Department of Environmental Engineering, UET TAXILA

[PREPARATION OF STANDARADIZE SOLUTION]
To prepare a standard solution of sodium carbonate and with the

help of this, standardize approximately 0.2M HCl.
Purpose:
Usually the purpose of titration is to find the concentration of an unknown
base or acid in a solution. It usually works by combining an acid of known
concentration with an unknown base solution, or vice versa, until the solution
is neutralized completely.
Theory:
Standard solution:
A standard solution is a solution containing a precisely known concentration
of an element or substance.
It can be prepared by dissolving a primary standard in a suitable solvent
(such as distilled water).
These type of solutions are used to determine the concentrations of other
substances, such as solutions in titrations.
Primary standard solution:
A primary standard is a soluble solid compound that is very pure, and have a
consistent formula that does not change even when it exposed to the
atmosphere.
It has a relatively high molar mass.
These type of standards are mostly used in titrations and other analysis as
standardization solution.
Examples:
Sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium carbonate (Na 2CO3), potassium dichromate
(K2Cr2O7) etc.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is used as a primary standard for silver nitrate
(AgNO3) reactions.
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is 99.9% pure and used to find concentration of
H2SO4 and HCl.
Characteristics of a primary standard substances:
Primary standards are prepared from solid compounds.
Primary standards should have following characteristics:
Department of Environmental Engineering, UET TAXILA
Page 1
It should be easily available.

It should be commercially suitable (inexpensive).
It should be extremely pure.
Should have a constant weight.
Should have a known formula ( e.g. degree of hydration must not
change even when it is exposed to atmosphere)
Should have a relatively large molar mass.
Be unaltered in air during weighing, that is, the compound must not
(a) Absorb moisture from the air.
(b) Absorb carbon dioxide from the air.
(c) Be oxidized by air.
Secondary standard substance:

A secondary standard substances are cant be obtained in sufficient pure
state.
It is prepared in the laboratory for a specific analysis.
It is usually standardize against a primary standard.
Examples:
KMnO4, NaOH, KOH, HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3 etc.
NaOH and KOH pick moisture from atmosphere while HCl and H 2SO4 are in
concentrated form.
Experiment:
It consist of three parts:
Making solutions.
Procedure.
Calculations.
1. Making solutions:
Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M Na2CO3 solutions
Na2CO3 + 2HCl
2NaCl +CO2+ H2O
Molarity of HCl=2* conc. of Na2CO3

= 2*0.1 = 0.2
Weight of Na2CO3 = molarity * molar mass * volume in ml
Page 2

= 0.1 * 106 * 500 = 5.30 g
Apparatus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Volumetric flask.
Burette.
Beaker.
Pipette.
Erelene Meyer flask (conical flask).
Wash bottle.
Indicator.
Procedure to make solution of Na2CO3 (0.1 M):

1.
Take more than 5.30g of Na2CO3 and then heat it in the oven to 100270 C for almost 30 minutes.
2. After heating, placed it in the desiccator (anhydrous CaCl 2) for drying
and prevent it from moisture.
3. Then with the help of weight balance, weight exactly 5.30g of Na 2CO3
and take it in the 500ml volumetric flask.
4. Then fill that flask with distilled water upto 1/2 or 1/3 and shake it until
Na2CO3 is dissolved fully in water, and then fill the flask upto 500ml
mark.
Procedure to make solution of HCl (0.2M):
Molarity =
density purity10
M .W
= (1.19 * 37 * 10)/36.5
=12.06M
Now, calculate the volume of HCl for making its solution
Using the following equation
M1V1=M2V2
12 * V1 = 0.2 * 500
V1=8.33ml
Page 3

1. Take 8.33ml of conc. HCl solution with the help of pipette and then add
it in the Erelene Meyer flask of 500ml 1/2 or 1/3 filled with distilled
water.
2. Then shake it until the solution is fully mixed with each other.
3. Now fill the flask with distilled water upto the mark of 500ml.
2. Procedure:
1. Take conical flask, wash it with tape water and then wash it with
distilled water 3 times and then wash it with Na2CO3 solution.
2. With the help of graduated cylinder, take 25ml of Na 2CO3 solution and
then pour it into the flask.
3. Then add 2 to 3 drops of methylene orange indicator to it.
4. Then fill the burette with HCl solution upto 50ml mark.
5. Then placed the Na2CO3 solution into the conical flask under burette
and then titrate it against HCl solution drop by drop gently.
6. When color change to light pink, then stop adding the drops and note
down the reading of burette.
7. Then at the end titrate Na2CO3 solution against HCl solution 3 times, in
order to minimize error by taking the average value.
3: Calculations:
Volume of HCl used in 1st titration = VA1 = 20.9ml
Volume of HCl used in 2nd titration = VA2 = 26.6ml
Volume of HCl used in 3rd titration = VA3 = 26.7 ml
Average value of HCl used = VA = 24.73ml
Volume of Na2CO3 used in each experiment = VB = 25 ml
Acid = Base
MA * VA/nA = MB * VB/ nB
MA = MB * VB * nA / VA * nB
MA = 0.1*25*2 / 24.73*1
MA = 0.20M
Conclusion:
Methyl orange is used as an indicator in this experiment. When two or three
drops of methyl orange is added in sodium carbonate solution, it color
changes to dark yellow. Then after the titration of sodium carbonate against
Page 4

HCl, it color changes to light pink. That is the end point of titration. Note the
reading at its end point in burette of HCl volume used for titration. Repeat
the titration process 3 times to minimize the error by using its average value.
Comments:
After performing the whole experiment, and by looking at the calculated
results, we come to know that our calculated results are almost same to
theoretical results. We got almost 95% efficiency in the results. That shows
we use the apparatus and chemicals precisely according to the proper
procedure. Also we followed the instructions given by lab instructor.
Page 5

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[PREPARATION OF STANDARADIZE SOLUTION]

To prepare a standard solution of sodium carbonate and with the

[PREPARATION OF STANDARADIZE SOLUTION]

It should be easily available.

Secondary standard substance:

2NaCl +CO2+ H2O

Molarity of HCl=2* conc. of Na2CO3