AWWA-AWWA D121-2014 GRP Bolted Water Storage Tanks
AWWA-AWWA D121-2014 GRP Bolted Water Storage Tanks
ANSI/AWWA D121a-14
Addendum to
ANSI/AWWA D121-12
Standard For
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ANSI/AWWA D121-12
(First Edition)
Bolted Aboveground
Thermosetting FiberglassReinforced Plastic
Panel-Type Tanks for
Water Storage
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AWWA Standard
SM
AWWA Standard
This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe
minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional
feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute
endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards
is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or
codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that
the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of
action will be placed on the first page of the Official Notice section of Journal - American Water Works Association. The action
becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal - American Water Works Association publication
of the official notice.
An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American
National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an
American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not,
from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods
made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and
promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards.
Caution Notice: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates
completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI
procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of
ANSI approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900,
or emailing [email protected].
ISBN-13, print:978-1-58321-888-4
ISBN-10, print:1-58321-888-2
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or
quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher.
ii
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Committee Personnel
The AWWA Standards subcommittee that developed this standard had the following personnel at
the time:
Owen Stevens, Chair
(AWWA)
Producer Members
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
Producer Members
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
User Members
(NEWWA)
(AWWA)
Copyright American Water Works Association
Provided by IHS under license with AWWA
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this
format may be found in a particular standard.
SEC. PAGE
SEC. PAGE
Foreword
I. Introduction......................................ix
Standard
I.A. Background.......................................ix
1.1 Scope.................................................1
1 General
I.B. History..............................................ix
1.2 Purpose..............................................2
I.C. Acceptance........................................ix
II.
1.3 Application.........................................2
Special Issues......................................x
1.4
II.A. Purchase.............................................x
Drawings to Be Furnished..................2
2 References.........................................2
3 Definitions........................................5
II.D. Foundations......................................xi
4 Materials
4.1 General..............................................6
4.2
4.3
Foundation-Reinforcing Steel.............7
4.4
FRP Panels.........................................7
4.5
Structural Shapes...............................9
4.6 Castings.............................................9
4.7 Forgings.............................................9
4.8
Galvanized Coatings..........................9
4.9
4.10 Electrodes...........................................9
Tank Design
Major Revisions................................ xv
5.1
Design Methodology........................10
V. Comments....................................... xv
5.2
Design Loads...................................11
IV.
v
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5.3
Seismic Design.................................12
9.4
5.4
9.5
Steel Footing....................................41
5.5
Strength of Welds.............................28
9.6
Types of Joint...................................42
5.6
9.7 Bolting.............................................42
5.7
Roof Panels......................................29
9.8
5.8
Foundation Design...........................33
9.9
Sizing of Tanks...............................34
9.10 Cleanup...........................................43
9.11 Marking...........................................43
9.12 Protection.........................................43
7.1 Manways..........................................34
7.2
10
Pipe Connections.............................34
7.3 Overflow..........................................35
10.2 Testing............................................ 44
7.4 Ladders............................................35
7.5
Safety Devices..................................36
7.6 Vents................................................36
7.7
8.1
10.5 Disinfecting.................................... 44
8 Fabrications
Compression Molding......................36
8.6 Shipping...........................................37
Figures
Curves for Obtaining Factors
1
Wi /WL and Wc /WL for the
Ratio L /HL................................. 23
8.7
8.4 Welds...............................................37
8.5
Manufacturing Tolerances................37
Quality Standards and Control........37
9 Construction
9.1 General............................................40
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9.2
Foundation Installation....................41
9.3
Anchor Bolts....................................41
vi
Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
Not for Resale
B6
B.7
B.8
Elevation of Concrete
Foundation.................................33
B.9
B.10
Intersections...............................42
B.1 Given Tank Dimensions...................47
B.11
Tables
1
Physical Requirement for
Sealant Material.........................10
2
Load Duration for Loading
Types.........................................12
3
Nut Rotation From Snug-Tight
Condition...................................43
A.1 Metric (SI) Conversion
Factors.......................................45
vii
Copyright American Water Works Association
Provided by IHS under license with AWWA
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Copyright American Water Works Association
Provided by IHS under license with AWWA
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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Foreword
This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI */AWWA D121.
I.
Introduction.
* American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction.
ix
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II.A. Purchase. When tanks are purchased using this standard, the purchaser
must specify certain basic requirements. The purchaser may desire to modify, delete, or
amplify sections of this standard to suit special conditions. It is strongly recommended
that such modifications, deletions, or amplifications be made by supplementing this
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effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local
agencies may use various references, including
1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking
Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990.
2. Specific policies of the state or local agency.
3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF*/ANSl 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water
System ComponentsHealth Effects.
4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water
Chemicals Codex, and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local
agency.
Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accordance with NSF/ANSI 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept
or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Annex A, Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures, to NSF/ANSI 61 does
not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not
regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an
unspecified list of unregulated contaminants are based on toxicity testing guidelines
(noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A
procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.
ANSI/AWWA D121 does not address additives requirements. Users of this standard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to
1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards.
2. Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.
3. Determine current information on product certification.
II. Special Issues.
standard rather than by rewriting or incorporating sections from this standard into a
separate specification.
II.B. Design and Construction. The details of design and construction covered
by this standard are minimum requirements. A tank cannot be represented as adhering
to the provisions of ANSI/AWWA D121 if it does not meet the minimum requirements
of this standard.
II.C. Manufacturing Method. Tanks covered by this standard shall be
manufactured by compression molding with SMC (sheet mold compound) using
the hot press method. Tanks requiring no internal or external coating and bolted
construction have a long life expectancy. Regular inspection and repair of damaged or
deteriorated areas may be the determining factors in the length of tank life.
II.D. Foundations. Tank foundations are one of the more important aspects
of tank design. Detailed requirements for tank foundations are covered in Sec. 5.8
of this standard. This standard does not require the manufacturer or constructor to
be responsible for the design of the tank foundation unless otherwise specified by the
purchaser. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, the purchaser must obtain an
adequate soil investigation at the tank site, including recommendations of the type of
foundation to be used, the depth of foundation required, and the design soil-bearing
pressure. This information, as well as specifications for an adequate soil investigation,
should be established by a qualified geotechnical engineer. The top of the foundation
strips should be 20 in. (500 mm) minimum above the finished grade, unless otherwise
specified by the purchaser. The tank manufacturer shall provide the loads that the
foundation beams will have to support.
A drainage inlet structure or suitable erosion protection should be provided to
receive the discharge from the tank overflow. The overflow shall not be connected
directly to a sewer or a storm drain without an air break.
II.E. Annual Inspection and Maintenance. Inspection and maintenance is
important if maximum tank life is to be attained. Inspections should be performed
annually.
II.F. Disinfection Procedures. This standard does not cover tank disinfection
procedures. ANSI/AWWA C652, Standard for Disinfection of Water-Storage Facilities,
should be consulted for recommended procedures for disinfection of water-storage
facilities. If the disinfecting is to be done by the tank constructor, the purchaser must
specify how such disinfecting is to be done.
II.G. Recommended Items to Be Furnished by the Purchaser and Manufacturer. The following recommendations on items to be furnished by both the
xi
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purchaser and the manufacturer are considered good practice, but are not requirements
of ANSI/AWWA D121.
When a bolted FRP panel-type tank is to be purchased under the provisions of this
standard, the purchaser should provide the following:
1. The site on which the tank is to be built, including sufficient space to permit
the structure to be erected by customary methods.
2. Foundation design and construction unless otherwise specified.
3. Water at the proper pressure for testing, as required, and facilities for disposal of waste water after testing.
4. A suitable right-of-way from the nearest public road to the erection site.
5. Materials furnished by the purchaser to be used by the constructor for construction of the tank.
The manufacturer should furnish the following:
1. Foundation layout and loads to be supported for the intended tank.
2. Anchor bolts, if required, for wind, earthquake, or other lateral loads, or if
specified to be furnished.
3. All materials, except materials furnished by the purchaser that are necessary to assemble the structure components, including the accessories required by this
standard.
Variations in the responsibilities of both the purchaser and the manufacturer as
previously outlined may be made by contractual agreement. The purchaser and the
bidder should each furnish information identified in the sections that follow.
III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use
in the particular application being considered.
7. Site location.
8. Type of road available for access to the site, and whether the road is public
or private.
9. Name of and distance to the nearest town.
10. Name of and distance to the nearest railroad siding.
11. Availability of electric power; who furnishes it and at what fee, if any; what
voltage is available; whether direct or alternating current; and, if alternating current,
what cycle and phase.
12. Availability of compressed air and at what pressure, volume, and fee, if any.
13. The bottom capacity level of the tank when empty if different from the level
when the tank would be emptied through the specified discharge piping.
14. The type of pipe and fittings for fluid conductors and the type of pipe joint.
15. The required freeboard.
16. Details of other federal, state or provincial, and local requirements (Sec. 4.1).
17. Any additional accessories required (Section 7).
18. The number and location of pipe connections, and type and size of pipe to
be accommodated.
Note: Connections to the piping furnished by the constructor are to be made by
the purchaser (Sec. 7.2).
19. If the roof ladder for providing access to roof hatches and vents is to be omitted (Sec. 7.4.3).
20. If safety cages, rest platforms, or other safety devices are required, and on
which ladders (Sec. 7.5).
III.B. Information to Be Furnished by the Manufacturer or Constructor.The
following information shall be furnished by the manufacturer or constructor for a
tank:
1. Dimensions of the tank, including the vertical load, lateral loads, and overturning moments imparted to the foundation by all loads should also be identified at
the time of the bid.
2. The number, names, and sizes of all accessories. This includes the type of
roof ladder if an alternative method from that required in Sec. 7.4.3 is proposed.
III.C. Items for Consideration by the Purchaser. The design, construction,
and final placement of a storage tank into service require cooperation between the
purchaser, manufacturer, and constructor of the tank. Various practices are used to
ensure successful tank placement. The following items are suggested for inclusion in
the purchasers requirements, unless local practice dictates otherwise.
xiii
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xiv
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Please note that this material is not stipulated in the text of ANSI/AWWA D121.
1. The purchaser may want to provide for field inspection to be performed
either by the purchaser or by a commercial inspection agency, the cost of which shall
be paid by the purchaser. As an option, the purchaser may require the manufacturer
or constructor to perform the inspection work and, at the conclusion of the work, to
submit a written report. The report should include a statement indicating that the tank
has been erected according to the manufacturers instructions, that the required testing
has been performed, and that any leaks have been repaired.
2. This standard assumes that the purchaser (owner) provides sufficient water
replacement and circulation to prevent freezing in the tank and riser pipe. Where
low usage may result in the possibility of freezing, the purchaser shall waste water or
provide heat to prevent freezing. The purchaser is referred to National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) document NFPA 22, Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection, for
heater sizing. Purchasers are cautioned against allowing ice to build up for use as insulation because the ice may break loose and damage the tank. Where reference to ice
damage is discussed in the standard, it is in anticipation of improper operation rather
than approval of an icing condition.
3. On completion of the tank erection, it is recommended that the constructor dispose of all rubbish and other unsightly material caused by the operations and
leave the premises in as good a condition as found at the start of the tank erection. It
is recommended that the purchaser provide appropriate containers for placement and
removal of disposed materials. Sec. 9.10 of ANSI/AWWA D121 does not list requirements for cleanup.
4. ANSI/AWWA D121 does not require the manufacturer or constructor to
blind (i.e., temporarily seal all openings) and fill the tank to top capacity level. It is
common practice for the purchaser to provide this effort. Should the purchaser require
that the constructor provide this service and a supply of water, this must be provided
for in the purchasers requirements.
5. ANSI/AWWA D121 does not require the constructor to furnish foundation
plans (only foundation layout drawings with directional details to support the tank).
Should the purchaser specify submission of foundation plans; the purchaser must furnish adequate information relative to the type of foundation, foundation depth, and
allowable soil-bearing pressure. (see Sec. II.D of the foreword and Sec. 5.8, Foundation
Design, for further information.)
6. ANSI/AWWA D121 does not require the manufacturer or constructor to
construct and install a foundation. Should the purchaser require that a foundation be
provided by the constructor, any information other than that contained in Sec. 5.8 of this standard
must also be provided by the purchaser.
7. It is recommended that the purchaser retain a qualified geotechnical consultant to conduct a proper soil investigation. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, ANSI/AWWA D121
does not require that the manufacturer or constructor provide this service (see Sec. 5.8.5).
8. The purchaser may want to provide for shop inspection, to be performed either by the
purchaser or by a commercial inspection agency, the cost of which shall be paid by the purchaser.
III.D. Modification to Standard. Any modification to the provisions, definitions, or
terminology in this standard must be provided in the purchasers documents.
IV. Major Revisions. This is the first edition of this standard.
V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard, please call
AWWA Engineering and Technical Services at 303.794.7711, FAX at 303.795.7603, write to
the department at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235-3098, or email at standards@
awwa.org.
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xv
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ANSI/AWWA D121-12
(First Edition)
AWWA Standard
Sec. 1.1
Scope
GENERAL
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SECTION 1:
2 AWWA D121-12
Sec. 1.2
Purpose
Sec. 1.3
Application
This standard can be referenced in project documents that address the design,
fabrication, construction, inspection, and testing of bolted aboveground FRP
panel-type tanks for water storage. The stipulations of this standard apply when
this document has been referenced and then only to bolted aboveground FRP
panel-type tanks.
Drawings to Be Furnished
Construction drawings for the bolted aboveground FRP panel-type tank and
foundation shall be provided. Drawings shall show all features of the work, including the size and position of structural components, the required length or grade
of materials, and construction tolerances. Where foundation and tank designs are
performed by separate parties, each party shall provide construction drawings.
Details of bolted joints shall be referenced on the drawings.
SECTION 2:
REFERENCES
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Sec. 1.4
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* American Institute of Steel Construction, One East Wacker Drive, Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60601.
American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
American Society of Civil Engineers, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191.
A STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
4 AWWA D121-12
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SECTION 3:
DEFINITIONS
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6 AWWA D121-12
2. Constructor: The party that provides the work and materials for placement or installation.
3. Freeboard: The difference between the top of the tank and the top of
the water surface.
4. Manufacturer: The party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces
materials or products.
5. Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.
6. Resin: A thermosetting polyester or vinyl ester that is crosslinked with
styrene. The physical and chemical properties of resins vary greatly. Each type of
resin has particular strengths and weaknesses for a given application, which require
evaluation.
7. Sloshing: The movement of water in the tank that is attributable to external forces, such as earthquakes, that cause dynamic loading on the tank.
8. Supplier: The party that supplies materials or services. A supplier may or
may not be the manufacturer.
9. Surface veil: A fine reinforcement-mat layer applied to the laminate surface.
10. Tank: A chamber used for water storage. Tanks covered by this standard are typically square, rectangular, U, or Lshaped.
SECTION 4:
Sec. 4.1
General
MATERIALS
Sec. 4.2
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Sec. 4.3
Foundation-Reinforcing Steel
Reinforcing steel in foundations shall comply with the requirements of
ACI 318.
Sec. 4.4
FRP Panels
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8 AWWA D121-12
suitable for the particular fabrication technique. The reinforcing material used to
fabricate the tank shall be comparable to that used to generate environmentalresistance and physical-property design data.
4.4.3 Surfacing materials.
4.4.3.1 Surfacing veil. The surfacing veil, when used in the interior layer,
shall be commercial grade and chemical resistant, having a coupling agent.
4.4.4 Physical and mechanical properties.
4.4.4.1 Wall thickness. The average wall thickness of the FRP panel shall
be measured in accordance of ASTM D3567. No FRP panel shall have a thickness
of less than 0.1181 in. (3 mm).
4.4.4.2 Surface hardness. The surface hardness (interior and exterior)
shall be at least 90 percent of the resin manufacturers minimum specified hardness for the cured resin, when tested in accordance with ASTM D2583.
4.4.4.3 Glass content. The glass content of the structural layer, when
measured in accordance with Sec. 8.7.1.2 shall be no less than 90 percent of the
design glass content.
4.4.4.4 Modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity of the FRP panel
measured in either tension or flexure in accordance with Sec. 8.7.1.3 and Sec. 8.7.1.4
shall be no less than 1,200,000 psi (8,274 MPa). The initial, unaged flexural modulus
of elasticity shall be determined for evaluating the laminate for environmental exposure and quality control.
4.4.4.5 Tensile strength. The initial, unaged ultimate tensile strength
of the FRP panel in the weakest direction when measured in accordance with
Sec. 8.7.1.3 shall be no less than 14,500 psi (100 MPa).
4.4.4.6 Flexural strength. The initial, unaged ultimate flexural strength
of the FRP panel in the weakest direction when measured in accordance with
Sec. 8.7.1.4 shall be no less than 23,900 psi (165 MPa).
4.4.4.7 Shear strength. The initial, unaged ultimate shear strength of the
FRP panel in the weakest direction when measured in accordance with Sec. 8.7.1.5
shall be no less than 13,500 psi (93 MPa).
4.4.4.8 Compressive strength. The initial, unaged ultimate compressive
strength of the FRP panel in the weakest direction when measured in accordance
with Sec. 8.7.1.6 shall be no less than 42,768 psi (295 MPa).
4.4.4.9 Bearing strength. The initial, unaged ultimate bearing strength
of the FRP panel in the weakest direction when measured in accordance with
Sec. 8.7.1.7 shall be no less than 29,000 psi (200 MPa).
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Sec. 4.5
Structural Shapes
Hot-rolled structural shapes for use under the provisions of this standard shall
conform to AISC 360. Material shall conform to ASTM A36.
Sec. 4.6
Castings
Iron castings shall conform to ASTM A48, class 30. Steel castings shall conform to ASTM A216, grade WCB.
Sec. 4.7
Forgings
Forgings from plate and sheet materials shall conform to ASTM A668.
Sec. 4.8
Galvanized Coatings
When hot-dip galvanized coatings are to be supplied, they can only be used
on external steel footings, reinforcements, and/or external ladders in accordance
with the recommended practice of the American Hot Dip Galvanizers Association
in compliance with ASTM A123 and ASTM A153.
Sec. 4.9
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4.9.1 Bolts. Steel bolts shall be ASTM A325 or ASTM A490, meeting
the requirements of RCSC Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325
or A490 Bolts.
4.9.2 Foundation anchor bolts. Foundation anchor bolts shall conform to
ASTM F1554, Grade 36, 55, or 105. Unless otherwise specified, anchor bolts shall be
supplied with unified coarse (UNC) threads with a Class 2a tolerance, as permitted
in ASTM F1554. Nuts for anchor bolts shall be furnished as heavy hex nuts, ASTM
A563 Grade A (for Grade 36 and 55 bolts) or Grade DH (for Grade 105 bolts).
Manual, shielded-metal, arc-welding electrodes shall conform to the requirements of AWS A5.1. Welding electrodes shall be of any E60XX or E70XX classification suitable for the electric current characteristics, the position of welding, and
other conditions of intended use.
The manufacturer shall use gaskets, sealants, and patches, or any combination, in accordance with the following requirements.
4.11.1 Gaskets. EPDM roof gasket material shall be of adequate tensile
strength and resilience to obtain a leak proof seal at seams and joints. Gasket
material shall be resistant to weather and ozone exposure as designated by ASTM
D1171 and comply with ASTM D412 (Die A) and D1056.
10 AWWA D121-12
430%
675%
75 5
SECTION 5:
Sec. 5.1
TANK DESIGN
Design Methodology
Structural elements for the tank shall be designed for all imposed loads based
on accepted structural engineering practice. Specified factored resistances shall
exceed the response resulting from specified factored loads. Loads and load factors
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Description
shall be as specified in Sec. 5.2. Seismic loads due to earthquake shall be as specified in Sec. 5.3. Strengths and resistance factors for FRP panels and connections
shall be as specified in Sec. 5.4.
Design Loads
The following loads shall be considered in the design of tank structures and
foundations and shall be used in Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) load
combinations of Sec. 5.2.7.
5.2.1 Water load (F). Water load shall be the weight of water when the
tank is filled to its capacity. The static water pressure is to be treated as a long
period load. Unit weight used for water shall be 62.4 lb/ft3 (1,000 kg/m3).
5.2.2 Dead load (D). Dead load is a gravity load due to the weight of permanent components of the bolted FRP panel-type water tank and is to be treated
as a long period load.
5.2.3 Roof live load (Lr). Roof live load is the load attributable to weight
of the persons during maintenance and is in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7-05. The
minimum roof live load shall be 12 lb/ft2 (0.58 kN/m2) and is to be treated as a
short-period load.
5.2.4 Snow load (S). Snow load shall be in accordance to ASCE/SEI 7-05
chapter 7 and Table 1.1 of chapter 1.
5.2.5 Wind load (W). Wind load is the wind pressure acting on the wall
and roof of the tank and is in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7-05, chapter 6.
5.2.6 Earthquake load (E). Earthquake load takes into account the
impulsive and convective (sloshing) actions of the liquid. Tanks shall be analyzed
for earthquake loads in accordance with Sec. 5.3 of this standard.
5.2.7 Load combinations. The tank shall be provided with strength adequate to resist the critical effect resulting from the following combination of loads:
(Eq 5-1)
1.4 ( D + F )
(Eq 5-2)
1.2 ( D + F ) + 0.50 Lr
1.2 ( D + F ) + 0.50 S
(Eq 5-3)
1.2 D + 1.6 Lr + 0.80 W
(Eq 5-4)
1.2 D + 1.6 S + 0.80 W
(Eq 5-5)
1.2 D + 1.6 W + 0.50 Lr
(Eq 5-6)
1.2 D + 1.6 W + 0.50 S
(Eq 5-7)
1.2 D + 1.0 E + 0.20 S
(Eq 5-8)
0.90 D + 1.6 W
(Eq 5-9)
0.90 D + 1.0 E
(Eq 5-10)
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Sec. 5.2
12 AWWA D121-12
Load Condition
Long Period
Normal
Short Period
At time of maintenance
At time of storm
At time of earthquake
At time of snow
Lr
Remarks
Where:
D = dead load
E = earthquake load
F = load due to water
Lr = roof live load
S = snow load
W = wind load
Sec. 5.3
Seismic Design
5.3.1 Scope. The seismic design of bolted FRP panel-type (BFRPP) waterstorage tanks subjected to seismic loads includes two aspects: the loading side,
which is the determination of seismic loads based on earthquake spectral response
accelerations and the geometry of the tank; and the resistance side, which is
the detailed design of the tank structure to resist the seismic loads. This section
describes procedures for determining the loading side.
The seismic loads for the design of a BFRPP water-storage tank are based on
ASCE/SEI 7-05. Seismic loads of the building code, with jurisdiction over the area
where the BFRPP tank will be located, shall be used if they exceed the requirements of ASCE/SEI 7-05.
The resistance side is covered in Sec. 5.3.8, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, and 5.8 of this
standard.
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5.3.2 Notation.
B = inside dimension (length or width) of a rectangular tank,
perpendicular to the direction of the ground motion being
investigated, ft (m)
Cc, Ci , and Ct = period-dependent seismic response coefficients
dmax = required freeboard (sloshing height) measured from the water
surface at rest, ft (m)
EBP = excluding base pressure (datum line just above the base of the
tank wall)
Fa = short-period site coefficient (at 0.2-sec period) from
ASCE/SEI 7-05, Table 11.4-1
Fv = long-period site coefficient (at 1.0-sec period) from
ASCE/SEI 7-05, Table 11.4-2
g = acceleration due to gravity [32.17 ft/s2 (9.807 m/s2)]
hc = height above the base of the wall to the center of gravity of
convective lateral force for the case, excluding base pressure
(EBP), ft (m)
hc = height above the base of the wall to the center of gravity of the
convective lateral force for the case, including base pressure
(IBP), ft (m)
hi = height above the base of the wall to the center of gravity of
the impulsive lateral force for the case, excluding base pressure
(EBP), ft (m)
h i = height above the base of the wall to the center of gravity of
the impulsive lateral force for the case, including base pressure
(IBP), ft (m)
hr = height from the base of the wall to the center of gravity of the
tank roof, ft (m)
hw = height from the base of the wall to the center of gravity of the
wall, ft (m)
HL = design depth of stored water (i.e., tank height less freeboard),
ft (m)
Hw = wall height (inside dimension), ft (m)
k = stiffness of the wall, lb/ft (kN/m)
I = importance factor
IBP = including base pressure (datum line at the base of the tank
including the effects of the tank bottom and supporting
structure)
14 AWWA D121-12
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16 AWWA D121-12
5.3.3.2 Design loads. The loads generated by the design earthquake shall
be computed in accordance with Sec. 5.3.4.
5.3.3.3 Design requirements.
5.3.3.3.1 The walls, floor, and roof of a BFRPP water-storage tank shall be
designed to withstand the effects of both the design horizontal acceleration and the
design vertical acceleration combined with the effects of the applicable static loads.
5.3.3.3.2 Regarding the effect of horizontal acceleration, the design shall
take into account the effects of the transfer of shear between the adjacent walls,
the roof and the walls, the floor and the wall, and the wall and the base; and the
dynamic pressure acting on the walls and the floor.
5.3.3.3.3 Regarding the vertical acceleration, the design shall take into
account the transfer of the vertical inertia force of the roof to the walls and columns, the vertical inertia force of the walls, and the accelerated weight of the stored
water acting on the floor. The design shall take into account the lateral pressure of
the vertically accelerated stored water acting on the walls.
5.3.3.3.4 The effects of horizontal and vertical acceleration shall be combined as follows:
E = 1.0 (horizontal acceleration effects) + 0.3 (vertical acceleration effects);
and
E = 0.3 (horizontal acceleration effects) + 1.0 (vertical acceleration effects);
Where:
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18 AWWA D121-12
5.3.4.2.1 Lateral inertia forces acting above the foundation due to horizontal ground motion shall be determined as follows:
Roof:
Laterial inertia force of roof due to self-weight of roof, plus 25 percent of the
design live load, and 20 percent of the design snow load where the flat roof snow
load exceeds 30 lb/ft2:
(Eq 5-11)
Walls:
Lateral inertia force of walls due to self-weight of walls:
VwL = Ci I (eWw /Ri )
VwL = Ci I (eWw/Ri )
(Eq 5-12)
(Eq 5-13)
Stored water:
Lateral inertia force of stored water due to impulsive component of stored
water:
Vi = Ci I (Wi /Ri )
(Eq 5-14)
Lateral inertia force of stored water due to convective component of the stored
water:
Vc = Cc I (Wc /Rc )
(Eq 5-15)
Floor:
Lateral inertia force of floor due to self-weight of the floor:
Where:
(Eq 5-16)
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(Eq 5-17)
(Eq 5-18)
(Eq 5-19)
(Eq 5-20)
(Eq 5-21)
(Eq 5-22)
The overturning moment Mo at the base of the BFRPP tank, including the
BFRPP tank floor pressure (IBP), shall be determined by
Mi = Vi hi
Mc = Vc hc
Mo = [(Mi + Mw + Mr )2 + Mc2]
(Eq 5-23)
(Eq 5-24)
(Eq 5-25)
Where:
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5.3.4.2.2 Total base shear. At the base of the BFRPP tank walls, the total
shear due to horizontal earthquake forces shall be determined by
20 AWWA D121-12
hc and hc = respectively, the height above the base of the wall to the center
of gravity of the convective lateral force for the case excluding
base pressure (EBP) and for the case including base pressure
(IBP) determined in accordance with Sec. 5.3.7.2.
5.3.4.3.2 Dynamic pressure on the floor due to horizontal ground motion.
(Eq 5-26)
Where:
(Eq 5-27)
(Eq 5-28)
Floor:
Due to self-weight of the floor:
(Eq 5-29)
Stored water:
Due to vertically accelerated stored water, the pressure above the base shall be
determined by
Where:
pfv = gw HL v
(Eq 5-30)
v = Ct I/Ri
(Eq 5-31)
(Eq 5-32)
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(Eq 5-33)
22 AWWA D121-12
Where:
(Eq 5-34)
(Eq 5-35)
(Eq 5-36)
The dynamic pressure on the wall, due to vertical ground motion, at any given
height y above the base shall be determined by
(Eq 5-37)
The effects of the horizontal and vertical ground motions shall be combined
in accordance with Sec. 5.3.3.3.4.
5.3.5.2.2 Shear in walls parallel to the direction of ground motion. A wall
parallel to the direction of the ground motion being investigated shall be loaded
in its plane by the walls own in-plane inertial force VwL , the in-plane forces corresponding to the edge reactions from the abutting walls (see Sec. 5.3.5.2, Items 1
and 2), and roof shear force VrL .
The dynamic pressure on the wall, due to vertical ground motion, at any given
height y above the base shall be determined by Eq 5-37.
The effects of the horizontal and vertical ground motions shall be combined
in accordance with Sec. 5.3.3.3.4.
5.3.5.3 Dynamic vertical force distribution on floor. The dynamic vertical force on the floor due to roof inertial force Prv , floor inertial forces Pfv , and
accelerated stored water pressure pfv , due to vertical ground motion, shall be uniformly distributed over the area of the floor.
The effects of vertical ground motion shall be combined with effect of pfi due
to horizontal ground motion in accordance with Sec. 5.3.3.3.4.
5.3.5.4 Dynamic vertical force distribution on roof. The dynamic vertical force Prv shall be uniformly distributed over the area of the roof.
5.3.6 Freeboard. Provisions shall be made to accommodate the maximum oscillation of the free surface of the stored water generated by the earthquake. The maximum vertical displacement of the oscillation dmax shall be
determined by
dmax = 0.50L Cc I
(Eq 5-38)
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1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
WI /WL
WC /WL
7.5
8.0
L/HL
(Eq 5-39)
(Eq 5-40)
5.3.7.2.2 Height to centers of gravity EBP of the stored water. The height of
the center of gravity of the impulsive part of the stored water, excluding pressure on
the floor (EBP), shall be determined from Figure 2 or from the following equations.
For a BFRPP tank with L/HL < 1.333
hi /HL = 0.5 0.09375 (L/HL )
(Eq 5-41)
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Figure 1 Curves for obtaining factors Wi /WL and Wc /WL for the ratio L /HL
24 AWWA D121-12
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
hi /HL
hc /HL
8.0
L/HL
Figure 2 Curves for obtaining factors hi /HL and hc /HL for the ratio L/HL (EBP)
For a BFRPP tank with L/HL 1.333
hi /HL = 0.375
(Eq 5-42)
For all BFRPP tanks, the height of the center of gravity of the convective
(sloshing) part of the stored water, excluding pressure on the floor (EBP), shall be
determined from Figure 2 or from the following
hc /HL = 1 {cosh[3.16(HL/L)] 1} / {3.16(HL/L) sinh [3.16(HL/L)]}
(Eq 5-43)
5.3.7.2.3 Height to centers of gravity IBP of the stored water. The height
of the center of gravity of the impulsive part of the stored water, including pressure on the floor (IBP), shall be determined from Figure 3 or from the following
equations.
For a BFRPP tank with L/HL < 0.75
hi /HL = 0.45
(Eq 5-44)
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(Eq 5-45)
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
hi /HL
hc /HL
7.5
8.0
L/HL
Figure 3 Curves for obtaining factors hi /HL and hc /HL for the ratio L/HL (IBP)
For all BFRPP tanks, the height of the center of gravity of the convective
(sloshing) part of the stored water, including pressure on the floor (IBP), shall be
determined from Figure 3 or from
hc /HL = 1 {cosh [3.16(HL /L) 2.01} / {3.16(HL /L) sinh [3.16( HL/L)]}
(Eq 5-46)
5.3.7.2.4 Effective mass coefficient e for wall. The effective mass coefficient e shall be determined by
e = [0.0151(L/HL )2 0.1908(L/HL ) + 1.021] 1.0
(Eq 5-47)
26 AWWA D121-12
1.10
1.00
2/
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
L/HL
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
Figure 4 Curve for obtaining the factor 2p/l for the ratio L/HL
The natural period of the oscillating free surface of the stored water shall be
determined from
Where:
Tc = (2p/l)L
(Eq 5-48)
l = {3.16gtanh [3.16(HL/L)]}
(Eq 5-49)
(Eq 5-50)
(Eq 5-51)
(Eq 5-52)
5. Construct the design response spectrum for lateral acceleration in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7-05, Sec. 11.4.5;
6. For the design spectrum for vertical acceleration, use 2/ 3 of the design
response spectrum for horizontal acceleration.
5.3.7.4.2 Determine Ci as follows:
For Ti TS
Ci = SDS
(Eq 5-53)
Ci = SD1/Ti SDS
(Eq 5-54)
Ts = SD1/SDS
(Eq 5-55)
For Ti > TS
Where:
Cc = 1.5SD1/Tc 1.5SDS
(Eq 5-56)
Cc = 2.4SDS /Tc2
(Eq 5-57)
Ct = SDS
(Eq 5-58)
(Eq 5-59)
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28 AWWA D121-12
Sec. 5.4
Sec. 5.5
Strength of Welds
Welds shall be designed in accordance with AISC 360, Table J2.5.
Sec. 5.6
Sec. 5.7
Roof Panels
5.7.1 General. This section establishes design standard criteria of the roof
panels.
5.7.2 Definition. The roof panels shall be supported by side panels and
pipes as per the instruction and drawings supplied by the manufacturer conforming to the dimensions of the tanks. The roof surface shall be designed as a watertight system under design load conditions.
5.7.3 Notation.
B = inside dimension (length or width) of a rectangular tank,
perpendicular to the direction of the ground motion being
investigated, ft (m)
Ba = bearing stress due to critical load combination, lb/ft2 (N/m2)
Br = bearing strength of panels, lb/ft2 (N/m2)
da = actual freeboard, ft (m)
dmax = required freeboard, ft (m)
E = modulus of elasticity, psi (N/mm2)
Fa = bending stress due to M, lb/ft2 (N/m2)
Fr = flexural resistance of roof support plate, lb/ft2 (N/m2)
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30 AWWA D121-12
(Eq 5-60)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Actual/Required Freeboard, da /dmax
0.8
0.9
1.0
Figure 5 Curve for obtaining the normalized wetted width, Xf /0.50 L, for the ratio da /dmax
--``,```,`,``,,,,``,``,`,,`
Top
L
da
HL
Xf
dmax
Side
HL
SAc
Figure 6 Wetted width on the roof when the required freeboard is greater than the actual freeboard
roof and supporting structure and becomes part of the impulsive mass. The hydrostatic head is equal to the required freeboard less the actual freeboard.
Wcm = w Xf B (dmax da)
(Eq 5-61)
Fa = M / Z
Bearing Strength
where:
f Br Ba
32 AWWA D121-12
The roof support pipe is subject to lateral load computed as the sum of the
weight of the pipe and the virtual weight of water surrounding of the pipe times
the impulsive acceleration at the period of the pipe from the response spectrum and
axial load in Sec. 5.2.7 of this standard.
Design of Support Pipe (Combined Axial and Bending Loads)
a. For Pu/fPn 0.20
Pu/fPn + 8/9 (Mux /fbMnx + Muy /fbMny ) 1.0
b. For Pu/fPn < 0.20
Pu/2fc Pn + (Mux /fbMnx + Muy /fbMny ) 1.0
where:
Pu = required axial compressive load from LRFD load combination, kips (N)
Mu = required moment using LRFD load combination, kip-in. (N-mm)
Pn = nominal axial compressive strength, kip (N)
Pn = Fcr Ag
(a) when KL / r 4.71 (E / Fy ) (or Fe 0.44Fy );
Fcr = [0.658 Fy /Fe] Fy
Fe = p2E / (KL/r)2
Ag = gross area, in.2 (mm2)
Fcr = flexural buckling stress, ksi (N/mm2)
Fy = yield strength of material used, ksi (N/mm2)
K = effective length factor
L = laterally unbraced length, in. (mm)
r = governing radius of gyration, in. (mm)
Mn = nominal flexural strength, kip-in. (N-mm)
Mn = Fy Z
Z, (Zx, Zy ), = section modulus, in.3 (mm3)
x = subscript relating symbol to strong axis
y = subscript relating symbol to weak axis
(Note: for pipe or tubular section, x and y axis are reversible,
i.e., x = y)
fC = resistance factor for compression (0.90)
fb = resistance factor for flexure/bending (0.90)
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Fcr = 0.877 Fe
Steel Footing
Steel Footing
Concrete Beam
18 in.
450 mm
Concrete Slab
Sec. 5.8
Foundation Design
5.8.1 Foundations. Tanks shall be supported on a concrete slab with integral concrete beams at a maximum interval of 6.5 ft (2 m). The top of the concrete
beams shall be a minimum of 18 in. (450 mm) above the top of the concrete slab,
unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. (See Figure 7.)
5.8.2 Concrete design, materials, and construction. The design of the
concrete foundations, the specifications for the cement and aggregate shall be in
accordance with ACI 318, except as may be modified by agreement between the
purchaser and constructor.
5.8.3 Water load. Water load, as defined in Sec. 5.2.1, shall be considered
as dead load.
5.8.4 Soil bearing value. The purchaser shall specify the allowable soilbearing pressure using an appropriate factor of safety as defined in Sec. 5.8.6.
However, in no case shall the specified bearing pressure exceed that which would
cause intolerable settlements and impair the structural integrity of the tank.
5.8.5 Soil investigation. A soil investigation shall be provided by the purchaser to determine the following:
1. The presence or absence of rock, old excavation, or fill.
2. Whether the site is a suitable place on which to build the structure.
3. The classification of soil strata, after appropriate sampling.
4. The type of foundation that will be required at the site.
5. The elevation of groundwater, and whether dewatering is required.
6. The bearing capacity of the soil, and the depth at which the foundation
must be founded.
7. Whether piling will be required for support of foundations, and the
length of such piling.
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34 AWWA D121-12
8. The elevations of the existing grade and other topographical features that
may affect the foundation design or construction.
9. The homogeneity and compressibility of the soils across the tank site, so
that the possibility of total and differential settlement of the structure may be
evaluated.
5.8.6 Factor of safety. The following minimum factors of safety shall be
used in determining the allowable soil-bearing pressure. The ultimate bearing
capacity should be based on sound principles of geotechnical engineering. See the
foreword, Section III.C, item 7, for additional information.
5.8.6.1 A factor of safety of 3 shall be provided, based on calculated ultimate bearing capacity when direct loads and wind are considered.
5.8.6.2 A factor of safety of 2.25 shall be provided, based on calculated
ultimate bearing capacity when direct loads and earthquake loads are considered.
5.8.6.3 A factor of safety of 1.5 shall be provided, based on calculations for
sliding and overturning as determined in Sec. 5.3.8.
SECTION 6:
SIZING OF TANKS
SECTION 7:
Sec. 7.1
Manways
1. The roof manway panel shall have a minimum 24-in. (610-mm) diameter
opening and access door fixed with stainless steel hinges and lock device.
2. The access door shall be designed to be nondetachable and opened to
135.
3. The access door shall be hermetically closed and light-, dust-, and insectproof.
Sec. 7.2
Pipe Connections
7.2.1 Connections. The pipe connections shall be of the size specified by
the purchaser. They are usually attached to the tank bottom and sides. Point of
attachment shall be designated by the purchaser.
Sec. 7.3
Overflow
The tank shall be equipped with an overflow of the type and size specified by
the purchaser. If an overflow to ground is required, it shall be brought down the
outside of the tank wall and supported at proper intervals with suitable brackets.
The overflow to the ground shall discharge over a drainage inlet structure or a
splash block. The intake shall have a capacity at least equal to the pumping rate as
specified by the purchaser and overflow pipe at least twice the capacity.
Sec. 7.4
Ladders
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7.4.1 Outside tank ladder. The manufacturer and/or constructor shall furnish a tank ladder on the outside of the wall beginning 8 ft (2.4 m), or as specified,
above the level of the tank bottom, and located to provide access to the roof manhole.
The minimum clear width of step surface for rungs shall be 16 in. (406.4 mm), and
rungs shall be equally spaced not less than 11 in. (279.4 mm), nor more than 15 in.
(381 mm), on center. The perpendicular distance from the centerline of the rungs
to the tank wall shall not be less than 7 in. (177.8 mm). Rung size shall not be less
than 3/ 4 in. (1 mm) in diameter, or equivalent section.
The maximum spacing of supports attaching the ladder to the tank shall
not exceed 10 ft (3 m). The minimum design live load shall be 2 loads of 250 lb
(113.4 kg), each concentrated between any two consecutive attachments to the
tank. Each rung in the ladder shall be designed for a single concentrated load of
250 lb (113.4 kg), minimum. The design loads shall be concentrated at such a
point or points as will cause the maximum stress in the structural ladder member being considered. Side rails may be of any shape having section properties
adequate to support the design loads and providing a means of securely fastening
each rung to the side rail to lock each rung to the side rails.
7.4.2 Inside tank ladder. Inside tank ladders are recommended and shall
comply with the requirements of Sec. 7.4.1.
7.4.3 Minimum requirements. Minimum requirements for ladders and
hatches can be found in OSHA 29 CFR Part 1910. Note: Regardless of the access
protection provided to tank roof hatches and vents, weather conditions on tank
roofs are extremely variable, and workers and their supervisors are expected to exercise good judgment in matters of safety. Among other things, this may include the
use of safety lines when windy, icing, or other hazardous conditions exist.
Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
Not for Resale
36 AWWA D121-12
Sec. 7.5
Safety Devices
If a safety cage, rest platforms, roof-ladder handrails, ladder lock, anti-climb
device, or other safety devices are required by federal or local laws or regulations,
the purchaser shall so specify. None of these are recommended for use inside the
tank.
Sec. 7.6
Vents
Sec. 7.7
SECTION 8:
Sec. 8.1
FABRICATION
Compression Molding
FRP panels shall be formed in matched metal molds by compression molding using the hot-pressed method with a minimum molding pressure of 2,470 psi
(17 MPa) and a minimum curing temperature of 284F (140C).
Sec. 8.2
--``,```,`,``,,,,``,``,`,,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
cleaned of slag accumulations before welding. Cutting shall follow closely the prescribed lines.
8.2.2 Shearing. Shearing may be used for material 3/ 8 in. (9.5 mm) or less
in thickness.
Sec. 8.3
The field assembly of tank panels shall be by bolting. Welding shall be limited
to the shop fabrication of steel footings in subassemblies.
Welds
Sec. 8.5
Manufacturing Tolerances
8.5.1 FRP panel tolerance. FRP panels shall have dimensional tolerance
of not more than 1/ 32 in. (0.8 mm) from their intended design dimension.
8.5.2 Top surface welds. Welds on the top surface of steel footings should
be ground flat and the top surfaces of the beams shall be within 1/ 64 in. (0.4 mm).
8.5.3 Steel footings. The steel footing framework shall be level within
1/ 200 in. and shall be supported on concrete beams with a maximum span between
beams of 6.5 ft (2 m) to ensure maximum deflection of the steel footing is no more
than 3/ 16 in. (5 mm).
Sec. 8.6
Shipping
Material shall be loaded, transported to the site, unloaded, and stored in such
a manner as to prevent damage.
Sec. 8.7
The tank manufacturers quality management system shall comply with the
international standard ISO 9001:2008.
FRP panels used in the assembly of a tank shall be individually bar-coded
and information such as manufacturing parameters, raw material batches used in
manufacture, etc., recorded and maintained.
8.7.1 Physical and mechanical properties of FRP panel. Physical and
mechanical tests shall be conducted in accordance with Sec. 8.7.1.1 to 8.7.1.4.
Tests shall be conducted at temperatures representative of the anticipated service
--``,```,`,``,,,,``,``,`,,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Sec. 8.4
38 AWWA D121-12
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8.7.2 Environmental resistance. Environmental resistance tests shall be conducted in accordance with Sec. 8.7.2.1 to 8.7.2.2.4. Additional tests may be required
by the manufacturers third-party quality control and quality assurance program or
by the purchaser. If deemed acceptable by the engineer, tests conducted in accordance with ASTM C581 may be used to meet the requirements of this section.
8.7.2.1 Specimens. Resistance to environmental exposure of the FRP
panel laminate shall be determined on specimens cut from laminates that are
determined by the engineer to be representative of the materials and methods of
fabrication used in the tank. Specimens for testing of mechanical properties after
exposure may be cut either before or after exposure in the test media. The edges
of all exposure specimens shall be coated with paraffinated resin. When tests are
conducted in liquids intended for internal containment only, a corrosion-resistant
barrier may be added to the exterior surface of the specimens. The number of specimens for exposure testing shall be as specified for the required mechanical tests.
8.7.2.2 Immersion tests. The FRP panel shall be evaluated by immersion
tests in accordance Sec. 8.7.2.2.1 to 8.7.2.2.9. The laminate shall exhibit no loss of
color, erosion of resin, or surface defects as the result of immersion. The thickness,
weight, and hardness shall exhibit no change greater than 10 percent. The extrapolated flexural properties (strength and modulus of elasticity) at 100,000 hr shall not
be less than 50 percent of the initial properties.
8.7.2.2.1 Immersion periods. Immerse specimens for 30, 90, and 180
days, and 1 year in the required test media. Also prepare and obtain initial test
properties on a control set of specimens immediately following fabrication and cure
of test laminates.
8.7.2.2.2 Immersion media. Immersion media shall be representative of
the anticipated service environment(s).
8.7.2.2.3 Immersion temperature. Immersion temperature shall be representative of the anticipated service environment(s).
8.7.2.2.4 Immersion procedures. Specimens must remain completely
immersed during the test interval. Specimens shall not be stacked. Maintain a
minimum 1/ 8 in. (3.175 mm) between specimens and between specimen and the
container wall. Change test media as often as needed to maintain the original composition and concentration. Use methods to maintain test temperature within 5F
(3C) of the specified value during the test. At the end of the immersion interval,
remove specimens, clean and dry them by blotting with a paper towel. Cold tap
water may be used to facilitate cleaning. Unless otherwise specified, allow specimens
40 AWWA D121-12
to cool to room temperature before conducting required mechanical tests. All tests
shall be completed within 4 hr after removal from the test media.
8.7.2.2.5 Physical examination. Examine all specimens prior to immersion and at the end of each immersion interval. Record visual appearance, including color, texture, and surface features.
8.7.2.2.6 Thickness change. Measure and record the thickness to the
nearest 0.001 in. (0.0254 mm) at two locations on each specimen before and after
immersion.
8.7.2.2.7 Weight change. Measures and record weight to the nearest
gram before and after immersion.
8.7.2.2.8 Hardness. Measure and record Barcol hardness at five locations
on each specimen.
8.7.2.2.9 Flexural properties. Conduct flexural tests for strength and modulus in accordance with Sec. 8.7.1.4. Plot the test results with respect to time for each
immersion interval on a semi-log time plot. Extrapolate flexural strength and modulus to 100,000 hr and report the values as a percentage of initial properties.
8.7.3 Light and water exposure. Expose ten specimens to 360 days of light
and water exposure in accordance with ASTM G152 and ASTM G153, Method I,
Type D or DH apparatus. During each operating cycle of 120 min, the specimens
are to be exposed to light alone for 102 min and light and water for 18 min. After
exposure, test five specimens for flexural properties in accordance with Sec. 8.7.1.4.,
exterior surface in tension. The flexural properties (strength and modules of elasticity) shall be at least 80 percent of initial properties.
8.7.4 Impact and cold exposure. Condition five specimens for 16 hr in a
cold box at 20F (29C). After conditioning, remove each specimen one at a
time and immediately clamp between two steel rings having an inside diameter
of 41/ 4 in. (108 mm). Drop a 1.18-lb (0.536-kg) steel ball from a height of 6 ft
(1.83 m) to strike the exterior surface of the specimen. Specimen shall exhibit no
visible signs of cracking or fracture.
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SECTION 9:
Sec. 9.1
CONSTRUCTION
General
The manufacturer shall provide instructions for the assembly of the tank, and
the tank shall be assembled in accordance with these instructions. Special care
shall be taken to ensure correct panels placement, for its intended position.
Sec. 9.2
Foundation Installation
The earth around the foundation shall be sufficiently graded to permit efficient work during tank erection and to prevent ponding of water in the foundation
area. The tops of the foundation beams shall be accurately located at the proper
elevation.
9.2.1 Tolerances on concrete foundations. Slabs and beams, after grouting,
and before placing the steel footing, shall be level within 1/ 16 in. (2 mm).
9.2.2 Finish. The top portions of foundation concrete beams shall be finished to a smooth form finish in compliance with ACI 301. Any small holes may be
troweled over with mortar as soon as possible after the forms are removed.
Sec. 9.3
Anchor Bolts
Sec. 9.4
a. The variation in dimension between the centers of any two anchor bolts
within an anchor-bolt group shall be equal to or less than 3 in. (7.62 cm).
b. The variation in dimension between the centers of adjacent anchor-bolt
groups shall be equal to or less than 4 in. (10.16 cm).
c. The variation in elevation of the tops of anchor bolts shall be equal to or
less than plus or minus 2 in. (5.08 cm).
d. The accumulated variation in dimension between centers of anchor-bolt
groups along the established column line through multiple anchor-bolt groups shall
be equal to or less than 4 in. (10.16 cm) per 100 ft (38.48 m), but not to exceed a
total of 1 in. (2.54 cm).
e. The variation in dimension from the center of any anchor-bolt group to
the established column line through that group shall be equal to or less than 4 in.
(10.16 cm).
Sec. 9.5
Steel Footing
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42 AWWA D121-12
Legend
EPDM Patches
SEBS Sealant
Types of Joint
9.6.1 Bolted joints. Vertical and horizontal panel joints shall be field
bolted. Bolt holes shall be shop drilled for field assembly. The bolted joints that are
required to be watertight shall be sealed with suitable gasket material, sealant, or
gasket material and sealant (see Sec. 9.6.3 and Figure 8).
9.6.2 Alignments. It is standard practice for field-assembled tanks to
require fit-up alignments of a panel according to a panel layout chart provided by
the manufacturer. The manufacturers erection procedures shall be followed.
9.6.3 Sealant requirements. Main SEBS sealant shall have 4 ribs (O-ring
type compression strips) and pre-punched holes that align with the tank panel
bolt holes. Sealant is to be placed between the panels, and panels shall be bolted
to the required torque setting as specified by the manufacturers assembly guide to
provide leak-free connections. Bottom and sidewall panels shall be fitted with the
combination of main SEBS sealant and EPDM patches at intersections to provide
leak-free joints. A roof panel will have EPDM gaskets all around the panels to provide weatherproof joints.
Sec. 9.7
Bolting
Bolts, nuts, and washers shall be located and installed in accordance with the
instructions on assembling the tank provided by the manufacturer.
Sec. 9.8
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Sec. 9.6
Both Faces
Normal to
Bolt Axis
1/ 3
turn
1/ 2
turn
2/ 3
turn
1/ 2
turn
2/ 3
turn
5/ 6
turn
2/ 3
turn
5/ 6
turn
1 turn
Up to and including
4 diameters
*Nut rotation is relative to bolt, regardless of the element (nut or bolt) being turned. For bolts installed by 1/ 2 turn
and less, the tolerance should be 30 degrees; for bolts installed by 2/ 3 turn or more, the tolerance should be
45 degrees. All materials within the grip of the bolt must be steel.
On completion of the assembly, the constructor shall, if required by the purchasers documents, dispose of rubbish and other unsightly material and shall leave
the premises in as good a condition as found at the start of the tank construction.
Tank components shall be given a piece mark number for ease of assembly, in
lieu of marking, the tank manufacturers standard practice may be used.
Coated parts shall be protected from damage during shipment and storage.
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Sec. 9.9
44 AWWA D121-12
The constructor shall provide a means of disposing of test water with a connection to the inlet pipe or drain pipe.
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Regardless of the sequence used for testing the tank, the tank shall be disinfected after the final test and it may then be filled with potable water and placed into
service. Disinfection shall not be the responsibility of the constructor or manufacturer unless otherwise specified by the purchaser (Refer to ANSI/AWWA C652).
APPENDIX A
Metric (SI) Equivalents
This appendix is for information only and is not a part of ANSI/AWWA DI21.
Metric units used are those of the International System of Units (SI), which is
officially recognized by all industrial nations. This document may be supplemented
by ASTM* SI 10, Metric Practice Guide.
Table A.1 lists selected SI conversions for the convenience of users of this
standard.
Table A.1 Metric (SI) conversion factors
Property
Area
square foot
Force
Multiply by*
(ft2)
6.451 600*E 04
(m2)
9.290 304*E 02
meter squared
pound-force (lbf)
Newton (N)
4.448 222 E + 00
Newton (N)
4.448 222 E + 03
Force/Area
pound-force/foot2 (lbf/ft2)
newton/meter2 (N/m2)
4.788 026 E + 01
Impact strength
joule (J)
1.355 818 E + 00
Linear dimension
inch (in.)
millimeter (mm)
2.540 000*E + 01
foot (ft)
millimeter (mm)
3.048 000*E + 02
Mass/Volume
kilogram/meter3 (kg/m3)
1.601 846 E + 01
Temperature
C = (F -32)/1.8
Tensile strength
Pascal (Pa)
6.894 757 E + 03
kilopascal (kPa)
6.894 757 E + 03
megapascal (MPa)
6.894 757 E + 06
kips per
inch2
(ksi)
Velocity
4.470 400*E 01
Volume
3.785 412 E 03
*An asterisk (*) after the sixth decimal place indicates that the conversion factor is exact and that all subsequent
digits are zero. The number is followed by the letter E (exponent), a plus or a minus symbol, and two digits that
indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value.
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APPENDIX B
Seismic Analysis Example
This appendix is for information only and is not a part of ANSI/AWWA D121.
The following is a seismic analysis. For this example, the following information is provided (see Figures B.1A and B.1B):
Tank height
Tank width, B
Tank length, L
Live load
Snow load
No. of roof panels
= 13.12 ft
= 16.40 ft
= 22.97 ft
= 16 lb/ft2
= 20 lb/ft2
= 35
Water Level
0.85 ft - freeboard
12.27 ft
22.97 ft
Elevation
16.40 ft
22.97 ft
Plan
47
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13.12 ft
48 AWWA D121-12
B.1
= 96
= 35
= 0.85 ft
= 12.27 ft
= 17,397 lb
= 288,684 lb
= 4,616 lb
= 761 lb
= 12,020 lb
= 3506.50 lb (along B=22.97 ft)
= 2503.50 lb (along B=16.40 ft)
= 12 pcs.
= 48,000 psi (nominal shear strength)
= 2.0
= 1.0
= 62.43 lb/ft3
(5-51)
(5-52)
B.2
Determine Tc , Ti , and Ts
where:
Tc = (2p/l)L
Tc = 0.64 (22.97) = 3.09 sec
(5-48)
(5-49)
2p/l = 0.64
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L/HL = 1.87
1.10
1.00
2 /
0.90
0.80
0.70
2/ = 0.64 approximately
0.60
0.50
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
L/HL
Figure B.2 Curve for obtaining the factor 2p/l for the ratio L/HL
Based on Figure B.2, when L/HL is 1.87, then 2p/l = 0.64 approximately
Determination of Ti
(5-50)
For externally reinforced water tank with four members external bracing
(Steel Section = W10 15)
where:
k = 3EI / L3
k = [3 (29,000,000 psi) (68.90 in.4) / (157.5 in.)3] 4
k = 6,137 lb/in. = 73,644 lb/ft
Determination of Ts
Ts = SD1/SDS
Ts = 0.475/1.316 = 0.36 sec
B.3
(5-55)
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(5-54)
50 AWWA D121-12
2.0
1.6
1.2
Xf /0.50 L = 0.90
0.8
0.4
0.0
0.0
da /dmax = 0.26
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Actual/Required Freeboard, da /dmax
0.8
0.9
1.0
Figure B.3 Curve for obtaining the normalized wetted width, Xf /0.50 L, for the ratio da /dmax
Tc < 1.6/Ts
B.4
(5-56)
dmax = 0.50L Cc I
dmax = 0.50 (22.97 ft) (0.23) (1.25)
dmax = 3.30 ft
(5-38)
B.5
Convective (sloshing) mass within the portion confined by the roof, Wcm
Wcm = gw Xf B (dmax da)
Wcm = (62.43) (10.34) (16.40) (3.30 0.85)
Wcm = 25,937.24 lb
B.6
(5-61)
(5-39)
(5-40)
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Cc = 1.5 SD1/Tc
Cc = 1.5 (0.475) / 3.09
Cc = 0.23
Ct = 2/ 3 (1.316) Sec. 5.3.7.4.1 (6)
Ct = 0.877
L/HL = 1.87
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.40
0.30
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0.50
0.20
0.10
0.00
Wi /WL
Wc /WL
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
L/HL
Figure B.4 Curves for obtaining factors Wi /WL and Wc /WL for ratio L/HL
Determine Wi /WL and Wc /WL from Figure B.4, when L/HL is 1.87, then
Wi /WL is approximately 0.56
Wc /WL is approximately 0.48
B.7
Wi = 0.57(288,564.39) + Wcm
Wi = 164,481.70 + 25,937.24
Wi = 190,418.94 lb
Wc = 0.46 (288,564.39)
Wc = 132,739.62 lb
B.8
Determine the weight of roof, Wr , plus 25 percent of design roof live load and
20 percent of design snow load where the flat snow load exceeds 30 lb/ft 2 .
Wr = D + 0.25 Lr + 0.20S
Wr = 761 lb+ 0.25 (16 lb/ft2 16.40 ft 22.97 ft)
Wr = 2,267.83 lb
52 AWWA D121-12
B.9
(5-11)
(5-12)
(5-13)
(5-47)
Vi = Ci I (Wi /Ri )
Vi = (0.27) (1.25) (190,418.94/2.0)
Vi = 32,133.20 lb
(5-14)
(5-15)
(5-16)
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Vc = Cc I (Wc /Rc)
Vc = (0.23) (1.25) (132,739.62 / 1.0)
Vc = 38,162.64 lb
L/HL = 1.87
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
hi /HL
hc /HL
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
L/HL
Figure B.5 Curves for obtaining factors hi /HL and hc /HL for the ratio L/HL
hi /HL=
hc /HL=
hi /HL=
hc /HL=
0.375
0.59
0.75
0.82
therefore, hi = 4.60 ft
therefore, hc = 7.24 ft
therefore, hi = 9.20 ft
therefore, hc = 10.06 ft
(5-42)
(5-43)
(5-45)
(5-46)
Determine hi /HL , hc /HL , hi /HL , hc /HL based on Figure B.5; when L/HL is
1.87, then
hi /HL = 0.37
hc /HL = 0.59
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54 AWWA D121-12
L/HL = 1.87
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
hi /HL
hc /HL
0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
L/HL
Figure B.6 Curves for obtaining factors hi /HL and hc /HL for the ratio L/HL
Bending moment of the entire tank cross section just above the base of the
tank wall (EBP) due to the wall inertia force, Mw
Mw = VwL hw
Mw = (1,460.43) 13.12/2
Mw = 9,580.42 lb-ft
(5-18)
Bending moment of the entire tank cross section just above the base of the
tank wall (EBP) due to the roof inertia force, Mr
Mr = VrL hr
Mr = (382.70) (13.12)
Mr = 5,021.02 lb-ft
(5-19)
Bending moment of the entire tank cross section just above the base of the
tank wall (EBP) due to the impulsive force, Mi
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(5-20)
Bending moment of the entire tank cross section just above the base of the
tank wall (EBP) due to the convective force, Mc
Mc = Vc hc
Mc = (38,162.64) (7.24)
Mc = 276,297.51 lb-ft
(5-21)
Bending moment of the entire tank cross section just above the base of the
tank wall, Mb
Mb = [(Mi + Mw + Mr )2 + (Mc )2]
Mb = [(147,812.72 + 9,580.42 + 5,021.01)2 + (276,297.51)2]
Mb = 320,497.54 lb-ft
(5-22)
Overturning moment at the base of the tank, including the tank bottom and
supporting structure (IBP), due to the impulsive force, Mi
Mi = Vi hi
Mi = (32,133.20) (9.20)
Mi = 295,625.44 lb-ft
(5-23)
Overturning moment at the base of the tank, including the tank bottom and
supporting structure (IBP), due to the convective force, Mc
Mc = Vc hc
Mc = (38,162.64) (10.06)
Mc = 383,916.16 lb-ft
(5-24)
Overturning moment at the base of the tank, including the tank bottom and
supporting structure, Mo
Mo = [(Mi + Mw + Mr )2 + (Mc)2]
Mo = [(295,625.44 +9,580.42 + 5,021.02)2 + (383,916.16)2]
Mo = 493,591.26 lb-ft
(5-25)
(5-59)
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Mi = Vi hi
Mi = (32,133.20) (4.60)
Mi = 147,812.72 lb-ft
56 AWWA D121-12
Factor of safety:
F.S. = M/Mo
F.S. = 3,513,966.56 / 493,591.26
F.S. = 7.12 > 1.50 o.k.
fVr V
f = 0.75
fVr = 0.75 [p (1)2 / 4 (12) (48,000)] 51,617.02 lb
fVr = 339,292 lb 51,617.02 lb
Resistance to sliding
Factor of safety:
F.S. = Vr/V
F.S. = (339,292/0.75) / (51,617.02)
F.S. = 8.76 >1.5 o.k.
(5-26)
(5-27)
(5-28)
(5-29)
b.Wall
c.Floor
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(5-30)
(5-31)
B.20 Total dynamic vertical force on the base, due to vertical acceleration
(5-32)
B.21 Dynamic pressure on wall force due to vertical ground motion, at y = 3.281 ft
(for example)
pvy = w (HL y) v
where v = Ct I / Ri = (0.877) (1.25) / (2.0) = 0.55
pvy = (62.43) (12.27 3.281) (0.55) = 308.65 lb/ft2
(5-37)
(5-31)
B.22 Dynamic force on the wall due to horizontal ground motion at the height of
y = 3.281 ft
Viy = (Vi /2) [4HL 6hi (6HL 12hi ) (y/HL )]/HL2
Viy = (32,133.20/2) [4(12.27) 6(4.6) (6(12.27) 12(4.6)) (3.281/12.27)]/12.272
Viy = 1,766.65 lb/ft
Vcy = (Vc /2)[4HL 6hc (6HL 12hc )(y/HL )]/HL2
Vcy = (38,162.64/2)[4(12.27) 6(7.24) (6(12.27) 12(7.24))(3.281/12.27)]/12.272
Vcy = 1,164.21 lb/ft
Vwy = VwL /Hw y)/Hw
Vwy = 304.18(13.12 3.281) / 13.12
Vwy = 228.11 lb/ft
Vy = [(Viy + Vwy )2 + Vcy2]
Vy = [(1,766.65 + 228.11)2 + (1,164.21)2]
Vy = 2,309.64 lb/ft
(5-34)
(5-35)
(5-36)
(5-33)
B.23 Dynamic vertical force distribution on floor, due to vertical acceleration (Sec. 5.3.5.3)
Prv + Pfv + pfv = 1,243.05 + 2,530.15 + 421.31 (22.97) (16.40) = 162,484.05 lb
Dynamic pressure on floor
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58 AWWA D121-12
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= 51,617.02 lb
= 15,485.11 lb
= 320,497.54 lb-ft
= 96,149.26 lb-ft
= 493,591.26 lb-ft
= 148,077.38 lb-ft
= 50,168.32 lb
= 167,227.74 lb
= 256.18 lb/ft2
= 469.36 lb/ft2
= 222.79 lb/ft2
= 347.71 lb/ft2
= 0.99 lb/ft2
= 3.30 lb/ft2
(5-48)
L/HL = 1.34
1.10
1.00
2/
0.90
0.80
0.70
2/ = 0.63 approximately
0.50
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
L/HL
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
Figure B.7 Curve for obtaining the factor 2p/ for the ratio L/HL
where:
l = {3.16gtanh[3.16(HL/L)]}
l = 9.99
(5-49)
2p/l = 0.63
Based on Figure B.7, when L/HL is 1.34, then 2p/l = 0.63 approximately
Determination of Ti
(5-50)
For externally reinforced water tank with external bracing (Steel Section =
W10 15)
where:
k = 3EI / L3
k = [3 (29,000,000 psi) (68.90 in.4) / (157.5 in.)3] 6
k = 9,205.51 lb/in. = 110,466.12 lb/ft
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0.60
60 AWWA D121-12
Determination of Ts
Ts = SD1/SDS
Ts = 0.475 / 1.316 = 0.36 sec
(5-55)
Ci = SD1/Ti
Ci = 0.475/1.59
Ci = 0.30
(5-54)
Cc = 1.5 SD1/Tc
Cc = 1.5 (0.475)/2.55
Cc = 0.28
Ct = 2/ 3 (1.316) Sec. 5.3.7.4.1 (6)
Ct = 0.877
(5-56)
dmax = 0.50 L Cc I
dmax = 0.50 (16.40) (0.28) (1.25)
dmax = 2.87 ft
(5-38)
The freeboard provided da = 0.85 ft < dmax since dmax > da, convective (sloshing) mass must be considered
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0
0.0
Xf /0.50 L = 0.83
da /dmax = 0.30
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Actual/Required Freeboard, da /dmax
0.8
0.9
1.0
Figure B.8 Curve for obtaining the normalized wetted width, Xf /0.50 L, for the ratio da /dmax
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Tc < 1.6/ Ts
L/HL = 1.34
1.00
0.90
0.80
Wi /WL = 0.71 approximately
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
WI /WL
WC /WL
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0.70
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
L/HL
Figure B.9 Curves for obtaining factors Wi /WL and Wc /WL for the ratio L/HL
B.29 Convective (sloshing) mass within the portion confined by the roof, Wcm
Wcm = w Xf B (dmax da)
Wcm = (62.43) (6.80) (22.97) (2.87 0.85)
Wcm = 19,697.66 lb
(5-61)
(5-39)
(5-40)
Determine Wi /WL and Wc /WL based on Figure B.9; when L /HL is 1.34, then
Wi /WL is approximately 0.71
Wc /WL is approximately 0.35
62 AWWA D121-12
B.32 Determine the weight of roof, Wr , plus 25 percent of design roof live load and
20percent of design snow load where the flat snow load exceeds 30 lb/ft2
Wr = D + 0.25 Lr + 0.20S
Wr = 761 lb+ 0.25 (16 lb/ft2 16.40 22.97)
Wr = 2,267.83 lb
(5-11)
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where:
(5-12)
(5-13)
(5-47)
(5-14)
(5-15)
(5-16)
L/HL = 1.34
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
hi /HL
hc /HL
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
L/HL
Figure B.10 Curves for obtaining factors hi /HL and hc /HL for the ratio L/HL
(5-17)
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64 AWWA D121-12
L/HL = 1.34
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
hi /HL
hc /HL
0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
L/HL
Figure B.11 Curves for obtaining factors hi /HL and hc /HL for the ratio L/HL
Bending moment of the entire tank cross section just above the base of the
tank wall (EBP) due to the wall inertia force, Mw
Mw = VwL hw
(5-18)
Mw = (1,780.46) 13.12/2
Mw = 11,679.82 lb-ft
Bending moment of the entire tank cross section just above the base of the
tank wall (EBP) due to the roof inertia force, Mr
Mr = VrL hr
(5-19)
Mr = (425.22) (13.12)
Mr = 5,578.89 lb-ft
Bending moment of the entire tank cross section just above the base of the
tank wall (EBP) due to the impulsive force, Mi
Mi = Vi hi
(5-20)
Mi = (42,108.45) (4.60)
Mi = 193,698.87 lb-ft
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Bending moment of the entire tank cross section just above the base of the
tank wall (EBP) due to the convective force, Mc
Mc = Vc hc
(5-21)
Mc = (35,349.14) (7.97)
Mc = 281,732.65 lb-ft
Bending moment of the entire tank cross section just above the base of the
tank wall, Mb
Mb = [(Mi + Mw + Mr )2 + (Mc )2]
(5-22)
2
2
Overturning moment at the base of the tank, including the tank bottom
and supporting structure (IBP), due to the impulsive force, Mi
Mi = Vi hi
(5-23)
Mi = (42,108.45) (7.12)
Mi = 299,812.16 lb-ft
Overturning moment at the base of the tank, including the tank bottom
and supporting structure (IBP), due to the convective force, Mc
Mc = Vc hc
(5-24)
Mc = (35,349.14) (8.96)
Mc = 316,728.29 lb-ft
Overturning moment at the base of the tank, including the tank bottom
and supporting structure, Mo
Mo = [(Mi + Mw + Mr )2 + (Mc)2]
(5-25)
Mo = [(299,812.16 +11,679.82 + 5,578.89)2 + (316,728.29)2]
Mo = 448,163.75 lb-ft
M = L /2 (Wt + WL)
M = 16.40 / 2 (17,397 + 288,564.39)
M = 2,508,883.40 lb-ft
Factor of safety:
F.S. = M/Mo
F.S. = 2,508,883.40 / 448,163.75
F.S. = 5.60 > 1.50 o.k.
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(5-59)
66 AWWA D121-12
b. Wall
c. Floor
(5-27)
(5-28)
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(5-29)
(5-30)
(5-31)
B.44 Total dynamic vertical force on the base, due to vertical acceleration
P = Prv + Pwv + Pfv + pfv BL
P = 1,243.05 + 5,204.89 + 2,530.15 + 421.31 (22.97) (16.40)
P = 167,688.94 lb
(5-32)
where:
pvy = w (HL y) v
v = Ct I / Ri = (0.877)(1.25) / (2.0) = 0.55
pvy = (62.43) (12.27-3.281)(0.55) = 308.65 lb/ft2
(5-37)
(5-31)
B.46 Dynamic force on the wall due to horizontal ground motion at the height of
y = 3.281 ft
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(5-34)
(5-35)
(5-36)
(5-33)
= 162,484.05 lb
= 162,484.05 / (22.97)(16.4)
= 431.33 lb/ft2
= 1,243.05 lb
= 1,243.05 / (16.4) (22.97)
= 3.30 lb/ft2
68 AWWA D121-12
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Copyright American Water Works Association
Provided by IHS under license with AWWA
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--``,```,`,``,,,,``,``,`,,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright American Water Works Association
Provided by IHS under license with AWWA
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--``,```,`,``,,,,``,``,`,,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright American Water Works Association
Provided by IHS under license with AWWA
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--``,```,`,``,,,,``,``,`,,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
AWWA is the authoritative resource for knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and
supply of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water professionals in
the world. AWWA advances public health, safety, and welfare by uniting the efforts of the full spectrum
of the entire water community. Through our collective strength, we become better stewards of water for
the greatest good of people and the environment.
1P-2.1M-44121-6/12-FM
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