Lesson 7-Properties of Gas and Vapor Mixtures

LESSON 7
PROPERTIES OF GAS AND

VAPOR MIXTURES
INTRODUCTION
In thermodynamics 1, we discussed topics involving gas, specifically, the
ideal gas. We had brief discussion in the topic involving vaporization of pure
substance. Mixing these two substances is an interesting topic to discuss.
The practicing engineer frequently encounters mixtures of vapours and
gases. The products of combustion contain water vapour and gas oxide; the
carburettor of an automobile has a mixture of gasoline vapour and air. The most
common mixture is that of water vapour and air. This is important in heating and
cooling problems.
The analysis of gas-vapor mixtures maybe performed quite easily and
accurately if the following assumptions are made: 1) the solid or liquid phase contain
no dissolved gases; 2) the gaseous phase can be treated as an ideal-gas mixture;
and 3) the equilibrium between the condensed phased and vapour phase is
independent of the gaseous mixture.
A gas may be considered to be a vapour that is superheated. If the degree is
high and the vapour is not close to critical condition, it will usually behave as if it
were ideal gas. Although there are many exceptions to this generalization, it is found
to be useful when treating air-vapor mixtures.
Air is a mixture of many gases, and dry air is defined as a mixture having the
following composition: oxygen, 20.99%; nitrogen, 78.03%, argon, 0.94% carbon
dioxide, 0.03% and hydrogen, 0.01. In the treatment of air-vapor mixtures, it is
common to treat air as a single gas with molecular weight of 28.97 kg/kgmol.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
In order to have a full understanding of the topic, it is important to -define
terms that are used in analysis of gas vapor mixture.
1. Dry air is the non-condensible component of moist air.
2. Vapor is the condensable component of moist air; the water vapor or
steam that may exist in a saturated state or superheated state.
3. Saturated air is the condition of air that results in the condensation of
water vapor into liquid when temperature is decreased.
4. Psychrometry is the study of the properties of air and water vapor or
moist air.
5. Psychrometer is an instrument used to measure the dry-bulb and wetbulb temperature of air.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AIR-WATER VAPOR MIXTURES
Thermodynamic properties of airwater vapour mixtures can be determined
from data available in the ASHRAE Guide and Data Book, published by the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
However, for those analysis and designs that require accuracies that cannot be
achieved by use of the ideal gas relations, it is possible to express the
thermodynamic properties of airwater vapour mixtures in a relatively simple
manner. It is convenient to express these properties per unit mass dry air in the
mixture.
ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL
THERMODYNAMICS 2
A. TEMPERATURE
Temperature is a thermodynamic property of air that is measured by an
ordinary thermometer.
Drybulb temperature is the temperature of a gas-vapor mixture read with
an ordinary thermometer.
Wetbulb temperature is the temperature of a gas-vapor mixture
measured by an ordinary mercury thermometer whose bulb is covered by a
wetted cotton wick and exposed to a current of rapidly moving air.
Dry-bulb Thermometer
Wet-bulb Thermometer
Air Flow
Air Flow
Fan
Wetted wick
Aspiration Psychrometer
Wetbulb depression is the difference between the dry-bulb temperature

and wet-bulb temperature.
Dewpoint temperature is the temperature corresponding to saturation
(100% Relative Humidity) for a given weight of vapour, any lowering of
temperature produces a contraction of volume and partial condensation. Dewpoint temperature is the temperature at which vapor begins to condense.
B. PRESSURE
Pressure is another thermodynamic property of air and pertains to barometric
pressure equal to 101.325 kPaa at standard condition.
Recall that according to Daltons Law of Partial pressure, any mixture of
miscible gases, the pressure exerted by each gas on a container is equal to the
sum of the partial pressures of each gas.
Pt = Pa + Pv
Where:
Pt = total pressure of air-water vapor mixture or the
atmospheric pressure, kPaa
Pa = partial pressure exerted by dry air, kPaa
Pv = partial pressure exerted by water vapor, kPaa
C. SPECIFIC HEAT OF THE MIXTURE
The specific heat of the mixture is;
Cpm = Cpa + WCpv
Where:
W = humidity ratio of mixture
Cpa = 0.24 BTU/lbmoR
= 1.0062 kJ/kgm0K
o
Cpv = 0.44 BTU/lbm R
= 1.872 kJ/kgm0K
Page 142
Properties of Gas Vapour Mixtures
Lesson 7
D. SPECIFIC VOLUME
The ratio of total volume of air to its mass.
Va
Va
RaTa
RaTa
v
Pt Pv)
m PaVa
Pa
RaTa
Where:
v = specific volume, m3/kgd.a
m = mass of dry air, kg
Pa = partial pressure of dry air (Pt Pv), kPaa
Ta = absolute dry air temperature, oK
Ra = gas constant of dry air, kJ/kgoK = 0.28708 kJ/kgoK
E. HUMIDITY RATIO
It is also called moisture content, mixing ratio or specific humidity. It is the
ratio of the mass of water vapor and the mass of dry air.
Pv Vv
Pv
m v R v Tv R a Pv 0.28708 Pv
0.622
m a Pa Va R v Pa 0.4615 Pt Pv
Pt Pv
R a Ta
F. ENTHALPY
The sum of the enthalpy of dry air and enthalpy of the water vapor. The
enthalpy of dray air can be derived using either the formula suggested by
ASHRAE or the IHVE (Institute of Heating and Ventilating Engineers) formula.
ASHRAE formula:
h = Cpt + Whg = 1.0062 t + W hg
where:
h = enthalpy of the mixture, kJ/kgda
Cp = Specific heat of dry air at constant pressure = 1.0062 kJ/kgoK
t = dry-bulb temperature of dry air, oC
W = humidity ratio, kgv/kgda
hg = enthalpy of saturated vapor at the air temperature, t, kJ/kg
The data needed for saturated air shall be obtained from steam table:
Keenan and Keyes
IHVE Formula:
h = 1.007t 0.026 + (2501 + 1.84t)
for temperature = 0oC to 60oC
h = 1.005t + W (2501 + 1.84t)
for temperature = -10oC to 0oC
2501 kJ/kg is the average enthalpy of evaporation of water, kJ/kg.
G. RELATIVE HUMIDITY
It is the ratio of the partial pressure water vapor to that of the saturation
pressure of water at a given dry-bulb temperature.
P
RH v 100 %
Pd
Where:
RH = Relative humidity
Pd = Saturation pressure of water vapor at a given dry-bulb
temperature, kPaa
Determining the value of Pv or the partial pressure exerted by water vapor.
Using the IHVE Formula:
a. For wet-bulb temperature that is equal or greater than zero (TWB 0)
Pv = Pwb (6.66x10-4)Pt (TDB TWB)
b. For wet-bulb temperature less than zero (TWB <0)
Page 143
ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL
THERMODYNAMICS 2
Pv = Pwb (5.94x10-4)Pt (TDB TWB)

Where:
Pwb = saturation pressure of water vapor at a temperature numerically
equal to the wet-bulb temperature, kpaa
H. PERCENT SATURATION
The ratio of the air humidity ratio, W, to the humidity ratio, Ws of saturated air
at the same temperature and pressure.
Pv
0.622
P t Pv
W
P P Pd
100%
100%
U
100% v t
W
P
P
P
P
v
s
d t
d
0.622
t
d
P Pd
U RH t
Pt Pv
Where:
U = Percent Saturation
W s = the humidity ratio of saturated vapor at a given dry-bulb
temperature
W = humidity ratio of moist air at a given dry-bulb temperature
Handle
90
80
90
80
30
50
20
10
0
10
30
20
40
40
60
50
70
60
70
Holder
100
100
Swivel Bearing
Dry-bulb Thermometer
Wet-bulb Thermometer
Wick
Fig. ____ Sling Thermometer
PROBLEM SOLVING
1. Calculate the moisture content of a moist air at 25oC TDB, 15oC TWB and 95
kPaa atmospheric pressure.
2. Calculate the humidity ratio of a moist air at 60% RH and 32 oC TDB when the
atmospheric pressure is 100 kPaa. Determine the enthalpy.
3. What is the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture at 35oC and a relative
humidity of 45% at 101 kPaa atmospheric pressure.
Page 144
Properties of Gas Vapour Mixtures
Lesson 7
4. A mixture if dry air and water vapor is at a temperature of 20oC under a

barometric pressure if 101 kPaa. The dew point temperature is 15 oC. Find:
a. The partial pressure of water vapor
b. The relative humidity
c. The humidity ratio
d. The enthalpy
e. The specific volume
f. The degree of saturation
5. A air-vapor mixture has a TDB of 32oC and a humidity ratio of 0.015 kg/kgda.
Calculate for two different barometric pressures, 90 kPaa and 101.3 kPaa:
a. The enthalpy
b. The dew-point temperature
6. A certain air in space has a TDB of 35oC and a TWB of 24oC. Determine the
following at a pressure of 101.325 kPaa.
a. Relative humidity
b. Dew point temperature
c. Humidity ratio
d. Specific volume
e. Specific volume
f. Enthalpy
7. A sample air has a TDB of 30oC and TWB of 25oC. The atmospheric pressure is
101 kPaa. Calculate:
a. Humidity ratio if this air is adiabatically saturated;
b. Enthalpy of the air if it is adiabatically saturated;
c. Humidity ratio;
d. Partial pressure of water sample; and
e. Relative humidity.
8. A compressor receives an air-vapor mixture at 96 kPaa, 10oC, and with a vapour
pressure of 1.0 kPaa; and compress it adiabatically to 207 kPaa and 65oC.
Determine (a) initial humidity ratio; (b) initial relative humidity; (c) final relative
humidity.
9. A certain volume of moist air at 34oC and 65% relative humidity when the
barometric pressure is 101 kPa. If the vapour pressure at 34oC is 5.318 kPaa,
determine (a) humidity ratio; (b) enthalpy of moist air; (c) specific volume.
10. Determine the moisture content of a moist air at 20oC TDB, 15oC TWB, and 95
kPaa barometric pressure if Psat at 15oC=1.7051 kPaa.
Page 145

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LESSON 7

PROPERTIES OF GAS AND

Wetbulb depression is the difference between the dry-bulb temperature

Properties of Gas Vapour Mixtures

Pv = Pwb (5.94x10-4)Pt (TDB TWB)

Fig. ____ Sling Thermometer

Properties of Gas Vapour Mixtures

4. A mixture if dry air and water vapor is at a temperature of 20oC under a

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