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Lesson 7-Properties of Gas and Vapor Mixtures
Lesson 7-Properties of Gas and Vapor Mixtures
ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL
THERMODYNAMICS 2
A. TEMPERATURE
Temperature is a thermodynamic property of air that is measured by an
ordinary thermometer.
Drybulb temperature is the temperature of a gas-vapor mixture read with
an ordinary thermometer.
Wetbulb temperature is the temperature of a gas-vapor mixture
measured by an ordinary mercury thermometer whose bulb is covered by a
wetted cotton wick and exposed to a current of rapidly moving air.
Dry-bulb Thermometer
Wet-bulb Thermometer
Air Flow
Air Flow
Fan
Wetted wick
Aspiration Psychrometer
B. PRESSURE
Pressure is another thermodynamic property of air and pertains to barometric
pressure equal to 101.325 kPaa at standard condition.
Recall that according to Daltons Law of Partial pressure, any mixture of
miscible gases, the pressure exerted by each gas on a container is equal to the
sum of the partial pressures of each gas.
Pt = Pa + Pv
Where:
Pt = total pressure of air-water vapor mixture or the
atmospheric pressure, kPaa
Pa = partial pressure exerted by dry air, kPaa
Pv = partial pressure exerted by water vapor, kPaa
C. SPECIFIC HEAT OF THE MIXTURE
The specific heat of the mixture is;
Cpm = Cpa + WCpv
Where:
W = humidity ratio of mixture
Cpa = 0.24 BTU/lbmoR
= 1.0062 kJ/kgm0K
o
Cpv = 0.44 BTU/lbm R
= 1.872 kJ/kgm0K
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Lesson 7
D. SPECIFIC VOLUME
The ratio of total volume of air to its mass.
Va
Va
RaTa
RaTa
v
Pt Pv)
m PaVa
Pa
RaTa
Where:
v = specific volume, m3/kgd.a
m = mass of dry air, kg
Pa = partial pressure of dry air (Pt Pv), kPaa
Ta = absolute dry air temperature, oK
Ra = gas constant of dry air, kJ/kgoK = 0.28708 kJ/kgoK
E. HUMIDITY RATIO
It is also called moisture content, mixing ratio or specific humidity. It is the
ratio of the mass of water vapor and the mass of dry air.
Pv Vv
Pv
m v R v Tv R a Pv 0.28708 Pv
0.622
m a Pa Va R v Pa 0.4615 Pt Pv
Pt Pv
R a Ta
F. ENTHALPY
The sum of the enthalpy of dry air and enthalpy of the water vapor. The
enthalpy of dray air can be derived using either the formula suggested by
ASHRAE or the IHVE (Institute of Heating and Ventilating Engineers) formula.
ASHRAE formula:
h = Cpt + Whg = 1.0062 t + W hg
where:
h = enthalpy of the mixture, kJ/kgda
Cp = Specific heat of dry air at constant pressure = 1.0062 kJ/kgoK
t = dry-bulb temperature of dry air, oC
W = humidity ratio, kgv/kgda
hg = enthalpy of saturated vapor at the air temperature, t, kJ/kg
The data needed for saturated air shall be obtained from steam table:
Keenan and Keyes
IHVE Formula:
h = 1.007t 0.026 + (2501 + 1.84t)
for temperature = 0oC to 60oC
h = 1.005t + W (2501 + 1.84t)
for temperature = -10oC to 0oC
2501 kJ/kg is the average enthalpy of evaporation of water, kJ/kg.
G. RELATIVE HUMIDITY
It is the ratio of the partial pressure water vapor to that of the saturation
pressure of water at a given dry-bulb temperature.
P
RH v 100 %
Pd
Where:
RH = Relative humidity
Pd = Saturation pressure of water vapor at a given dry-bulb
temperature, kPaa
Determining the value of Pv or the partial pressure exerted by water vapor.
Using the IHVE Formula:
a. For wet-bulb temperature that is equal or greater than zero (TWB 0)
Pv = Pwb (6.66x10-4)Pt (TDB TWB)
b. For wet-bulb temperature less than zero (TWB <0)
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ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL
THERMODYNAMICS 2
Pv
0.622
P t Pv
W
P P Pd
100%
100%
U
100% v t
W
P
P
P
P
v
s
d t
d
0.622
t
d
P Pd
U RH t
Pt Pv
Where:
U = Percent Saturation
W s = the humidity ratio of saturated vapor at a given dry-bulb
temperature
W = humidity ratio of moist air at a given dry-bulb temperature
Handle
90
80
90
80
30
50
20
10
0
10
30
20
40
40
60
50
70
60
70
Holder
100
100
Swivel Bearing
Dry-bulb Thermometer
Wet-bulb Thermometer
Wick
PROBLEM SOLVING
1. Calculate the moisture content of a moist air at 25oC TDB, 15oC TWB and 95
kPaa atmospheric pressure.
2. Calculate the humidity ratio of a moist air at 60% RH and 32 oC TDB when the
atmospheric pressure is 100 kPaa. Determine the enthalpy.
3. What is the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture at 35oC and a relative
humidity of 45% at 101 kPaa atmospheric pressure.
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Lesson 7
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