Grover Washer

The Cross Spiralock
Thread Insert
A Wire Thread Insert with
extraordinary properties.
Piston rings made from coil
Ralph
Flower
The Spiralock thread
Bolt
Tapped hole
Cross Spiralock Insert wire section
Cross Spiralock Insert assembly
London Underground Central Line gearboxes
Blade attachment to main rotor head mast
Ralph
Flower
The Junkers Vibration Rig
The vibration test
Peak
preload
Vibration start
Bolt
tension
Vibration end
and removal of
bolt tension
No loss of
bolt tension
Holding force
Locking force
Number of vibrations
Test other available Thread Locking Systems:
Spiralock taps
Prevailing torque inserts
Thin wall inserts
Spring washers
Schnorr safety washers
Nord-Lock
Loctite
Spiralock Standard Thread (steel)

Bolt
tension
No loss of
bolt tension
Number of
vibrations
Spiralock standard thread (light alloy)

Bolt
tension
No loss of
bolt tension
only at lower
amplitudes
Number of
vibrations
Standard insert (non-locking)

Bolt
tension
Prevailing torque insert
Prevailing
torque
coil
Prevailing torque insert

Bolt
tension
Immediate loss of
bolt tension at the
critical amplitude
Cross spring washer (BS 2 SP.47)

Bolt
tension
Bolt tension is
maintained only
under less severe
amplitude
Cross Grover washer

Bolt
tension
Bolt tension is
maintained only
under less severe
amplitude
Commercial spring washer

Bolt
tension
Bolt tension is
maintained only
under very low
amplitude
Loctite 270 (studlock)

Bolt
tension
The studlock version of
this threadlocker produces
a permanent bond
between fastener and nut
Due to the fatigue

problem, bolt
tension is only
maintained at
lower amplitudes
At high amplitudes
and high bolt
tensions, the onset
of fatigue is rapid the fastener does
not loosen
Loctite 268 (threadlock)

Bolt
tension
The 268 version of this
threadlocker is in the form
of a Pritt Stick a selffeeding stick applicator
Due to the fatigue

problem, bolt
tension is only
maintained at
lower amplitudes
At high amplitudes
and high bolt
tensions, the onset
of fatigue is rapid the fastener does
not loosen
Schnorr Safety Washer

Bolt
tension
No loss of bolt
tension but bolt
fatigue problems
increase
Nord-Lock
Bolt
tension
No loss of bolt
tension but bolt
fatigue problems
increase
Thinwall insert
Bolt
tension
No loss of bolt
tension but bolt
fatigue problems
increase
Cross Spiralock Wire Thread insert

Bolt
tension
No loss of bolt
tension plus
improved bolt
fatigue life
Number of
vibrations
What we needed to find out:

What's the ideal bolt tension?
What happens if the tension is reduced?
Is the length of the thread insert significant to its
locking effect?
Do base materials alter the locking effect?
How many times can you do and undo bolts
and still get the locking effect?
How long do bolts stay locked?
Insert re-use assessment

Multiple repeating of vibration
test cycles

Repeat vibration tests
75% Rp0.2
Bolt
tension
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
test
test
test
test
increasing number of cycles

62.4% Rp0.2
Bolt
tension
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
test
test
test
test
test
98
99
100
101
102
more vibrations
more cycles

62.4% Rp0.2
Bolt
tension
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
test
test
test
test
197
198
199
200
after 200 complete vibration tests
Extended vibration testing

Continuous testing of a Cross
Spiralock Wire Thread insert

24 hour vibration test
Bolt
tension
No loss of bolt
tension and no
indication of
fatigue problems

Bolt
tension
No loss of bolt
tension and no
indication of
fatigue problems
further vibrations

End of test
Bolt
tension
No loss of bolt
tension and no
indication of
fatigue problems
1 million cycles
What have we found out about the locking effect

of the Cross Spiralock Thread Insert?
Base materials
Long term
Length of insert
Undoing & doing up
Finish of bolt
Straight line relationships
Lubricant
Bolt tension reduction
The vibration test

Peak
preload
reduced bolt tension
Vibration start
Bolt
Vibration end
and removal of
bolt tension
No loss of
tension
locking effect
Holding force
Locking force
Ralph
Flower
better than we thought it would be
Cross Manufacturing Co (1938) Ltd

Midford Road
Combe Down
Bath
BA2 5RR
01225 837000
www.crossmanufacturing.com/spiralock
..
..
Torque / preload relationships
Torque resistance (Tr)

Frictional effects
underhead, thread, etc.
Torsional effects eg the release of stored

energy when vibration starts
Embedding interactions between fastener,
insert, parent material, head and clamping
material and washer, etc.
The vibration test
Peak
preload
Vibration start
Vibration end
and removal of
bolt tension
75% Rp0.2
Bolt
tension
No loss of
bolt tension
Holding force
Locking force
The vibration test

+
Application
of torque
Torque
hysteresis curve
Peak
preload
and torque
Bolt tension
Removal of
preload
Torque resistance (Tr)

Application of a Universal Equation
T = PDTr where
T = torque
P = preload (bolt tension)
D = fastener nominal diameter
Tr = torque resistance
Constant bolt tension

CMC research has
proved that this
relationship is
correct for
Torque
All
fastener types,
finishes,
lubricant types
Torque resistance
Constant torque
CMC research has
proved that this
relationship is
correct for
Bolt
Tension
All
fastener types,
finishes,
lubricant types
Reciprocal of torque resistance
The vibration test

Peak
preload
reduced bolt tension
Vibration start
75% Rp0.2
Bolt
Vibration end
and removal of
bolt tension
No loss of
tension
bolt tension
Holding force
Locking force
The vibration test
minimum locking force
Minimum locking forces as

low as 25% Rp0.2
75% Rp0.2
50% Rp0.2
Bolt
tension
Vibration start
Peak
preload
Vibration end
and removal of
bolt tension
No loss of
bolt tension
25% Rp0.2
Holding force
Minimum locking force
The Blanchard Effect
The minimum locking force is inversely

proportional to the torque resistance
Fasteners having high values of torque
resistance lock at lower bolt tensions than
fasteners having a low torque resistance
Cross Manufacturing Co (1938) Ltd

Midford Road
Combe Down
Bath
BA2 5RR
01225 837000
www.crossmanufacturing.com/spiralock
..
..

Grover Washer

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Grover Washer

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The Cross Spiralock

Piston rings made from coil

The Spiralock thread

Cross Spiralock Insert wire section

Cross Spiralock Insert assembly

London Underground Central Line gearboxes

Blade attachment to main rotor head mast

The Junkers Vibration Rig

The vibration test

Test other available Thread Locking Systems:

Spiralock Standard Thread (steel)

Spiralock standard thread (light alloy)

Standard insert (non-locking)

Prevailing torque insert

Prevailing torque insert

Cross spring washer (BS 2 SP.47)

Cross Grover washer

Commercial spring washer

Loctite 270 (studlock)

Due to the fatigue

Loctite 268 (threadlock)

Due to the fatigue

Schnorr Safety Washer

Cross Spiralock Wire Thread insert

What we needed to find out:

Insert re-use assessment

Cross Spiralock Wire Thread insert

increasing number of cycles

Cross Spiralock Wire Thread insert

Cross Spiralock Wire Thread insert

after 200 complete vibration tests

Extended vibration testing

Cross Spiralock Wire Thread insert

Cross Spiralock Wire Thread insert

Cross Spiralock Wire Thread insert

What have we found out about the locking effect

Undoing & doing up

Straight line relationships

Bolt tension reduction

The vibration test

reduced bolt tension

better than we thought it would be

Cross Manufacturing Co (1938) Ltd

better than we thought it would be

Torque / preload relationships

Torque resistance (Tr)

underhead, thread, etc.

Torsional effects eg the release of stored

The vibration test

The vibration test

Torque resistance (Tr)

Constant bolt tension

Reciprocal of torque resistance

The vibration test

reduced bolt tension

The vibration test

minimum locking force

Minimum locking forces as

Minimum locking force

The Blanchard Effect

The minimum locking force is inversely

Cross Manufacturing Co (1938) Ltd

better than we thought it would be