Vadodara
Vadodara
1. INTRODUCTION
Vadodara district with 7548.50 Sq km area, is located central part of mainland
Gujarat, lies between 214919 and 224837 north latitude and 725105and
741655 east longitude. It falls in the Survey of India, degree sheets numbered
46B, 46F, 46J & 46G. The district is bounded in north & northeast by Anand,
Panchmahals & Dahod districts, in east & in south east by Madhya Pardesh &
Maharashtra State, in south east by Narmada district & in south & in west by
Bharuch district. Vadodara city, the district headquarter is about 100 km south of
Ahmedabad, is well connected to other parts of the State & Country by network of
highways and railway network. (Location Map, Fig No. 1).
Location Map of Vadodara District
Di
str
ic
An
an
d
Pan
c
hmh
als
10km
Railway Lines
D
aho
20km
Dis
tric
t
dD
istri
ct
Bh
aru
ch
Di
ste
ict
Bh
ict
iste
D
h
c
aru
Na
rma
da
Madhya Pradesh
Vadodara
Dis
tr
ict
tra
rash
a
h
Ma
Vadodara district is divided 12 taluaks. Details of the Talukas, their urban & rural
areas and numbers of revenue villages & towns etc., are given in Table 1 Map
showing its administrative units as Taluka & their headquarter is given as Fig 2.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Taluka
Chhota Udaipur
Dabhoi
Jetpur
Karjan
Kawant
Naswadi
Padra
Sankheda
Savli
Shinor
Vadodara
Vaghodiya
Total
Area
(Sq.km)
765.4563
632.1895
805.64
601.8724
607.762
535.1656
534.7288
722.6128
791.9973
292.5048
693.4307
565.1405
Urban
(Sq.km)
4.0099
23.82
4.4098
15.7094
2.0399
0
12.8331
31.8354
0
16.1894
213.8801
15.0595
Rural
(Sq.km)
761.4464
608.3695
801.2302
586.163
605.7221
535.1656
521.8957
690.7774
791.9973
276.3154
479.5506
550.081
No.
Town
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
3
0
1
9
1
No.
Villages
144
118
212
93
132
219
82
182
137
40
91
95
7548.5007
339.7865
7208.7142
20
1545
22.75
District HQ
Talluka HQ.
Savli
22.5
0 km
10 km
20 km
Jetpur Pavi
Vadodara
Chota Udaipur
Vaghoriya
22.25
Padra
Sankheda
Dabhoi
Kawant
Karjan
22
Naswadi
Sinor
73
73.25
73.5
73.75
74
74.25
District Population
47%
53%
Rural
Urban
4.00
35.00
3.50
30.00
3.00
25.00
2.50
20.00
2.00
15.00
1.50
10.00
1.00
Decannial Growth %
Population In Million
5.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
The tribal population of Vadodara district is mostly located in eastern hilly terrain
of the districts, which is a continuous part of tribal belt of Gujarat State covering
all boarder areas along
neighboring
States
of
Details of ST, SC & General Population
Madhya
Pradesh
&
Maharashtra. As per 2001
3641802
4000000
census, percentage of tribal
3000000
2470124
population to total population
2000000
is 26.56 % while percentage
967393
1000000
of scheduled caste population
204285
0
to total population is 5.61 %
Total
ST
SC
General
while rest, 67.83 % is general
population.
Area in Hectare
7,52,776
79,667
1,25,931
6,724
5,40,454
5,47,178
20,188
5,20,266
43,777
5,64,043
1,99,808
36,052
2,35,860
Forest
79,667
11%
600000
547,178
520,991
500000
Area in Hecatres
Uncultiva
ble
125,931
17%
Cultivable
547,178
72%
400000
300000
199,808
200000
100000
0
Cultivable
1.4.1.
1.4.2. Irrigation
Details of water supply sources and
irrigation structures etc., and area
irrigated by various sources are in table
No. 4 while details of area irrigated by
surface & ground water resources are
given in table No 5
Structure
Nos.
1,569
7 / 65
1,676
18,015
Domestic Wells
9,773
Abandoned Wells
3,056
7,564
10
Land Use & Season Crop Record Vadodara District Year 2001-02 Agriculture Directorate,
Government of Gujarat.
24
12,933
9,998
1,506
Irrigation by Sources
5%
11,504
95%
19,029
71,705
99,076
3,086
6,867
24,593
22,115
78,572
123,669
189,810
34,545
224,355
199,808
36,052
235,860
Area in 1000
Hectares
1.4.3. Agriculture
The district areas have varied agriculture crops, both food crops & non food
crops. Main food crops consist of food grains such as paddy, wheat, jowar,
bajra, maize etc., and
pulses. Other food crops are
sugarcane,
fruits
&
500
vegetables.
Non
food
crops
400
consists of cotton, oil
300
ground nut, castor, tobacco,
200
fodder etc. As per Season &
100
Crops Records,1 there were
0
5,64,043 hectares of gross
Kharif
Rabi
Hot
area under various crops in
the district, out these
Gross Cropped Area Gross Irrigated Area
2,35,860 hectares were
under irrigated crops. Figure
shows further subgroups under Kharif, Rabi & Hot seasons. Details of areas
under various food crop & non food crop of the district are given in table No 6
Table No .6 Details of Areas under Food & Non-food Crops & Irrigation
Kharif
Food Crop : Paddy,
Wheat & other cereals,
pulses, vegetables,
fruits etc.
Irrigated Area *
Rabi
Hot
Total
70413
47604
5448
123465
179389
20153
199542
249802
67757
5448
323007
Irrigated Area *
99409
5593
7393
112395
Non Irrigated
Area*
126309
2332
128641
Non Irrigated
Area*
Total Cropped
Area *
Total Cropped
Area*
Gross Cropped Area *
Gross Irrigated Area *
225718
475520
169822
7925
75682
53197
7393
12841
12841
241036
564043
235860
* Area in Hectares
Max
Temp
(Deg.C
)
30.30
33.00
37.10
40.20
40.90
37.10
32.70
31.50
33.20
36.00
34.30
31.20
34.79
Mini
Temp
(Deg.C)
12.00
13.80
18.40
22.90
26.50
27.00
25.70
25.00
24.30
21.30
16.70
13.40
20.58
Humidity
(%)
50.00
43.00
36.50
36.50
44.50
63.50
80.00
82.00
74.50
58.00
52.50
55.00
56.33
Wind
Spd.
Kmpd
65.80
67.50
69.10
79.00
143.20
169.50
138.20
116.80
83.90
49.40
49.40
59.20
90.92
Sun
shine
(Hours)
9.10
9.70
10.20
10.80
10.90
7.10
4.40
4.50
6.90
9.30
9.40
9.10
8.45
Solar
Rad.
(MJ/m2/
d)
17.23
20.07
23.16
25.75
26.38
20.62
16.51
16.32
18.87
20.24
18.02
16.50
19.97
Eto
(mm/d)
3.02
3.81
4.88
6.03
7.46
5.97
4.11
3.82
4.28
4.12
3.24
2.83
4.46
Rainfall
(mm)
1.20
0.60
2.20
0.90
4.40
146.80
297.60
284.70
141.70
22.00
16.20
4.40
922.70
-
90.00
350.00
300.00
70.00
250.00
60.00
50.00
200.00
40.00
150.00
Rainfall
Climatiological Parameters
80.00
30.00
100.00
20.00
50.00
10.00
0.00
0.00
January
March
Rainfall (mm)
Rel Humidity (%)
May
July
September November
3. GEOMORPHOLOGY
3.1. PHYSIOGRAPHY
Vadodara district forms a part of the great Gujarat plain. The eastern portion of the
district comprising the Chhota Udepur, the Kavant, the Jambughoda and the
Naswadi taluka is hilly terrain with several ridges, plateaus and isolated relict hills
have elevation in range of 150 to 481 m amsl. The south eastern plateau have the
highest peaks of the district Amba Dungar & Mandai Dongar 637 m amsl. The
rest of the district, the western & southern part, comprising of Mahi & Narmada
Doab, is a level plain with gentle undulating terrain have elevation in range of 120
to 20 m amsl . The overall elevation ranges from 610m in east to 20 m amsl in
south-west
The most of the western part, comprising of Mahi Narmada Doab and northern
alluvial plain is more or less level terrain, have elevation in range from 20 to 80 m
amsl. There are some linear tracts, along Mahi, Viswamitre, Dhadahar and Orsang
rivers, have ravine landforms, with typical head ward erosional featured gully
formation in soft alluvium. The banks of the Mahi has high vertical cliff , 10 to 25
m height, generally on left bank; same way left bank of the Narmada also has high
cliff of 10 to 20 m high on right bank. All such features of Mahi-Narmada Doab,
like ravine features, high cliff along banks and entrenched meandering courses
with dry and wide sandy river bed of intermediate independent river systems of
the Dhadhar & its tributaries indicate mature river stage and also tectonic uplift of
Doab portion in Recent geological past.
The central part of the district is low level undulating plain with low level plateau and
few relict hills. The area between the Unch and the Orsang river have aeolian low
level stabilized dune with rolling topography. The hilly terrains of north - eastern part
have residual hill features with more or less flat topped plateau. Except few volcanic
peaks Phenai Mata Hills and Amba Dungar, all have plateau or ridge type features
and are few tens of meter height than surrounding rocky dissected plain. The highest
plateaus are in south eastern part of the district, marked with rift valley of the
Narmada River towards south.
Mud Flats
Northern
Alluvial
Plain
22.25
22
Na Mah
Do rmad i Ar ab a
ea
22.5
73
73.25
0km
10km
20km
Intermediate
Undulating Plains &
Low Level Plateau
North - Eastern
Hilly Terrain
Ridges - Plateaue &
Relict Hills
est &
For Plateau
h
Hig
73.5
73.75
74
74.25
3.2. DRAINAGE
The Narmada and the Mahi are the chief rivers of the district, flow along the
northwestern and southern boundary respectively while independent small river
system of the Dhadhar with its numerous tributaries flow in south central part of
the district. Broadly, the entire district, as a River Basin is divided into these three
basin, namely the Narmada, the Mahi Basin and the Dhadhar. The Mesari, the
Goma and the Karad are the small rivers flowing northwest part of the district, are
tributaries of Mahi River, and are part of the Mahi Basin. The Jambuva, the Surya,
the Viswamitre and the Dhadhar, which flow through central part of the district
and empty into the Gulf of Khambat, are part of the Dhadhar Basin. The eastern
and the southern part of the district, drained by the Narmada River and its
tributaries, like the Unch, the Heran, the Dev, the Orsang, the Karjan, the Aswan
and the Bhukhi, constitutes the Narmada basin. (Drainage & Basin Map in figure
No. 3.2)
22.75
22.5
0km
itri
Ri
ve
r
Vi s
20km
er
iv
hw
am
22.25
iR
ah
10km
dhar
Dha
Ors
r
Rive
er
Riv
ang
Heran
River
22
m
Na r
73
73.25
R
ada
iver
N
73.5
73.75
R
ada
a rm
iver
74
74.25
3.3. SOILS
The soils2 of Vadodara district can be broadly classified into three groups. They
are black soils, alluvial soils and hilly soils. Soil map of the district is given as
figure no 3.3.
Figure No. 3.3 Soil Map of Vadodara District
Map of Vadodara District
Soil Map
22.75
22.5
0km 10km 20km
22.25
22
73
73.25
Legend
73.5
73.75
74
74.25
Aluvium Soil
Deep Black Soil
Medium Black Soil
Shallow Black Soil
Hilly Soil
Technical Bulletin- Revised (No. 11) May 1992 ; Agriculture Information, Directorate of
Agriculture, Government of Gujarat, Ahmedabad.
4. HYDROLOGY
4.1. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES
Vadodara district has huge potential of Surface Water Resources, but the irrigation
potential created through various sources was only 11,504 hectare according to
Season & Crops Report (2001-02)1. Till 2003, scope of canal irrigation was
limited in spite of the fact that the district has the advantage of having two major
river, the Narmada and the Mahi on its borders, besides smaller rives like the
Viswamitri, the Orsang, the Heran, the Dadhar etc. Recently, water of the
Narmada river have been harnessed by Sardar Sarovar Dam and consequently
large part of the district now forms a part of Narmada Canal Command. The dam
constructed on Mahi at Kadana and Weir at Wanakbori did not produced any
direct surface water resources benefit for irrigation in parts of Vadodara district as
such Mahi Project command areas falls in neighboring Anand & Kheda district.
However, surface water release, from Kadana Dam through Wanakbori weir
during lean season, satisfy huge demands of Vadodara City and surrounding many
Strategic Industrial Units for their domestic and industrial requirement.
Besides these two major rivers, other rivers of the district such as the Orsang and
the Heran do sustain some base flow upto February / March which is being
utilized for supplement irrigation at places along their course at suitable places.
5. GEOLOGY
5.1. STRATIGRAPHIC SET UP
The rocks of the Vadodara district shows an age from Proterozoic to Recent but a
striking features of the district stratigraphy is the total absence of Paleozoic, and
the development of only the uppermost Mesozoic rocks. The south westerly
extended Precambrian basement of Peninsular India, the oldest rocks of
Proterozoic age, are exposed in eastern and north eastern part of the district. Post
Cretaceous sediments & major volcanic rocks rest over this south westerly
extended Precambrian basement. Post Cretaceous sediments, Infratrappean and
Intratrappean are exposed as scattered inliers while younger volcanic rocks unit as
Deccan trap is well represented and so are the Tertiary and Quaternary, though the
Tertiary records are not complete and fully exposed. The stratigraphic outline of
the district is given in table no. 5.1.
Table No. 5.1 Stratigraphic outline of the Vadodara District
Continental sediments fluvio-marine, fluvial and aeolian
Quaternary
Tertiary
Unconformity.
Basalts of the Deccan Trap with associated differentiates and
intrusive bodies
Unconformity.
Marine, fluvio-marine and fluvial sediments
Cretaceous
Unconformity.
Crystalline rocks -Metasediments associated with granite, Precambrian (Aravalli)
gneiss and other mafic rocks
22.75
Vejpur
EW
EW -1 -3
Sandhsal
EW & OW
Rasulpur
EW
Pz - 1-2
Vasanpur
EW
Nava Wankaner Moti Bhadol
Gahntiyal
22.5
Pz - 1-2
EW
PZ
Section Line
EW & OW
Sankarda
Khed Karmsiya
Pz
Pz -- III
Pz
Vadodara
Vadodara IiI
EW
Chota udepur
Pz - 1-2
Raypura
Pz - 1-2
22.25
Pz - 1-2
Ghayaj
EW
1-4
Chitral
EW
EW
Sarsvani
Mobha
EW 1-2
Pz - 1-3
EW
Handod
Kurai
Bamangam
Pz - 1-2
EW 1-7
Kurali
22
EW
Palaswada
Tawa
EW 1 -2 Niasariya
EW & OW
EW
Alamgir
EW 1-2
Akoti
Chatral
Pz
EW
EW
Vadoj
Pz - 1-2
Teantalao
Timbarva Segwa
EW
Pz
Karanjwant
EW
EW
Bhakha
Kharmada
Palasni
Tokri EW
EW
EW
Gozariya
Reand
EW
Raysingpura
EW & OW
Tanakhala
Kia
Pz - 1-2
Maletha
EW
Haldarwa
Malod
73
73.25
73.5
73.75
74
74.25
6. HYDROGEOLOGY
6.1. OCCURRENCE & DISTRIBUTION OF GROUNDWATER
In Vadodara district area, groundwater occurs both as unconfined and confined
conditions. Saturated zones of unconsolidated shallow alluvium and weathered
zones, shallow depth jointed and fractured rocks forms unconfined aquifers,
whereas multilayered aquifer below impervious clay horizons in alluvium
formation and interflow zones of basalts, inter-trappean beds, deep seated fracture
zones, shear zones in basalts, granites and gneisses give rise to semi confined to
confined conditions.
Generally the water table follows topographic configuration. The depth to water is
greater in upland areas whereas in valley portion and shallow grounds, the levels
are very close to surface. In hilly terrain of eastern, north- east and south-east part
of the district, spring zones are seen in stream river section; also along the section
of the Mahi, the Narmada and the Orsang rivers. The piezometric surface, mainly
in alluvium areas of western half the district also follows the gentle gradient
corresponding to subsurface configuration of deep aquifer zones.
In major part of the district, in north and almost in eastern half of the district, the
hard rocks, such as phyllite, schist, granite, gneiss, basalt and other sediments such
as sandstone, limestone etc., form aquifers, whereas multilayered alluvium
deposits form aquifer system in remaining central, south-central and western half
of the district. The weathered basalts, granite, gneiss etc., covered by soil / muram
and the valley fill & piedmont deposits forms potential aquifer in the vicinity of
rivers and on vast undulating plains adjacent to hilly terrain but their regional
continuity and extent are limited due to heterogeneous nature of deposits with
limited thickness and as such rarely exceed a few square kilometers. Map
showing general hydrogeology of the district is given as figure no. 6.1.
Figure 6.1 Hydrogeological Map of Vadodara District.
Plate No. I
GUJARAT
VADODARA DISTRICT
LEGEND
HYDROGEOLOGY
22.75
SCALE
0KM
5KM
22.5
Granite - Gneiss
& Meta Sediments,
Schist, Phyllite, Quartzite,
Dolomite, etc.
Low to medium yield prospect ;
Dug well with oil engine & EM
Discharge : 50 to 200 lpm ;
Quality good ; with in
permissble limit
GW Exploration Site
Raingauge Station
Water Body & Stream / River course
50
20
00
0
80
22
73
73.25
73.5
73.75
74
74.25
alluvial deposits having deep aquifer, deep tube wells up to 200 m depth are
common.
6.3. GROUNDWATER REGIME MONITORING
Ground water regime monitoring is the basic component of groundwater
management, and it is carried out in parts of Vadodara district through National
Hydrograph Network Stations (NHNS or NHS). NHSs are observation wells,
consisting of dug wells and purpose built bore wells known as piezometers.
There are 36 NHS as shown in Map of NHS in figure no 6.1. Through these
observation wells ground water levels are monitored four times of each year.
Water samples are collected during pre-monsoon period i.e., during May
monitoring and is subjected to complete chemical analysis to know its chemical
constituents
Figure No. 6.1 Map showing location of NHS
22.75
Vejpur2
Chhaliyar
Wells
Piezometers
Rasulpur
Gothada
Nava Wankaner
22.5
0km
10km
20km
Kevadi
Juna samalya
Tundav
Vadala
Sankarda
Jojh
Karamasiya
Asoj
Chisadia
Asala
Ghamodi
Ferkuva
Pavi
Baroda
Vadodara
Vadodara IiI
Raypura Baroda1
22.25
Saidal
Patiyapura
Amreshwar
Ghayaj
Suskal
Bodeli
Pitha Alladpur
Makni
Govindpura
Kalitalavdi
Chitral
Chhota
Chota udepur
udepur
Bhindol
Vega
Dabhoi
Masor
Panwad
Chavaria
Tokri
Baladgam
Devat (thadgam)
Handod
22
Vadoj
Kurali
Waghach
Naswadi
Naswadi1
Segwa
Saidivasana
Vagudan
Sengpur
Moti chikhali
Kaprali
Sinor
Haldarwa
73
73.25
73.5
73.75
74
74.25
22.75
Water Table
25 m amsl
0km
22.5
10km
GW Flow
Direction
20km
22.25
22
73
73.25
73.5
73.75
74
74.25
22.75
Water Table
25 m amsl
22.5
0km
10km
GW Flow
Direction
20km
22.25
22
73
73.25
73.5
73.75
74
74.25
Chhota
Udepur
Dabhoi
Karjan
Kavant
Naswadi
Padra
Pavi Jetpur
Sankheda
Savli
Sinor
3
Available Ground
Water Recharge in
MCM / Year
Existing Gross
Ground Water
Draft for all uses in
MCM / Year
Level of Ground
Water Development
(%)
55.61
26.93
48.42
Safe
123.52
161.31
29.36
34.19
113.01
99.96
66.26
71.35
80.99
84.91
137.71
19.14
12.17
77.73
60.45
35.96
37.56
64.76
68.74
85.37
65.20
35.59
68.78
60.47
54.27
52.65
79.96
Safe
Semi Critical
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Semi Critical
Category
Report on Estimation of Ground Water Resources and Irrigation Potential in Gujarat State, GWRE2002, (June 2004 ) by NWR, WS & K Department, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar
4
Report of the Ground Water Resources Estimation Committee ( June 1997), Ministry of Water
Resources, Government of India.
Vadodara
Vaghoriya
Total
100.99
63.84
1000.38
104.12
14.69
676.13
103.10
23.01
67.59
Over Exploited
Safe
Safe
8. HYDROCHEMISTRY
The Vadodara district has main three hydrogeological provinces, Aravalli terrains,
Deccan trap & associated Cretaceous sediments terrains and Alluvium areas. Each
terrain also have varied hydrological regime, as shown in basin map. During the
course of systematic and reappraisal hydrogeological surveys water sample were
collected from the wells inventoried in all these ares. Further water samples are also
collected periodically from National Hydrograph Stations in the district. On the basis
of chemical analysis of such water samples hydrochemistry of shallow and deeper
aquifers are describe as follows.
8.1. QUALITY OF SHALLOW GROUND WATER
It is observed that the quality of ground water in shallow aquifer varies as per the
nature of underlying formation. Generally in hard rock areas of eastern part
overall quality is uniform, good in nature, whereas in western part, in alluvium
area quality varies widely, have high concentration of dissolved ions (TDS).
Based on the analytical results of about 100 samples distributed throughout the
district, collected during various surveys (1994-95), map depicting areal
distribution of electrical conductance (Iso-con map), measures of dissolved ions,
in phreatic aquifer is prepared and given as figure No.8.1
Fig. No. 8.1 Iso-con map of Vadodara district
22.75
22.5
0km 10km 20km
22.25
22
73
73.25
4000S /cm
73.5
3000S /cm
73.75
2000S /cm
1000S /cm
74
74.25
0S /cm
The Iso-con map (Fig. 8.1) reveals that E.C. of ground water varies from less than
380 S /cm to more than 4000 S/cm in the district In central part of MahiNarmada Doab where thickness of alluvium is limited (14-40m) and is underlain
by Tertiary sediments, have ground water quality with relatively high electrical
conductance (more than 3000 S /cm). Similarly in some localized pockets of
alluvium area, overlying Deccan trap rocks, in parts of Vaghoriya, Vadodar &
Dabhoi Taluka areas also have high EC groundwater. In in areas of consolidated
formations hard rock areas and also along Mahi river alluvium zone, ground
water with EC less than 2000 S /cm are observed. The high EC areas in south
central part have formation having inherent salinity.
An iso-chloride (Iso- chloride) map for the phreatic aquifer is also prepared and
presented in fig no. 8.2, shows gradual variation in chloride content from east to
west. However , in major part of the district chloride content is less than 250 ppm,
which gradually increase westward and towards Mahi Estuary zone reaches to
highest of 2800 ppm.
Figure No. 8.2 Iso-chlor map of Vadodara district
Map of Vadodara District
Chloride : Phreatic Aquifer
22.75
22.5
22.25
22
73
73.25
2000 mg/l
73.5
1500 mg/l
73.75
1000 mg/l
500 mg/l
74
250 mg/l
74.25
0 mg/l
22.5
22.25
22
73
73.25
3000 S/cm
73.5
2000 S/cm
73.75
1000 S/cm
74
74.25
0 S/cm
Figure No. 8.4 Spatial variation of ground water quality Vadodara district
22.75
22.5
22.25
22
73
73.25
73.5
73.75
74
74.25
A report on the status of air and water of Gujarat (May 1988), GPCB, Gandhinagar.
22.75
22.5
22.25
22
73
73.25
Legend
73.5
73.75
74
74.25
Polluted Streach
of River
22.75
22.5
0km
10km
20km
22.25
22
73
73.25
73.5
73.75
74
74.25