

visited v.

visit v.

visited v. adj.

visitado v. adj.

You

He/She

Yo

l/Ella

Present: -o

-as/-es

-a/-e

Past:

-/-

-aste/-iste

Future:

infinitive + -

infinitive + -as

You

He/She

Yo

l/Ella

Present: visito

visitas

visita

Past:

visit

visitaste

visit

Future:

visitar

visitaras

visitar

We

You (plural)/They

Nosotros/Nosotras

Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas

Present: -amos/-emos/-imos

-an/-en

Past:

-amos/-imos

-aron/-ieron

Future:

infinitive + -emos

infinitive + -an

We

You (plural)/They

Nosotros/Nosotras

Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas

Present: visitamos

visitan

Past:

visitamos

visitaron

Future:

visitaremos

visitaran

Present Participle: -ando/-iendo for all persons/pronouns; therefore, visitando

Past Participle:

-ado/-ido for all persons/pronouns; therefore, visitado

35

Once you have learnt the conjugation rationale, you might only need the following summary
called Quick Spanish Conjugation Key;

Present: -o, -as/-es, -a/-e, -amos/-emos/-imos, -an/-en.

Past: -/-, -aste/-iste, -/-i, -amos/-imos, -aron/-ieron.
Future: infinitive + -, -s, -, -emos, -n.
Pr. Participle: -ando/-iendo - Pa. Participle: -ado/-ido

For a deeper look into other conjugation irregularities marked throughout the dictionary, please
go to Expanded Spanish Conjugation (page 119).

36

A
a.m. abbr. (amplitud modulada)

a.m. abr. (amplitude modulation)

a.m. abbr. (antes del meridiano)

a.m. abr. (ante meridiem)

AA abbr. (Alcohlicos Annimos)

AA abr. (Alcoholics Anonymous)

AAA battery abbr.

batera AAA abr.

abacus n.

baco s.

abacuses n.
To abandon v. (usu. para siempre)

bacos s.
abandonar v. (also to leave)

abandons v.

abandona v.

abandoning v.

abandonando v.

abandoned v.

abandon v.

abandoned v. adj.

abandonado v. adj.

abandonee n.

abandonado s.

abandonees n.
abandonment n.

abandonados s.

abandono s.

- abandoned baby

- beb abandonado

- abandoned vehicle

- vehculo abandonado

- abandonment of domicile

- abandono de domicilio

- completely abandoned

- completamente abandonado

- formally abandoned

- formalmente abandonado

- simply abandoned

- simplemente abandonado

- temporarily abandoned

- temporalmente abandonado

- totally abandoned

- totalmente abandonado

- virtually abandoned

- virtualmente abandonado

- voluntarily abandoned

- voluntariamente abandonado

- to abandon a car

- abandonar un auto

- to abandon a doctrine

- abandonar una doctrina

- to abandon a mission

- abandonar una misin

- to abandon a plan

- abandonar un plan

- to abandon a religion

- abandonar una religin

- to abandon a strategy

- abandonar una estrategia

- to abandon a system
To abate v.

- abandonar un sistema
abatir v.

abates v.

abate v.

abating v.

abatiendo v.

abated v.

abati v.

abated v. adj.

abatido v. adj.

To abbreviate v.

abreviar v.

abbreviates v.

abrevia v.

abbreviating v.

abreviando v.

abbreviated v.

abrevi v.

abbreviated v. adj.

abreviado v. adj.

abbreviation n.

abreviacin s.

abbreviations n.

abreviaciones s.

abbreviatable adj.

abreviable adj.

abbr. (abreviacin)

abr. (abbreviation)

- abbreviated title

- ttulo abreviado

- common abbreviation

- abreviacin comn

- list of abbreviations

- lista de abreviaciones

- standard abbreviation

- abreviacin estndar

37

ABC n. (alfabeto, rudimentos)

ABC s. (alphabet, rudiments)

To abdicate v.

abdicar v. (conj. ce>que)

abdicates v.

abdica v.

abdicating v.

abdicando v.

abdicated v.

abdic v.

abdicated v. adj.

abdicado v. adj.

abdication n.

abdicacin s.

- to abdicate responsibility

- abdicar responsabilidad

- to abdicate the throne

- abdicar al trono

abdomen n.

abdomen s.

abdomens n.

abdmenes s.

abdominal adj.

abdominal adj.

abdominally adv.

abdominalmente adv.

- abdominal aneurysm

- aneurisma abdominal

- abdominal aorta

- aorta abdominal

- abdominal cavity

- cavidad abdominal

- abdominal hysterectomy

- histerectoma abdominal

- abdominal incision

- incisin abdominal

- abdominal muscles

- msculos abdominales

- abdominal organ

- rgano abdominal

- abdominal symptom

- sntoma abdominal

aberrant adj.

aberrante adj.

aberrantly adv.

aberrantemente adv.

aberrance n.

aberracin s.

aberration n.

aberracin s.

aberrations n.

aberraciones s.

- chromatic aberration

- aberracin cromtica

- mental aberration

- aberracin mental

To abhor v.

aborrecer v. 7

abhors v.

aborrece v.

abhorring v.

aborreciendo v.

abhorred v.

aborreci v.

abhorred v. adj.

aborrecido v. adj.

abhorrence n.

aborrecimiento s.

abhorrent adj.

aborrecible adj.

abhorrently adv.

aborreciblemente adv.

- abhorrent crime
ability n.
abilities n.
inability n.

- crimen aborrecible
habilidad s.

habilidades s.
inhabilidad s.

- ability to manipulate

- habilidad de manipular

- academic ability

- habilidad acadmica

- artistic ability

- habilidad artstica

- athletic ability

- habilidad atltica

- creative ability

- habilidad creativa

- exceptional ability

- habilidad excepcional

- extraordinary ability

- habilidad extraordinaria

- inherent ability

- habilidad inherente

- innate ability

- habilidad innata

- intellectual ability

- habilidad intelectual

- linguistic ability

- habilidad lingstica

38

- mathematical ability

- habilidad matemtica

- mental ability

- habilidad mental

- musical ability

- habilidad musical

- natural ability

- habilidad natural

- physical ability

- habilidad fsica

- technical ability

- habilidad tcnica

- to acquire an ability

- adquirir una habilidad

- to demonstrate an ability

- demostrar una habilidad

- to recognise an ability
abject adj.

- reconocer una habilidad

abyecto adj.

abjectly adv.

abyectamente adv.

abjection n.

abyeccin s.

To abjure v.

abjurar v.

abjures v.

abjura v.

abjuring v.

abjurando v.

abjured v.

abjur v.

abjured v. adj.

abjurado v. adj.

abjuration n.

abjuracin s.

ablution n.
abnormal adj.

ablucin s.
anormal adj.

abnormally adv.

anormalmente adv.

abnormality n.

anormalidad s.

abnormalities n.

anormalidades s.

- abnormal cholesterol level

- nivel anormal de colesterol

- abnormal gene

- gen anormal

- genetic abnormalities

- anormalidades genticas

aboard adv.

abordo adv.

To abolish v.

abolir v.

abolishes v.

abole v.

abolishing v.

aboliendo v.

abolished v.

aboli v.

abolished v. adj.

abolido v. adj.

abolition n.

abolicin s.

abolitionist n.

abolicionista s.

abolitionism n.

abolicionismo s.

- to abolish a monarchy

- abolir una monarqua

- to abolish a subsidy

- abolir un subsidio

- to abolish conscription

- abolir la conscripcin

To abominate v.

abominar v.

abominates v.

abomina v.

abominating v.

abominando v.

abominated v.

abomin v.

abominated v. adj.

abominado v. adj.

abominable adj.

abominable adj.

abominably adv.

abominablemente adv.

abomination n.

abominacin s.

abominations n.

abominaciones s.

- abominable cruelty
aborigine n.

- crueldad abominable
aborigen s.

aborigines n.

aborgenes s.

aboriginal adj.

aborigen adj.

39

- aboriginal tribe

- tribu aborigen

To abort v.

abortar v.

(usu. abortos inducidos)

(both induced and accidental abortions)

aborts v.

aborta v.

aborting v.

abortando v.

aborted v.

abort v.

aborted v. adj.

abortado v. adj.

abortion n.

aborto s.

abortions n.

abortos s.

abortive adj.

abortivo adj.

abortively adv.

abortivamente adv.

- abortion clinic

- clnica de aborto

- abortion legislation

- legislacin del aborto

- artificial abortion

- aborto artificial

- habitual abortion

- aborto habitual

- illegal abortion

- aborto ilegal

- induced abortion

- aborto inducido

- legal abortion

- aborto legal

- multiple abortion

- aborto mltiple

- recurrent abortion

- aborto recurrente

- spontaneous abortion

- aborto espontneo

- therapeutic abortion

- aborto teraputico

- to abort a mission

- abortar una misin

aboulia n.

abulia s.

aboulic adj.

ablico adj.

To abound v.

abundar v.

abounds v.

abunda v.

abounding v.

abundando v.

abounded v.

abund v.

abounded v. adj.

abundado v. adj.

abundance n.

abundances n.
abundant adj.
abundantly adv.

abundancia s.
abundancias s.

abundante adj.
abundantemente adv.

- abundant evidence

- evidencia abundante

- abundant opportunities

- oportunidades abundantes

- in abundance

- en abundancia

abracadabra n.

abracadabra s.

abrasion n.

abrasin s.

abrasive n. adj.

abrasivo s. adj.

abrasives n.

abrasivos s.

abrasively adv.

abrasivamente adv.

- abrasion resistance

- resistencia a la abrasin

- abrasion test

- test de abrasin

- abrasive band

- banda abrasiva

- abrasive disk

- disco abrasivo

- abrasive material

- material abrasivo

- abrasive paper

- papel abrasivo

- abrasive substance

- substancia abrasiva

To abrogate v.
abrogates v.

abrogar v. (conj. ge>gue)

abroga v.

40

abrogating v.

abrogando v.

abrogated v.

abrog v.

abrogated v. adj.

abrogado v. adj.

abrogation n.

abrogacin s.

abrupt adj.

abrupto adj.

abruptly adv.

abruptamente adv.

- abrupt gesture

- gesto abrupto

- abrupt style

- estilo abrupto

- abrupt transition

- transicin abrupta

- to interrupt abruptly

- interrumpir abruptamente

- to silence abruptly

- silenciar abruptamente

- to terminate abruptly

- terminar abruptamente

abscess n.

absceso s.

abscesses n.

abscesos s.

abscissa n.

abscisa s.

abscission n.

abscisin s.

absence n.

ausencia s.

absences n.

absent adj.

ausencias s.

ausente adj.

absently adv.

ausentemente adv.

absenteeism n.

ausentismo s.

- absence of evidence

- ausencia de evidencia

- during my absence

- durante mi ausencia

- in my absence

- en mi ausencia

- prolonged absence

- ausencia prolongada

- temporarily absent

- temporalmente ausente

- temporary absence

- ausencia temporal

absolute adj.

absoluto adj.

absolutely adv.
absolutist n.
absolutism n.

absolutamente adv.
absolutista s.
absolutismo s.

- absolute acceptance

- aceptacin absoluta

- absolute agony

- agona absoluta

- absolute alcohol

- alcohol absoluto

- absolute authority

- autoridad absoluta

- absolute beneficiary

- beneficiario absoluto

- absolute calm

- calma absoluta

- absolute chaos

- caos absoluto

- absolute clarity

- claridad absoluta

- absolute confidentiality

- confidencialidad absoluta

- absolute consistency

- consistencia absoluta

- absolute control

- control absoluto

- absolute conviction

- conviccin absoluta

- absolute dependence

- dependencia absoluta

- absolute determination

- determinacin absoluta

- absolute discretion

- discrecin absoluta

- absolute exemption

- exencin absoluta

- absolute fidelity

- fidelidad absoluta

- absolute guarantee

- garanta absoluta

- absolute harmony

- armona absoluta

- absolute honesty

- honestidad absoluta

41

- absolute impediment

- impedimento absoluto

- absolute integrity

- integridad absoluta

- absolute magic

- magia absoluta

- absolute magnitude

- magnitud absoluta

- absolute majority

- mayora absoluta

- absolute maximum

- mximo absoluto

- absolute monarchy

- monarqua absoluta

- absolute monopoly

- monopolio absoluto

- absolute nullity

- nulidad absoluta

- absolute obedience

- obediencia absoluta

- absolute pardon

- perdn absoluto

- absolute perfection

- perfeccin absoluta

- absolute power

- poder absoluto

- absolute precision

- precisin absoluta

- absolute privilege

- privilegio absoluto

- absolute prohibition

- prohibicin absoluta

- absolute restriction

- restriccin absoluta

- absolute serenity

- serenidad absoluta

- absolute silence

- silencio absoluto

- absolute superiority

- superioridad absoluta

- absolute terror

- terror absoluto

- absolute veto

- veto absoluto

- absolute warranty

- garanta absoluta

- absolute zero

- cero absoluto

- absolutely absurd

- absolutamente absurdo

- absolutely adored

- absolutamente adorado

- absolutely brilliant

- absolutamente brillante

- absolutely calmed

- absolutamente calmado

- absolutely clear

- absolutamente claro

- absolutely confidential

- absolutamente confidencial

- absolutely correct

- absolutamente correcto

- absolutely crucial

- absolutamente crucial

- absolutely decisive

- absolutamente decisivo

- absolutely dedicated

- absolutamente dedicado

- absolutely delicious

- absolutamente delicioso

- absolutely dependent

- absolutamente dependiente

- absolutely desperate

- absolutamente desesperado

- absolutely disastrous

- absolutamente desastroso

- absolutely disgusted

- absolutamente disgustado

- absolutely essential

- absolutamente esencial

- absolutely explicit

- absolutamente explcito

- absolutely extraordinary

- absolutamente extraordinario

- absolutely false

- absolutamente falso

- absolutely fantastic

- absolutamente fantstico

- absolutely fascinating

- absolutamente fascinante

- absolutely fatal

- absolutamente fatal

- absolutely frank

- absolutamente franco

- absolutely honest

- absolutamente honesto

- absolutely horrible

- absolutamente horrible

- absolutely identical

- absolutamente idntico

- absolutely illegal

- absolutamente ilegal

42

- absolutely illegitimate

- absolutamente ilegitimo

- absolutely impersonal

- absolutamente impersonal

- absolutely impossible

- absolutamente imposible

- absolutely incredible

- absolutamente increble

- absolutely indispensable

- absolutamente indispensable

- absolutely inevitable

- absolutamente inevitable

- absolutely inseparable

- absolutamente inseparable

- absolutely intolerable

- absolutamente intolerable

- absolutely invaluable

- absolutamente inestimable

- absolutely irreconcilable

- absolutamente irreconciliable

- absolutely lethal

- absolutamente letal

- absolutely logical

- absolutamente lgico

- absolutely necessary

- absolutamente necesario

- absolutely perfect

- absolutamente perfecto

- absolutely phenomenal

- absolutamente fenomenal

- absolutely positive

- absolutamente positivo

- absolutely precise

- absolutamente preciso

- absolutely ridiculous

- absolutamente ridculo

- absolutely satisfied

- absolutamente satisfecho

- absolutely secure

- absolutamente seguro

- absolutely solid

- absolutamente slido

- absolutely stupid

- absolutamente estpido

- absolutely terrible

- absolutamente terrible

- absolutely trivial

- absolutamente trivial

- absolutely typical

- absolutamente tpico

- absolutely vital
To absolve v. (usu. rel. a religin)

- absolutamente vital
absolver v. 6 (usu. rel. to religion)

absolves v.

absuelve v.

absolving v.

absolviendo v.

absolved v.

absolvi v.

absolved v. adj.

absuelto v. adj.

absolution n.

absolucin s.

absolutions n.

absoluciones s.

absolutory adj.

absolutorio adj.

To absorb v.

absorber v. 6

absorbs v.

absorbe v.

absorbing v.

absorbiendo v.

absorbed v.

absorbi v.

absorbed v.

absorbido v.

absorbed v. adj.

absorbido/absorto adj.

absorbent n. adj.

absorbente s. adj.

absorbents n.

absorbentes s.

absorbency n.

absorbencia s.

absorption n.

absorcin s.

absorbable adj.

absorbible adj.

absorbability n.

absorbencia s.

- absorption point

- punto de absorcin

- cost absorption

- absorcin de costos

- to absorb minerals

- absorber minerales

- to absorb oxygen

- absorber oxgeno

- to absorb the impact

- absorber el impacto

43

- to absorb completely

- absorber completamente

- to absorb directly

- absorber directamente

- to absorb gradually

- absorber gradualmente

- to absorb rapidly

- absorber rpidamente

- to absorb totally

- absorber totalmente

To abstain v.

abstener(se) v. 14

abstains v.

se abstiene v.

abstaining v.

abstenindose v.

abstained v.

se abstuvo v.

abstained v. adj.

abstenido v. adj.

abstention n.

abstencin s.

abstentions n.

abstenciones s.

abstinence n.

abstinencia s.

abstinences n.

abstinencias s.

abstinent adj.

abstinente adj.

abstemious adj.

abstemio adj.

abstract adj. (intangible; tambien resumen)

abstracto adj. (intangible)

abstractly adv.

abstractamente adv.

abstraction n.

abstraccin s.

- abstract art

- arte abstracto

- abstract composition

- composicin abstracta

- abstract concept

- concepto abstracto

- abstract expressionism

- expresionismo abstracto

- abstract expressionist

- expresionista abstracto

- abstract idea

- idea abstracta

- abstract information

- informacin abstracta

- abstract nature

- naturaleza abstracta

- abstract sculpture

- escultura abstracta

- abstract symbol

- smbolo abstracto

- abstract system

- sistema abstracto

- abstract theory

- teora abstracta

abstruse adj.
absurd adj.

abstruso adj.
absurdo adj.

absurdly adv.

absurdamente adv.

absurdity n.

absurdo s.

absurdities n.

absurdos s.

- absolutely absurd

- absolutamente absurdo

- absurd attitude

- actitud absurda

- absurd idea

- idea absurda

- absurd notion

- nocin absurda

- absurd response

- respuesta absurda

- absurd situation

- situacin absurda

- absurd suggestion

- sugerencia absurda

- completely absurd

- completamente absurdo

To abuse v. (no rel. a violar)

abusar v. (also to rape)

abuses v.

abusa v.

abusing v.

abusando v.

abused v.

abus v.

abused v. adj.

abusado v. adj.

abuse n.
abuses n.

abuso s.
abusos s.

44

abuser n.

abusador s.

abusers n.

abusadores s.

abusive adj.

abusivo adj.

abusively adv.

abusivamente adv.

- a victim of abuse

- una vctima de abuso

- abuse of power

- abuso de poder

- abusive language

- lenguaje abusivo

- alcohol abuse

- abuso de alcohol

- drug abuse

- abuso de drogas

- emotional abuse

- abuso emocional

- physical abuse

- abuso fsico

- racial abuse

- abuso racial

- sex abuse

- abuso sexual

- sexual abuse

- abuso sexual

- verbal abuse

- abuso verbal

- physically abused

- fsicamente abusado

- racially abused

- racialmente abusado

- sexually abused

- sexualmente abusado

- verbally abused

- verbalmente abusado

abyss n.
abysmal adj.
abysmally adv.
- abysmal misery

abismo s.
abismal adj.
abismalmente adv.
- miseria abismal

acacia n.

acacia s.

academy n.

academia s.

academies n.

academias s.

academic adj.

acadmico adj.

academical adj.

acadmico adj.

academically adv.

acadmicamente adv.

- academic ability

- habilidad acadmica

- academic article

- artculo acadmico

- academic community

- comunidad acadmica

- academic course

- curso acadmico

- academic curriculum

- curriculum acadmico

- academic discipline

- disciplina acadmica

- academic dissertation

- disertacin acadmica

- academic excellence

- excelencia acadmica

- academic honour

- honor acadmico

- academic independence

- independencia acadmica

- academic institution

- institucin acadmica

- academic opinion

- opinin acadmica

- academic progress

- progreso acadmico

- academic psychology

- psicologa acadmica

- academic publication

- publicacin acadmica

- academic rank

- rango acadmico

- academic requirement

- requerimiento acadmico

- academic rigour

- rigor acadmico

- academic specialist

- especialista acadmico

- academic sphere

- esfera acadmica

- academic standard

- estndar acadmico

- academic study

- estudio acadmico

45

- academic superiority

- superioridad acadmica

- academic text

- texto acadmico

- purely academic

- puramente acadmico

- academically orientated

- acadmicamente orientado

- academically respectable

- acadmicamente respetable

- academy of arts

- academia de artes

- academy of music

- academia de msica

- military academy

- academia militar

- naval academy

- academia naval

- police academy

- academia de polica

a cappella adv.

a capela adv.

acarid n.

acrido s.

acarus n.

acaro s.

acariasis n.

acariasis s.

To accede v.

acceder v.

accedes v.

accede v.

acceding v.

accediendo v.

acceded v.

accedi v.

acceded v. adj.

accedido v. adj.

- to accede to the throne

- acceder al trono

To accelerate v.

acelerar v.

accelerates v.

acelera v.

accelerating v.

acelerando v.

accelerated v.

aceler v.

accelerated v. adj.

acelerado v. adj.

acceleratedly adv.

aceleradamente adv.

accelerator n.

acelerador s.

accelerators n.

aceleradores s.

acceleration n.

aceleracin s.

accelerations n.

aceleraciones s.

- accelerator pedal

- pedal acelerador

- rapid acceleration

- aceleracin rpida

- to accelerate a reform

- acelerar una reforma

- to accelerate an integration

- acelerar una integracin

- to accelerate the progress

- acelerar el progreso

- to accelerate dramatically

- acelerar dramticamente

- to accelerate rapidly

- acelerar rpidamente

To accentuate v.

acentuar v. 1

accentuates v.

acenta v.

accentuating v.

acentuando v.

accentuated v.

acentu v.

accentuated v. adj.

acentuado v. adj.

accented adj.

acentuado adj.

accentuation n.

acentuacin s.

accentuations n.

acentuaciones s.

accent n.
accents n.

acento s.
acentos s.

- American accent

- acento americano

- English accent

- acento ingls

- accented syllable

- slaba acentuada

- Australian accent

- acento australiano

46

- British accent

- acento britnico

- Canadian accent

- acento canadiense

- local accent

- acento local

- marked accent

- acento marcado

- regional accent

- acento regional

To accept v.
accepts v.

aceptar v.

accepting v.

acepta v.
aceptando v.

accepted v.

acept v.

accepted v. adj.

aceptado v. adj.

acceptable adj.

aceptable adj.

acceptably adv.

aceptablemente adv.

acceptability n.

acceptance n.

aceptabilidad s.

aceptacin s. (acceptance)

- acceptable alternative

- alternativa aceptable

- acceptable balance

- balance aceptable

- acceptable custom

- costumbre aceptable

- acceptable hypothesis

- hiptesis aceptable

- acceptable level

- nivel aceptable

- acceptable offer

- oferta aceptable

- acceptable solution

- solucin aceptable

- acceptable standard

- estndar aceptable

- acceptable substitute

- substituto aceptable

- commercially acceptable

- comercialmente aceptable

- completely acceptable

- completamente aceptable

- culturally acceptable

- culturalmente aceptable

- ethically acceptable

- ticamente aceptable

- generally acceptable

- generalmente aceptable

- grammatically acceptable

- gramaticalmente aceptable

- morally acceptable

- moralmente aceptable

- mutually acceptable

- mutuamente aceptable

- perfectly acceptable

- perfectamente aceptable

- politically acceptable

- polticamente aceptable

- publicly acceptable

- pblicamente aceptable

- reasonably acceptable

- razonablemente aceptable

- socially acceptable

- socialmente aceptable

- totally acceptable

- totalmente aceptable

- universally acceptable

- universalmente aceptable

- the minimum acceptable

- lo mnimo aceptable

- accepted practice

- prctica aceptada

- commonly accepted

- comnmente aceptado

- formally accepted

- formalmente aceptado

- generally accepted

- generalmente aceptado

- legally accepted

- legalmente aceptado

- officially accepted

- oficialmente aceptado

- universally accepted

- universalmente aceptado

- absolute acceptance

- aceptacin absoluta

- bank acceptance

- aceptacin bancaria

- conditional acceptance

- aceptacin condicional

- credit acceptance

- aceptacin de crdito

- general acceptance

- aceptacin general

47

- partial acceptance

- aceptacin parcial

- to accept a compensation

- aceptar una compensacin

- to accept a condition

- aceptar una condicin

- to accept a discipline

- aceptar una disciplina

- to accept a doctrine

- aceptar una doctrina

- to accept a document

- aceptar un documento

- to accept a dogma

- aceptar un dogma

- to accept a favour

- aceptar un favor

- to accept a hypothesis

- aceptar una hiptesis

- to accept a recommendation

- aceptar una recomendacin

- to accept a reduction

- aceptar una reduccin

- to accept a religion

- aceptar una religin

- to accept a situation

- aceptar una situacin

- to accept a verdict

- aceptar un veredicto

- to accept an excuse

- aceptar una excusa

- to accept an idea

- aceptar una idea

- to accept an invitation

- aceptar una invitacin

- to accept an offer

- aceptar una oferta

- to accept responsibility

- aceptar la responsabilidad

- to accept the implications

- aceptar las implicaciones

- to accept the importance of

- aceptar la importancia de

- to accept the possibility

- aceptar la posibilidad

- to accept the reality

- aceptar la realidad

To access v. (rel. a admisin)

accede v.

accessing v.

accediendo v.

accessed v.

accedi v.

accessed v. adj.

accedido v. adj.

access n.

acceder v. (rel. to admission)

accesses v.

acceso s.

accesses n.

accesos s.

accessible adj.

accesible adj.

accessibly adv.

accesiblemente adv.

accessibility n.

accesibilidad s.

- access control

- control de acceso

- access method

- mtodo de acceso

- access restriction

- restriccin de acceso

- access route

- ruta de acceso

- data access

- acceso a datos

- direct access

- acceso directo

- external access

- acceso externo

- immediate access

- acceso inmediato

- instant access

- acceso instantneo

- internal access

- acceso interno

- Internet access

- acceso al Internet

- multiple access

- acceso mltiple

- parallel access

- acceso paralelo

- rapid access

- acceso rpido

- restricted access

- acceso restringido

- vehicular access

- acceso vehicular

- accessible route

- ruta accesible

- directly accessible

- directamente accesible

48

- reasonably accessible

- razonablemente accesible

- relatively accessible

- relativamente accesible

accessory n. (tambien complice)

accesorio s. (ornament)

accessories n.

accesorios s.

accessorily adv.

accesoriamente adv.

- car accessory

- accesorio de auto

- essential accessory

- accesorio esencial

- perfect accessory

- accesorio perfecto

accident n.

accidente s.

accidents n.

accidental adj.

accidental adj.

accidentally adv.

accidentalmente adv.

accidentes s.

- accident prevention

- prevencin de accidentes

- accident scene

- escena del accidente

- accident simulation

- simulacin de accidente

- accident statistics

- estadsticas de accidentes

- accident victim

- vctima de accidente

- car accident

- accidente de auto

- fatal accident

- accidente fatal

- industrial accident

- accidente industrial

- minor accident

- accidente menor

- nuclear accident

- accidente nuclear

- occupational accident

- accidente ocupacional

- serious accident

- accidente serio

- terrible accident

- accidente terrible

- to cause an accident

- causar un accidente

- traffic accident

- accidente de trnsito

- tragic accident

- accidente trgico

- train accident

- accidente de tren

- accidental discovery

- descubrimiento accidental

- accidental explosion

- explosin accidental

- accidental verdict

- veredicto accidental

- completely accidental

- completamente accidental

- accidentally omitted

- accidentalmente omitido

To acclaim v.

aclamar v.

acclaims v.

aclama v.

acclaiming v.

aclamando v.

acclaimed v.

aclam v.

acclaimed v. adj.

aclamado v. adj.

acclamation n.

aclamacin s.

acclamations n.

aclamaciones s.

To acclimate v.

aclimatar v.

acclimates v.

aclimata v.

acclimating v.

aclimatando v.

acclimated v.

aclimat v.

acclimated v. adj.

aclimatado v. adj.

acclimation n.

climatizacin s.

To acclimatise v. (tambin -ize)

aclimatar v.

acclimatises v.

aclimata v.

acclimatising v.

aclimatando v.

acclimatised v.

aclimat v.

49

acclimatised v. adj.

aclimatado v. adj.

acclimatisation n.

climatizacin s.

acclimatable adj.

aclimatable adj.

acclimatisable adj.

aclimatable adj.

To accommodate v. (ajustar, adaptar)

acomodar v. (to adjust, to adapt)

accommodates v.

acomoda v.

accommodating v.

acomodando v.

accommodated v.

acomod v.

accommodated v. adj.

acomodado v. adj.

accommodation n.

acomodacin s.

accommodations n.
To accompany v.

acomodaciones s.
acompaar v.

accompanies v.

acompaa v.

accompanying v.

acompaando v.

accompanied v.

acompa v.

accompanied v. adj.

acompaado v. adj.

accompaniment n.

acompaamiento s.

accompaniments n.

acompaamientos s.

- choral accompaniment

- acompaamiento coral

- guitar accompaniment

- acompaamiento de guitarra

- orchestral accompaniment

- acompaamiento orquestal

- organ accompaniment

- acompaamiento de rgano

- piano accompaniment

- acompaamiento de piano

accomplice n.
accomplices n.
accord n. (pacto; tambien otorgar)
accordion n.

cmplice s.

cmplices s.

acuerdo s. (pact or agreement)

acorden s.

accordions n.

acordeones s.

accordionist n.

acordeonista s.

accordionists n.

acordeonistas s.

To accredit v.

acreditar v.

accredits v.

acredita v.

accrediting v.

acreditando v.

accredited v.

acredit v.

accredited v. adj.

acreditado v. adj.

accreditation n.

acreditacin s.

accreditations n.
- accredited representative
acculturation n.
To accumulate v.

acreditaciones s.
- representante acreditado
culturizacin s.
acumular v.

accumulates v.

acumula v.

accumulating v.

acumulando v.

accumulated v.

acumul v.

accumulated v. adj.

acumulado v. adj.

accumulator n.

acumulador s.

accumulators n.

acumuladores s.

accumulation n.

acumulacin s.

accumulations n.

acumulaciones s.

accumulative adj.

acumulativo adj.

accumulatively adv.

acumulativamente adv.

- accumulation factor

- factor de acumulacin

50

- capital accumulation

- acumulacin de capital

- rapid accumulation

- acumulacin rpida

- to accumulate a fortune

- acumular una fortuna

- to accumulate capital

- acumular capital

- to accumulate evidence

- acumular evidencia

- to accumulate gradually

- acumular gradualmente

- to accumulate rapidly

- acumular rpidamente

To accuse v.

acusar v.

accuses v.

acusa v.

accusing v.

acusando v.

accused v.

acus v.

accused v. adj.

acusado v. adj.

accuser n.

acusador s.

accusers n.

acusadores s.

accusation n.

acusacin s.

accusations n.

acusaciones s.

accusative adj.

acusatorio adj.

accusatory adj.

acusatorio adj.

accusatorial adj.

acusatorio adj.

- false accusation

- acusacin falsa

- malicious accusation

- acusacin maliciosa

- mutual accusation

- acusacin mutua

- serious accusation

- acusacin seria

- to accuse falsely

- acusar falsamente

- to accuse publicly

- acusar pblicamente

To accustom v.

acostumbrar v.

accustoms v.

acostumbra v.

accustoming v.

acostumbrando v.

accustomed v.
accustomed v. adj.

acostumbr v.

acostumbrado v. adj.

acentric adj.

acntrico adj.

acephalous adj.

acfalo adj.

acetaminophen n.

acetaminofn s.

acetate n.

acetato s.

acetates n.

acetatos s.

acetic adj.

actico adj.

- acetate fibre

- fibra de acetato

- magnesium acetate

- acetato de magnesio

- potassium acetate

- acetato de potasio

- acetic acid

- cido actico

acetone n.

acetona s.

acetylene n.

acetileno s.

Achilles tendon n.

tendn de Aquiles s.

achromatic adj.

acromtico adj.

achromatically adv.
achromatism n.
acid n.

acromticamente adv.
acromatismo s.
cido s.

acids n.

cidos s.

acidification n.

acidificacin s.

acidity n.

acidez s.

acidness n.

acidez s.

51

acidosis n.

acidosis s.

acidometer n.

acidmetro s.

- acid emission

- emisin cida

- acid solution

- solucin cida

- acetic acid

- cido actico

- amino acid

- aminocido

- ascorbic acid

- cido ascrbico

- citric acid

- cido ctrico

- concentrated acid

- cido concentrado

- folic acid

- cido flico

- lactic acid

- cido lctico

- nitric acid

- cido ntrico

- nucleic acid

- cido nucleico

- ribonucleic acid

- cido ribonucleico s.

- stomach acids

- cidos del estmago

- sulphuric acid

- cido sulfrico

- to neutralise an acid

- neutralizar un cido

- to produce an acid

- producir un cido

acne n.

acn s.

acolyte n.

aclito s.

acoustic adj.

acstico adj.

acoustics n.

acstica s.

acoustical adj.

acstico adj.

acoustically adv.

acsticamente adv.

- acoustic guitar

- guitarra acstica

- acoustic instrument
To acquire v.
acquires v.

- instrumento acstico
adquirir v. 9

acquiring v.

acquired v.

adquiere v.
adquiriendo v.

adquiri v.

acquired v. adj.

adquirido v. adj.

acquisition n.

adquisicin s.

acquisitions n.

adquisiciones s.

- acquired immune-deficiency syndrome

- sndrome de inmune-deficiencia adquirida

- acquired immunity

- inmunidad adquirida

- data acquisition

- adquisicin de datos

- language acquisition

- adquisicin de lenguaje

- recent acquisition

- adquisicin reciente

- to acquire a company

- adquirir una compaa

- to acquire a fortune

- adquirir una fortuna

- to acquire a nationality

- adquirir una nacionalidad

- to acquire a status

- adquirir un status

- to acquire a technique

- adquirir una tcnica

- to acquire an ability
acre n. (4.046 m)

- adquirir una habilidad

acre s. (4,046 m. Also, sour and spicy)

acres n.

acres s.

acrobat n.

acrbata s.

acrobats n.

acrbatas s.

acrobatic adj.

acrobtico adj.

acrobatics n.

acrobacia s.

acrobatically adv.

acrobticamente adv.

52

acrophobia n.

acrofobia s.

acronym n.

acrnimo s.

acronyms n.

acrnimos s.

acrostic n.

acrstico s.

acrostics n.

acrsticos s.

acrylic n.

acrlico s.

acrylics n.
To act v.

acrlicos s.
actuar v. 1

acts v.

acta v.

acting v.

actuando v.

acted v.

actu v.

acted v. adj.

actuado v. adj.

act n.

acto s.

act n. (decreto, certificado)

acta s. (decree, certificate)

acts n.

actos s.

actor n.

actor s.

actors n.

actores s.

actress n.

actriz s.

actresses n.

actrices s.

action n. (no rel. a capital econmico)

accin s. (also a share, stock)

actions n.

acciones s.

- an act of complicity

- un acto de complicidad

- an act of disobedience

- un acto de desobediencia

- an act of indecency

- un acto de indecencia

- an act of intimidation

- un acto de intimidacin

- an act of rebellion

- un acto de rebelin

- an act of sabotage

- un acto de sabotaje

- an act of terrorism

- un acto de terrorismo

- an act of vandalism

- un acto de vandalismo

- an act of violence

- un acto de violencia

- aggressive act

- acto agresivo

- circus act

- acto de circo

- comedy act

- acto de comedia

- conscious act

- acto consciente

- creative act

- acto creativo

- criminal act

- acto criminal

- deliberate act

- acto deliberado

- dramatic act

- acto dramtico

- heroic act

- acto heroico

- hostile act

- acto hostil

- illegal act

- acto ilegal

- impulsive act

- acto impulsivo

- political act

- acto poltico

- positive act

- acto positivo

- provocative act

- acto provocativo

- public act

- acto pblico

- sexual act

- acto sexual

- symbolic act

- acto simblico

- terrible act

- acto terrible

- terrorist act

- acto terrorista

- violent act

- acto violento

53

- voluntary act

- acto voluntario

- action committee

- comit de accin

- action group

- grupo de accin

- action plan

- plan de accin

- action scene

- escena de accin

- action sequence

- secuencia de accin

- affirmative action

- accin afirmativa

- civil action

- accin civil

- collective action

- accin colectiva

- concerted action

- accin concertada

- corrective action

- accin correctiva

- criminal action

- accin criminal

- decisive action

- accin decisiva

- declaratory action

- accin declaratoria

- direct action

- accin directa

- disciplinary action

- accin disciplinaria

- drastic action

- accin drstica

- effective action

- accin efectiva

- emergency action

- accin de emergencia

- evasive action

- accin evasiva

- false action

- accin falsa

- firm action

- accin firme

- immediate action

- accin inmediata

- industrial action

- accin industrial

- legal action

- accin legal

- military action

- accin militar

- personal action

- accin personal

- political action

- accin poltica

- positive action

- accin positiva

- preventive action

- accin preventiva

- separate action

- accin separada

- statutory action

- accin estatutaria

- terrorist action

- accin terrorista

- transitory action

- accin transitoria

- urgent action

- accin urgente

- vigorous action

- accin vigorosa

- line of action

- lnea de accin

- plan of action

- plan de accin

- amateur actor

- actor amateur

- brilliant actor

- actor brillante

- comedy actor

- actor de comedia

- comedy actress

- actriz de comedia

- comic actor

- actor cmico

- consummate actor

- actor consumado

- experienced actor

- actor experimentado

- famous actor

- actor famoso

- frustrated actor

- actor frustrado

- principal actor

- actor principal

- professional actor

- actor profesional

- talented actor

- actor talentoso

- television actor

- actor de televisin

54

- to act brilliantly

- actuar brillantemente

- to act correctly

- actuar correctamente

- to act decisively

- actuar decisivamente

- to act dishonestly

- actuar deshonestamente

- to act effectively

- actuar efectivamente

- to act illegally

- actuar ilegalmente

- to act immediately

- actuar inmediatamente

- to act legally

- actuar legalmente

- to act reasonably

- actuar razonablemente

- to act responsibly

- actuar responsablemente

To activate v.

activar v.

activates v.

activa v.

activating v.

activando v.

activated v.

activ v.

activated v. adj.

activado v. adj.

activator n.

activador s.

activators n.

activadores s.

activation n.

activacin s.

activations n.

activaciones s.

active adj.

actively adv.

activamente adv.

activist n.

activista s.

activists n.

activistas s.

activism n.

activo adj.

activismo s.

activity n.

activities n.

actividad s.
actividades s.

- activated carbon

- carbono activado

- active carbon

- carbono activo

- active collaboration

- colaboracin activa

- active construction

- construccin activa

- active cooperation

- cooperacin activa

- active discrimination

- discriminacin activa

- active hepatitis

- hepatitis activa

- active imagination

- imaginacin activa

- active ingredient

- ingrediente activo

- active interest

- inters activo

- active intervention

- intervencin activa

- active memory

- memoria activa

- active opposition

- oposicin activa

- active part

- parte activa

- active participant

- participante activo

- active participation

- participacin activa

- active resistance

- resistencia activa

- active role

- rol activo

- active service

- servicio activo

- active vocabulary

- vocabulario activo

- active volcano

- volcn activo

- economically active

- econmicamente activo

- extremely active

- extremadamente activo

- mentally active

- mentalmente activo

- physically active

- fsicamente activo

55

- politically active

- polticamente activo

- reasonably active

- razonablemente activo

- sexually active

- sexualmente activo

- commercial activity

- actividad comercial

- criminal activity

- actividad criminal

- cultural activity

- actividad cultural

- economic activity

- actividad econmica

- electrical activity

- actividad elctrica

- enemy activity

- actividad enemiga

- exploration activity

- actividad de exploracin

- extra-curricular activity

- actividad extra-curricular

- frenetic activity

- actividad frentica

- geological activity

- actividad geolgica

- guerrilla activity

- actividad guerrillera

- illegal activity

- actividad ilegal

- industrial activity

- actividad industrial

- intellectual activity

- actividad intelectual

- intense activity

- actividad intensa

- legal activity

- actividad legal

- mental activity

- actividad mental

- military activity

- actividad militar

- physical activity

- actividad fsica

- political activity

- actividad poltica

- public activity

- actividad pblica

- rebel activity

- actividad rebelde

- recreational activity

- actividad recreativa

- scientific activity

- actividad cientfica

- sexual activity

- actividad sexual

- social activity

- actividad social

- subversive activity

- actividad subversiva

- terrorist activity

- actividad terrorista

- volcanic activity

- actividad volcnica

- political activist

- activista poltico

- to activate an alarm

- activar una alarma

- to contribute actively

- contribuir activamente

- to influence actively

- influenciar activamente

- to intervene actively

- intervenir activamente

- to participate actively

- participar activamente

- to transmit actively

- transmitir activamente

acupuncture n.
acupuncturist n.
acupuncturists n.
ad hoc adv.

acupuntura s.
acupuncturista s.
acupuncturistas s.
ad hoc adv.

- ad hoc system

- sistema ad hoc

ad infinitum adv.

ad infinitum adv.

ad nauseam adv.

ad nauseam adv.

ad valorem adv.

ad valorem adv.

Adam n.

Adn s.

To adapt v.

adaptar v.

adapts v.

adapta v.

adapting v.

adaptando v.

56

adapted v.

adapt v.

adapted v. adj.

adaptado v. adj.

adapter n.

adaptador s.

adapters n.

adaptadores s.

adaptor n.

adaptador s.

adaptors n.
adaptation n.

adaptadores s.

adaptations n.

adaptaciones s.

adaptability n.

adaptabilidad s.

adaptable adj.

adaptable adj.

adaptive adj.

adaptable adj.

- adapted for television

- adaptado para la televisin

- process of adaptation

- proceso de adaptacin

- especial adaptation

- adaptacin especial

- television adaptation

- adaptacin para la televisin

- to adapt a style

- adaptar un estilo

- to adapt a system

- adaptar un sistema

- to adapt a technique

- adaptar una tcnica

addendum n.

addendum s.

addict n.

adicto s.

addicts n.

adictos s.

addicted adj.
addiction n.

adicto adj.

adiccin s.

addictions n.

adicciones s.

addictive adj.

adictivo adj.

addictively adv.

adictivamente adv.

- addicted to nicotine

- adicto a la nicotina

- addictive drug

- droga adictiva

- addictive substance

- substancia adictiva

- extremely addictive

- extremadamente adictivo

- alcohol addiction

- adiccin al alcohol

- drug addiction

- adiccin a las drogas

- nicotine addiction

- adiccin a la nicotina

- tobacco addiction

- adiccin al tabaco

- cocaine addict

- adicto a la cocana

- computer addict

- adicto a la computadora

- drug addict

- drogadicto

- heroin addict

- adicto a la herona

- Internet addict

- adicto al Internet

- sports addict

- adicto a los deportes

- television addict

- adicto a la televisin

addition n.

adicin s.

additions n.

adaptacin s.

additional adj.
additionally adv.

adiciones s.

adicional adj.
adicionalmente adv.

- additional advantage

- ventaja adicional

- additional benefit

- beneficio adicional

- additional complication

- complicacin adicional

- additional copy

- copia adicional

- additional cost

- costo adicional

- additional dimension

- dimensin adicional

57

- additional disadvantage

- desventaja adicional

- additional factor

- factor adicional

- additional flexibility

- flexibilidad adicional

- additional incentive

- incentivo adicional

- additional information

- informacin adicional

- additional ingredient

- ingrediente adicional

- additional requirement

- requerimiento adicional

- additional reserve

- reserva adicional

- additional responsibility

- responsabilidad adicional

- additional troops

- tropas adicionales

additive n.
additives n.
- artificial additives

aditivo s.
aditivos s.
- aditivos artificiales

To adduce v.

aducir v. 4

adduces v.

aduce v.

adducing v.

aduciendo v.

adduced v.

adujo v.

adduced v. adj.

aducido v. adj.

adductor n.
adductors n.
- adductor muscles
adenoid n.
adenoids n.

aductor s.
aductores s.
- msculos aductores
adenoide s.
adenoides s.

adenoma n.

adenoma s.

adequate adj.

adecuado adj.

(satisfactorio; tambin suficiente)

adequately adv.

(satisfactory; also appropriate)

adecuadamente adv.

- adequate balance

- balance adecuado

- adequate compensation

- compensacin adecuada

- adequate consideration

- consideracin adecuada

- adequate defence

- defensa adecuada

- adequate definition

- definicin adecuada

- adequate evidence

- evidencia adecuada

- adequate exercise

- ejercicio adecuado

- adequate illumination

- iluminacin adecuada

- adequate incentive

- incentivo adecuado

- adequate instruction

- instruccin adecuada

- adequate level

- nivel adecuado

- adequate number

- nmero adecuado

- adequate nutrition

- nutricin adecuada

- adequate precaution

- precaucin adecuada

- adequate preparation

- preparacin adecuada

- adequate protection

- proteccin adecuada

- adequate reason

- razn adecuada

- adequate recompense

- recompensa adecuada

- adequate remedy

- remedio adecuado

- adequate representation

- representacin adecuada

- adequate service

- servicio adecuado

- adequate space

- espacio adecuado

- adequate standard

- estndar adecuado

- adequate substitute

- substituto adecuado

58

- adequate supervision

- supervisin adecuada

- adequate ventilation

- ventilacin adecuada

- really adequate

- realmente adecuado

- totally adequate

- totalmente adecuado

- adequately informed

- adecuadamente informado

- to compensate adequately

- compensar adecuadamente

- to define adequately

- definir adecuadamente

- to demonstrate adequately

- demostrar adecuadamente

- to function adequately

- funcionar adecuadamente

- to implement adequately

- implementar adecuadamente

- to prepare adequately

- preparar adecuadamente

- to present adequately

- presentar adecuadamente

- to protect adequately

- proteger adecuadamente

- to resolve adequately

- resolver adecuadamente

- to respond adequately

- responder adecuadamente

- to supervise adequately

- supervisar adecuadamente

- to ventilate adequately

- ventilar adecuadamente

To adhere v.

adherir v. 3

adheres v.

adhiere v.

adhering v.

adhiriendo v.

adhered v.

adhiri v.

adhered v. adj.

adherido v. adj.

adhesion n.

adhesin s.

adherence n. (rel. a adhesivos)

adherencia s. (rel. to adhesives)

adhesive n. adj.

adhesivo s. adj.

adhesives n.

adhesivos s.

adipose adj.

adiposo adj.

adiposity n.

adiposidad s.

adjacent adj.

adyacente adj.

adjacently adv.

adyacentemente adv.

adjective n.

adjetivo s.

adjectives n.

adjetivos s.

- comparative adjective

- adjetivo comparativo

- possessive adjective

- adjetivo posesivo

- superlative adjective

- adjetivo superlativo

To adjust v. (no rel. a apretado)

ajustar v. (also rel. to be tight)

adjusts v.

ajusta v.

adjusting v.

ajustando v.

adjusted v.

ajust v.

adjusted v. adj.

ajustado v. adj.

adjuster n.

ajustador s.

adjustment n.

ajuste s.

adjustments n.

ajustes s.

adjustable n.

ajustable s.

adjustably adv.

ajustablemente adv.

- appropriate adjustment

- ajuste apropiado

- delicate adjustment

- ajuste delicado

- important adjustment

- ajuste importante

- minor adjustment

- ajuste menor

- necessary adjustment

- ajuste necesario

- significant adjustment

- ajuste significativo

59

- to adjust a style

- ajustar un estilo

- to adjust automatically

- ajustar automticamente

- to adjust gradually

- ajustar gradualmente

- to adjust rapidly

- ajustar rpidamente

To administer v.

administrar v.

administers v.

administra v.

administering v.

administrando v.

administered v.

administr v.

administered v. adj.

administrado v. adj.

- to administer a dose

- administrar una dosis

- to administer an anaesthetic

- administrar un anestsico

- to administer justice

- administrar justicia

- to administer oxygen

- administrar oxgeno

To administrate v. (manejar)

administrar v. (to manage)

administrates v.

administra v.

administrating v.

administrando v.

administrated v.

administr v.

administrated v. adj.

administrado v. adj.

administrator n.

administrators n.

administration n.

administrador s.
administradores s.

administracin s.

administrations n.

administraciones s.

administrable adj.

administrable adj.

administrative adj.
administratively adv.

administrativo adj.
administrativamente adv.

- administrative assistant

- asistente administrativo

- administrative audit

- auditora administrativa

- administrative autonomy

- autonoma administrativa

- administrative chaos

- caos administrativo

- administrative competence

- competencia administrativa

- administrative cost

- costo administrativo

- administrative data

- datos administrativos

- administrative district

- distrito administrativo

- administrative efficiency

- eficiencia administrativa

- administrative error

- error administrativo

- administrative inconvenience

- inconveniencia administrativa

- administrative institution

- institucin administrativa

- administrative office

- oficina administrativa

- administrative organ

- rgano administrativo

- administrative personnel

- personal administrativo

- administrative position

- posicin administrativa

- administrative practice

- prctica administrativa

- administrative reform

- reforma administrativa

- administrative staff

- staff administrativo

- administrative structure

- estructura administrativa

- administrative support

- soporte administrativo

- bureaucratic administration

- administracin burocrtica

- central administration

- administracin central

- civil administration

- administracin civil

- educational administration

- administracin educativa

- effective administration

- administracin efectiva

60

- efficient administration

- administracin eficiente

- federal administration

- administracin federal

- financial administration

- administracin financiera

- general administration

- administracin general

- hospital administration

- administracin del hospital

- imperial administration

- administracin imperial

- intravenous administration

- administracin intravenosa

- justice administration

- administracin de justicia

- local administration

- administracin local

- military administration

- administracin militar

- minority administration

- administracin minoritaria

- municipal administration

- administracin municipal

- oral administration

- administracin oral

- prison administration

- administracin de la prisin

- provincial administration

- administracin provincial

- public administration

- administracin pblica

- regional administration

- administracin regional

- social administration

- administracin social

- temporary administration

- administracin temporal

- university administration

- administracin universitaria

- database administrator

- administrador de base de datos

admirable adj.

admirable adj.

admirably adv.

admirablemente adv.

To admire v.

admirar v.

admires v.

admira v.

admiring v.

admirando v.

admired v.

admir v.

admired v. adj.

admirado v. adj.

admirer n.

admirador s.

admirers n.

admiradores s.

admiration n.
admirations n.

admiracin s.
admiraciones s.

- admirable clarity

- claridad admirable

- admirable quality

- calidad admirable

- devoted admirer

- devoto admirador

- fervent admirer

- admirador ferviente

- frank admiration

- admiracin franca

- genuine admiration

- admiracin genuina

- mutual admiration

- admiracin mutua

- sincere admiration

- admiracin sincera

- tremendous admiration

- admiracin tremenda

- to express admiration

- expresar admiracin

- generally admired

- generalmente admirado

- secret admirer

- admirador secreto

- to admire enormously

- admirar enormemente

- to admire secretly
To admit v.

- admirar secretamente
admitir v.

admits v.

admite v.

admitting v.

admitiendo v.

admitted v.

admiti v.

admitted v. adj.

admitido v. adj.

61

admission n.

admisin s.

admissions n.

admisiones s.

admissible adj.

admisible adj.

admissibly adv.

admisiblemente adv.

admissibility n.

admisibilidad s.

- admissible evidence

- evidencia admisible

- admission ticket

- ticket de admisin

- hospital admission

- admisin al hospital

- university admission

- admisin universitaria

- to admit a patient

- admitir a un paciente

- to admit frankly

- admitir francamente

- to admit honestly

- admitir honestamente

- to admit privately

- admitir privadamente

- to admit the possibility

- admitir la posibilidad

admonition n.

admonicin s.

admonitions n.

admoniciones s.

adobe n.
adolescence n.

adobe s.
adolescencia s.

adolescent n.

adolescente s.

adolescents n.

adolescentes s.

adolescently adv.

adolescentemente adv.

- adolescent rebellion

- rebelin adolescente

- during adolescence

- durante la adolescencia

- in adolescence

- en la adolescencia

Adonis n.
To adopt v.

Adonis s.
adoptar v.

adopts v.

adopta v.

adopting v.

adoptando v.

adopted v.

adopt v.

adopted v. adj.

adoptado v. adj.

adoption n.

adopcin s.

adoptions n.

adopciones s.

adoptable adj.

adoptable adj.

adoptive adj.

adoptivo adj.

adoptively adv.

adoptivamente adv.

- the adoption of a strategy

- la adopcin de una estrategia

- to adopt a baby

- adoptar a un beb

- to adopt a constitution

- adoptar una constitucin

- to adopt a doctrine

- adoptar una doctrina

- to adopt a document

- adoptar un documento

- to adopt a legislation

- adoptar una legislacin

- to adopt a method

- adoptar un mtodo

- to adopt a nationality

- adoptar una nacionalidad

- to adopt a posture

- adoptar una postura

- to adopt a recommendation

- adoptar una recomendacin

- to adopt a reform

- adoptar una reforma

- to adopt a regulation

- adoptar una regulacin

- to adopt a religion

- adoptar una religin

- to adopt a slogan

- adoptar un eslogan

- to adopt a strategy

- adoptar una estrategia

- to adopt a style

- adoptar un estilo

62

- to adopt a symbol

- adoptar un smbolo

- to adopt a system

- adoptar un sistema

- to adopt a technique

- adoptar una tcnica

- to adopt an attitude

- adoptar una actitud

- to adopt formally

- adoptar formalmente

- to adopt legally

- adoptar legalmente

- to adopt officially

- adoptar oficialmente

- to adopt technology

- adoptar una tecnologa

To adore v.

adorar v.

adores v.

adora v.

adoring v.

adorando v.

adored v.

ador v.

adored v. adj.

adorado v. adj.

adoration n.

adoracin s.

adorable adj.

adorable adj.

adorably adv.

adorablemente adv.

- absolutely adored

- absolutamente adorado

- obviously adored

- obviamente adorado

To adorn v.

adornar v.

adorns v.

adorna v.

adorning v.

adornando v.

adorned v.

adorn v.

adorned v. adj.

adornado v. adj.

adornment n.

adorno s.

adornments n.

adornos s.

adrenalin n.

adrenalina s.

adrenaline n.

adrenalina s.

- pure adrenalin

- adrenalina pura

To adulate v.

adular v.

adulates v.

adula v.

adulating v.

adulando v.

adulated v.

adul v.

adulated v. adj.

adulado v. adj.

adulator n.

adulador s.

adulators n.

aduladores s.

adulation n.

adulacin s.

adulations n.

adulaciones s.

adulatory adj.

adulador adj.

adult n. adj.

adults n.

adulto s. adj.

adultos s.

- adult education

- educacin para adultos

- adult patient

- paciente adulto

- adult supervision

- supervisin adulta

- responsible adults
To adulterate v. (no rel. a adulterio)

- adultos responsables
adulterar v. (also to commit adultery)

adulterates v.

adultera v.

adulterating v.

adulterando v.

adulterated v.

adulter v.

adulterated v. adj.

adulterado v. adj.

adulterator n. (rel. a calidad)

adulterators n.

adulterador s. (rel. to quality)

adulteradores s.

63

adulteration n. (rel. a calidad)

adulteracin s. (rel. to quality)

adulterations n.

adulteraciones s.

adulterer n. (rel. a sexo)

adultero s. (rel. to sex)

adulterers n.

adlteros s.

adulteress n.

adultera s.

adultery n. (rel. a sexo)

adulterio s. (rel. to sex)

adulteries n.

adulterios s.

adulterous adj. (rel. a sexo)

adultero adj. (rel. to sex)

adulterously adv.

adlteramente adv.

- to commit adultery (rel. a sexo)

To advance v.
advances v.

- cometer adulterio (rel. to sex)

avanzar v. (conj. ze>ce)

avanza v.

advancing v.

avanzando v.

advanced v.

avanz v.

advanced v. adj.

advance n.

avance s.

advances n.

avances s.

avanzado v. adj.

advancement n.

avance s.

advancements n.

avances s.

- advanced English

- ingls avanzado

- advanced calculus

- clculo avanzado

- advanced case

- caso avanzado

- advanced civilisation

- civilizacin avanzada

- advanced class

- clase avanzada

- advanced course

- curso avanzado

- advanced economy

- economa avanzada

- advanced level

- nivel avanzado

- advanced mathematics

- matemtica avanzada

- advanced nation

- nacin avanzada

- advanced society

- sociedad avanzada

- advanced system

- sistema avanzado

- advanced technique

- tcnica avanzada

- advanced technology

- tecnologa avanzada

- advanced version

- versin avanzada

- extremely advanced

- extremadamente avanzado

- industrially advanced

- industrialmente avanzado

- relatively advanced

- relativamente avanzado

- technically advanced

- tcnicamente avanzado

- technologically advanced

- tecnolgicamente avanzado

- considerable advance

- avance considerable

- dramatic advance

- avance dramtico

- economic advance

- avance econmico

- educational advance

- avance educativo

- enormous advance

- avance enorme

- important advance

- avance importante

- medical advance

- avance mdico

- notable advance

- avance notable

- political advance

- avance poltico

- rapid advance

- avance rpido

- rebel advance

- avance rebelde

- recent advance

- avance reciente

64

- scientific advance

- avance cientfico

- significant advance

- avance significativo

- social advance

- avance social

- spectacular advance

- avance espectacular

- substantial advance

- avance substancial

- technical advance

- avance tcnico

- technological advance

- avance tecnolgico

- theoretical advance

- avance terico

- tremendous advance

- avance tremendo

- to advance considerably

- avanzar considerablemente

- to advance rapidly

- avanzar rpidamente

- to advance significantly

- avanzar significativamente

To advantage v.

aventajar v.

advantages v.

aventaja v.

advantaging v.

aventajando v.

advantaged v.

aventaj v.

advantaged v. adj.

aventajado v. adj.

advantageous adj.

ventajoso adj.

advantage n.

ventaja s.

advantages n.

ventajas s.

disadvantage n.
disadvantages n.

desventaja s.
desventajas s.

- advantages and disadvantages

- ventajas y desventajas

- additional advantage

- ventaja adicional

- clear advantage

- ventaja clara

- commercial advantage

- ventaja comercial

- comparative advantage

- ventaja comparativa

- competitive advantage

- ventaja competitiva

- considerable advantage

- ventaja considerable

- decisive advantage

- ventaja decisiva

- economic advantage

- ventaja econmica

- educational advantage

- ventaja educativa

- electoral advantage

- ventaja electoral

- enormous advantage

- ventaja enorme

- financial advantage

- ventaja financiera

- important advantage

- ventaja importante

- major advantage

- ventaja mayor

- material advantage

- ventaja material

- military advantage

- ventaja militar

- mutual advantage

- ventaja mutua

- natural advantage

- ventaja natural

- obvious advantage

- ventaja obvia

- personal advantage

- ventaja personal

- political advantage

- ventaja poltica

- positive advantage

- ventaja positiva

- potential advantage

- ventaja potencial

- practical advantage

- ventaja prctica

- psychological advantage

- ventaja psicolgica

- real advantage

- ventaja real

- relative advantage

- ventaja relativa

- significant advantage

- ventaja significativa

65

- social advantage

- ventaja social

- especial advantage

- ventaja especial

- strategic advantage

- ventaja estratgica

- tactical advantage

- ventaja tctica

- technical advantage

- ventaja tcnica

- technological advantage

- ventaja tecnolgica

- economically advantageous

- econmicamente ventajoso

- extremely advantageous

- extremadamente ventajoso

- financially advantageous

- financieramente ventajoso

- mutually advantageous

- mutuamente ventajoso

- politically advantageous

- polticamente ventajoso

Adventist n.

adventista s.

Adventists n.

adventistas s.

To adventure v.

aventurar v.

adventures v.

aventura v.

adventuring v.

aventurando s.

adventured v.

aventur v.

adventured v. adj.

aventurado v.

adventure n.

aventura s.

adventures n.

aventuras s.

adventurer n.

aventurero s.

adventurers n.

aventureros s.

adventurous adj.

aventurero adj.

- adventure novel

- novela de aventura

- adventure sport

- deporte de aventura

- adventure story

- historia de aventura

- romantic adventure

- aventura romntica

- sexual adventure

- aventura sexual

- adventurous spirit
adverb n.

- espritu aventurero
adverbio s.

adverbs n.

adverbios s.

adverbial n.

adverbio s.

adverbials n.
- adverb of frequency
- adverb of manner
adversary n.

adverbios s.
- adverbio de frecuencia
- adverbio de manera
adversario s.

adversaries n.

adversarios s.

adversity n.

adversidad s.

adversities n.

adversidades s.

adverse adj.

adverso adj.

adversely adv.

adversamente adv.

- adverse circumstances

- circunstancias adversas

- adverse comment

- comentario adverso

- adverse conditions

- condiciones adversas

- adverse consequence

- consecuencia adversa

- adverse criticism

- crtica adversa

- adverse effect

- efecto adverso

- adverse impact

- impacto adverso

- adverse implication

- implicacin adversa

- adverse influence

- influencia adversa

- adverse publicity

- publicidad adversa

66

- adverse reaction

- reaccin adversa

- adverse report

- reporte adverso

- adverse verdict

- veredicto adverso

- adverse vote

- voto adverso

- adversely affected

- adversamente afectado

- in adversity

- en la adversidad

- to influence adversely

- influenciar adversamente

- to react adversely

- reaccionar adversamente

- to respond adversely

- responder adversamente

aero prefix adj.

aero prefijo adj.

aerobic adj.

aerbico adj.

aerobics n.

aerbicos s.

- aerobic exercise

- ejercicio aerbico

aerodrome n.

aerdromo s.

aerodromes n.

aerdromos s.

aerodynamic adj.

aerodinmico adj.

aerodynamics n.

aerodinmica s.

aerodynamically adv.

aerodinmicamente adv.

- aerodynamic efficiency

- eficiencia aerodinmica

aerolite n.

aerolito s.

aerolites n.

aerolitos s.

aeronaut n.

aeronauta s.

aeronauts n.

aeronautas s.

aeronautic adj.

aeronutico adj.

aeronautics n.

aeronutica s.

aeronautical adj.

aeronutico adj.

- aeronautical engineer

- ingeniero aeronutico

aerophobia n.

aerofobia s.

aeroplane n.

aeroplano s.

aeroplanes n.

aeroplanos s.

aerospace n.

aeroespacio s.

aerosol n.

aerosol s.

aerosols n.

aerosoles s.

aerostatic adj.

aerosttico adj.

aerostatics n.

aerosttica s.

aesthetic n. adj.

esttico s. adj.

aesthetical adj.

esttico adj.

aesthetically adv.

estticamente adv.

affable adj.

afable adj.

affably adv.

afablemente adv.

affability n.

afabilidad s.

To affect v. (influenciar)

afectar v. (to influence)

affects v.

afecta v.

affecting v.

afectando v.

affected v.

afect v.

affected v. adj.

affection n.

afecto s.

affections n.

afectos s.

affectivity n.

afectado v. adj.

afectividad s.

- adversely affected

- adversamente afectado

- directly affected

- directamente afectado

67

- indirectly affected

- indirectamente afectado

- radically affected

- radicalmente afectado

- seriously affected

- seriamente afectado

- severely affected

- severamente afectado

- significantly affected

- significativamente afectado

- to affect a balance

- afectar un balance

- to affect quality

- afectar la calidad

To affiliate v.

afiliar v.

affiliates v.

afilia v.

affiliating v.

afiliando v.

affiliated v.

afili v.

affiliated v. adj.

afiliado v. adj.

affiliate n.

afiliado s.

affiliates n.

afiliados s.

affiliation n.

afiliacin s.

affiliations n.

afiliaciones s.

- affiliated club

- club afiliado

- affiliated member

- miembro afiliado

- affiliated organisation

- organizacin afiliada

- political affiliation

- afiliacin poltica

afferent adj.

aferente adj.

affinity n.

afinidad s.

affinities n.

afinidades s.

- natural affinity

- afinidad natural

- real affinity

- afinidad real

- especial affinity
To affirm v.
affirms v.

- afinidad especial
afirmar v.

affirming v.
affirmed v.

afirma v.
afirmando v.

afirm v.

affirmed v. adj.

afirmado v. adj.

affirmation n.

afirmacin s.

affirmations n.

afirmaciones s.

affirmative adj.

afirmativo adj.

affirmatively adv.
- affirmative action
To afflict v.

afirmativamente adv.
- accin afirmativa
afligir v. (conj. go>jo/ga>ja)

afflicts v.

aflige v.

afflicting v.

afligiendo v.

afflicted v.

afligi v.

afflicted v. adj.

afligido v. adj.

affliction n.

afliccin s.

afflictions n.

aflicciones s.

Afghanistan n.
Afghan n. adj.
aficionado n.
Africa n.

Afganistn s.
Afgano s. adj.
aficionado s.
frica s.

African n. adj.

Africano s. adj.

Africans n.

Africanos s.

Africanise v. (tambin -ize)

africanizar v. (conj. ze>ce)

Africanised v. adj.

africanizado v. adj.

68

afro adj.

afro adj.

Afro-American adj.

afro-americano adj.

Afro-Caribbean adj.

afro-caribeo adj.

- African culture

- cultura africana

- African elephant

- elefante africano

- African legend

- leyenda africana

- African origin

- origen africano

- the African continent

- el continente africano

agency n.

agencia s.

agencies n.

agencias s.

- commercial agency

- agencia comercial

- espionage agency

- agencia de espionaje

- external agency

- agencia externa

- federal agency

- agencia federal

- fiscal agency

- agencia fiscal

- government agency

- agencia gubernamental

- independent agency

- agencia independiente

- intelligence agency

- agencia de inteligencia

- international agency

- agencia internacional

- local agency

- agencia local

- marketing agency

- agencia de marketing

- multilateral agency

- agencia multilateral

- official agency

- agencia oficial

- passport agency

- agencia de pasaportes

- private agency

- agencia privada

- public agency

- agencia pblica

- voluntary agency

- agencia voluntaria

agenda n. (plan, actividades)

agenda s. (also diary)

agendas n.

agendas s.

- conference agenda

- agenda de la conferencia

- domestic agenda

- agenda domstica

- economic agenda

- agenda econmica

- international agenda

- agenda internacional

- legislative agenda

- agenda legislativa

- political agenda

- agenda poltica

- public agenda

- agenda pblica

agent n.

agente s.

agents n.

agentes s.

- fiscal agent

- agente fiscal

- football agent

- agente de ftbol

- germicidal agent

- agente germicida

- intelligence agent

- agente de inteligencia

- primary agent

- agente primario

- principal agent

- agente principal

- secret agent

- agente secreto

To agglomerate v.

aglomerar v.

agglomerates v.

aglomera v.

agglomerating v.

aglomerando v.

agglomerated v.

aglomer v.

agglomerated v. adj.

aglomerado v. adj.

agglomerate n.

aglomerado s.

69

agglomeration n.

aglomeracin s.

agglomerations n.

aglomeraciones s.

To agglutinate v.

aglutinar v.

agglutinates v.

aglutina v.

agglutinating v.

aglutinando v.

agglutinated v.

aglutin v.

agglutinated v. adj.

aglutinado v. adj.

agglutinant n. adj.

aglutinante s. adj.

agglutinants n.

aglutinantes s.

agglutination n.

aglutinacin s.

agglutinative adj.

aglutinante adj.

To aggrandise v. (tambin -ize)

agrandar v.

aggrandises v.

agranda v.

aggrandising v.

agrandando v.

aggrandised v.

agrand v.

aggrandised v. adj.

agrandado v. adj.

To aggravate v.

agrava v.

aggravating v.

agravando v.

aggravated v.

agrav v.

aggravated v. adj.

agravado v. adj.

aggravation n.
aggravations n.

agravio s.
agravios s.

- to aggravate a situation

- agravar una situacin

- to aggravate a symptom

- agravar un sntoma

aggression n.

agravar v.

aggravates v.

agresin s.

aggressions n.

agresiones s.

aggressor n.

agresor s.

aggressors n.

agresores s.

aggressive adj.

agresivo adj.

aggressively adv.

agresivamente adv.

aggressiveness n.

agresividad s.

- aggressive act

- acto agresivo

- aggressive attitude

- actitud agresiva

- aggressive conduct

- conducta agresiva

- aggressive expansion

- expansin agresiva

- aggressive impulse

- impulso agresivo

- aggressive instinct

- instinto agresivo

- aggressive manner

- manera agresiva

- aggressive marketing

- marketing agresivo

- aggressive posture

- postura agresiva

- aggressive style

- estilo agresivo

- aggressive tactic

- tctica agresiva

- aggressive tendency

- tendencia agresiva

- aggressive tone

- tono agresivo

- extremely aggressive

- extremadamente agresivo

- external aggression

- agresin externa

- extreme aggression

- agresin extrema

- human aggression

- agresin humana

- intense aggression

- agresin intensa

- military aggression

- agresin militar

70

- physical aggression

- agresin fsica

- police aggression

- agresin policial

- verbal aggression

- agresin verbal

- particularly aggressive

- particularmente agresivo

- really aggressive

- realmente agresivo

- to react aggressively

- reaccionar agresivamente

- to respond aggressively

- responder agresivamente

agile adj.

gil adj.

agilely adv.

gilmente adv.

agility n.

agilidad s.

- considerable agility

- agilidad considerable

- mental agility

- agilidad mental

- physical agility

- agilidad fsica

To agitate v.

agitar v.

agitates v.

agita v.

agitating v.

agitando v.

agitated v.

agit v.

agitated v. adj.

agitado v. adj.

agitation n.

agitacin s.

agitations n.

agitaciones s.

agitator n.

agitador s.

agitators n.

agitadores s.

agnostic n. adj.

agnstico s. adj.

agnostics n.

agnsticos s.

agnosticism n.

agnosticismo s.

To agonise v. (tambin -ize)

agonizar v. (conj. ze>ce)

(rel. a dolor, no rel. a muerte)

(also rel. to dying)

agonises v.

agoniza v.

agonising v.

agonizando v.

agonised v.

agoniz v.

agonised v. adj.
agony n. (ver nota arriba)

agona s. (see note above)

agonies n.

agonas s.

agonic adj.

agnico adj.

- absolute agony

- agona absoluta

- extreme agony

- agona extrema

- intense agony

- agona intensa

- mental agony

- agona mental

- physical agony

- agona fsica

- in agony

- en agona

- to cause agony

- causar agona

- to prolong the agony

agoraphobia n.
agriculture n.

agonizado v. adj.

agricultural adj.
agriculturally adv.

- prolongar la agona
agorafobia s.
agricultura s.
agrcola adj.
agrcolamente adv.

- agricultural engineer

- ingeniero agrcola

- agricultural export

- exportacin agrcola

- agricultural implement

- implemento agrcola

- agricultural industry

- industria agrcola

- agricultural pest

- peste agrcola

71

- agricultural producer

- productor agrcola

- agricultural product

- producto agrcola

- agricultural production

- produccin agrcola

- agricultural reform

- reforma agrcola

- agricultural revolution

- revolucin agrcola

- agricultural science

- ciencia agrcola

- agricultural sector

- sector agrcola

- agricultural society

- sociedad agrcola

- agricultural subsidy

- subsidio agrcola

- agricultural tractor

- tractor agrcola

- organic agriculture

- agricultura orgnica

- sustainable agriculture

- agricultura sustentable

- traditional agriculture
agrarian n.

- agricultura tradicional
agrario s.

- agrarian reform

- reforma agraria

- agrarian revolution

- revolucin agraria

agrobiology n.

agrobiologa s.

agrobiologist n.

agrobilogo s.

agrobiologists n.

agrobilogos s.

agroindustry n.
agroindustrial adj.
agronomy n.

agroindustria s.
agroindustrial adj.
agronoma s.

agronomic adj.

agronmico adj.

agronomical adj.

agronmico adj.

agronomist n.

agrnomo s.

agronomists n.
air n.

agrnomos s.
aire s.

- air filter

- filtro de aire

- air pistol

- pistola de aire

- air terminal

- terminal areo

- air traffic control

- control de trfico areo

air ambulance n.

ambulancia area s.

airbase n.

base area s.

airbases n.

bases areas s.

air-conditioner n.

aire acondicionado s.

air force n.

fuerza area s.

airline n.
airlines n.

aerolnea s.
aerolneas s.

- airline operator

- operador de aerolnea

- airline passenger

- pasajero de aerolnea

- airline pilot

- piloto de aerolnea

- airline reservation

- reservacin de aerolnea

- airline service

- servicio de aerolnea

- airline ticket

- ticket de aerolnea

- commercial airline

- aerolnea comercial

- domestic airline

- aerolnea domstica

- international airline

- aerolnea internacional

- national airline

- aerolnea nacional

- private airline

- aerolnea privada

- to operate an airline

- operar una aerolnea

airplane n.

aeroplano s.

72

airplanes n.
airport n.

aeroplanos s.
aeropuerto s.

airports n.

aeropuertos s.

- domestic airport

- aeropuerto domstico

- international airport

- aeropuerto internacional

- local airport

- aeropuerto local

- military airport

- aeropuerto militar

- regional airport

- aeropuerto regional

aero-taxi n.

areo taxi s.

airspace n.

aeroespacio s.

- controlled airspace

- espacio areo controlado

- to violate airspace

- violar el espacio areo

air terminal n.

terminal areo s.

air-traffic n.

trfico areo s.

la carte exp.

a la carta exp.

- a la carte menu

- men a la carta

alabaster n.

alabastro s.

Aladdin n.

Aladino s.

To alarm v.

alarmar v.

alarms v.

alarma v.

alarming v.

alarmando v.

alarmed v.

alarm v.

alarmed v. adj.

alarmado v. adj.

alarm n.

alarma s.

alarms n.

alarmas s.

alarmism n.

alarmismo s.

alarmist n.

alarmista s.

alarmists n.

alarmistas s.

- alarm system

- sistema de alarma

- button alarm

- botn de alarma

- car alarm

- alarma de auto

- false alarm

- falsa alarma

- personal alarm

- alarma personal

- public alarm

- alarma pblica

- security alarm

- alarma de seguridad

- alarming frequency

- frecuencia alarmante

- alarming proportion

- proporcin alarmante

- alarming regularity

- regularidad alarmante

- extremely alarmed

- extremadamente alarmado

- seriously alarmed

- seriamente alarmado

- to activate an alarm

- activar una alarma

- to cause alarm

- causar alarma

- to create alarm

- crear alarma

- to express alarm

- expresar alarma

- to install an alarm

- instalar una alarma

- to provoke alarm
Albania n.
Albanian n.
albatross n.
albatrosses n.
albino n. adj.

- provocar alarma
Albania s.
Albano s.
albatros s.
albatros s.
albino s. adj.

73

albinos n.

albinos s.

albinism n.

albinismo s.

album n.

lbum s.

albums n.

lbumes s.

- family album

- lbum familiar

- rock album

- lbum de rock

albumen n.

albumen s.

albumin n.

albmina s.

Alcatraz n.

Alcatraz s.

alchemist n.

alquimista s.

To alcoholise v. (tambin -ize)

alcoholizar v. (conj. ze>ce)

alcoholises v.

alcoholiza v.

alcoholising v.

alcoholizando v.

alcoholised v.

alcoholiz v.

alcoholised v. adj.

alcoholizado v. adj.

alcoholic adj.

alcohlico adj.

alcoholism n.

alcoholismo s.

alcoholmeter n.

alcoholmetro s.

alcohol n.

- alcohol abuse

- abuso de alcohol

- alcohol addiction

- adiccin al alcohol

- alcohol consumption

- consumo de alcohol

- alcohol content

- contenido de alcohol

- alcohol problems

- problemas de alcohol

- absolute alcohol

- alcohol absoluto

- diluted alcohol

- alcohol diluido

- pure alcohol

- alcohol puro

- to consume alcohol

- consumir alcohol

aleatory adj.

aleatorio adj.

aleatorily adv.

aleatoriamente adv.

To alert v.

alertar v.

alerts v.

alerta v.

alerting v.

alertando v.

alerted v.

alert v.

alerted v. adj.

alcohol s.

alert n. adj.
alerts n.

alertado v. adj.

alerta s. adj.
alertas s.

- bomb alert

- alarma de bomba

- mentally alert

- mentalmente alerta

- terrorist alert

- alarma terrorista

alembic n.

alambique s.

alfalfa n.

alfalfa s.

alga n.

alga s.

algae n.

alga s.

algaecide n.

algicida s.

algaecides n.

algicidas s.

algicide n.

algicida s.

algarroba n.

algarroba s.

algebra n.

lgebra s.

algebraic adj.

algebraico adj.

algebraical adj.

algebraico adj.

74

algebraically adv.

algebraicamente adv.

- algebraic equation

- ecuacin algebraica

- algebraic formula

- frmula algebraica

- algebraic number

- nmero algebraico

- algebraic sum

- suma algebraica

Algeria n.

Algeria s.

Algerian n.

Algeriano s.

algid adj.

lgido adj.

algidity n.

algidez s.

algorithm n.

algoritmo s.

algorithms n.

algoritmos s.

algorithmic adj.

algortmico adj.

algorithmically adv.

algortmicamente adv.

alias adv.

alias adv.

To alienate v. (rel. a transferir)

alienar v. (rel. to transfer)

alienates v.

aliena v.

alienating v.

alienando v.

alienated v.

alien v.

alien n. (tambien extranjero)

alien s. (extraterrestrial)

alienation n.

alienacin s.

alienable adj.

alienable adj.

aliment n. (que nutre)

aliments n.

alimento s. (any type of food)

alimentary adj.
alimentation n.
aliquot n.
aliquots n.
alkaline adj.

alimentos s.
alimentario adj.

alimentacin s.
alcuota s.
alcuotas s.
alcalino adj.

alkalinity n.

alcalinidad s.

alkalinise v. (tambin -ize)

alcalinizar v. (conj. ze>ce)

- alkaline battery

- batera alcalina

- alkaline solution

- solucin alcalina

alkaloid n. adj.

alcaloide s. adj.

alkaloids n.

alcaloides s.

Allah n.

Al s.

allegation n.

alegacin s.

allegations n.

alegaciones s.

- allegations of corruption

- alegaciones de corrupcin

- corruption allegation

- alegacin de corrupcin

- false allegation

- alegacin falsa

- serious allegation

- alegacin seria

allegory n.

alegora s.

allegories n.

alegoras s.

allegoric adj.

alegrico adj.

allegorical n.

alegrico s.

allegorically n.
Alleluia intj.
Alleluiah intj.
allergy n.

alegricamente s.
Aleluya intj.
Aleluya intj.
alergia s.

allergies n.

alergias s.

allergic adj.

alrgico adj.

75

allergically adv.
allergenic adj.
- allergic reaction
- allergic symptom
To alleviate v.
- to alleviate the impact
alliance n.
alliances n.

alrgicamente adv.
alrgeno, alergnico adj.
- reaccin alrgica
- sntoma de alergia
aliviar v.
- aliviar el impacto
alianza s.
alianzas s.

- electoral alliance

- alianza electoral

- fragile alliance

- alianza frgil

- global alliance

- alianza global

- military alliance

- alianza militar

- political alliance

- alianza poltica

- strategic alliance

- alianza estratgica

alliteration n.

aliteracin s.

allocution n.

alocucin s.

allusion n.

alusin s.

allusions n.

alusiones s.

allusive adj.

alusivo adj.

allusively adv.

alusivamente adv.

- classical allusion

- alusin clsica

- cultural allusion

- alusin cultural

- direct allusion

- alusin directa

- indirect allusion

- alusin indirecta

- literary allusion

- alusin literaria

alluvion n.
alluvions n.
alluvium n.
alluviums n.

aluvin s.
aluviones s.
aluvin s.
aluviones s.

alma mater n.

alma mater s.

almanac n.

almanaque s.

almanacs n.
almond n.
almonds n.

almanaques s.
almendra s.
almendras s.

aloe vera n.

aloe vera s.

alopecia n.

alopecia s.

alpaca n.

alpaca s.

alpacas n.
alphabet n.

alpacas s.
alfabeto s.

alphabets n.

alfabetos s.

alphabetic adj.

alfabtico adj.

alphabetical adj.

alfabtico adj.

alphabetically adv.

alfabticamente adv.

- Arabic alphabet

- alfabeto rabe

- Hebrew alphabet

- alfabeto hebreo

- Latin alphabet

- alfabeto latino

- phonetic alphabet

- alfabeto fontico

- roman alphabet

- alfabeto romano

- alphabetic pagination

- paginacin alfabtica

- alphabetic sequence

- secuencia alfabtica

- alphabetical list

- lista alfabtica

76

- alphabetical order

- orden alfabtico

- alphabetical sequence

- secuencia alfabtica

- to order alphabetically

- ordenar alfabticamente

To alphabetise v. (tambin -ize)

alfabetizar v. (conj. ze>ce)

alphabetises v.

alfabetiza v.

alphabetising v.

alfabetizando v.

alphabetised v.

alfabetiz v.

alphabetised v. adj.

alfabetizado v. adj.

alphabetiser n.

alfabetizador s.

alphabetisers n.

alfabetizadores s.

alphabetisation n.

alfabetizacin s.

alphabetisations n.

alfabetizaciones s.

alphanumeric adj.
alphanumerical adj.
alphanumerically adv.

alfanumrico adj.
alfanumrico adj.
alfanumricamente adv.

- alphanumeric codes

- cdigos alfanumricos

- alphanumeric data

- datos alfanumricos

- alphanumeric information

- informacin alfanumrica

Alps, The n.

Alpes, Los s.

alpine adj.

alpino adj.

alpinist n.

alpinista s.

alpinists n.

alpinistas s.

alpinism n.

alpinismo s.

- alpine zone
altar n.
altars n.
To alter v. (no 'enojar')

- zona alpina
altar s.
altares s.
alterar v. (also to upset)

alters v.

altera v.

altering v.

alterando v.

altered v.

alter v.

altered v. adj.

alterado v. adj.

alteration n.

alteracin s.

alterations n.

alteraciones s.

alterable adj.

alterable adj.

- dramatic alteration

- alteracin dramtica

- extensive alteration

- alteracin extensa

- fundamental alteration

- alteracin fundamental

- major alteration

- alteracin mayor

- material alteration

- alteracin material

- minor alteration

- alteracin menor

- radical alteration

- alteracin radical

- significant alteration

- alteracin significativa

- substantial alteration

- alteracin substancial

- to alter a balance

- alterar un balance

- to alter a style

- alterar un estilo

- to alter considerably

- alterar considerablemente

- to alter dramatically

- alterar dramticamente

- to alter radically

- alterar radicalmente

- to alter significantly

- alterar significativamente

- to alter substantially

- alterar substancialmente

To altercate v.

altercar v. (conj. ce>que)

77

altercates v.

alterca v.

altercating v.

altercando v.

altercated v.

alterc v.

altercated v. adj.

altercado v. adj.

altercation n.

altercado s.

altercations n.

altercados s.

To alternate v.

alternar v.

alternates v.

alterna v.

alternating v.

alternando v.

alternated v.

altern v.

alternated v. adj.

alternado v. adj.

alternate adj.

alternado adj.

alternately adv.

alternadamente adv.

alternator n.

alternador s.

alternators n.

alternadores s.

alternation n.

alternacin s.

alternations n.
alternative n.

alternaciones s.
alternativa s.

alternative adj.

alternativo adj.

alternatives n.

alternativas s.

alternatively adv.

alternativamente adv.

- alternative definition

- definicin alternativa

- alternative energy

- energa alternativa

- alternative interpretation

- interpretacin alternativa

- alternative medicine

- medicina alternativa

- alternative method

- mtodo alternativo

- alternative music

- msica alternativa

- alternative pronunciation

- pronunciacin alternativa

- alternative religion

- religin alternativa

- alternative remedy

- remedio alternativo

- alternative route

- ruta alternativa

- alternative scenario

- escenario alternativo

- alternative technique

- tcnica alternativa

- alternative technology

- tecnologa alternativa

- alternative therapy

- terapia alternativa

- alternative treatment

- tratamiento alternativo

- alternative type

- tipo alternativo

- alternative vision

- visin alternativa

- acceptable alternative

- alternativa aceptable

- attractive alternative

- alternativa atractiva

- constructive alternative

- alternativa constructiva

- credible alternative

- alternativa creble

- effective alternative

- alternativa efectiva

- interesting alternative

- alternativa interesante

- obvious alternative

- alternativa obvia

- possible alternative

- alternativa posible

- practical alternative

- alternativa prctica

- radical alternative

- alternativa radical

- real alternative

- alternativa real

- realistic alternative

- alternativa realista

- reasonable alternative

- alternativa razonable

78

- satisfactory alternative

- alternativa satisfactoria

- serious alternative

- alternativa seria

- viable alternative

- alternativa viable

altimeter n.
altimeters n.

altmetros s.

Altiplano n.

Altiplano s.

altitude n.

altitud s.

altitudes n.
altruism n.

altitudes s.
altruismo s.

altruist n.

altruista s.

altruists n.

altruistas s.

altruistic adj.

altruista adj.

altruistically adv.
aluminium n.
- aluminium tube
Alzheimer n.
a.m. abbr. (amplitud modulada)
a.m. abbr. (antes del meridiano)
To amalgamate v.

altruistamente adv.
aluminio s.
- tubo de aluminio
Alzheimer s.
a.m. abr. (amplitude modulation)
a.m. abr. (ante meridiem)
amalgamar v.

amalgamates v.

amalgama v.

amalgamating v.

amalgamando v.

amalgamated v.

amalgam v.

amalgamated v. adj.

amalgamado v. adj.

amalgam n.

amalgama s.

amalgams n.

amalgamas s.

amalgamation n.

amalgamacin s.

amalgamations n.

amalgamaciones s.

amaretto n.
amateur adj.

amaretto s.
amateur adj.

- amateur actor

- actor amateur

- amateur scientist

- cientfico amateur

- amateur sport

- deporte amateur

- amateur theatre

- teatro amateur

- amateur video

- video amateur

Amazon n.
Amazonian adj.
ambassador n.
ambassadors n.
amber n. adj.
ambidextrous adj.
ambience n.
ambiences n.
ambiguity n.

altmetro s.

Amazonas s.
amaznico adj.
embajador s.
embajadores s.
mbar s. adj.
ambidiestro adj.
ambiente s.
ambientes s.
ambigedad s.

ambiguities n.

ambigedades s.

ambiguous adj.

ambiguo adj.

ambiguously adv.

ambiguamente adv.

- ambiguous concept

- concepto ambiguo

- ambiguous reference

- referencia ambigua

- moral ambiguity

- ambigedad moral

- possible ambiguity

- ambigedad posible

- potential ambiguity

- ambigedad potencial

79

- sexual ambiguity

- ambigedad sexual

- structural ambiguity
ambit n.

- ambigedad estructural
mbito s.

ambits n.

mbitos s.

To ambition v.

ambicionar v.

ambitions v.

ambiciona v.

ambitioning v.

ambicionando v.

ambitioned v.

ambicion v.

ambitioned v. adj.

ambition n.

ambicionado v. adj.

ambicin s.

ambitions n.

ambiciones s.

ambitious adj.

ambicioso adj.

ambitiously adv.

ambiciosamente adv.

- ambitious idea

- idea ambiciosa

- ambitious plan

- plan ambicioso

- ambitious programme

- programa ambicioso

- ambitious project

- proyecto ambicioso

- ambitious scale

- escala ambiciosa

- extremely ambitious

- extremadamente ambicioso

- imperialist ambition

- ambicin imperialista

- literary ambition

- ambicin literaria

- personal ambition

- ambicin personal

- political ambition

- ambicin poltica

- presidential ambition

- ambicin presidencial

- social ambition

- ambicin social

- territorial ambition

- ambicin territorial

ambivalence n.

ambivalencia s.

ambivalences n.

ambivalencias s.

ambivalent adj.

ambivalente adj.

ambivalently adv.

ambivalentemente adv.

- ambivalent attitude

- actitud ambivalente

ambulance n.

ambulancia s.

ambulances n.

ambulancias s.

- ambulance service

- servicio de ambulancia

ambulant adj.

ambulante adj.

ambulatory adj.

ambulatorio adj.

ambulatorily adv.

ambulatoriamente adv.

ameba n. (tambin amoeba)

ameba s.

amebas n. (tambin amoebas)

amebas s.

amebiasis n. (tambin amoebiasis)

amebiasis s.

amen intj.

amn intj.

amenity n.

amenidad s.

amenities n.

amenidades s.

amenorrhoea n.

amenorrea s.

amenorrhea n.

amenorrea s.

America n.

Amrica s. (North, South and Central)

American n. adj.

americano s. adj.

(usu. somebody from The USA)

(anybody from America or The USA)

Americans n.

americanos s.

- American accent

- acento americano

- American imperialism

- imperialismo americano

80

- American passport

- pasaporte americano

- American pronunciation

- pronunciacin americana

- American senator

- senador americano

- Central American

- Centroamericano

- Central America

- Amrica Central/Centroamrica

- Latin America

- Amrica Latina/Latinoamrica

- North America

- Amrica del Norte/Norteamrica

- South America

- Amrica del Sur/Sudamrica

- the American continent

To Americanise v. (tambin -ize)

- el continente americano
americanizar v. (conj. ze>ce)

Americanises v.

americaniza v.

Americanising v.

americanizando v.

Americanised v.

americaniz v.

Americanised v. adj.

americanizado v. adj.

Americanisation n.

americanizacin s.

Americanism n.

americanismo s.

amethyst n.

amatista s.

amicable adj.

amigable adj.

amicably adv.

amigablemente adv.

amino acid n.

aminocido s.

amitosis n.

amitosis s.

ammonia n.

amonio s.

ammoniac adj.

amoniaco adj.

ammonium n.

amonio s.

ammunition n.

municin s.

ammunitions n.
amnesia n.
amnesic adj.
amnesty n.
amnesties n.
- political amnesty
amniotic adj.
- amniotic fluid
amoral adj.

municiones s.
amnesia s.
amnsico adj.
amnista s.
amnistas s.
- amnista poltica
amnitico adj.
- fluido amnitico
amoral adj.

amorally adv.

amoralmente adv.

amorality n.

amoralidad s.

amorous adj. (usu. rel. a pasin)

amorously adv.

amoroso adj. (usu. tel. to tenderness)

amorosamente adv.

amorphous adj.

amorfo adj.

To amortise v. (tambin -ize)

amortizar v. (conj. ze>ce)

amortises v.

amortiza v.

amortising v.

amortizando v.

amortised v.

amortiz v.

amortised v. adj.

amortizado v. adj.

amortisation n.

amortizacin s.

amortisations n.

amortizaciones s.

amortisable adj.

amortizable adj.

amperage n.

amperaje s.

ampere n.

amperio s.

amperes n.

amperios s.

amphetamine n.

anfetamina s.

81

amphetamines n.
amphibian n.
amphibians n.
amphibious adj.
amphitheatre n.
amphitheatres n.

anfetaminas s.
anfibio s.
anfibios s.
anfibio adj.
anfiteatro s.
anfiteatros s.

ampicillin n.

ampicilina s.

To amplify v.

amplificar v. (conj. ce>que)

amplifies v.

amplifica v.

amplifying v.

amplificando v.

amplified v.

amplific v.

amplified v. adj.

amplificado v. adj.

amplifier n.

amplificador s.

amplifiers n.

amplificadores s.

amplification n.

amplificacin s.

amplifications n.

amplificaciones s.

amplitude n.
- video amplifier
ample adj. (espacioso)
- ample space
To amputate v.

amplitud s.
- amplificador de video
amplio adj. (spacious)
- espacio amplio
amputar v.

amputates v.

amputa v.

amputating v.

amputando v.

amputated v.

amput v.

amputated v. adj.

amputado v. adj.

amputation n.

amputacin s.

amputations n.

amputaciones s.

amulet n.
amulets n.
amygdale n. (tambin amygdala)
amygdales n.
anaconda n.
anacondas n.
anabolic n. adj.
- anabolic steroid

amuleto s.
amuletos s.
amgdala s.
amgdalas s.
anaconda s.
anacondas s.
anablico s. adj.
- esteroide anablico

anachronism adj.

anacronismo adj.

anaemia n. (tambin anemia)

anemia s.

anaemic adj. (tambin anemic)

- haemolytic anaemia
- haemorrhagic anaemia

anmico adj.
- anemia hemoltica
- anemia hemorrgica

anaerobic n.

anaerbico s.

To anaesthetise v. (tambin -ize)

anestesiar v.

anaesthetises v.

anestesia v.

anaesthetising v.

anestesiando v.

anaesthetised v.

anestesi v.

anaesthetised v. adj.

anestesiado v. adj.

anaesthesia n.

anestesia s.

anaesthetic n. adj.

anestsico s. adj.

anaesthetics n.

anestsicos s.

anaesthesiology n.

anestesiologa s.

anaesthesiologist n.

anestesilogo s.

82

- epidural anaesthesia

- anestesia epideural

- general anaesthetic

- anestsico general

- local anaesthetic

- anestsico local

- to administer an anaesthetic

- administrar un anestsico

anagram n.

anagrama s.

anagrams n.

anagramas s.

anal adj.

anal adj.

anus n.

ano s.

- anal sex

- sexo anal

analgesic n. adj.

analgsico s. adj.

analgesics n.

analgsicos s.

analogy n.

analoga s.

analogies n.

analogas s.

analogous adj.

anlogo adj.

analogic adj.

analgico adj.

analogical adj.

analgico adj.

analogically adv.

- computadora analgica

- analogue transmission

- transmisin analgica

To analyse v. (tambin -yze)

analgicamente adv.

- analogue computer

analizar v. (conj. ze>ce)

analyses v.

analiza v.

analysing v.

analizando v.

analysed v.

analiz v.

analysed v. adj.

analizado v. adj.

analyser n.

analizador s.

analysers n.

analizadores s.

analyst n.

analista s.

analysts n.

analistas s.

analysis n.

anlisis s.

analysable adj.

analizable adj.

analytic adj.

analtico adj.

analytical adj.

analtico adj.

analytically adv.

analticamente adv.

analytical-synthetic adj.

analtico-sinttico adj.

- analysis programme

- programa de anlisis

- comparative analysis

- anlisis comparativo

- computer analysis

- anlisis de computadora

- critical analysis

- anlisis crtico

- data analysis

- anlisis de datos

- descriptive analysis

- anlisis descriptivo

- economic analysis

- anlisis econmico

- final analysis

- anlisis final

- financial analysis

- anlisis financiero

- forensic analysis

- anlisis forense

- functional analysis

- anlisis funcional

- graphical analysis

- anlisis grfico

- historical analysis

- anlisis histrico

- information analysis

- anlisis de informacin

- initial analysis

- anlisis inicial

- laboratory analysis

- anlisis de laboratorio

- logical analysis

- anlisis lgico

83

- mathematical analysis

- anlisis matemtico

- numeric analysis

- anlisis numrico

- objective analysis

- anlisis objetivo

- political analysis

- anlisis poltico

- pragmatic analysis

- anlisis pragmtico

- problem analysis

- anlisis del problema

- qualitative analysis

- anlisis cualitativo

- quantitative analysis

- anlisis cuantitativo

- semantic analysis

- anlisis semntico

- statistical analysis

- anlisis estadstico

- strategic analysis

- anlisis estratgico

- structural analysis

- anlisis estructural

- subjective analysis

- anlisis subjetivo

- syntactic analysis

- anlisis sintctico

- systematic analysis

- anlisis sistemtico

- systems analysis

- anlisis de sistemas

- text analysis

- anlisis de texto

- theoretical analysis

- anlisis terico

- urine analysis

- anlisis de orina

- volumetric analysis

- anlisis volumtrico

- computer analyst

- analista de computacin

- financial analyst

- analista financiero

- Internet analyst

- analista de Internet

- political analyst

- analista poltico

- statistical analyst

- analista estadstico

- analytic classification system

- sistema de clasificacin analtico

- analytic description

- descripcin analtica

- analytic method

- mtodo analtico

- analytical geometry

- geometra analtica

- analytical method

- mtodo analtico

- analytical philosophy

- filosofa analtica

- analytical precision

- precisin analtica

- analytical psychology

- psicologa analtica

- analytical technique

- tcnica analtica

- to analyse a problem

- analizar un problema

- to analyse a questionnaire

- analizar un cuestionario

- to analyse a result

- analizar un resultado

- to analyse a situation

- analizar una situacin

- to analyse data

- analizar datos

- to analyse information

- analizar informacin

- to analyse critically

- analizar crticamente

- to analyse scientifically

- analizar cientficamente

- to analyse systematically

- analizar sistemticamente

- to analyse the impact

- analizar el impacto

- to analyse the incidence

- analizar la incidencia

anarchy n.

anarqua s.

anarchies n.

anarquas s.

anarchist n.

anarquista s.

anarchists n.

anarquistas s.

anarchic adj.

anrquico adj.

anarchical adj.

anrquico adj.

84

anarchically adv.

anrquicamente adv.

anarchism n.

anarquismo s.

- to cause anarchy

- causar anarqua

- to create anarchy

- crear anarqua

anathema n.

anatema s.

anatomy n.

anatoma s.

anatomies n.

anatomas s.

anatomic adj.

anatmico adj.

anatomical adj.

anatmico adj.

anatomically adv.

anatmicamente adv.

- anatomical structure

- estructura anatmica

- anatomically distinct

- anatmicamente distinto

- animal anatomy

- anatoma animal

- comparative anatomy

- anatoma comparativa

- human anatomy

- anatoma humana

ancestor n.

ancestro s.

ancestors n.

ancestros s.

ancestral adj.

ancestral adj.

ancestrally adv.

ancestralmente adv.

- ancestral spirit

- espritu ancestral

- ancestral tradition

- tradicin ancestral

Andorra n.

Andorra s.

android n.

androide s.

androids n.

androides s.

androgen n.

andrgeno s.

androgens n.

andrgenos s.

anecdote n.

ancdota s.

anecdotes n.

ancdotas s.

anecdotal adj.

anecdtico adj.

anecdotic adj.

anecdtico adj.

- personal anecdote

- ancdota personal

anaemia n. (tambin anemia)

anemia s.

Andromeda n.

Andrmeda s.

anemone n.

anmona s.

anaesthesia n. (tambin anesthesia)

anestesia s.

aneurism n.

aneurisma s.

aneurysm n.

aneurisma s.

- abdominal aneurysm
angel n.
angels n.
angelic adj.
angelically adv.
- guardian angel
angiosperm n.
angle n.

- aneurisma abdominal
ngel s.

ngeles s.
anglico adj.
anglicamente adv.
- ngel guardin
angiosperma s.
ngulo s.

angles n.

ngulos s.

angular adj.

angular adj.

angularly adv.

angularmente adv.

- angle of reflection

- ngulo de reflexin

- camera angle

- ngulo de cmara

- declination angle

- ngulo de declinacin

85

- deviation angle

- ngulo de desviacin

- different angle

- ngulo diferente

- inclination angle

- ngulo de inclinacin

Anglican n.

anglicano s.

Anglicism n.

anglicismo s.

Anglo-American n.

anglo-americano s.

Anglo-Saxon n. adj.

anglo-sajn s. adj.

- Anglican cathedral

- catedral anglicana

Angola n.

Angola s.

Angolan n.

Angoleo s.

anhydride n.

anhdrido s.

aniline n.

anilina s.

anilines n.

anilinas s.

anima n.

anima s.

animal n. adj.

animal s. adj.

animals n.
animalism n.

animales s.
animalismo s.

- animal anatomy

- anatoma animal

- animal cruelty

- crueldad animal

- animal ecology

- ecologa animal

- animal evolution

- evolucin animal

- animal instinct

- instinto animal

- animal liberation

- liberacin animal

- animal origin

- origen animal

- animal passion

- pasin animal

- animal protection

- proteccin animal

- animal protein

- protena animal

- animal sacrifice

- sacrificio animal

- animal species

- especie animal

- desert animal

- animal del desierto

- domestic animal

- animal domstico

- exotic animal

- animal extico

- laboratory animal

- animal de laboratorio

- solitary animal

- animal solitario

To animate v.

animar v.

animates v.

anima v.

animating v.

animando v.

animated v.

anim v.

animated v. adj.

animado v. adj.

animator n.

animador s.

animators n.

animadores s.

animation n.

animacin s.

animations n.

animaciones s.

animatedly adv.
- animated conversation

animadamente adv.
- conversacin animada

animosity n.

animosidad s.

To annex v.

anexar v.

annexes v.

anexa v.

annexing v.

anexando v.

annexed v.

anex v.

annexed v. adj.

anexado v. adj.

86

annex n.

anexo s.

annexes n.

anexos s.

annexation n.

anexacin s.

annihilation n.
anniversary n.

aniquilacin s.
aniversario s.

anniversaries n.

aniversarios s.

- anniversary celebration

- celebracin de aniversario

- anniversary tribute

- tributo de aniversario

- to celebrate an anniversary

- celebrar un aniversario

- to commemorate an anniversary

- conmemorar un aniversario

To announce v. (no rel. a publicidad)

announces v.

anunciar v. (also to advertise)

announcing v.

anuncia v.
anunciando v.

announced v.

announced v. adj.

anunciado v. adj.

announcer n.

anunciador s.

announcers n.

announcement n.
announcements n.

anunciadores s.

anuncio s.
anuncios s.

- dramatic announcement

- anuncio dramtico

- formal announcement

- anuncio formal

- government announcement

- anuncio gubernamental

- official announcement

- anuncio oficial

- public announcement

- anuncio pblico

- to announce a decision

- anunciar una decisin

- to announce a plan

- anunciar un plan

- to announce a reduction

- anunciar una reduccin

- to announce a visit

- anunciar una visita

- to announce an initiative

- anunciar una iniciativa

- to announce an intention

- anunciar una intencin

- to announce formally

- anunciar formalmente

- to announce officially

- anunciar oficialmente

- to announce publicly
annual adj.

anunci v.

annually adv.

- anunciar pblicamente
anual adj.
anualmente adv.

- annual bonus

- bono anual

- annual bulletin

- boletn anual

- annual conference

- conferencia anual

- annual congress

- congreso anual

- annual consumption

- consumo anual

- annual convention

- convencin anual

- annual cost

- costo anual

- annual cycle

- ciclo anual

- annual dividend

- dividendo anual

- annual election

- eleccin anual

- annual event

- evento anual

- annual excursion

- excursin anual

- annual exhibition

- exhibicin anual

- annual festival

- festival anual

- annual incidence

- incidencia anual

- annual inspection

- inspeccin anual

87

- annual interest

- inters anual

- annual inventory

- inventario anual

- annual presentation

- presentacin anual

- annual production

- produccin anual

- annual publication

- publicacin anual

- annual quota

- cuota anual

- annual register

- registro anual

- annual rent

- renta anual

- annual report

- reporte anual

- annual requirement

- requerimiento anual

- annual reunion

- reunin anual

- annual salary

- salario anual

- annual session

- sesin anual

- annual show

- show anual

- annual statistics

- estadsticas anuales

- annual subscription

- suscripcin anual

- annual subsidy

- subsidio anual

- annual sum

- suma anual

- annual total

- total anual

- annual variation

- variacin anual

- annual visit

- visita anual

- annual visitor
To annul v.

- visitante anual
anular v.

annuls v.

anula v.

annulling v.

anulando v.

annulled v.

anul v.

annulled v. adj.

anulado v. adj.

annullable adj.

anulable adj.

anode n.
anodes n.
anomaly n.
anomalies n.
anomalous adj.
anonym n.

nodo s.
nodos s.
anomala s.
anomalas s.
anmalo adj.
annimo s.

anonyms n.

annimos s.

anonymity n.

anonimato s.

anonymous adj. (desconocido)

annimo adj. (unknown)

anonymously adv.

annimamente adv.

- anonymous author

- autor annimo

- anonymous benefactor

- benefactor annimo

- anonymous document

- documento annimo

- anonymous donation

- donacin annima

- anonymous poem

- poema annimo

- anonymous report

- reporte annimo

- complete anonymity

- completo anonimato

- relative anonymity

- anonimato relativo

- total anonymity

- anonimato total

- to guarantee anonymity

- garantizar el anonimato

- to prefer anonymity

- preferir el anonimato

- to preserve anonymity

- preservar el anonimato

- to protect anonymity

- proteger el anonimato

88

anorexia n.

anorexia s.

anorexic adj.

anorxico adj.

To antagonise v. (tambin -ize)

antagonizar v. (conj. ze>ce)

antagonises v.

antagoniza v.

antagonising v.

antagonizando v.

antagonised v.

antagoniz v.

antagonised v. adj.

antagonizado v. adj.

antagonist n.

antagonista s.

antagonists n.

antagonistas s.

antagonism n.

antagonismo s.

antagonistic adj.

antagonista adj.

- antagonistic attitude

- actitud antagnica

Antarctica n.

Antrtica s.

Antarctic adj.

Antrtico adj.

- Antarctic circle

- crculo Antrtico

- the Antarctic continent

- el continente Antrtico

antecedent n.
antecedents n.

antecedente s.

antecedentes s.

antediluvian adj.

antidiluviano adj.

antelope n.

antlope s.

antelopes n.
antenna n.
antennas n.
antepenult n.
antepenultimate adj.

antlopes s.
antena s.
antenas s.
antepenltimo s.
antepenltimo adj.

anteriority n.

anterioridad s.

anthology n.

antologa s.

anthologies n.
anthological adj.

antologas s.
antolgico adj.

- literary anthology

- antologa literaria

- musical anthology

- antologa musical

- poem anthology

- antologa de poemas

- to compile an anthology

- compilar una antologa

- to edit an anthology

- editar una antologa

anthracite n.

antracita s.

anthrax n.

ntrax s.

anthropology n.

antropologa s.

anthropologist n.

antroplogo s.

anthropologists n.

antroplogos s.

anthropologic adj.

antropolgico adj.

anthropological adj.

antropolgico adj.

anthropologically adv.

antropolgicamente adv.

anthropocentric adj.

antropocntrico adj.

anthropoid n.

antropoide s.

anthropomorphous adj.

antropomorfo adj.

anthropomorphic adj.

antropomrfico adj.

anthropomorphism n.

antropomorfismo s.

- anthropological study

- estudio antropolgico

- cultural anthropology

- antropologa cultural

- social anthropology

- antropologa social

anti prefix adj.

anti prefijo adj.

89

anti-abortion n.
- anti-abortion legislation

anti-aborto s.
- legislacin anti-aborto

anti-abrasion n.

anti-abrasin s.

anti-alcohol n.

anti-alcohol s.

anti-American adj.

anti-americano adj.

anti-androgen adj.

anti-andrgeno adj.

anti-aristocratic adj.

anti-aristocrtico adj.

antibacterial adj.

anti-bacterial adj.

antiballistic adj.

anti-balstico adj.

- anti-ballistic missile

- misil anti-balstico

antibiblical adj.

anti-bblico adj.

antibiotic n. adj.

anti-bitico s. adj.

antibiotics n.
- a dose of antibiotic
- effective antibiotic
anti-cancer adj.
- anti-cancer drug

anti-biticos s.
- una dosis de antibitico
- antibitico efectivo
anti-cncer adj.
- droga anti-cncer

anticapitalist n.

anti-capitalista s.

anti-Catholic adj.

anti-catlico adj.

anti-Catholicism n.

anti-catolicismo s.

antichrist n.

anti-cristo s.

antichristian n.

anti-cristiano s.

anticlassical adj.

anti-clsico adj.

anticoagulant n. adj.

anti-coagulante s. adj.

anticoagulants n.

anti-coagulantes s.

anticoagulation n.
anticommunism n.
anticommunist adj.
- anti-communist revolution

anti-coagulacin s.
anti-comunismo s.
anti-comunista adj.
- revolucin anti-comunista

anticonstitutional adj.

anti-constitucional adj.

anticonvulsant n.

anti-convulsivo s.

anticorrosive n. adj.

anti-corrosivo s. adj.

anti-corruption adj.

anti-corrupcin adj.

- anti-corruption campaign
antidemocratic adj.
- anti-democratic revolution

- campaa anti-corrupcin
anti-democrtico adj.
- revolucin anti-democrtica

antidepressant n. adj.

anti-depresivo s. adj.

antidepressants n.

anti-depresivos s.

anti-discrimination n. adj.
- anti-discrimination legislation

anti-discriminacin s. adj.
- legislacin anti-discriminacin

antidiuretic adj.

anti-diurtico adj.

anti-drug adj.

anti-droga s. adj.

- anti-drug campaign

- campaa anti-droga

anti-Episcopal adj.

anti-episcopal adj.

anti-erosion n.

anti-erosin s.

antievolution n.

anti-evolucin s.

antievolutionist n.

anti-evolucionista s.

antifascist n.

anti-fascista s.

antifeminism n.

anti-feminismo s.

antifeminist n.

anti-feminista s.

antifeminists n.

anti-feministas s.

90

antifriction n.

anti-friccin s.

antifundamentalism n.

anti-fundamentalismo s.

antifundamentalist n.
anti-government adj.
anti-governmental adj.

anti-fundamentalista s.
anti-gobierno adj.
anti-gubernamental adj.

- anti-government protest

- protesta antigubernamental

- anti-government rebels

- rebeldes antigubernamentales

- anti-government sentiment

- sentimiento antigubernamental

- anti-government slogan

- eslogan antigubernamental

antigravity n.

anti-gravedad s.

Antigua and Barbuda n.

Antigua and Barbuda s.

antihero n.

anti-hroe s.

antiheros n.

anti-hroes s.

antihistamine n.

antihistamnico s.

antihuman adj.

anti-humano adj.

antihumanism n.

anti-humanismo s.

antihumanist n.

anti-humanista s.

anti-imperialism n.

anti-imperialismo s.

anti-imperialist n.

anti-imperialista s.

anti-inflationary adj.

anti-inflacionario adj.

- anti-inflationary strategy
anti-inflammatory n. adj.
- anti-inflammatory drug

- estrategia anti-inflacionaria
anti-inflamatorio s. adj.
- droga anti-inflamatoria

anti-liberalism n.

anti-liberalismo s.

anti-liturgical adj.

anti-litrgico adj.

anti-malarial adj.

anti-malaria adj.

antimatter n.

anti-materia s.

antimicrobial adj.

anti-microbiano adj.

antimilitarism n.

anti-militarismo s.

antimilitarist n.
antimissile n.
antimissiles n.

anti-militarista s.
anti-misil s.
anti-misiles s.

antimonarchical adj.

anti-monrquico adj.

antimonopoly n.

anti-monopolio s.

antinarcotics n.

anti-narcticos s.

antinationalist adj.

anti-nacionalista adj.

antinuclear adj.

anti-nuclear adj.

- anti-nuclear movement
antioxidant n.
antioxidants n.

- movimiento antinuclear
anti-oxidante s.
anti-oxidantes s.

antiparliamentary adj.

anti-parlamentario adj.

antipatriotic adj.

anti-patritico adj.

antiperspirant n. adj.

anti-perspirante s. adj.

antipolitical adj.

anti-poltico adj.

anti-rabies n.

anti-rabia s.

antiracist n.

anti-racista s.

antiracism n.

anti-racismo s.

- antiracism march

- marcha anti-racismo

- antiracist strategy

- estrategia anti-racista

antireligious adj.

anti-religioso adj.

antirevolutionary n. adj.

anti-revolucionario s. adj.

91

antiscientific adj.

anti-cientfico adj.

anti-Semite n.

anti-Semita s.

anti-Semitic adj.
anti-Semitism n.
antiseptic adj.
- antiseptic property

anti-Semitismo s.
antisptico adj.
- propiedad antisptica

antiserum n.

antisuero s.

antisocial adj.

anti-social adj.

antispasmodic n.

anti-espasmdico s.

antispiritual adj.

anti-espiritual adj.

antistatic adj.

anti-esttico adj.

antisubmarine n.

anti-submarino s.

antitank n.

anti-tanque s.

- anti-tank missile
antiterrorism n.
antiterrorist n.
antitetanus n.
anti-tetanus n.
- anti tetanus injection

- misil antitanque
anti-terrorismo s.
anti-terrorista s.
antittano s.
anti-ttano s.
- inyeccin anti ttano

antithesis n.

anti-tesis s.

antitoxic adj.

anti-txico adj.

antitoxin n.
antivenene n.
antivenenes n.
antivirus n.
antiviral n. adj.

anti-toxina s.
anti-veneno s.
anti-venenos s.
antivirus s.
antiviral s. adj.

- antivirus programme

- programa antivirus

- antivirus software

- software antivirus

anti-Zionism n.
anti-Zionist n.
To anticipate v. (predecir, pronosticar)

anti-Semtico adj.

anti-sionismo s.
anti-sionista s.
anticipar v. (also to do in advance)

anticipates v.

anticipa v.

anticipating v.

anticipando v.

anticipated v.

anticip v.

anticipated v. adj.

anticipado v. adj.

anticipation n.

anticipacin s.

anticipations n.

anticipaciones s.

anticipatory adj.

anticipatorio adj.

- anticipated difficulties

- dificultades anticipadas

- anticipated problems

- problemas anticipados

- anticipated results

- resultados anticipados

antidote n.
antidotes n.

antdoto s.
antdotos s.

- effective antidote

- antdoto efectivo

- natural antidote

- antdoto natural

- perfect antidote

- antdoto perfecto

antimony n.

antimonio s.

antonym n.

antnimo s.

antonyms n.
antipathy n.
antipathies n.

antnimos s.
antipata s.
antipatas s.

92

- mutual antipathy

- antipata mutua

- personal antipathy

- antipata personal

- profound antipathy

- antipata profunda

antiquated adj.

anticuado adj.

antique adj. (tambin una antigedad, reliquia)

antiguo adj. (also old-fashioned)

antiquity n. (rel. a tiempo)

antisptico s. adj.

antiseptics n.

antispticos s.

antiseptically adv.
anus n.
anal adj.
anxiety n. (nerviosismo, preocupacin)

antigedad s. (rel. to time; also an antique)

antiseptic n. adj.

antispticamente adv.
ano s.
anal adj.
ansiedad s. (nervousness, preoccupation)

anxieties n.

ansiedades s.

anxious adj.

ansioso adj.

anxiously adv.

ansiosamente adv.

- chronic anxiety

- ansiedad crnica

- constant anxiety

- ansiedad constante

- natural anxiety

- ansiedad natural

aorta n.
- abdominal aorta

aorta s.
- aorta abdominal

apart adv.

aparte adv.

apartment n.

apartamento s.

apartments n.

apartamentos s.

- modern apartment

- apartamento moderno

- spacious apartment

- apartamento espacioso

apathy n.
apathies n.
aperitif n.
aperitifs n.

apata s.
apatas s.
aperitivo s.
aperitivos s.

aphorism n.

aforismo s.

aphrodisiac n. adj.

afrodisaco s. adj.

aphrodisiacs n.

afrodisacos s.

- aphrodisiac quality
apiculture n.
apiculturist n.
apocalypse n.

- calidad afrodisaca
apicultura s.
apicultor s.
Apocalipsis s.

apocalyptic adj.

apocalptico adj.

apocalyptically adv.

apocalpticamente adv.

- apocalyptic vision

- visin apocalptica

apocrypha n.

apcrifa s.

apolitical adj.

apoltico adj.

apoplexy n.

apopleja s.

To apostatise v. (tambin -ize)

apostatar v.

apostatises v.

apostata v.

apostatising v.

apostatando v.

apostatised v.

apostat v.

apostatised v. adj.

apostatado v. adj.

apostasy n.

apostasa s.

apostasies n.

apostasas s.

apostate n.

apostata s.

apostates n.

apostatas s.

93

apostle n.

apstol s.

apostles n.

apstoles s.

apostolic adj.

apostlico adj.

apostolically adv.

apostlicamente adv.

apostrophe n.

apostrofe s.

apostrophes n.
apparatus n. (equipo mecnico o mdico)

apostrofes s.
aparato s. (any equipment or device)

apparent adj. (obvio o supuesto)

apparently adv.

aparente adj. (obvious or supposed)

aparentemente adv.

- apparent calm

- calma aparente

- apparent contradiction

- contradiccin aparente

- apparent discrepancy

- discrepancia aparente

- apparent effect

- efecto aparente

- apparent inconsistency

- inconsistencia aparente

- apparent indifference

- indiferencia aparente

- apparent paradox

- paradoja aparente

- apparent reason

- razn aparente

- apparent similarity

- similitud aparente

- apparent simplicity

- simplicidad aparente

- apparent sincerity

- sinceridad aparente

- apparently calmed

- aparentemente calmado

- apparently casual

- aparentemente casual

- apparently diverse

- aparentemente diverso

- apparently genuine

- aparentemente genuino

- apparently homogeneous

- aparentemente homogneo

- apparently identical

- aparentemente idntico

- apparently illogical

- aparentemente ilgico

- apparently impossible

- aparentemente imposible

- apparently incompatible

- aparentemente incompatible

- apparently inconsistent

- aparentemente inconsistente

- apparently indifferent

- aparentemente indiferente

- apparently inevitable

- aparentemente inevitable

- apparently inexplicable

- aparentemente inexplicable

- apparently infinite

- aparentemente infinito

- apparently innocent

- aparentemente inocente

- apparently insignificant

- aparentemente insignificante

- apparently intact

- aparentemente intacto

- apparently invincible

- aparentemente invencible

- apparently irrational

- aparentemente irracional

- apparently irreconcilable

- aparentemente irreconciliable

- apparently irrelevant

- aparentemente irrelevante

- apparently irresistible

- aparentemente irresistible

- apparently limited

- aparentemente limitado

- apparently modest

- aparentemente modesto

- apparently negative

- aparentemente negativo

- apparently neutral

- aparentemente neutral

- apparently objective

- aparentemente objetivo

- apparently positive

- aparentemente positivo

- apparently rational

- aparentemente racional

- apparently reasonable

- aparentemente razonable

- apparently relaxed

- aparentemente relajado

94

- apparently relevant

- aparentemente relevante

- apparently respectable

- aparentemente respetable

- apparently satisfactory

- aparentemente satisfactorio

- apparently satisfied

- aparentemente satisfecho

- apparently secure

- aparentemente seguro

- apparently solid

- aparentemente slido

- apparently spontaneous

- aparentemente espontneo

- apparently stable

- aparentemente estable

- apparently trivial

- aparentemente trivial

- apparently uncontrollable

- aparentemente incontrolable

- apparently unique

- aparentemente nico

- apparently universal

- aparentemente universal

To appeal v. (reclamar legalmente)

apelar v. (to petition legally)

appeals v.

apela v.

appealing v.

apelando v.

appealed v.

apel v.

appealed v. adj.

apelado v. adj.

To appear v.

aparecer v. 7

appears v.
appearing v.

appeared v.

appeared v. adj.

appearance n.

aparece v.
apareciendo v.

apareci v.
aparecido v. adj.

appearances n.

apariencia s.
apariencias s.

- attractive appearance

- apariencia atractiva

- external appearance

- apariencia externa

- general appearance

- apariencia general

- personal appearance

- apariencia personal

- physical appearance

- apariencia fsica

- visual appearance

- apariencia visual

appellative n.

apelativo s.

appellatives n.

apelativos s.

appendix n.

apndice s.

appendixes n.

apndices s.

appendicitis n.

apendicitis s.

appendicectomy n.

apendisectoma s.

appetite n.

apetito s.

- enormous appetite

- apetito enorme

- insatiable appetite

- apetito insaciable

To applaud v.

aplaudir v.

applauds v.

aplaude v.

applauding v.

aplaudiendo v.

applauded v.

aplaudi v.

applauded v. adj.

aplaudido v. adj.

applause n.

aplauso s.

applauses n.

aplausos s.

To apply v. (usar o requerir)

aplicar v. (conj. ce>que) (to use or to request)

applies v.

applying v.

aplicando v.

applied v.

aplic v.

applied v. adj.

aplicado v. adj.

aplica v.

95

applicant n.

aplicante s.

applicants n.

aplicantes s.

applicator n.

aplicador s.

applicators n.

aplicadores s.

application n. (uso o formulario)

applications n.

aplicaciones s.

applicable adj.

aplicable adj.

applicability n.

aplicabilidad s.

- applied economics

- economa aplicada

- applied geology

- geologa aplicada

- applied linguistics

- lingstica aplicada

- applied mathematics

- matemtica aplicada

- applied psychology

- psicologa aplicada

- applied science

- ciencia aplicada

- an application for registration

- una aplicacin para el registro

- patent application

- aplicacin a una patente

- visa application

- aplicacin para visa

- to apply a principle

- aplicar un principio

- to apply a technique

- aplicar una tcnica

- to apply an idea

- aplicar una idea

- to apply technology

- aplicar tecnologa

apposition n.

aposicin s.

appositions n.
To appreciate v. (slo cosas)

aposiciones s.
apreciar v. (also to regard/love people)

appreciates v.

aprecia v.

appreciating v.

apreciando v.

appreciated v.

apreci v.

appreciated v. adj.

apreciado v. adj.

appreciation n.

apreciacin s.

appreciations n.

apreciaciones s.

appreciable adj.

apreciable adj.

appreciably adv.

apreciablemente adv.

- appreciable proportion

- proporcin apreciable

- to appreciate a difference

- apreciar una diferencia

- to appreciate the impact

- apreciar el impacto

- to appreciate the importance of

- apreciar la importancia de

apprehensive adj.

aprehensivo adj.

apprehensively adv.

aprehensivamente adv.

apprentice n.

aprendiz s.

apprentices n.

aprendices s.

To appropriate v.

apropiar v.

appropriates v.

apropia v.

appropriating v.

apropiando v.

appropriated v.
appropriated v. adj.

aplicacin s. (use or a form)

apropi v.

apropiado v. adj.

appropriation n.

apropiacin s.

appropriations n.

apropiaciones s.

appropriate adj.

apropiado adj.

appropriately adv.

apropiadamente adv.

- appropriate adjustment

- ajuste apropiado

- appropriate balance

- balance apropiado

96

- appropriate compensation

- compensacin apropiada

- appropriate context

- contexto apropiado

- appropriate instrument

- instrumento apropiado

- appropriate manner

- manera apropiada

- appropriate recognition

- reconocimiento apropiado

- appropriate remedy

- remedio apropiado

- appropriate use

- uso apropiado

- to modify appropriately

- modificar apropiadamente

- to react appropriately

- reaccionar apropiadamente

- to respond appropriately

- responder apropiadamente

To approve v.

aprobar v. 6

(consentir, aceptar)

(to consent, accept; also to pass an exam)

approves v.

aprueba v.

approving v.

aprobando v.

approved v.

aprob v.

approved v. adj.

aprobado v. adj.

approval n.

approvals n.

aprobaciones s.

- approved document

- documento aprobado

- to approve a constitution

- aprobar una constitucin

- to approve a document

- aprobar un documento

- to approve a legislation

- aprobar una legislacin

- to approve a recommendation

- aprobar una recomendacin

- to approve an initiative

- aprobar una iniciativa

To approximate v.

aprobacin s.

aproximar v.

approximates v.

aproxima v.

approximating v.

aproximando v.

approximated v.

aproxim v.

approximated v. adj.

aproximado v. adj.

approximation n.

aproximacin s.

approximations n.

aproximaciones s.

approximate adj.

aproximado adj.

approximately adv.

aproximadamente adv.

- approximate calculation

- clculo aproximado

- approximate dimension

- dimensin aproximada

- approximate equivalent

- equivalente aproximado

- approximate estimate

- estimacin aproximada

- approximate indication

- indicacin aproximada

- approximate number

- nmero aproximado

- approximate proportion
April n.
Apr.

- proporcin aproximada
abril s.
abr.

a priori adv.

a priori adv.

aptitude n.

aptitud s.

aptitudes n.

aptitudes s.

- natural aptitude

- aptitud natural

- especial aptitude

- aptitud especial

aquaculture n.

acuacultura s.

aquamarine n.

aguamarina s.

aquaplane n.

acuaplano s.

aquarium n.

acuario s.

97

aquariums n.

acuarios s.

Aquarius n.

acuario s.

aquatic adj.

acutico adj.

aquatically adv.

acuticamente adv.

- aquatic creature

- criatura acutica

- aquatic organism

- organismo acutico

- aquatic plant

- planta acutica

- aquatic vegetation

- vegetacin acutica

aqueduct n.

acueducto s.

aqueducts n.

acueductos s.

aqueous adj.

acuoso adj.

- aqueous solution

- solucin acuosa

aquifer n. adj.
Arab n.
Arabs n.

acufero s. adj.
rabe s.

Arabia n.

rabes s.
Arabia s.

Arabian adj.

rabe adj.

Arabic adj.

rabe adj.

Arabesque adj.

rabe adj.

- Arabic alphabet

- alfabeto rabe

arable adj.

arable adj.

arachnid n.

arcnido s.

arachnids n.
arachnophobia n.
arbiter n.

arcnidos s.
aracnofobia s.
arbitro s.

arbitration n.

arbitraje s.

arbitrage n.

arbitraje s.

arbitral adj.

arbitral adj.

arbitrary adj.
arbitrarily adv.

arbitrario adj.
arbitrariamente adv.

arbitrariness n.

arbitrariedad s.

- arbitrary arrest

- arresto arbitrario

- arbitrary classification

- clasificacin arbitraria

- arbitrary decision

- decisin arbitraria

- arbitrary detention

- detencin arbitraria

- arbitrary manner

- manera arbitraria

- arbitrary nature

- naturaleza arbitraria

- to select arbitrarily

- seleccionar arbitrariamente

arboriculture n.
arborisation n. (tambin -zation)
arch n. (forma)
archaeology n. (tambin archeology)

arboricultura s.
arborizacin s.
arco s. (a form)
arqueologa s.

archaeologies n.

arqueologas s.

archaeologist n.

arquelogo s.

archaeologists n.

arquelogos s.

archaeological adj.

arqueolgico adj.

archaeologically adv.

arqueolgicamente adv.

- archaeological discovery

- descubrimiento arqueolgico

- archaeological evidence

- evidencia arqueolgica

- archaeological excavation

- excavacin arqueolgica

- archaeological expedition

- expedicin arqueolgica

98

- archaeological exploration

- exploracin arqueolgica

- archaeological importance

- importancia arqueolgica

- archaeological museum

- museo arqueolgico

archaic adj.

arcaico adj.

- archaic tradition

- tradicin arcaica

archangel n.

arcngel s.

archangels n.

arcngeles s.

archdiocese n.

arquidicesis s.

archenemy n.

archienemigo s.

archenemies n.

archienemigos s.

archetype n.

arquetipo s.

archetypes n.

arquetipos s.

archipelago n.

archipilago s.

archipelagos n.

archipilagos s.

architect n.

arquitecto s.

architects n.

architecture n.

arquitectos s.

arquitectura s.

architectonic adj.

arquitectnico adj.

architectural adj.

arquitectnico adj.

architecturally adv.

arquitectnicamente adv.

- architectural conservation

- conservacin arquitectnica

- architectural gem

- gema arquitectnica

- architectural style

- estilo arquitectnico

- architecturally interesting

- arquitectnicamente interesante

- classical architecture

- arquitectura clsica

- ecclesiastical architecture

- arquitectura eclesistica

- gothic architecture

- arquitectura gtica

- medieval architecture

- arquitectura medieval

- modern architecture

- arquitectura moderna

- famous architect

- arquitecto famoso

- naval architect

- arquitecto naval

- talented architect

- arquitecto talentoso

archive n.

archivo s.

archives n.

archivos s.

- data archive

- archivo de datos

- electronic archive

- archivo electrnico

- extensive archive

- archivo extenso

- local archive

- archivo local

- personal archive

- archivo personal

- photographic archive

- archivo fotogrfico

- private archive

- archivo privado

- to archive an email

- archivar un email

arch rival n.

archirival s.

Arctic n. adj.

rtico s. adj.

ardent adj. (rel. a pasin)

ardiente adj. (also burning)

arduous adj. (laborioso)

arduo adj. (laborious)

arduously adv.

arduamente adv.

area n.

rea s.

areas n.

reas s.

- an area of specialisation

- un rea de especializacin

- an area of the economy

- un rea de la economa

99

- area supervisor

- supervisor de rea

- central area

- rea central

- conservation area

- rea de conservacin

- desert area

- rea desrtica

- evacuation area

- rea de evacuacin

- important area

- rea importante

- industrial area

- rea industrial

- local area

- rea local

- metropolitan area

- rea metropolitana

- picnic area

- rea de picnic

- reception area

- rea de recepcin

- recreation area

- rea de recreacin

- residential area

- rea residencial

- rural area

- rea rural

- service area

- rea de servicio

- area of a circle

- rea de un crculo

- tourist area

- rea turstica

- urban area

- rea urbana

Argentina n.

Argentina s.

Argentine adj.

Argentino adj.

Argentinean adj. (tambin Argentinian)

Argentino adj.

argon n.

argn s.

arid adj.

rido adj.

aridity adj.

aridez adj.

- arid climate

- clima rido

- arid region

- regin rida

- arid zone

- zona rida

Aries n.

Aries s.

aristocracy n.

aristocracia s.

aristocracies n.

aristocracias s.

aristocrat n.

aristcrata s.

aristocrats n.

aristcratas s.

aristocratic adj.

aristocrtico adj.

aristocratically adv.

aristocrticamente adv.

- aristocratic circle

- crculo aristocrtico

- aristocratic family

- familia aristocrtica

- aristocratic society

- sociedad aristocrtica

arithmetic n.

aritmtica s.

arithmetical adj.

aritmtico adj.

arithmetically adv.

aritmticamente adv.

- arithmetic expression

- expresin aritmtica

- arithmetic progression

- progresin aritmtica

- arithmetical calculation

- clculo aritmtico

- basic arithmetic

- aritmtica bsica

- simple arithmetic

- aritmtica simple

To arm v. (rel. a armas)

armar v. (rel. to armas; also to assemble)

arms v.

arma v.

arming v.

armando v.

armed v.

arm v.

armed v. adj.

armado v. adj.

arm n. (tambin brazo)

arma s. (weapon)

100

arms n.

armas s.

armament n.

armamento s.

armaments n.

armamentos s.

- armed combat

- combate armado

- armed conflict

- conflicto armado

- armed confrontation

- confrontacin armada

- armed convoy

- convoy armado

- armed forces

- fuerzas armadas

- armed guard

- guardia armado

- armed guerrilla

- guerrilla armada

- armed insurrection

- insurreccin armada

- armed intervention

- intervencin armada

- armed rebellion

- rebelin armada

- armed rebels

- rebeldes armados

- armed resistance

- resistencia armada

- armed terrorist

- terrorista armado

- arms control

- control de armas

- arms export

- exportacin de armas

- arms traffic

- trfico de armas

- nuclear armament
armadillo n.
armadillos n.

- armamento nuclear
armadillo s.
armadillos s.

Armageddon n.

Armagedn s.

Armenia n.

Armenia s.

Armenian adj.
aroma n.

Armenio adj.
aroma s.

aromas n.

aromas s.

aromatic adj.

aromtico adj.

aromatically adj.

aromticamente adj.

aromatherapy n.

aromaterapia s.

aromatisation n. (tambin -zation)

- aromatic herb

aromatizacin s.
- hierba aromtica

arpeggio n.

arpegio s.

To arrest v.

arrestar v.

arrests v.

arresta v.

arresting v.

arrestando v.

arrested v.

arrest v.

arrested v. adj.

arrestado v. adj.

arrest n.

arresto s.

arrests n.

- arresto arbitrario

- illegal arrest

- arresto ilegal

- to escape arrest

- escapar al arresto

- to evade arrest

- evadir el arresto

- to resist arrest

- resistirse al arresto

arrhythmia n.
arrhythmic adj.
To arrive v.

arrestos s.

- arbitrary arrest

arritmia s.
arrtmico adj.
arribar v.

arrives v.

arriba v.

arriving v.

arribando v.

arrived v.

arrib v.

101

arrived v. adj.

arribado v. adj.

arrival n.

arribo s.

arrivals n.

arribos s.

- imminent arrival

- arribo inminente

- to arrive punctually

- arribar puntualmente

- to celebrate the arrival

- celebrar el arribo

arrogance n.

arrogancia s.

arrogant adj.

arrogante adj.

arrogantly adv.

arrogantemente adv.

- arrogant manner

- manera arrogante

arsenal n.

arsenal s.

arsenals n.

arsenales s.

arsenic n.

arsnico s.

art n.

arte s.

arts n.

artes s.

artist n. (slo rel. a las bellas artes)

artista s. (also actor/actress)

artists n.

artistas s.

artistic adj.

artstico adj.

artistically adv.

artsticamente adv.

- art collection

- coleccin de arte

- art collector

- coleccionista de arte

- art critic

- crtico de arte

- art editor

- editor de arte

- art exhibition

- exhibicin de arte

- art export

- exportacin de arte

- art gallery

- galera de arte

- art historian

- historiador de arte

- art history

- historia del arte

- art studio

- estudio de arte

- abstract art

- arte abstracto

- academy of arts

- academia de artes

- conceptual art

- arte conceptual

- contemporary art

- arte contemporneo

- gothic art

- arte gtico

- graphic art

- arte grfico

- modern art

- arte moderno

- popular art

- arte popular

- roman art

- arte romano

- visual art

- arte visual

- artistic ability

- habilidad artstica

- artistic circle

- crculo artstico

- artistic creativity

- creatividad artstica

- artistic director

- director artstico

- artistic excellence

- excelencia artstica

- artistic expression

- expresin artstica

- artistic genius

- genio artstico

- artistic idea

- idea artstica

- artistic ideal

- ideal artstico

- artistic inclination

- inclinacin artstica

- artistic influence

- influencia artstica

- artistic inspiration

- inspiracin artstica

102

- artistic integrity

- integridad artstica

- artistic interest

- inters artstico

- artistic interpretation

- interpretacin artstica

- artistic movement

- movimiento artstico

- artistic quality

- calidad artstica

- artistic talent

- talento artstico

- artistic temperament

- temperamento artstico

- artistic tendency

- tendencia artstica

- artistic tradition

- tradicin artstica

- artistically talented

- artsticamente talentoso

- contemporary artist

- artista contemporneo

- creative artist

- artista creativo

- distinguished artist

- artista distinguido

- famous artist

- artista famoso

- graphic artist

- artista grfico

- graphic arts

- artes grficas

- martial arts

- artes marciales

- popular artist

- artista popular

- professional artist

- artista profesional

- real artist

- artista real

- serious artist

- artista serio

- talented artist

- artista talentoso

- the art of persuasion

- el arte de la persuasin

artefact n. (tambin artifact)

artefacto s.

artefacts n.

artefactos s.

artery n.

arteria s.

arteries n.

arterias s.

arterial adj.

arterial adj.

- coronary artery

- arteria coronaria

- pulmonary artery

- arteria pulmonar

arteriosclerosis n.

arteriosclerosis s.

arthritis n.

artritis s.

arthritic adj.

artrtico adj.

- chronic arthritis

- artritis crnica

- rheumatoid arthritis

- artritis reumatoide

- severe arthritis

- artritis severa

arthropod n.

artrpodo s.

arthropods n.

artrpodos s.

arthroscopy n.

artroscopia s.

Artic n.

rtico s.

- artic circle

- crculo rtico

- Artic Ocean

- Ocano rtico

- the Artic Continent

- el Continente rtico

article n.

articles n.

articulo s.

artculos s.

- academic article

- artculo acadmico

- brilliant article

- artculo brillante

- controversial article

- artculo controversial

- critical article

- artculo crtico

- excellent article

- artculo excelente

- influential article

- artculo influyente

103

- informative article

- artculo informativo

- interesting article

- artculo interesante

- provocative article

- artculo provocativo

- to infringe an article

- infringir un artculo

- to violate an article

- violar un artculo

To articulate v.

articula v.

articulating v.

articulando v.

articulated v.

articul v.

articulated v. adj.

articulado v. adj.

articulation n.

articulacin s.

articulations n.

articulaciones s.

artificial adj.

articular v.

articulates v.

artificially adv.
artificiality n.

artificial adj.
artificialmente adv.
artificialidad s.

- artificial abortion

- aborto artificial

- artificial additives

- aditivos artificiales

- artificial element

- elemento artificial

- artificial fertilizer

- fertilizante artificial

- artificial fibre

- fibra artificial

- artificial ingredient

- ingrediente artificial

- artificial insemination

- inseminacin artificial

- artificial intelligence

- inteligencia artificial

- artificial language

- lenguaje artificial

- artificial nature

- naturaleza artificial

- artificial respiration

- respiracin artificial

- artificial satellite

- satlite artificial

- artificial ventilation

- ventilacin artificial

- to prolong artificially

- prolongar artificialmente

artillery n.

artillera s.

artisan n.

artesano s.

artisans n.

artesanos s.

Aruba n.

Aruba s.

asbestos n.

asbesto s.

To ascend v. (subir)

ascender v. 2 (to climb and to be promoted)

ascends v.

asciende v.

ascending v.

ascendiendo v.

ascended v.

ascendi v.

ascended v. adj.

ascendido v. adj.

ascension n.
- ascending order
ascorbic adj.
- ascorbic acid

ascensin s.
- orden ascendente
ascrbico adj.
- cido ascrbico

aseptic adj.

asptico adj.

asexual adj.

asexual adj.

asexually adv.

asexualmente adv.

asexuality n.

asexualidad s.

- asexual reproduction
Asia n.
Asian adj.
- Asian elephant

- reproduccin asexual
Asia s.
asitico adj.
- elefante asitico

104

- the Asian continent

- el continente asitico

asparagus n.

esprrago s.

- cream of asparagus

- crema de esprrago

aspect n.

aspecto s.

aspects n.

aspectos s.

- attractive aspect

- aspecto atractivo

- basic aspect

- aspecto bsico

- beneficial aspect

- aspecto beneficioso

- central aspect

- aspecto central

- commercial aspect

- aspecto comercial

- controversial aspect

- aspecto controversial

- crucial aspect

- aspecto crucial

- cultural aspect

- aspecto cultural

- curious aspect

- aspecto curioso

- difficult aspect

- aspecto difcil

- economic aspect

- aspecto econmico

- essential aspect

- aspecto esencial

- ethical aspect

- aspecto tico

- fascinating aspect

- aspecto fascinante

- financial aspect

- aspecto financiero

- fundamental aspect

- aspecto fundamental

- general aspect

- aspecto general

- historical aspect

- aspecto histrico

- human aspect

- aspecto humano

- important aspect

- aspecto importante

- interesting aspect

- aspecto interesante

- legal aspect

- aspecto legal

- military aspect

- aspecto militar

- moral aspect

- aspecto moral

- negative aspect

- aspecto negativo

- physical aspect

- aspecto fsico

- political aspect

- aspecto poltico

- positive aspect

- aspecto positivo

- practical aspect

- aspecto prctico

- principal aspect

- aspecto principal

- psychological aspect

- aspecto psicolgico

- religious aspect

- aspecto religioso

- scientific aspect

- aspecto cientfico

- significant aspect

- aspecto significativo

- social aspect

- aspecto social

- technical aspect

- aspecto tcnico

- terrible aspect

- aspecto terrible

- theoretical aspect

- aspecto terico

- to consider an aspect

- considerar un aspecto

- to demonstrate an aspect

- demostrar un aspecto

- to discuss an aspect

- discutir un aspecto

- to examine an aspect

- examinar un aspecto

- to explore an aspect

- explorar un aspecto

- to ignore an aspect

- ignorar un aspecto

- to illustrate an aspect

- ilustrar un aspecto

- to study an aspect

- estudiar un aspecto

105

To asphalt v.

asfaltar v.

asphalts v.

asfalta v.

asphalting v.

asfaltando v.

asphalted v.

asfalt v.

asphalted v. adj.

asfaltado v. adj.

asphalt n.

asfalto s.

asphaltic adj.

asfltico adj.

To asphyxiate v.

asfixiar v.

asphyxiates v.

asfixia v.

asphyxiating v.

asfixiando v.

asphyxiated v.

asfixi v.

asphyxiated v. adj.

asfixiado v. adj.

asphyxia n.

asfixia s.

asphyxiation n.

asfixia s.

To aspirate v. (slo absorber o succionar)

aspirar v. (also to expect)

aspirates v.

aspira v.

aspirating v.

aspirando v.

aspirated v.

aspir v.

aspirated v. adj.

aspirado v. adj.

To aspire v. (esperar, ambicionar)

aspirar v. (to expect)

aspires v.

aspira v.

aspiring v.

aspirando v.

aspired v.

aspir v.

aspired v. adj.

aspirado v. adj.

aspirant n.

aspirante s.

aspirants n.

aspirantes s.

aspiration n.

aspiracin s.

aspirations n.

aspiraciones s.

- national aspiration

- aspiracin nacional

- personal aspiration

- aspiracin personal

- political aspiration

- aspiracin poltica

- social aspiration

- aspiracin social

aspirin n.

aspirina s.

aspirins n.

aspirinas s.

To assassinate v.

asesinar v.

(usu. a personas importantes)

(murder in general)

assassinates v.

asesina v.

assassinating v.

asesinando v.

assassinated v.

asesin v.

assassinated v. adj.
assassin n.

asesinado v. adj.

assassins n.
assassination n.

asesinos s.

assassinations n.

asesinato s.
asesinatos s.

To assault v. (atacar; no rel. a robar)

asesino s.

asaltar v. (also to mug, to rob)

assaults v.

asalta v.

assaulting v.

asaltando v.

assaulted v.

asalt v.

assaulted v. adj.

asaltado v. adj.

assault n.
assaults n.

asalto s.
asaltos s.

106

- assault rifle

- rifle de asalto

- brutal assault

- asalto brutal

- criminal assault

- asalto criminal

- military assault

- asalto militar

- physical assault

- asalto fsico

- rebel assault

- asalto rebelde

- sex assault

- asalto sexual

- sexual assault

- asalto sexual

- violent assault

- asalto violento

To assemble v. (construir)

ensamblar v. (to construct)

assambles v.

ensambla v.

assambling v.

ensamblando v.

assambled v.

ensambl v.

assambled v. adj.

ensamblado v. adj.

assembly n. (reunin)

asamblea s. (meeting)

assemblies n.

asambleas s.

assembly n. (fabricacin)

ensamblaje s. ('fabrication')

assemblies n.

ensamblajes s.

- general assembly

- asamblea general

- legislative assembly

- asamblea legislativa

- to assemble a model

- ensamblar un modelo

- to assemble the parts

assertion n.

- ensamblar las partes

asercin s.

assertive adj.

asertivo adj.

assertively adv.

asertivamente adv.

To asseverate v.

aseverar v.

asseverates v.

asevera v.

asseverating v.

aseverando v.

asseverated v.

asever v.

asseverated v. adj.

aseverado v. adj.

asseveration n.

aseveracin s.

asseverations n.

aseveraciones s.

To assign v.

asignar v.

assigns v.

asigna v.

assigning v.

asignando v.

assigned v.

asign v.

assigned v. adj.

asignado v. adj.

assignation n.

asignacin s.

assignations n.

asignaciones s.

assignable adj.
To assimilate v.

asignable adj.
asimilar v.

assimilates v.

asimila v.

assimilating v.

asimilando v.

assimilated v.

asimil v.

assimilated v. adj.

asimilado v. adj.

assimilation n.

asimilacin s.

assimilations n.

asimilaciones s.

assimilable adj.

asimilable adj.

assimilably adv.

asimilablemente adv.

- to assimilate a culture
To assist v. (ayudar, contribuir)

- asimilar una cultura

asistir v. (also to attend)

107

assists v.

asiste v.

assisting v.

asistiendo v.

assisted v.

asisti v.

assisted v. adj.

asistido v. adj.

assistant n.

asistente s.

assistants n.

assistance n. (ayuda)

asistentes s.

assistances n.

asistencia s. (also attendance)

asistencias s.

- assistance programme

- programa de asistencia

- considerable assistance

- asistencia considerable

- direct assistance

- asistencia directa

- economic assistance

- asistencia econmica

- emergency assistance

- asistencia de emergencia

- expert assistance

- asistencia experta

- external assistance

- asistencia externa

- financial assistance

- asistencia financiera

- government assistance

- asistencia gubernamental

- humanitarian assistance

- asistencia humanitaria

- immediate assistance

- asistencia inmediata

- international assistance

- asistencia internacional

- legal assistance

- asistencia legal

- limited assistance

- asistencia limitada

- medical assistance

- asistencia mdica

- military assistance

- asistencia militar

- national assistance

- asistencia nacional

- personal assistance

- asistencia personal

- practical assistance

- asistencia prctica

- professional assistance

- asistencia profesional

- public assistance

- asistencia pblica

- social assistance

- asistencia social

- especial assistance

- asistencia especial

- technical assistance

- asistencia tcnica

- valuable assistance

- asistencia valiosa

- administrative assistant

- asistente administrativo

- camera assistant

- asistente de cmara

- junior assistant

- asistente jnior

- laboratory assistant

- asistente de laboratorio

- personal assistant

- asistente personal

- assistant tutor

- tutor asistente

- assisted reproduction

- reproduccin asistida

To associate v.

asociar v.

associates v.

asocia v.

associating v.

asociando v.

associated v.

asoci v.

associated v. adj.

asociado v. adj.

associate n.

asociado s.

associates n.

asociados s.

association n.

asociacin s.

associations n.

asociaciones s.

associative adj.

asociativo adj.

- associate editor

- editor asociado

108

- associate producer

- productor asociado

- associated company

- compaa asociada

- cultural association

- asociacin cultural

- international association

- asociacin internacional

- literary association

- asociacin literaria

- local association

- asociacin local

- national association

- asociacin nacional

- private association

- asociacin privada

- public association

- asociacin pblica

- regional association

- asociacin regional

- student association
assonance n.
assonant adj.
To assume v. (suponer o contraer)

- asociacin de estudiantes
asonancia s.
asonante adj.
asumir v. (also to undertake)

assumes v.

asume v.

assuming v.

asumiendo v.

assumed v.

asumi v.

assumed v. adj.

asumido v. adj.

- to assume a posture

- asumir una postura

- to assume control

- asumir el control

- to assume power

- asumir el poder

- to assume responsibility

- asumir la responsabilidad

- to assume the existence of

- asumir la existencia de

asterisk n.
asterisks n.
asteroid n.
asteroids n.
asthma n.
asthmatic adj.

asterisco s.
asteriscos s.
asteroide s.
asteroides s.
asma s.
asmtico adj.

- asthma attack

- ataque de asma

- asthmatic symptom

- sntoma asmtico

- bronchial asthma

- asma bronquial

- chronic asthma

- asma crnica

- severe asthma

- asma severa

astigmatism n.

astigmatismo s.

astral adj.

astral adj.

astringent n. adj.

astringente s. adj.

astringents n.

astringentes s.

astringency n.

astringencia s.

astrology n.

astrologa s.

astrologer n.

astrlogo s.

astrologers n.

astrlogos s.

astrologist n.

astrlogo s.

astrologists n.

astrlogos s.

astrological adj.

astrolgico adj.

astronomy n.

astronoma s.

astronomic adj.

astronmico adj.

astronomical adj.

astronmico adj.

astronomically adv.

astronmicamente adv.

- astronomic calendar

- calendario astronmico

- astronomic map

- mapa astronmico

109

- astronomic tables

- tablas astronmicas

- astronomical observation

- observacin astronmica

- astronomical sum

- suma astronmica

- astronomical telescope
astronaut n.
astronauts n.
astronomer n.
astronomers n.
astute adj.
- astute politician
asylums n.
- political asylum
- temporary asylum
asymmetry n.

- telescopio astronmico
astronauta s.
astronautas s.
astrnomo s.
astrnomos s.
astuto adj.
- poltico astuto
asilos s.
- asilo poltico
- asilo temporal
asimetra s.

asymmetric adj.

asimtrico adj.

asymmetrical adj.

asimtrico adj.

asymmetrically adv.
- asymmetrical bars

asimtricamente adv.
- barras asimtricas

asynchronously adv.

asincrnicamente adv.

atheism n.

ateismo s.

atheist n.

ateo s.

atheists n.

ateos s.

atheistic adj.

atesta adj.

athlete n.

atleta s.

athletes n.

atletas s.

athletic adj.

atltico adj.

athletics n.

atletismo s.

athletically adv.

atlticamente adv.

- athletic ability

- habilidad atltica

- athletic club

- club atltico

- Olympic athlete

- atleta olmpico

- talented athlete

- atleta talentoso

Atlantic adj.
- Atlantic Ocean
- Atlantic region
atlas n.
- economic atlas
atmosphere n.

Atlntico adj.
- Ocano Atlntico
- regin atlntica
atlas s.
- atlas econmico
atmsfera s.

atmospheric adj.

atmosfrico adj.

atmospherical adj.

atmosfrico adj.

atmospherically adv.

atmosfricamente adv.

- atmospheric oxygen

- oxgeno atmosfrico

- family atmosphere

- atmsfera familiar

- hostile atmosphere

- atmsfera hostil

- humid atmosphere

- atmsfera hmeda

- informal atmosphere

- atmsfera informal

- intimate atmosphere

- atmsfera ntima

- romantic atmosphere

- atmsfera romntica

- tense atmosphere

- atmsfera tensa

atom n.
atoms n.

tomo s.
tomos s.

110

atomic adj.

atmico adj.

atomically adv.

atmicamente adv.

- atomic bomb

- bomba atmica

- atomic energy

- energa atmica

- atomic explosion

- explosin atmica

- atomic number

- nmero atmico

- atomic scientist

- cientfico atmico

- atomic structure

- estructura atmica

- atomic submarine

- submarino atmico

- atoms of carbon

- tomos de carbono

- atoms of nitrogen

- tomos de nitrgeno

- atoms of oxygen

- tomos de oxgeno

- carbon atom

- tomo de carbono

atomizer n.

atomizador s.

atomizers n.

atomizadores s.

atrocity n.

atrocidad s.

atrocities n.

atrocidades s.

- terrorist atrocity

- atrocidad terrorista

To atrophy v.
atrophies v.

atrofia v.

atrophying v.

atrofiando v.

atrophied v.

atrofi v.

atrophied v. adj.

atrofiado v. adj.

atrophy n.

atrofia s.

atrophies n.

atrofias s.

To attack v.

atrofiar v.

atacar v. (conj. ce>que)

attacks v.

ataca v.

attacking v.

atacando v.

attacked v.

atac v.

attacked v. adj.

atacado v. adj.

attack n.

ataque s.

attacks n.

ataques s.

attackable adj.

atacable adj.

- asthma attack

- ataque de asma

- brutal attack

- ataque brutal

- enemy attack

- ataque enemigo

- frontal attack

- ataque frontal

- guerrilla attack

- ataque guerrillero

- nuclear attack

- ataque nuclear

- panic attack

- ataque de pnico

- racial attack

- ataque racial

- rebel attack

- ataque rebelde

- sex attack

- ataque sexual

- terrorist attack

- ataque terrorista

- victim of an attack

- vctima de un ataque

- violent attack

- ataque violento

- to attack a problem

- atacar un problema

- to attack corruption

- atacar la corrupcin

- to repel an attack

- repeler un ataque

- to resist an attack

- resistir un ataque

attention n.

atencin s.

111

attentions n.

atenciones s.

- constant attention

- atencin constante

- individual attention

- atencin individual

- international attention

- atencin internacional

- medical attention

- atencin mdica

- personal attention

- atencin personal

- public attention

- atencin pblica

- especial attention

- atencin especial

- urgent attention

- atencin urgente

- the centre of attention

- el centro de la atencin

- to attract attention

- atraer la atencin

- to concentrate attention

- concentrar la atencin

- to receive attention

- recibir atencin

- to require attention

- requerir atencin

attentive adj.

atento adj.

attentively adv.

atentamente adv.

To attenuate v.

atenuar v. 1

attenuates v.

atena v.

attenuating v.

atenuando v.

attenuated v.

atenu v.

attenuated v. adj.

atenuado v. adj.

attenuation n.

atenuacin s.

attic n.

tico s.

attics n.
attitude n.

attitudes n.

ticos s.
actitud s.

actitudes s.

- an attitude of indifference

- una actitud de indiferencia

- an attitude problem

- un problema de actitud

- absurd attitude

- actitud absurda

- aggressive attitude

- actitud agresiva

- ambivalent attitude

- actitud ambivalente

- antagonistic attitude

- actitud antagnica

- attitude problem

- problema de actitud

- belligerent attitude

- actitud beligerante

- conciliatory attitude

- actitud conciliatoria

- conservative attitude

- actitud conservadora

- critical attitude

- actitud crtica

- favourable attitude

- actitud favorable

- flexible attitude

- actitud flexible

- general attitude

- actitud general

- hostile attitude

- actitud hostil

- inflexible attitude

- actitud inflexible

- irreverent attitude

- actitud irreverente

- liberal attitude

- actitud liberal

- mental attitude

- actitud mental

- moral attitude

- actitud moral

- negative attitude

- actitud negativa

- positive attitude

- actitud positiva

- public attitude

- actitud pblica

- responsible attitude

- actitud responsable

- rigid attitude

- actitud rgida

112

- to adopt an attitude
To attract v.

- adoptar una actitud

atraer v. 15

attracts v.

atrae v.

attracting v.

atrayendo v.

attracted v.

atrajo v.

attracted v. adj.

atrado v. adj.

attraction n.

atraccin s.

attractions n.

atracciones s.

attractive adj.

atractivo adj.

attractively adv.

atractivamente adv.

attractiveness n.

- alternativa atractiva

- attractive appearance

- apariencia atractiva

- attractive aspect

- aspecto atractivo

- attractive colour

- color atractivo

- attractive combination

- combinacin atractiva

- attractive hotel

- hotel atractivo

- attractive offer

- oferta atractiva

- attractive option

- opcin atractiva

- attractive personality

- personalidad atractiva

- attractive proposition

- proposicin atractiva

- attractive prospects

- prospectos atractivos

- attractive route

- ruta atractiva

- extremely attractive

- extremadamente atractivo

- physically attractive

- fsicamente atractivo

- sexually attractive

- sexualmente atractivo

- visually attractive

- visualmente atractivo

- attractively marked

- atractivamente marcado

- fatal attraction

- atraccin fatal

- gravitational attraction

- atraccin gravitatoria

- irresistible attraction

- atraccin irresistible

- magnetic attraction

- atraccin magntica

- mutual attraction

- atraccin mutua

- obvious attraction

- atraccin obvia

- physical attraction

- atraccin fsica

- sexual attraction

- atraccin sexual

- tourist attraction

- atraccin turstica

- to attract attention

- atraer la atencin

- to attract capital

- atraer capital

- to present attractively
To attribute v.

atractivo s.

- attractive alternative

- presentar atractivamente
atribuir v. 5

attributes v.

atribuye v.

attributing v.

atribuyendo v.

attributed v.

atribuy v.

attributed v. adj.

atribuido v. adj.

attribute n.

atributo s.

attributes n.

atributos s.

attribution n.

atribucin s.

attributions n.

atribuciones s.

- cultural attribute

- atributo cultural

- divine attribute

- atributo divino

113

- essential attribute

- atributo esencial

- human attribute

- atributo humano

- important attribute

- atributo importante

- necessary attribute

- atributo necesario

- physical attribute

- atributo fsico

- positive attribute

- atributo positivo

- social attribute

- atributo social

- commonly attributed to

- comnmente atribuido a

- generally attributed to

- generalmente atribuido a

- usually attributed to

- usualmente atribuido a

atrium n.

atrio s.

atypical adj.

atpico adj.

atypically adv.

atpicamente adv.

audacity n.

audacia s.

audacious adj.

audaz adj.

audaciously adv.

audazmente adv.

audible adj.

audible adj.

audibly adv.
audience n.

audiblemente adv.
audiencia s.

audiences n.

audiencias s.

- captive audience

- audiencia cautiva

- potential audience

- audiencia potencial

- radio audience

- audiencia de radio/radial

- receptive audience

- audiencia receptiva

- television audience

- audiencia televisiva

- theatre audience

- audiencia teatral

audio n.

audio s.

audio-frequency n.

audio-frecuencia s.

audiofrequency n.

audio-frecuencia s.

audiovisual adj.

audiovisual adj.

audiovisuals n.

audiovisuales s.

- audio CD

- CD de audio

- audio cassette

- cassette de audio

- audio effect

- efecto de audio

- audio frequency

- audiofrecuencia

- audio message

- mensaje de audio

- audio system

- sistema de audio

- audiovisual material

- material audiovisual

- audiovisual presentation

- presentacin audiovisual

auditive adj.

auditivo adj.

To audit v.

auditar v.

audits v.

audita v.

auditing v.

auditando v.

audited v.

audit v.

audited v. adj.

auditado v. adj.

auditor n.

auditor s.

auditors n.

auditores s.

audit n.
audits n.

auditoria s.
auditorias s.

- audit committee

- comit de auditora

- audit firm

- firma auditora

114

- administrative audit

- auditora administrativa

- external audit

- auditora externa

- financial audit

- auditoria financiera

- internal audit

- auditora interna

- external auditor

- auditor externo

- independent auditor

- auditor independiente

- internal auditor

- auditor interno

audition n.

audicin s.

auditions n.

audiciones s.

auditorium n. (lugar; no la audiencia)

auditorio s. (hall or audience)

auditoriums n.
To augment v.
augments v.

aumenta v.

augmenting v.

aumentando v.

augmented v.

aument v.

augmented v. adj.

aumentado v. adj.

augmentation n.

aumento s.

augmentations n.

aumentos s.

augmentative adj.

aumentativo adj.

To augur v.

augurar v.

augurs v.

augura v.

auguring v.

augurando v.

augured v.

augur v.

augured v. adj.

augurado v. adj.

augury n.

augurio s.

August n.

auditorios s.
aumentar v.

Aug. abbr.

agosto s.
ago. abr.

aura n.

aura s.

aureola n. (tambin aureole)

aureola s.

aureolas n.
aurora n.

aureolas s.
aurora s.

auspice n.

auspicio s.

auscultation n.

auscultacin s.

austere adj.

austero adj.

austerely adv.

austeramente adv.

austerity n.

austeridad s.

- austerity plan

- plan de austeridad

- austerity programme

- programa de austeridad

Australia n.
Australian adj.
- Australian accent
- the Australian continent
Austria n.
Austrian adj.
authentic adj. (incuestionable)

Australia s.
Australiano adj.
- acento australiano
- el continente australiano
Austria s.
Austriaco adj.
autentico adj. (also original)

authentically adv.

autnticamente adv.

authenticity n.

autenticidad s.

- authentic document

- documento autntico

- authentic interpretation

- interpretacin autntica

- certificate of authenticity

- certificado de autenticidad

- to confirm authenticity

- confirmar la autenticidad

115

- to establish authenticity

- establecer la autenticidad

- to prove authenticity

- probar la autenticidad

- to verify authenticity

- verificar la autenticidad

author n.

autor s.

authors n.

autores s.

- anonymous author

- autor annimo

- famous author

- autor famoso

- prolific author

- autor prolfico

To authorise v. (tambin -ize)

autorizar v. (conj. ze>ce)

authorises v.

autoriza v.

authorising v.

autorizando v.

authorised v.

autoriz v.

authorised v. adj.
authorisation n.

autorizado v. adj.

authorisations n.

autorizacin s. (any permission)

autorizaciones s.

- authorised biography

- biografa autorizada

- authorised distributor

- distribuidor autorizado

- authorised edition

- edicin autorizada

- authorised personnel

- personal autorizado

- authorised representative

- representante autorizado

- authorised version

- versin autorizada

- formal authorisation

- autorizacin formal

- official authorisation

- autorizacin oficial

authority n.

autoridad s.

authorities n.

autoridades s.

authoritarian adj.

autoritario adj.

authoritarianism n.

autoritarismo s.

authoritative adj.

autoritativo adj.

authoritatively adv.

autoritariamente adv.

- absolute authority

- autoridad absoluta

- authoritarian manner

- manera autoritaria

- authoritarian regime

- rgimen autoritario

- authoritarian system

- sistema autoritario

- authoritative manner

- manera autoritaria

- authoritative text

- texto autoritario

- competent authority

- autoridad competente

- complete authority

- completa autoridad

- education authority

- autoridad educativa

- governmental authority

- autoridad gubernamental

- immigration authority

- autoridad de inmigracin

- judicial authority

- autoridad judicial

- legal authority

- autoridad legal

- local authority

- autoridad local

- military authority

- autoridad militar

- police authorities

- autoridades de polica

- position of authority

- posicin de autoridad

- presidential authority

- autoridad presidencial

- public authority

- autoridad pblica

- regional authority

- autoridad regional

- relevant authority

- autoridad relevante

- supreme authority

- autoridad suprema

116

- university authorities

- autoridades universitarias

- to delegate authority

- delegar autoridad

- to demonstrate authority

- demostrar autoridad

- to establish authority

- establecer autoridad

- transport authority

- autoridad de transporte

autism n.
autistic adj.
auto prefix adj.
autobiography n.

autista adj.
auto prefijo adj.
autobiografa s.

autobiographies n.

autobiografas s.

autobiographic adj.

autobiogrfico adj.

autobiographical adj.

autobiogrfico adj.

autobiographically adv.
- autobiographical novel
- autobiographical poem

autobiogrficamente adv.
- novela autobiogrfica
- poema autobiogrfico

To auto-correct v.

auto-corregir v. 8

auto-corrects v.

auto-corrige v.

auto-correcting v.

auto-corrigiendo v.

auto-corrected v.

auto-corrigi v.

auto-corrected v. adj.

auto-corregido v. adj.

auto-correction n.

auto-correccin s.

auto-corrections n.
autocrat n.

auto-correcciones s.
autcrata s.

autocratic adj.

autocrtico adj.

autocracy n.

autocracia s.

- autocratic regime
autodidact n.
autodidactic adj.

- rgimen autocrtico
autodidacta s.
autodidctico adj.

To autograph v.

autografiar v. 1

autographs v.

autografa v.

autographing v.

autografiando v.

autographed v.

autografi v.

autographed v. adj.

autografiado v. adj.

autograph n.

autgrafo s.

autographs n.

autgrafos s.

autographic adj.

autogrfico adj.

autographical adj.

autogrfico adj.

autointoxication n.

autointoxicacin s.

autohypnosis n.

autohipnosis s.

autohypnotic adj.
automatic adj.

autismo s.

automatically adv.

auto hipntico adj.

automtico adj.
automticamente adv.

- automatic camera

- cmara automtica

- automatic classification

- clasificacin automtica

- automatic dissemination

- diseminacin automtica

- automatic expulsion

- expulsin automtica

- automatic pagination

- paginacin automtica

- automatic pilot

- piloto automtico

- automatic pistol

- pistola automtica

- automatic reaction

- reaccin automtica

- automatic recognition

- reconocimiento automtico

117

- automatic rifle

- rifle automtico

- automatic selection

- seleccin automtica

- automatic suspension

- suspensin automtica

- automatic transmission

- transmisin automtica

- automatic validation

- validacin automtica

- totally automatic

- totalmente automtico

- completely automatic

- completamente automtico

- to adjust automatically

- ajustar automticamente

- to exclude automatically

- excluir automticamente

- to generate automatically

- generar automticamente

- to monitor automatically

- monitorear automticamente

- to obey automatically

- obedecer automticamente

- to qualify automatically

- calificar automticamente

- to react automatically

- reaccionar automticamente

- to respond automatically

- responder automticamente

- to terminate automatically

- terminar automticamente

- to transfer automatically

- transferir automticamente

- to transmit automatically

- transmitir automticamente

To automatise v. (tambin -ize)

automatizar v. (conj. ze>ce)

automatises v.

automatiza v.

automatising v.

automatizando v.

automatised v.

automatiz v.

automatised v. adj.

automatizado v. adj.

automatisation n.
automobile n.
automobiles n.
- automobile industry
autonomy n.

automatizacin s.
automvil s.

automviles s.
- industria automotriz
autonoma s.

autonomies n.

autonomas s.

autonomous adj.

autnomo adj.

autonomously adv.

autnomamente adv.

- autonomous existence

- existencia autnoma

- autonomous province

- provincia autnoma

- autonomous region

- regin autnoma

- autonomous republic

- repblica autnoma

- autonomous state

- estado autnomo

- autonomous zone

- zona autnoma

- completely autonomous

- completamente autnomo

- politically autonomous

- polticamente autnomo

- relatively autonomous

- relativamente autnomo

- totally autonomous

- totalmente autnomo

- administrative autonomy

- autonoma administrativa

- complete autonomy

- completa autonoma

- considerable autonomy

- autonoma considerable

- economic autonomy

- autonoma econmica

- financial autonomy

- autonoma financiera

- individual autonomy

- autonoma individual

- local autonomy

- autonoma local

- national autonomy

- autonoma nacional

- personal autonomy

- autonoma personal

- professional autonomy

- autonoma profesional

118

- regional autonomy
- relative autonomy

- autonoma regional
- autonoma relativa

autopilot n.

autopiloto s.

autopsy n.

autopsia s.

autopsies n.
To auto-regulate v.

autopsias s.
autorregular v.

auto-regulates v.

autorregula v.

auto-regulating v.

autorregulando v.

auto-regulated v.

autorregul v.

auto-regulated v. adj.

autorregulado v. adj.

auto-regulation n.

autorregulacin s.

auto-regulations n.

autorregulaciones s.

autosuggestion n.
auxiliary adj.
auxiliaries n. adj.
avalanche n.
avalanches n.

autosugestin s.
auxiliar adj.
auxiliares s. adj.
avalancha s.
avalanchas s.

avarice n.

avaricia s.

avenue n.

avenida s.

avenues n.

avenidas s.

aversion n.

aversin s.

aviary n.

aviario s.

aviator n.

aviador s.

aviators n.

aviadores s.

aviation n.

aviacin s.

aviculture n.

avicultura s.

avid adj.

vido adj.

avidly adv.
avidity n.
- avid interest

vidamente adv.
avidez s.
- inters vido

avitaminosis n.

avitaminosis s.

axial adj.

axial adj.

axiom n.

axioma s.

axioms n.

axiomas s.

axiomatic adj.

axiomtico adj.

axiomatically adv.

axiomticamente adv.

Azerbaijan n.

Azerbaiyn s.

Aztec n.

Azteca s.

Aztecs n.

Aztecas s.

119

Expanded Spanish Conjugation

Conjugation Irregularities
Some verbs have conjugation tags next to them, which will tell you about certain irregularities in
their conjugations.
When conjugating a verb with the tag (conj. ze>ce), -ze endings cannot be used in its
conjugations; use -ce instead.
When conjugating a verb with the tag (conj. go>jo/ga>ja), -go or -ga endings cannot be
used in its conjugations; use -jo and ja instead.
When conjugating a verb with the tag (conj. ce>que), -ce endings cannot be used in its
conjugations; use -que instead.
When conjugating a verb with the tag (conj. ge>gue), -ge endings cannot be used in its
conjugations; use -gue instead.
Other verbs have a number next to them; this number will refer to the following conjugation
groups.
Group 1: The i/u in the last syllable of these verbs has an accent mark when conjugated in the
1st, 2nd and 3rd person singular and 2nd and 3rd person plural of the simple present indicative:
autografiar, desviar, espiar, esquiar, expatriar, fotografiar, guiar, repatriar, telegrafiar, variar,
acentuar, actuar, atenuar, continuar, extenuar, fluctuar, descontinuar, devaluar, evacuar, evaluar,
graduar, habituar, insinuar, interactuar, menstruar, perpetuar, reevaluar, situar, tatuar.
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo acto
T actas
l/Ella acta
Nosotros/as actuamos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas actan
120

Group 2: The e in the penultimate syllable of these verbs changes to ie in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd
person singular and 2nd and 3rd person plural of the simple present indicative: arrendar,
comenzar, confesar, desconcertar, desmembrar, enmendar, gobernar, manifestar, negar,
recomendar, recomenzar, tentar, ascender, condescender, contender, defender, descender,
discernir, distender, extender, trascender.
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo arriendo
T arriendas
l/Ella arrienda
Nosotros/as arrendamos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas arriendan
Group 3: The e in the penultimate syllable of these verbs changes to ie in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd
person singular and 2nd and 3rd person plural of the simple present indicative. The e in the
penultimate syllable of these verbs changes to i in 1. the 3rd person singular and 2nd and 3rd
person plural of the preterit; and, the gerund: adherir, arrepentir, conferir, consentir, convertir,
diferir, digerir, inferir, interferir, invertir, pervertir, preferir, referir, requerir, sugerir, transferir.
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo prefiero
T prefieres/Usted prefiere
l/Ella prefiere
Nosotros/as preferimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas prefieren
Pretrito
Yo prefer
T preferiste/Usted prefiri
l/Ella prefiri
121

Nosotros/as preferimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas prefirieron
Gerundio
Prefiriendo
Group 4: The c in the last syllable of these verbs changes to zc in the 1st person singular of the
simple present indicative. And, the c changes to j in all the conjugations of the preterit: -ucir
verbs: aducir, conducir, coproducir, deducir, inducir, introducir, producir, reducir, reproducir,
seducir.
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo produzco
T produces/Usted produce
l/Ella produce
Nosotros/as producimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas producen
Pretrito
Yo produje
T produjiste/Usted produjo
l/Ella produjo
Nosotros/as produjimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas produjeron
Group 5: We add a y to the last syllable in the conjugation for 1. the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person
singular and 2nd and 3rd person plural of the simple present indicative; 2. the 3rd person singular
and the 2nd and 3rd person plural of the preterit; and, the gerund: -uir verbs: atribuir, concluir,
constituir, construir, contribuir, destituir, destruir, diluir, distribuir, excluir, incluir, influir,
instituir, instruir, obstruir, prostituir, reconstituir, reconstruir, redistribuir, substituir, sustituir.

122

Presente Simple Indicativo

Yo construyo
T construyes/Usted construye
l/Ella construye
Nosotros/as construimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas construyen
Pretrito
Yo constru
T construiste/Usted construy
l/Ella construy
Nosotros/as construimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas construyeron
Gerundio
Construyendo
Group 6: The o in the penultimate syllable of these verbs changes to ue in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd
person singular and 2nd and 3rd person plural of the simple present indicative: aprobar, consolar,
contar, costar, demostrar, desaprobar, descontar, encontrar, forzar, probar, reforzar, renovar,
resonar, soldar, tostar, absolver, demoler, disolver, envolver, mover, promover, remover,
resolver, revolver.
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo apruebo
T apruebas/Usted aprueba
l/Ella aprueba
Nosotros/as aprobamos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas aprueban

123

Group 7: The c in the last syllable of these verbs changes to zc in the 1st person singular of the
simple present indicative: -ecer/-ocer verbs: aborrecer, aparecer, coercer, convalecer, convencer,
desaparecer, desobedecer, establecer, favorecer, ofrecer, reaparecer, reconocer, rejuvenecer,
restablecer.
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo establezco
T estableces/Usted establece
l/Ella establece
Nosotros/as establecemos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas establecen
Group 8: The e in the penultimate syllable of these verbs changes to i in 1. all the conjugations
of the simple present indicative, except in the 2nd person plural; 2. the 3rd person singular, and
the 2nd and 3rd person plural of the preterit; and, the gerund: auto-corregir, competir, concebir,
corregir, elegir, impedir, preconcebir, re-elegir, repetir, servir.
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo repito
T repites/Usted repite
l/Ella repite
Nosotros/as repetimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas repiten
Pretrito
Yo repet
T repetiste/Usted repiti
l/Ella repiti
Nosotros/as repetimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas repitieron
124

Gerundio
Repitiendo
Group 9: The i in the penultimate syllable of these verbs changes to ie in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd
person singular and 2nd and 3rd person plural of the simple present indicative: adquirir, inquirir.
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo adquiero
T adquieres/Usted adquiere
l/Ella adquiere
Nosotros/as adquirimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas adquieren
Group 10: See the pattern below for the verbs: distinguir, extinguir.
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo distingo
T distingues/Usted distingue
l/Ella distingue
Nosotros/as distinguimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas distinguen
Group 11: See the pattern below for the verbs: contradecir, predecir.
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo predigo
T predices/Usted predice
l/Ella predice
Nosotros/as predecimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas predicen

125

Pretrito
Yo predije
T predijiste/Usted predijo
l/Ella predijo
Nosotros/as predijimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas predijeron
Gerundio
Prediciendo
Participio pasado
Predicho
Group 12: See the pattern below for the verbs: insatisfacer, satisfacer
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo satisfago
T satisfaces/Usted satisface
l/Ella satisface
Nosotros/as satisfacemos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellos satisfacen
Pretrito
Yo satisfice
T satisficiste/Usted satisfizo
l/Ella satisfizo
Nosotros/as satisficimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas satisficieron
Participio pasado
Satisfecho

126

Group 13: See the pattern below for the following poner verbs: componer, descomponer,
exponer, imponer, indisponer, interponer, oponer, posponer, predisponer, presuponer, proponer,
suponer.
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo impongo
T impones/Usted impone
l/Ella impone
Nosotros/as imponemos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas imponen
Pretrito
Yo impuse
T impusiste/Usted impuso
l/Ella impuso
Nosotros/as impusimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas impusieron
Futuro
Yo impondr
T impondrs/Usted impondr
l/Ella impondr
Nosotros/as impondremos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas impondrn
Participio pasado
Impuesto
Group 14: See the pattern below for the following tener verbs: abstenerse, contener, detener,
entretener, mantener, obtener, retener, sostener.

127

Presente Simple Indicativo

Yo tengo
T tienes /Usted tiene
l/Ella tiene
Nosotros/as tenemos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas tienen
Group 15: See the pattern below for the following traer verbs: atraer, contraer, distraer, extraer.
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo atraigo
T atraes/Usted atrae
l/Ella atrae
Nosotros/as atraemos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas atraen
Pretrito
Yo atraje
T atrajiste/Usted atrajo
l/Ella atrajo
Nosotros/as atrajimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas atrajeron
Participio
Atrayendo
Group 16: See the pattern below for the following venir verbs: contravenir, prevenir,
intervenir.
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo prevengo

128

T previenes/Usted previene
l/Ella previene
Nosotros/as prevenimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas previenen
Pretrito
Yo previne
T previniste/Usted previno
l/Ella previno
Nosotros/as previnimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas previnieron
Futuro
Yo prevendr
T prevendrs/Usted prevendr
l/Ella prevendr
Nosotros/as prevendremos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas prevendrn
Gerundio
Previniendo
Group 17: See the pattern below for the verb: prohibir
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo prohbo
T prohbes/Usted prohbe
l/Ella prohbe
Nosotros/as prohibimos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas prohben

129

Group 18: See the pattern below for the verb: errar
Presente Simple Indicativo
Yo yerro
T yerras/Usted yerra
l/Ella yerra
Nosotros/as erramos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas yerran
Group 19: See the pattern below for the verb: proveer.
Pretrito
Yo prove
T proveste/Usted provey
l/Ella provey
Nosotros/as provemos
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas proveyeron
Gerundio
proveyendo
Participio pasado
provisto
Group 20: The following verbs feature irregularities in the past participle.
absolver absuelto v. adj.
absorber - absorbido v. adj./ absorto adj.
circunscribir circunscrito v. adj.
componer compuesto v. adj.
concluir - concluido v. adj./ concluso adj.
concretar - concretado adj. v. / concreto adj.

130

confesar - confesado v. / confeso adj.

confundir - confundido v. / confuso adj.
continuar - continuado v. / continuo adj.
contradecir contradicho v. adj.
convencer - convencido v. / convicto adj.
convertir - convertido v. / converso adj.
corregir - corregido v. / correcto adj.
cubrir cubierto v. adj.
descomponer descompuesto v. adj.
describir - descrito v. adj.
descubrir - descubierto v. adj.
disolver disuelto v. adj.
elegir elegido v. adj. / electo adj.
envolver envuelto v. adj.
excluir - excluido v. / excluso adj.
exponer expuesto v. adj.
expresar - expresado v. / expreso adj.
extender - extendido v. / extenso adj.
extinguir - extinguido v. / extinto adj.
imponer impuesto v. adj.
incluir - incluido v. / incluso adj.
indisponer indispuesto v. adj.
insatisfacer insatisfecho v. adj.
insertar - insertado v. / inserto adj.
interponer interpuesto v. adj.
invertir - invertido v. / inverso adj.

131

madurar - madurado v. / maduro adj.

manifestar - manifestado v. / manifiesto adj.
omitir - omitido v. / omiso adj.
oponer opuesto v. adj.
pervertir - pervertido v. / perverso adj.
poseer - posedo v. / poseso adj.
posponer pospuesto v. adj.
prescribir prescrito v. adj.
presumir - presumido v. / presunto adj.
proponer propuesto v. adj.
proscribir proscrito v. adj.
proveer - provisto v. adj.
redescubrir redescubierto v. adj.
resolver resuelto v. adj.
revolver revuelto v. adj.
salvar - salvado v. / salvo adj.
satisfacer satisfecho v. adj.
subscribir subscrito v. adj.
substituir - substituido v. / substituto adj.
suspender suspendido v. adj. / suspenso adj.
suponer supuesto v. adj.
suscribir suscrito v. adj.
sustituir - sustituido v. / sustituto adj.
transcribir transcrito v. adj.

132

Instructions
As opposed to a traditionally alphabetized dictionary, a reverse dictionary is a dictionary
organized according to word suffixes or word endings from -a to -z; therefore, each entry word
in The Reverse Dictionary of Cognates has been sorted based upon its last letter and the
subsequent letters proceeding toward the beginning of that word. Additionally, a bullet next to a
cognate tells you it is one of the most frequently used words in its corresponding language.

contrary n. (lo opuesto) contrario s. (also an opponent)

dispensary n.

dispensario s.

rosary n.

rosario s.

adversary n.

adversario s.

anniversary n.

aniversario s.

necessary adj.

necesario adj.

133

Since English speakers will be interested in reading the Spanish cognates on the right column, all
the notes and comments in this column are aimed to English speakers. The notes and comments
on the left column are aimed to Spanish speakers.

At a glance, The Reverse Dictionary of Cognates features, among others, the following important
suffix groups:
-tion

-cin

1000 nouns

-ly

-mente

1000 adverbs

-al

-ico

700 adjectives

-ic

-ico

500 adjectives

-ity

-idad

400 nouns

-ate

-ar

300 adjectives and verbs

-able/-ible

-able/-ible

300 adjectives

-ent

-ente

300 nouns and adjectives

-ism

-ismo

250 nouns

-ist

-ista

250 nouns

134

-n
urban n. adj.

urbano s. adj.

suburban adj.

suburbano adj.

interurban adj.

interurbano adj.

turban n.

turbante s.

Cuban adj.

Cubano adj.

Jamaican n. adj.

jamaiquino s. adj.

republican n. adj.

republicano s. adj.

pelican n.
Anglican n.
Dominican n. adj.
American n. adj.

pelicano s.
anglicano s.
Dominicano s. adj.
americano s. adj.

Hispanic-American adj.

hispano-americano adj.

anti-American adj.

anti-americano adj.

Pan-American adj.

Pan-Americano adj.

Latin-American n. adj.

Latinoamericano s. adj.

Anglo-American n.

anglo-americano s.

Afro-American adj.

afro-americano adj.

African n. adj.

Africano s. adj.

Mexican n. adj.

Mexicano s. adj.

toucan n.

tucn s.

Ramadan n.

Ramadn s.

sedan n.

sedan s.

Jordan n.

Jordania s.

Sudan n.

Sudan s.

Afro-Caribbean adj.

afro-caribeo adj.

cetacean n. adj.

cetceo s. adj.

crustacean n.

crustceo s.

ocean n.

ocano s.

jean n. adj.

jean s. adj.

Chilean n. adj.

chileno s. adj.

subterranean adj.

subterrneo adj.

Mediterranean adj.

Mediterrneo adj.

Argentinean adj. (tambin Argentinian)

European n. adj.

Argentino adj.
europeo s. adj.

Indo-European adj.

Indo-Europeo adj.

caesarean n.

cesrea s.

caesarean n. (tambin cesarean)

cesrea s.

Korean n. adj.

Coreano s. adj.

fan n. (admirador, aficionado)

fan s. (admirer, aficionado)

pagan n.

pagano s.

toboggan n.

tobogn s.

hooligan n.

holigan/hooligan s.

slogan n.

eslogan s.

organ n.
Afghan n. adj.
orphan n.
Arabian adj.

rgano s.
Afgano s. adj.
hurfano s.
rabe adj.

amphibian n.

anfibio s.

Colombian n. adj.

colombiano s. adj.

135

Serbian n. adj.
lesbian n. adj.
magician n.

Serbio s. adj.
lesbiana s. adj.
mago s.

radio-technician n.

radio-tcnico s.

paediatrician n. (tambin pediatrician)

pediatra s.

pediatrician n.

pediatra s.

geriatrician n.

geriatra s.

electrician n.

electricista s.

obstetrician n.
musician n.
mathematician n.
politician n.

obstetra s.
msico s.
matemtico s.
poltico s.

Canadian n. adj.

canadiense s. adj.

comedian n.

comediante s.

meridian n.
quotidian adj.

meridiano s.
cotidiano adj.

indian n.

indio s. (derogatory; 'indigenous' preferable)

Cambodian n. adj.

camboyano s. adj.

custodian n.

custodio s.

guardian n.

guardin s.

plebeian n.

plebeyo s.

Hawaiian n. adj.

Hawaiano s. adj.

Australian adj.

Australiano adj.

Italian n. adj.

Italiano s. adj.

civilian n.

civil s.

Brazilian adj.

brasileo adj.

Mongolian n. adj.

mongol s. adj.

bohemian n.

bohemio s.

Albanian n.

Albano s.

Jordanian n. adj.

jordano s. adj.

Panamanian n. adj.

Panameo s. adj.

Romanian n. adj.

Rumano s. adj.

Iranian n.

Iran s.

Lithuanian n.

Lituano s.

Tanzanian n. adj.

Tanzanio s. adj.

Armenian adj.

Armenio adj.

Slovenian n. adj.

Eslovenio s. adj.

Macedonian n. adj.

macedonio s. adj.

Babylonian n. adj.

Babilnico s. adj.

Estonian n. adj.

Estoniano s. adj.

Amazonian adj.

amaznico adj.

Ethiopian n. adj.

Etiope s. adj.

utopian n. adj.

utpico s. adj.

barbarian n.

brbaro s.

Bulgarian n. adj.

blgaro s. adj.

septuagenarian adj.

septuagenario adj.

octogenarian n. adj.

octogenario s. adj.

veterinarian n.

veterinario s.

agrarian n.

agrario s.

sectarian adj.

sectario adj.

non-sectarian adj.

no-sectario adj.

136

vegetarian n.

vegetariano s.

proletarian n.

proletario s.

totalitarian n. adj.

totalitario s. adj.

humanitarian n. adj.

humanitario s. adj.

unitarian n. adj.

unitario s. adj.

communitarian adj.

comunitario adj.

authoritarian adj.

autoritario adj.

parliamentarian adj.

parlamentario adj.

Liberian n. adj.

liberiano s. adj.

Nigerian n.

Nigeriano s.

Algerian n.
Ecuadorian n. adj.
Salvadorian n. adj.
historian n.

Algeriano s.
ecuatoriano s. adj.
Salvadoreo s. adj.
historiador s.

equestrian adj.

ecuestre adj.

Austrian adj.

Austriaco adj.

Syrian n. adj.

Sirio s. adj.

Asian adj.

asitico adj.

Caucasian n. adj.

caucsico s. adj.

Indonesian n. adj.

Indonesio s. adj.

Persian n. adj.

persa s. adj.

Russian n. adj.

Ruso s. adj.

Byelorussian n. adj.

bielorruso s. adj.

Malaysian n. adj.

Malayo s. adj.

Dalmatian n.

dlmata s.

Croatian n. adj.

Croata s. adj.

Haitian n. adj.

Haitiano s. adj.

Egyptian n. adj.

egipcio s. adj.

Martian n.
Christian n.

marciano s.
cristiano s.

antichristian n.

anti-cristiano s.

Bolivian n. adj.

boliviano s. adj.

antediluvian adj.

antidiluviano adj.

Peruvian n.

Peruano s.

Azerbaijan n.

Azerbaiyn s.

Guatemalan n. adj.

Guatemalteco s. adj.

Catalan n. adj.

cataln s. adj.

clan n.

clan s.

Venezuelan n. adj.

Venezolano s. adj.

Angolan n.
plan n.
plan v.

Angoleo s.
plan s.
planear v.

Oman n.

Omn s.

shaman n.

shaman s.

Roman n. adj.

romano s. adj.

Roman n. adj.

romano s. adj.

Greco-Roman adj.
German n. adj.

Greco-Romano adj.
alemn s. adj.

Doberman n.

Doberman s.

superman n.

superman s.

talisman n.

talismn s.

137

 human n. adj.

humano s. adj.

semi-human adj.

semi-humano adj.

non-human adj.

no-humano adj.

subhuman adj.

subhumano adj.

antihuman adj.

anti-humano adj.

inhuman adj.

inhumano adj.

cayman n.

caimn s.

cayman n. (tambin caiman)

caimn s.

protozoan n.

protozoario s.

Japan n.

Japn s.

Iran n.

Irn s.

Lutheran n. adj.

luterano s. adj.

Koran n.

Corn s.

Honduran adj.

Hondureo adj.

parmesan adj.

parmesano adj.

artisan n.

artesano s.

charlatan n. (impostor)

charlatn s. (impostor; also, talkative)

satan n.

satn s.

Tibetan n. adj.

Tibetano s. adj.

cosmopolitan adj.

cosmopolita adj.

metropolitan adj.

metropolitano adj.

Samaritan n. adj.

samaritano s. adj.

puritan n.

puritano s.

titan n.

titn s.

sultan n.

sultn s.

Kazakhstan n.

Kazajstn s.

Pakistan n.

Pakistn s.

Uzbekistan n.

Uzbekistn s.

Tajikistan n.

Tayikistn s.

Afghanistan n.

Afganistn s.

Turkmenistan n.

Turkmenistn s.

orang-utan n.

orangutn s.

Bhutan n.

Bhutan s.

Nicaraguan n. adj.

Nicaragense s. adj.

caravan n. (convoy, procesin)

caravana s. (convoy, procession)

divan n.

divn s.

minivan n.

minivan s.

Taiwan n.

Taiwn s.

Mayan adj.

maya adj.

Paraguayan n. adj.

Paraguayo s. adj.

Uruguayan n. adj.

Uruguayo s. adj.

Libyan n. adj.

Libio s. adj.

Kenyan n.

keniano s.

Tarzan n.

Tarzn s.

Eden n.

Edn s.

Halloween n.

halloween s.

ibuprofen n.

Ibuprofen s.

collagen n.

colgeno s.

pathogen n. adj.

patgeno s. adj.

halogen n. adj.

halgeno s. adj.

hallucinogen n.

alucingeno s.

138

androgen n.

andrgeno s.

anti-androgen adj.

anti-andrgeno adj.

hydrogen n.

hidrogeno s.

nitrogen n.

nitrgeno s.

estrogen n.

estrgeno s.

oxygen n.

oxigeno s.

acetaminophen n.

acetaminofn s.

alien n. (tambin extranjero)

alien s. (extraterrestrial)

pollen n.

polen s.

amen intj.

amn intj.

semen n.

semen s.

specimen n.

espcimen s.

abdomen n.

abdomen s.

albumen n.

albumen s.

cerumen n.

cerumen s.

hymen n.

himen s.

linen n.

lino s.

siren n.

sirena s.

delicatessen n.

delicatessen s.

kindergarten n.

kindergarden s.

gluten n.

gluten s.

Beethoven n.

Beethoven s.

dozen n.

docena s.

campaign n.

campaa s.

sovereign adj.

soberano adj.

malign adj.

maligno adj.

benign adj.

benigno adj.

sign n. (smbolo)
consign v.
assign v.
impugn v. (to censure, accuse)
in prep.

signo s. (symbol)
consignar v.
asignar v.
impugnar v. (also to refute)
in prep.

porcelain n.

porcelana s.

villain n.

villano s.

domain n.
Spain n.
grain n.
Bahrain n.
terrain n.

dominio s.
Espaa s.
grano s.
Bahrein s.
terreno s. (also a land lot)

train n.

tren s.

obtain v.

obtener v. 14

detain v. (slo como encarcelar o retrasar)

retain v.

detener v. (also and usu. to stop)

retener v. 14

maintain v.

mantener v. 14

contain v.

contener v. 14

fountain n.

fuente s.

mountain n.

montaa s.

captain n.

capitn s.

entertain v. (divertir o tener invitados)

entretener v. 14 (to amuse or distract)

curtain n.

cortina s.

abstain v.

abstener(se) v. 14

139

 sustain v.

sostener v. 14

cabin n. (en transportes; tambin cabaa)

cabina s. (in transport)

bobbin n.

bobina s.

haemoglobin n.

hemoglobina s.

haemoglobin n. (tambin hemo-)

hemoglobina s.

Aladdin n.

Aladino s.

protein n.
nucleoprotein n.
Liechtenstein n.
vein n. (rel. a anatoma)
paraffin n.

protena s.
nucleoprotena s.
Liechtenstein s.
vena s. (rel. to anatomy)
parafina s.

origin n.

origen s.

margin n.

margen s.

virgin n. adj.

virgen s. adj.

dolphin n.

delfn s.

endorphin n.

endorfina s.

manikin n.

maniqu s.

adrenalin n.

adrenalina s.

javelin n.

jabalina s.

penicillin n.

penicilina s.

ampicillin n.

ampicilina s.

Kremlin n.

Kremlin s.

kaolin n.

caoln s.

mandolin n.

mandoln s.

violin n.

violn s.

lanolin n.

lanolina s.

insulin n.

insulina s.

vitamin n.

vitamina s.

multivitamin n.

multivitamina s.

albumin n.

albmina s.

cumin n.

comino s.

melanin n.

melanina s.

Benin n.

Benin s.

serotonin n.

serotonina s.

heroin n.

herona s.

Mandarin n.

Mandarn s.

mandarin n.

mandarina s.

glycerin n.

glicerina s.

nitro-glycerin n.

nitro-glicerina s.

nitroglycerin n.

nitroglicerina s.

aspirin n.

aspirina s.

moccasin n.

mocasn s.

resin n.

resina s.

pepsin n.
assassin n.
Latin n. adj.

pepsina s.
asesino s.
Latino s. adj.

Neo-Latin adj.

neo-latino adj.

gelatin n.

gelatina s.

chromatin n.

cromatina s.

keratin n.

keratina s.

satin n. adj.

satn s. adj.

140

pectin n.

pectina s.

bulletin n.

boletn s.

penguin n.

pingino s.

Bedouin n. (tambin Beduin)

beduino s.

harlequin n.

arlequn s.

mannequin n.
ruin n.
ruin v.

maniqu s.
ruina s.
arruinar v.

riboflavin n.

riboflavina s.

toxin n.

toxina s.

antitoxin n.

anti-toxina s.

condemn v.
solemn adj.

condenar v.
solemne adj.

column n.

columna s. (also vertebral column)

on prep.

en prep.

roll-on n.

roll-on s.

Gabon n.

Gabn s.

bonbon n.

bombn s.

carbon n. (no el mineral flamable)

carbono s.

deacon n.

dicono s.

icon n.

icono s.

silicon n.

silicn s.

lexicon n.

lxico s.

Armageddon n.

Armagedn s.

cotyledon n.

cotilednea s.

monocotyledon n.
abandon v. (usu. para siempre)
tendon n.
mastodon n.

monocotilednea s.
abandonar v. (also to leave)
tendn s.
mastodonte s.

pardon n.

perdn s.

cordon n.

cordn s.

pantheon n.

panten s.

chameleon n.

camalen s.

galleon n.

galen s.

neon n.

nen s.

decagon n.

decgono s.

dodecagon n.

dodecgono s.

paragon n.

parangn s.

dragon n.

dragn s.

octagon n.

octgono s.

pentagon n.

pentgono s.

heptagon n.

heptgono s.

wagon n.

vagn s.

hexagon n.

hexgono s.

argon n.

argn s.

polygon n.

polgono s.

marathon n.

maratn s.

telethon n.

teletn s.

python n.

pitn s.

ion n.

ion s.

coercion n.

coercin s.

141

accordion n.

acorden s.

legion n.

legin s.

region n.

regin s.

sub-region n.

sub-regin s.

religion n.

religin s.

lion n.

len s.

battalion n.

batalln s.

ganglion n.

ganglio s.

medallion n.

medalln s.

rebellion n.

rebelin s.

million n.

milln s.

trillion n.

trilln s.

dominion n.
opinion n.
union n. (unificacin, combinacin)
reunion n. (usu. grande y formal)

dominio s.
opinin s.
unin s. (unification, combination)
reunin s. (any type of meeting)

communion n.

comunin s.

disunion n.

desunin s.

champion n.

campen s.

scorpion n.

escorpin s.

Orion n.

Orin s.

criterion n.

criterio s.

centurion n.
occasion n. (evento)

centurin s.
ocasin s. (event)

abrasion n.

abrasin s.

anti-abrasion n.

anti-abrasin s.

persuasion n.

persuasin s.

dissuasion n.

disuasin s.

evasion n.

evasin s.

invasion n.

invasin s.

adhesion n.

adhesin s.

cohesion n.

cohesin s.

decision n.

decisin s.

indecision n.
precision n.

indecisin s.
precisin s.

imprecision n.

imprecisin s.

circumcision n.

circuncisin s.

incision n.

incisin s.

collision n.

colisin s.

vision n.

visin s.

television n.

televisin s.

revision n.

revisin s.

division n.

divisin s.

subdivision n.
provision n.

subdivisin s.
provisin s.

supervision n.

supervisin s.

emulsion n.

emulsin s.

repulsion n.

repulsin s.

compulsion n.

compulsin s.

propulsion n.

propulsin s.

retro-propulsion n.

retro-propulsin s.

142

expulsion n.
convulsion n.
mansion n.

expulsin s.
convulsin s.
mansin s.

expansion n.

expansin s.

ascension n.

ascensin s.

reprehension n.
comprehension n.
incomprehension n.
dimension n.
pension n. (monetaria)

reprehensin s.
comprensin s.
incomprensin s.
dimensin s.
pensin s. (monetary; also hostal)

suspension n.

suspensin s.

dissension n.

disensin s.

tension n.
hypertension n.
distension n.
extension n. (prolongacin)

tensin s.
hipertensin s.
distensin s.
extensin s. (prolongation)

implosion n.

implosin s.

explosion n.

explosin s.

erosion n.

erosin s.

anti-erosion n.

anti-erosin s.

corrosion n.

corrosin s.

submersion n.

sumersin s.

immersion n.

inmersin s.

dispersion n.
version n.

dispersin s.
versin s.

aversion n.

aversin s.

subversion n.

subversin s.

diversion n. (entretenimiento)

diversin s. (entertainment)

inversion n. (rel. a orden)

inversin s. (also and usu. investment)

conversion n.

conversin s.

introversion n.

introversin s.

extroversion n.

extroversin s.

perversion n.

perversin s.

incursion n.

incursin s.

excursion n.
passion n.
compassion n.
succession n.
recession n.

excursin s.
pasin s.
compasin s.
sucesin s.
recesin s.

concession n.

concesin s.

procession n.

procesin s.

intercession n.

intercesin s.

confession n.

confesin s.

profession n.

profesin s.

regression n.

regresin s.

aggression n.

agresin s.

non-aggression n.

no-agresin s.

progression n.

progresin s.

transgression n.

trasgresin s.

depression n.

depresin s.

repression n.

represin s.

143

 impression n.

impresin s.

compression n.

compresin s.

decompression n.

descompresin s.

oppression n.

opresin s.

expression n.

expresin s.

session n.

sesin s.

obsession n.
possession n.
abscission n.
mission n.

obsesin s.
posesin s.
abscisin s.
misin s.

submission n.

sumisin s.

admission n.

admisin s.

readmission n.

readmisin s.

emission n. (emanacin)

emisin s. (emanation, issue or broascast)

commission n.

comisin s.

commission v.

comisionar v.

omission n.

omisin s.

intromission n.
permission n.

intromisin s.
permiso s.

intermission n.

intermisin s.

transmission n.

transmisin s.

re-transmission n.

re-transmisin s.

retransmission n.

retransmisin s.

percussion n.

percusin s.

repercussion n.

repercusin s.

discussion n. (una charla)

discusin s. (usu. an argument)

fusion n.

fusin s.

diffusion n.

difusin s.

infusion n.

infusin s.

confusion n.

confusin s.

profusion n.

profusin s.

transfusion n.

transfusin s.

occlusion n.

oclusin s.

inclusion n.

inclusin s.

conclusion n.

conclusin s.

exclusion n.

exclusin s.

allusion n.

alusin s.

illusion n.

ilusin s.

disillusion n.

desilusin s.

disillusion v.

desilusionar v.

collusion n.

colusin s.

intrusion n.

intrusin s.

extrusion n.

extrusin s.

contusion n.

contusin s.

exacerbation n.

exacerbacin s.

perturbation n.

perturbacin s.

masturbation n.

masturbacin s.

incubation n.

incubacin s.

intubation n.

intubacin s.

vacation n.
desiccation n.

vacacin s.
disecacin s.

144

defecation n.

defecacin s.

eradication n.

erradicacin s.

abdication n.

abdicacin s.

dedication n.

dedicacin s.

medication n.

medicacin s.

indication n.

indicacin s.

contraindication n.

contraindicacin s.

vindication n.

vindicacin s.

pacification n.

pacificacin s.

specification n.

especificacin s.

calcification n.

calcificacin s.

decalcification n.

descalcificacin s.

edification n. (slo rel. a educar, instruir)

edificacin s. (also building)

acidification n.

acidificacin s.

solidification n.

solidificacin s.

humidification n.

humidificacin s.

codification n.

codificacin s.

modification n.

modificacin s.

disqualification n.

descalificacin s.

nullification n.

anulacin s.

amplification n.

amplificacin s.

exemplification n.

ejemplificacin s.

simplification n.

simplificacin s.

ramification n.

ramificacin s.

mummification n.

momificacin s.

magnification n.
indemnification n.

magnificacin s.
indemnizacin s.

personification n.

personificacin s.

unification n.

unificacin s.

reunification n.

reunificacin s.

clarification n.

clarificacin s.

verification n.

verificacin s.

glorification n.

glorificacin s.

electrification n.

electrificacin s.

petrification n.

petrificacin s.

purification n.

purificacin s.

gasification n.

gasificacin s.

falsification n.

falsificacin s.

emulsification n.

emulsificacin s.

intensification n.

intensificacin s.

diversification n.

diversificacin s.

classification n.

clasificacin s.

declassification n.

desclasificacin s.

ossification n.

osificacin s.

beatification n.

beatificacin s.

ratification n.

ratificacin s.

gratification n.

gratificacin s.

rectification n.

rectificacin s.

sanctification n.

santificacin s.

fructification n.

fructificacin s.

quantification n.

cuantificacin s.

145

 identification n.

identificacin s.

notification n.

notificacin s.

certification n.

certificacin s.

desertification n.

desertificacin s.

fortification n.

fortificacin s.

justification n.

justificacin s.

mystification n.

mistificacin s.

revivification n.

revivificacin s.

detoxification n.

desintoxicacin s.

publication n.

publicacin s.

triplication n.

triplicacin s.

multiplication n.

multiplicacin s.

implication n.

implicacin s.

complication n.

complicacin s.

application n. (uso o formulario)

aplicacin s. (use or a form)

supplication n.

suplicacin s.

duplication n.

duplicacin s.

fornication n.

fornicacin s.

communication n.
telecommunication n.
fabrication n.

comunicacin s.
telecomunicacin s.
fabricacin s.

prefabrication n.

prefabricacin s.

lubrication n.

lubricacin s.

domestication n.

domesticacin s.

sophistication n.

sofisticacin s.

prognostication n.

pronostico s.

autointoxication n.

autointoxicacin s.

defalcation n.

desfalco s.

inculcation n.

inculcacin s.

suffocation n.

sofocacin s.

location n.
dislocation n.
vocation n.

locacin s.
dislocacin s.
vocacin s.

evocation n.

evocacin s.

revocation n.

revocacin s.

invocation n.

invocacin s.

provocation n.

provocacin s.

demarcation n.

demarcacin s.

altercation n.

altercado s.

bifurcation n.

bifurcacin s.

confiscation n.

confiscacin s.

obfuscation n.
education n. (rel. a instruccin acadmica)

ofuscacin s.
educacin s. (also politeness)

re-education n.

reeducacin s.

degradation n.

degradacin s.

biodegradation n.

biodegradacin s.

depredation n.

depredacin s.

elucidation n.

elucidacin s.

validation n.

validacin s.

revalidation n.

revalidacin s.

invalidation n.

invalidacin s.

146

consolidation n.

consolidacin s.

intimidation n.

intimidacin s.

liquidation n.

liquidacin s.

emendation n.

enmienda s.

recommendation n.

recomendacin s.

fecundation n.

fecundacin s.

inundation n.

inundacin s.

foundation n.
accommodation n.

fundacin s.
acomodacin s.

retardation n.

retardado s.

exudation n.

exudacin s.

delineation n.

delineacin s.

interlineation n.
creation n.

interlineacin s.
creacin s.

recreation n.

recreacin s.

procreation n.

procreacin s.

propagation n.
delegation n.

propagacin s.
delegacin s.

sub-delegation n.

sub-delegacin s.

allegation n.

alegacin s.

negation n.

negacin s.

segregation n.

segregacin s.

desegregation n.

desagregacin s.

congregation n.
obligation n.

congregacin s.
obligacin s.

fumigation n.

fumigacin s.

irrigation n.

irrigacin s.

litigation n.

litigacin s.

mitigation n.
castigation n.

mitigacin s.
castigo s. (any kind of punishment)

investigation n.

investigacin s.

instigation n.

instigacin s.

fustigation n.
navigation n. (usu. todo tipo de recorrido)

fustigacin s.
navegacin s. (usu. at the sea)

circumnavigation n.

circunnavegacin s.

promulgation n.

promulgacin s.

divulgation n.

divulgacin s.

prolongation n.

prolongacin s.

homologation n.

homologacin s.

abrogation n.

abrogacin s.

subrogation n.

subrogacin s.

interrogation n.

interrogacin s.

interrogation n. (legal)

interrogatorio s. (legal)

purgation n.

purgacin s.

expurgation n.

expurgacin s.

centrifugation n.

centrifugacin s.

subjugation n.

subyugacin s.

conjugation n.

conjugacin s.

corrugation n.

corrugacin s.

depreciation n.

depreciacin s.

appreciation n.

apreciacin s.

147

enunciation n.
denunciation n.
pronunciation n.
association n.
disassociation n.
radiation n.

enunciacin s.
denuncia s.
pronunciacin s.
asociacin s.
desasociacin s.
radiacin s.

irradiation n.

irradiacin s.

mediation n.

mediacin s.

intermediation n.

intermediacin s.

repudiation n.

repudio s.

retaliation n.

retaliacin s.

conciliation n.

conciliacin s.

reconciliation n.

reconciliacin s.

filiation n.

filiacin s.

affiliation n.

afiliacin s.

disaffiliation n.

desafiliacin s.

humiliation n.

humillacin s.

defoliation n.

defoliacin s.

exfoliation n.

exfoliacin s.

calumniation n.

calumnia s.

expiation n.

expiacin s.

variation n.

variacin s.

appropriation n.

apropiacin s.

expropriation n.

expropiacin s.

repatriation n.

repatriacin s.

expatriation n.

expatriacin s.

initiation n.

iniciacin s.

propitiation n.

propiciacin s.

differentiation n.
negotiation n.

diferenciacin s.
negociacin s.

renegotiation n.

renegociacin s.

aviation n.

aviacin s.

deviation n.

desviacin s.

abbreviation n.

abreviacin s.

asphyxiation n.

asfixia s.

intercalation n.

intercalacin s.

escalation n.

escalamiento s.

inhalation n.

inhalacin s.

exhalation n.

exhalacin s.

oblation n.

oblacin s.

relation n. (no sentimental; tambin un familiar) relacin s. (also a love affair)

interrelation n.

interrelacin s.

correlation n.

correlacin s.

revelation n.

revelacin s.

deflation n.

deflacin s.

inflation n.

inflacin s.

hyperinflation n.

hiperinflacin s.

annihilation n.

aniquilacin s.

assimilation n.

asimilacin s.

depilation n.

depilacin s.

compilation n.

compilacin s.

148

ventilation n.

ventilacin s.

hyperventilation n.

hiperventilacin s.

mutilation n.

mutilacin s.

installation n.

instalacin s.

circumvallation n.

circunvalacin s.

cancellation n.

cancelacin s.

flagellation n.

flagelacin s.

interpellation n.

interpelacin s.

constellation n.

constelacin s.

vacillation n.

vacilacin s.

oscillation n.

oscilacin s.

distillation n.

destilacin s.

violation n.

violacin s.

immolation n.

inmolacin s.

extrapolation n.

extrapolacin s.

interpolation n.

interpolacin s.

desolation n.

desolacin s.

insolation n.

insolacin s.

consolation n.

consolacin s.

contemplation n.
legislation n.

contemplacin s.
legislacin s.

confabulation n.

confabulacin s.

tabulation n.

tabulacin s.

tribulation n.

tribulacin s.

ejaculation n.

eyaculacin s.

speculation n.

especulacin s.

matriculation n.

matriculacin s.

articulation n.

articulacin s.

gesticulation n.

gesticulacin s.

calculation n.

calculo s.

inoculation n.

inoculacin s.

circulation n.

circulacin s.

emasculation n.

emasculacin s.

adulation n.

adulacin s.

modulation n.

modulacin s.

coagulation n.

coagulacin s.

anticoagulation n.

anti-coagulacin s.

regulation n. (legal)

regulacin s. (legal)

auto-regulation n.

autorregulacin s.

triangulation n.

triangulacin s.

strangulation n.

estrangulacin s.

emulation n.

emulacin s.

simulation n.

simulacin s.

dissimulation n.

disimulacin s.

stimulation n.

estimulacin s.

formulation n.

formulacin s.

formulation n.

formulacin s.

reformulation n.

reformulacin s.

accumulation n.

acumulacin s.

granulation n.

granulacin s.

manipulation n.

manipulacin s.

149

stipulation n.
copulation n.
population n.

estipulacin s.
copulacin s.
poblacin s.

encapsulation n.

encapsulacin v.

capitulation n.

capitulacin s.

recapitulation n.

recapitulacin s.

postulation n.

postulacin s.

ovulation n.

ovulacin s.

defamation n.

difamacin s.

amalgamation n.

amalgamacin s.

acclamation n.

aclamacin s.

declamation n.

declamacin s.

proclamation n.

proclamacin s.

exclamation n.

exclamacin s.

cremation n.

cremacin s.

acclimation n.

climatizacin s.

animation n.

animacin s.

reanimation n.

reanimacin s.

estimation n. (aproximacin)

estimacin s. (approximation)

approximation n.

aproximacin s.

inflammation n.

inflamacin s.

consummation n.

consumacin s.

affirmation n.

afirmacin s.

confirmation n.

confirmacin s.

reconfirmation n.

reconfirmacin s.

formation n.

formacin s.

deformation n.

deformacin s.

reformation n.

reformacin s.

malformation n.
information n.

malformacin s.
informacin s.

disinformation n.

desinformacin s.

conformation n.

conformacin s.

transformation n.

transformacin s.

inhumation n.

inhumacin s.

exhumation n.
nation n.

exhumacin s.
nacin s.

profanation n.

profanacin s.

emanation n.

emanacin s.

hydrogenation n.

hidrogenacin s.

oxygenation n.

oxigenacin s.

alienation n.

alienacin s.

concatenation n.

concatenacin s.

rejuvenation n.

rejuvenecimiento s.

impregnation n.

impregnacin s.

indignation n.

indignacin s.

designation n.

designacin s.

consignation n.

consignacin s.

assignation n.

asignacin s.

impugnation n.

impugnacin s.

combination n.

combinacin s.

fascination n.

fascinacin s.

150

hallucination n.

alucinacin s.

subordination n.

subordinacin s.

insubordination n.

insubordinacin s.

coordination n.

coordinacin s.

imagination n.

imaginacin s.

pagination n.

paginacin n

machination n.

maquinacin s.

declination n.

declinacin s.

reclination n.

reclinacin s.

inclination n.

inclinacin s.

pollination n.

polinizacin s.

lamination n.

laminacin s.

contamination n.

contaminacin s.

decontamination n.

descontaminacin s.

examination n.

examen s.

re-examination n.

re-reexaminacin s.

insemination n.

inseminacin s.

dissemination n.

diseminacin s.

elimination n.

eliminacin v.

recrimination n.

recriminacin s.

incrimination n.

incriminacin s.

discrimination n.

discriminacin s.

anti-discrimination n. adj.

anti-discriminacin s. adj.

culmination n.

culminacin s.

fulmination n.

fulminacin s.

abomination n.

abominacin s.

domination n.

dominacin s.

nomination n.

nominacin s.

denomination n.

denominacin s.

germination n.

germinacin s.

termination n.

terminacin s.

determination n.

determinacin s.

predetermination n.

predeterminacin s.

extermination n.

exterminacin s.

illumination n.

iluminacin s.

peregrination n.

peregrinacin s.

assassination n.

asesinato s.

destination n.

destino s.

predestination n.

predestinacin s.

agglutination n.

aglutinacin s.

divination n.

adivinacin s.

condemnation n.
donation n.

condenacin s.
donacin s.

condonation n.

condonacin s.

coronation n.

coronacin s.

detonation n.

detonacin s.

intonation n.

entonacin s.

incarnation n.

encarnacin s.

reincarnation n.

reencarnacin s.

hibernation n.

hibernacin s.

alternation n.

alternacin s.

151

consternation n.

consternacin s.

anticipation n.

anticipacin s.

participation n.

participacin s.

emancipation n.

emancipacin s.

dissipation n.

disipacin s.

inculpation n.

inculpacin s.

exculpation n.

exculpacin s.

extirpation n.

extirpacin s.

usurpation n.
occupation n.
preoccupation n.
ration n.

usurpacin s.
ocupacin s.
preocupacin s.
racin s.

declaration n.

declaracin s.

preparation n.

preparacin s.

separation n.

separacin s.

celebration n.

celebracin s.

decerebration n.

descerebracin s.

calibration n.

calibracin s.

vibration n.

vibracin s.

consecration n.

consagracin s.

execration n.

execracin s.

dehydration n.
liberation n.

deshidratacin s.
liberacin s.

deliberation n.

deliberacin s.

reverberation n.

reverberacin s.

laceration n.

laceracin s.

maceration n.

maceracin s.

ulceration n.

ulceracin s.

federation n.

federacin s.

confederation n.

confederacin s.

consideration n.

consideracin s.

reconsideration n.

reconsideracin s.

moderation n.

moderacin s.

vociferation n.

vociferacin s.

proliferation n.

proliferacin s.

non-proliferation n.

no-proliferacin s.

exaggeration n.

exageracin s.

refrigeration n.

refrigeracin s.

acceleration n.

aceleracin s.

deceleration n.

desaceleracin s.

agglomeration n.

aglomeracin s.

conglomeration n.

conglomeracin s.

numeration n.

numeracin s.

enumeration n.
generation n.

enumeracin s.
generacin s.

degeneration n.

degeneracin s.

regeneration n.

regeneracin s.

veneration n.

veneracin s.

incineration n.

incineracin s.

exoneration n.

exoneracin s.

remuneration n.

remuneracin s.

152

 operation n.

operacin s.

cooperation n.

cooperacin s.

exasperation n.

exasperacin s.

desperation n.

desesperacin s.

recuperation n.

recuperacin s.

vituperation n.

vituperacin s.

commiseration n.

conmiseracin s.

reiteration n.

reiteracin s.

alliteration n.

aliteracin s.

alteration n.

alteracin s.

adulteration n. (rel. a calidad)

adulteracin s. (rel. to quality)

asseveration n.

aseveracin s.

conflagration n.
integration n.
disintegration n.
migration n.

conflagracin s.
integracin s.
desintegracin s.
migracin/emigracin s.

emigration n.

emigracin s.

immigration n.

inmigracin s.

transmigration n.

trasmigracin s.

denigration n.

denigracin s.

admiration n.

admiracin s.

aspiration n.
respiration n.
transpiration n.
inspiration n.

aspiracin s.
respiracin s.
transpiracin s.
inspiracin s.

perspiration n.

perspiracin s.

expiration n.

expiracin s.

elaboration n.

elaboracin s.

collaboration n.

colaboracin s.

corroboration n.
decoration n.

corroboracin s.
decoracin s.

redecoration n.

redecoracin s.

adoration n.

adoracin s.

perforation n.

perforacin s.

deterioration n.

deterioracin s.

imploration n.

imploracin s.

exploration n.

exploracin s.

commemoration n.

conmemoracin s.

evaporation n.

evaporacin s.

corporation n.

corporacin s.

incorporation n.
restoration n.
narration n.

incorporacin s.
restauracin s.
narracin s.

aberration n.

aberracin s.

penetration n.

penetracin s.

perpetration n.

perpetracin s.

arbitration n.

arbitraje s.

filtration n.

filtracin s.

infiltration n.

infiltracin s.

concentration n.

concentracin s.

castration n.

castracin s.

153

orchestration n.

orquestacin s.

defenestration n.

defenestracin s.

registration n.

registro s.

administration n.

administracin s.

demonstration n.

demostracin s.

prostration n.

postracin s.

illustration n.

ilustracin s.

frustration n.

frustracin s.

duration n.

duracin s.

figuration n.

figuracin s.

configuration n.

configuracin s.

disfiguration n.

desfiguracin s.

transfiguration n.

transfiguracin s.

inauguration n.

inauguracin s.

abjuration n.

abjuracin s.

colouration n.

coloracin s.

maturation n.

maduracin s.

saturation n.

saturacin s.

acculturation n.

culturizacin s.

gyration n.

giro s.

standardisation n.

estandarizacin s.

globalisation n.

globalizacin s.

localisation n.

localizacin s.

vocalisation n.

vocalizacin s.

idealisation n.

idealizacin s.

legalisation n.

legalizacin s.

specialisation n.

especializacin s.

commercialisation n.

comercializacin s.

materialisation n.

materializacin s.

dematerialisation n.

desmaterializacin s.

industrialisation n.

industrializacin s.

formalisation n.

formalizacin s.

normalisation n.

normalizacin s.

canalisation n.

canalizacin s.

penalisation n.

penalizacin s.

finalisation n.

finalizacin s.

decriminalisation n.

descriminalizacin s.

internationalisation n.

internacionalizacin s.

rationalisation n.

racionalizacin s.

institutionalisation n.

institucionalizacin s.

personalisation n.

personalizacin s.

fraternalisation n.

fraternalisacin s.

internalisation n. (tambin -zation)

internacin s.

externalisation n.

exteriorizacin s.

liberalisation n.

liberalizacin s.

generalisation n.

generalizacin s.

mineralisation n. (tambin -zation)

mineralizacin s.

demoralisation n.

desmoralizacin s.

centralisation n.

centralizacin s.

decentralisation n.

descentralizacin s.

neutralisation n.

neutralizacin s.

154

naturalisation n.

naturalizacin s.

denaturalisation n.

desnaturalizacin s.

capitalisation n.

capitalizacin s.

hospitalisation n.

hospitalizacin s.

revitalisation n.

revitalizacin s.

occidentalisation n.

occidentalizacin s.

departmentalisation n.

departamentalizacin s.

individualisation n.

individualizacin s.

equalisation n. (tambin -zation)

ecualizacin s.

visualisation n.

visualizacin s.

conceptualisation n.

conceptualizacin s.

evangelisation n.

evangelizacin s.

stabilisation n.

estabilizacin s.

destabilisation n.

desestabilizacin s.

mobilisation n.

movilizacin s.

demobilisation n. (tambin -zation)

desmovilizacin s.

immobilisation n.

inmovilizacin s.

sterilisation n.

esterilizacin s.

fossilisation n.

fosilizacin s.

fertilisation n.
utilisation n.
civilisation n.

fertilizacin s.
utilizacin s.
civilizacin s.

crystallisation n.

cristalizacin s.

monopolisation n.

monopolizacin s.

minimisation n.

minimizacin s.

legitimisation n.

legitimizacin s.

optimisation n.

optimizacin s.

maximisation n.

maximizacin s.

urbanisation n.

urbanizacin s.

Americanisation n.

americanizacin s.

vulcanisation n. (tambin -zation)

organisation n.

vulcanizacin s.
organizacin s.

reorganisation n.

reorganizacin s.

disorganisation n.

desorganizacin s.

mechanisation n.

mecanizacin s.

Christianisation n. (tambin -zation)

Cristianizacin s.

humanisation n.

humanizacin s.

dehumanisation n.

deshumanizacin s.

galvanisation n.

galvanizacin s.

homogenisation n.

homogenizacin s.

desalinisation n.

desalinizacin s.

feminisation n.

feminizacin s.

carbonisation n.

carbonizacin s.

ionisation n.

ionizacin s.

colonisation n.

colonizacin s.

harmonisation n.

harmonizacin s.

canonisation n.

canonizacin s.

synchronisation n.

sincronizacin s.

desynchronisation n.

desincronizacin v.

modernisation n.

modernizacin s.

immunisation n.

inmunizacin s.

155

familiarisation n.

familiarizacin s.

polarisation n.

polarizacin s.

depolarisation n.

despolarizacin s.

particularisation n.

particularizacin s.

regularisation n.

regularizacin s.

popularisation n.

popularizacin s.

summarisation n.

sumarizacin s.

militarisation n.

militarizacin s.

demilitarisation n.

desmilitarizacin s.

notarisation n.

notarizacin s.

polymerisation n. (tambin -zation)

polimerizacin s.

characterisation n.

caracterizacin s.

cauterisation n.

cauterizacin s.

computerisation n.

computarizacin s.

pulverisation n.

pulverizacin s.

arborisation n. (tambin -zation)

arborizacin s.

categorisation n.
authorisation n.

categorizacin s.
autorizacin s. (any permission)

exteriorisation n.

exteriorizacin s.

memorisation n.

memorizacin s.

vaporisation n.

vaporizacin s.

factorisation n. (tambin -zation)

factorizacin s.

cicatrisation n.

cicatrizacin s.

pasteurisation n.

pasteurizacin s.

decolourisation n.

descoloramiento s.

dramatisation n.

dramatizacin s.

systematisation n.

sistematizacin s.

stigmatisation n.

estigmatizacin s.

acclimatisation n.

climatizacin s.

aromatisation n. (tambin -zation)

aromatizacin s.

automatisation n.

automatizacin s.

democratisation n.

democratizacin s.

bureaucratisation n.

burocratizacin s.

privatisation n.

privatizacin s.

alphabetisation n.

alfabetizacin s.

magnetisation n.

magnetizacin s.

demagnetisation n.

desmagnetizacin s.

robotisation n.

robotizacin s.

hypnotisation n.

hipnotizacin s.

amortisation n.

amortizacin s.

improvisation n.

improvisacin s.

pulsation n.

pulsacin s.

condensation n.

condensacin s.

compensation n.

compensacin s.

dispensation n.

dispensacin s.

sensation n.
tergiversation n.

sensacin s.
tergiversacin s.

malversation n.

malversacin s.

conversation n.

conversacin s.

cessation n.

cesacin s.

accusation n.

acusacin s.

156

dilatation n.

dilatacin s.

vasodilatation n.

vasodilatacin s.

dictation n.

dictado s.

vegetation n.

vegetacin s.

interpretation n.

interpretacin s.

reinterpretation n.

reinterpretacin s.

misinterpretation n.

mal interpretacin s.

citation n.

citacin s.

recitation n.

recitacin s.

incitation n.

incitacin s.

resuscitation n.

resucitacin s.

meditation n.

meditacin s.

premeditation n.

premeditacin s.

accreditation n.

acreditacin s.

agitation n.

agitacin s.

prestidigitation n.

prestidigitacin s.

habilitation n.
rehabilitation n.

habilitacin s.
rehabilitacin s.

debilitation n.

debilitacin s.

facilitation n.

facilitacin s.

imitation n.

imitacin s.

limitation n.

limitacin s.

delimitation n.
exploitation n.

delimitacin s.
explotacin s.

decapitation n.

decapitacin s.

precipitation n.

precipitacin s.

palpitation n.

palpitacin s.

irritation n.

irritacin s.

visitation n.

visitacin s.

equitation n.

equitacin s.

gravitation n.

gravitacin s.

levitation n.

levitacin s.

invitation n.

invitacin s.

exaltation n.

exaltacin s.

auscultation n.

auscultacin s.

consultation n.

consultacin s.

exultation n.

exultacin s.

decantation n.

decantacin s.

incantation n.

encantamiento s.

plantation n.

plantacin s.

implantation n.

implantacin s.

transplantation n.
orientation n.

trasplantacin s.
orientacin s.

reorientation n.

reorientacin s.

disorientation n.

desorientacin s.

lamentation n.

lamentacin s.

ornamentation n.

ornamentacin s.

implementation n.

implementacin s.

complementation n.

complementacin s.

fragmentation n.

fragmentacin s.

segmentation n.

segmentacin s.

157

pigmentation n.
augmentation n.
sedimentation n.
alimentation n.

pigmentacin s.
aumento s.
sedimentacin s.
alimentacin s.

experimentation n.

experimentacin s.

fomentation n.

fomento s.

fermentation n.

fermentacin s.

documentation n.
instrumentation adv.

documentacin s.
instrumentacin adv.

presentation n.

presentacin s.

representation n.

representacin s.

ostentation n.

ostentacin s.

confrontation n.

confrontacin s.

flotation n.

flotacin s.

notation n.

notacin s.

denotation n.

denotacin s.

connotation n.

connotacin s.

rotation n.

rotacin s.

adaptation n.

adaptacin s.

temptation n.

tentacin s.

exhortation n.

exhortacin s.

deportation n.

deportacin s.

importation n.

importacin s.

transportation n.
station n. (de transporte)
devastation n.
manifestation n. (declaracin)

transportacin s.
estacin s. (also season)
devastacin s.
manifestacin s. (declaration)

infestation n.

infestacin s.

gestation n.

gestacin s.

deforestation n.

deforestacin s.

reforestation n.

reforestacin s.

incrustation n.

incrustacin s.

refutation n.

refutacin s.

salutation n.

salutacin s.

mutation n.

mutacin s.

transmutation n.

transmutacin s.

reputation n.

reputacin s.

amputation n.

amputacin s.

imputation n.

imputacin s.

disputation n.

disputa s.

evacuation n.

evacuacin s.

graduation n.

graduacin s.

valuation n.
evaluation n.

valuacin, avalo s.
evaluacin s.

re-evaluation n.

re-evaluacin s.

devaluation n.

devaluacin s.

revaluation n.

re-avalo s.

attenuation n.

atenuacin s.

insinuation n.

insinuacin s.

continuation n.

continuacin s.

discontinuation n.

descontinuacin s.

158

 equation n.

ecuacin s.

menstruation n.

menstruacin s.

punctuation n.

puntuacin s.

fluctuation n.
situation n.

fluctuacin s.
situacin s.

accentuation n.

acentuacin s.

excavation n.

excavacin s.

aggravation n.

agravio s.

depravation n.

depravacin s.

elevation n.

elevacin s.

salivation n.

salivacin s.

derivation n.

derivacin s.

activation n.

activacin s.

deactivation n.

desactivacin s.

reactivation n.

reactivacin s.

cultivation n.

cultivacin s.

motivation n.

motivacin s.

salvation n.

salvacin s.

ovation n.

ovacin s.

renovation n.

renovacin s.

innovation n.

innovacin s.

enervation n.

enervacin s.

observation n.

observacin s.

reservation n.

reservacin s.

preservation n.

preservacin s.

conservation n.

conservacin s.

indexation n.

indexacin s.

annexation n.

anexacin s.

spiritualization n.

espiritualizacin s.

digitization n.

digitacin s.

action n. (no rel. a capital econmico)

accin s. (also a share, stock)

reaction n.

reaccin s.

faction n. (grupo)
putrefaction n.

faccin s. (also rel. to face features)

putrefaccin s.

liquefaction n.

licuefaccin s.

satisfaction n.

satisfaccin s.

dissatisfaction n.

insatisfaccin s.

retroaction n.

retroaccin s.

interaction n.

interaccin s.

fraction n.

fraccin s.

fraction v.

fraccionar v.

refraction n.

refraccin s.

infraction n.

infraccin s.

traction n.

traccin s.

retro-traction n.

retro-traccin s.

detraction n.

detraccin s.

retraction n.

retraccin s.

contraction n.

contraccin s.

abstraction n.

abstraccin s.

distraction n.

distraccin s.

attraction n.

atraccin s.

159

extraction n.

extraccin s.

transaction n.

transaccin s.

affection n.

afecto s.

infection n.
disinfection n.
perfection n.

infeccin s.
desinfeccin s.
perfeccin s.

imperfection n.

imperfeccin s.

abjection n.

abyeccin s.

objection n.
injection n.
projection n.
interjection n.
election n.
re-election n.
selection n.
pre-selection n.

objecin s.
inyeccin s.
proyeccin s.
interjeccin s.
eleccin s.
reeleccin s.
seleccin s.
preseleccin s.

reflection n.

reflexin s.

inflection n.

inflexin s.

genuflection n.

genuflexin s.

predilection n.
collection n.
connection n.

predileccin s.
coleccin s.
conexin s.

reconnection n.

reconexin s.

interconnection n.

interconexin s.

disconnection n.

desconexin s.

circumspection n.

circunspeccin s.

inspection n.

inspeccin s.

sub-inspection n.

sub-inspeccin s.

retrospection n.

retrospeccin s.

introspection n.

introspeccin s.

erection n.

ereccin s.

redirection n.

redireccin s.

correction n.
auto-correction n.

correccin s.
auto-correccin s.

resurrection n.

resurreccin s.

insurrection n.

insurreccin s.

section v.
section n.

seccionar v.
seccin s.

sub-section n.

sub-seccin s.

bisection n.

biseccin s.

intersection n.

interseccin s.

detection n.

deteccin s.

protection n.

proteccin s.

diction n.

diccin s.

contradiction n.

contradiccin s.

addiction n.

adiccin s.

benediction n.

bendicin s.

prediction n.

prediccin s.

jurisdiction n.

jurisdiccin s.

fiction n.

ficcin s.

affliction n.

afliccin s.

160

friction n.

friccin s.

antifriction n.

anti-friccin s.

restriction n.

restriccin s.

constriction n.

constriccin s.

vasoconstriction n.

vasoconstriccin s.

conviction n.

conviccin s.

sanction n.

sancin s.

distinction n.

distincin s.

extinction n.

extincin s.

function n. (no exhibicin)

funcin s. (also show, performance)

function v.

funcionar v.

multifunction n. adj.

multifuncin s. adj.

dysfunction n.

disfuncin s.

conjunction n.

conjuncin s.

deduction n.

deduccin s.

deduction n.

deduccin s.

reduction n.

reduccin s.

seduction n.

seduccin s.

induction n.

induccin s.

conduction n.

conduccin s.

production n.

produccin s.

co-production n.
reproduction n.
introduction n. (presentacin, prlogo)

coproduccin s.
reproduccin s.
introduccin s. (presentation, prologue)

obstruction n.

obstruccin s.

destruction n.

destruccin s.

instruction n.

instruccin s.

construction n.

construccin s.

reconstruction n.

reconstruccin s.

suction n.

succin s.

suction v.

succionar v.

liposuction n.

liposuccin s.

secretion n.

secrecin s.

discretion n.

discrecin s.

indiscretion n.

indiscrecin s.

excretion n.

excrecin s.

inhibition n.
prohibition n.
exhibition n.
ambition n.
ambition v.
tradition n.
extradition n.
addition n.
edition n. (versin)
expedition n.
condition n.
condition v.

inhibicin s.
prohibicin s.
exhibicin s.
ambicin s.
ambicionar v.
tradicin s.
extradicin s.
adicin s.
edicin s. (version)
expedicin s.
condicin s.
condicionar v.

perdition n.

perdicin s.

audition n.

audicin s.

coalition n.

coalicin s.

161

abolition n.

abolicin s.

demolition n.

demolicin s.

ignition n.

ignicin s.

recognition n.

reconocimiento s.

definition n.

definicin s.

redefinition n.

redefinicin s.

admonition n.

admonicin s.

premonition n.

premonicin s.

ammunition n.

municin s.

nutrition n.

nutricin s.

malnutrition n.
acquisition n.

malnutricin s.
adquisicin s.

co-acquisition n.

co-adquisicin s.

inquisition n.

inquisicin s.

transition n.

transicin s.

position n.

posicin s.

position v.

posicionar v.

contraposition n.

contraposicin s.

juxtaposition n.

yuxtaposicin s.

deposition n.

deposicin s.

preposition n.

preposicin s.

imposition n.

imposicin s.

composition n.

composicin s.

decomposition n.

descomposicin s.

proposition n.

proposicin s.

apposition n.

aposicin s.

opposition n.

oposicin s.

supposition n.

suposicin s.

presupposition n.

presuposicin s.

interposition n.

interposicin s.

predisposition n.

predisposicin s.

indisposition n.

indisposicin s.

transposition n.
exposition n. (no rel. a arte)
repetition n.
competition n.

transposicin s.
exposicin s. (usu. rel. a arte)
repeticin s.
competicin s.

partition n.

particin s.

bipartition n.

biparticin s.

superstition n.

supersticin s.

intuition n.
mention v.

intuicin s.
mencionar v.

detention n.

detencin s.

retention n.

retencin s.

intention n.

intencin s.

contention n.
abstention n.
attention n.
contravention n.

contencin s.
abstencin s.
atencin s.
contravencin s.

prevention n.

prevencin s.

invention n.

invencin s.

reinvention n.

reinvencin s.

162

 convention n.

convencin s.

intervention n.

intervencin s.

lotion n.

locin s.

emotion n.

emocin s.

commotion n.

conmocin s.

locomotion n.

locomocin s.

promotion n.

promocin s.

notion n.

nocin s.

potion n.

pocin s.

devotion n.

devocin s.

contraception n.

contracepcin s.

reception n.

recepcin s.

conception n.

concepcin s.

preconception n.
perception n.
interception n.
exception n.
subscription n.
description n.
prescription n.
transcription n.
inscription n.

preconcepcin s.
percepcin s.
intercepcin s.
excepcin s.
suscripcin s.
descripcin s.
prescripcin s.
trascripcin s.
inscripcin s.

conscription n.

conscripcin s.

proscription n.

proscripcin s.

redemption n.

redencin s.

exemption n.

exencin s.

presumption n.

presuncin s.

consumption n.
option n.
adoption n.

consumo s.
opcin s.
adopcin s.

absorption n.

absorcin s.

eruption n.

erupcin s.

interruption n.
irruption n.
corruption n.

interrupcin s.
irrupcin s.
corrupcin s.

anti-corruption adj.

anti-corrupcin adj.

insertion n.

insercin s.

assertion n.

asercin s.

abortion n.

aborto s.

anti-abortion n.

anti-aborto s.

portion n.

porcin s.

proportion n.

proporcin s.

contortion n.

contorcin s.

distortion n.

distorsin s.

extortion n.

extorsin s.

bastion n.

bastin s.

suggestion n.

sugerencia s.

autosuggestion n.

autosugestin s.

digestion n.

digestin s.

indigestion n.

indigestin s.

ingestion n.

ingestin s.

163

congestion n.

congestin s.

combustion n.

combustin s.

precaution n.

precaucin s.

contribution n.

contribucin s.

distribution n.

distribucin s.

redistribution n.

redistribucin s.

attribution n.

atribucin s.

consecution n.

consecucin s.

persecution n.

persecucin s.

execution n.

ejecucin s.

elocution n.

elocucin s.

allocution n.

alocucin s.

circumlocution n.

circunlocucin s.

interlocution n.

interlocucin s.

electrocution n.

electrocucin s.

ablution n.

ablucin s.

dilution n.

dilucin s.

solution n.

solucin s.

absolution n.

absolucin s.

resolution n.

resolucin s.

dissolution n.
evolution n.
antievolution n.
revolution n.
diminution n.
substitution n.

disolucin s.
evolucin s.
anti-evolucin s.
revolucin s.
disminucin s.
substitucin s.

restitution n.

restitucin s.

institution n.

institucin s.

constitution n.

constitucin s.

reconstitution n.

reconstitucin s.

prostitution n.

prostitucin s.

alluvion n.

aluvin s.

inflexion n.

inflexin s.

genuflexion n.

genuflexin s.

connexion n.

conexin s.

crucifixion n.

crucifixin s.

melon n.

meln s.

Teflon n.

tefln s.

decathlon n.

decatln s.

triathlon n.

triatln s.

pentathlon n.

pentatln s.

gallon n. (3.8 litros, USA)

galn s. (3.8 litres, USA)

colon n. (tambin dos puntos :)

colon s. (rel. to the intestine)

Babylon n.

Babilonia s.

nylon n.

nylon s.

demon n.

demonio s.

lemon n.

limn s.

salmon n.

salmn s.

backgammon n.

backgammon s.

common adj.

comn adj.

sermon n.

sermn s.

164

Mormon n.

mormn s.

Lebanon n.

Lbano s.

canon n.

canon s.

canon n.
phenomenon n.

canon s.
fenmeno s.

xenon n.

xenn s.

cannon n. (arma)

can s. (weapon and canyon)

buffoon n.

bufn s.

lagoon n.

laguna s.

typhoon n.

tifn s.

saloon n. (bar)

saln s. (pub, bar)

harpoon n.

arpn s.

maroon adj.

marrn adj.

Cameroon n.

Camern s.

protozoon n.

protozoario s.

coupon n.

cupn s.

baron n.

barn s.

dodecahedron n.

dodecaedro s.

tetrahedron n.

tetraedro s.

octahedron n.

octaedro s.

polyhedron n.

poliedro s.

chaperon n. (tambin chaperone)

chapern s.

coleopteron n.

coleptero s.

electron n.

electrn s.

neutron n.

neutrn s.

Mason n. adj. (rel. a religin)

reason n.
reason v.

masn s. adj. (rel. to religion)

razn s.
razonar v.

diapason n.

diapasn s.

bison n.

bisonte s.

unison n.

unsono s.

comparison n.

comparacin s.

prison n.

prisin s.

person n.

persona s.

lesson n.

leccin s.

ton n.
megaton n.
skeleton n.

tonelada s.
megatn s.
esqueleto s.

piton n.

pitn s.

plankton n.

plankton s.

phytoplankton n.

fitoplancton s.

badminton n.

bdminton s.

proton n.

protn s.

carton n. (slo caja de cartn)

cartn s. (also cardboard)

piston n.

pistn s.

button n.

botn s.

glutton n. adj.

glotn s. adj.

Teuton adj.

teutn adj.

Anglo-Saxon n. adj.

anglo-sajn s. adj.

crayon n.

crayn s.

Amazon n.

Amazonas s.

165

 horizon n.
discern v.
modern adj.

horizonte s.
discernir v. 2
moderno adj.

ultramodern adj.

ultramoderno adj.

subaltern n. adj.

subalterno s. adj.

intern n.

interno s.

intern v.

internar v.

cistern n.

cisterna s.

cavern n.

caverna s.

tavern n.

taberna s.

govern v.

gobernar v. 2

unicorn n.

unicornio s.

Capricorn n.

capricornio s.

adorn v.

adornar v.

Saturn n.

Saturno s.

return n.

retorno s.

return v.

retornar v.

taciturn adj.

taciturno adj.

pronoun n.

pronombre s.

166

Author

Professor Rubn Morn Molina is a scholar on Cognate Linguistics and Applied

Psycholinguistics. He has over 20 years experience as a Teacher, Teacher Trainer and
Researcher in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He is one of the few professionals in the world who has had
the opportunity to teach English to more than a million people on TV. Prof. Morn Molina is the
Author of:

Cognate Linguistics
The Dictionary of Cognates DOC
The Reverse Dictionary of Cognates RDOC
The Most Frequent English Cognates List - MFCogn English
The Most Frequent Spanish Cognates List - MFCogn Spanish
The Most Frequent Business Cognates List - MFCogn Business
Rubn Morn Molinas Spanish Corpus
The Cognate Highlighter

For more information and resources, please visit www.cognates.org

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