This document summarizes the key events and figures of the Propaganda Movement and Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule from 1872 to 1898. It discusses major propagandists like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena who sought political reforms through writings and newspapers. When reforms were denied, the revolution was led by Andres Bonifacio through the secret Katipunan society and its newspaper Kalayaan. Other revolutionary leaders mentioned include Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, and Jose Palma, who were influential writers and thinkers that advanced the goals of nationalism and independence through their works.
Original Description:
History of Philippine Literature from period of enlightenment to contemporary period.
This document summarizes the key events and figures of the Propaganda Movement and Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule from 1872 to 1898. It discusses major propagandists like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena who sought political reforms through writings and newspapers. When reforms were denied, the revolution was led by Andres Bonifacio through the secret Katipunan society and its newspaper Kalayaan. Other revolutionary leaders mentioned include Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, and Jose Palma, who were influential writers and thinkers that advanced the goals of nationalism and independence through their works.
This document summarizes the key events and figures of the Propaganda Movement and Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule from 1872 to 1898. It discusses major propagandists like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena who sought political reforms through writings and newspapers. When reforms were denied, the revolution was led by Andres Bonifacio through the secret Katipunan society and its newspaper Kalayaan. Other revolutionary leaders mentioned include Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, and Jose Palma, who were influential writers and thinkers that advanced the goals of nationalism and independence through their works.
Historical Background After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined(beheaded) without sufficient evidence of guilt. - awakened the spirit of liberalism when the Philippines opened its doors to world trade and with the coming of a liberal leader in the person of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre. A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) - spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle-class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. The objectives of this movement were to seek reforms and changes like the following: 1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law. 2. To make the Philippines a colony of Spain. 3. To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes. 4. To Filipinize the parishes. 5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the press, assembly and for redress of grievances. B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement There were three principal leaders of the Propaganda movement; Jose P. Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena. 1. DR. JOSE P. RIZAL (Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y Realonda) was born on June 19, 1861 at Calamba, Laguna. - His first teacher was his mother Teodora Alonozo. - He died by musketry in the hands of the Spaniards on December 30, 1896 on charges of sedition and rebellion against the Spaniards. - His pen-name was Laong Laan and Dimasalang. His books and writings: 1. NOLI ME TANGERE (Novel). - gave spirit to the propaganda movement and paved the way to the revolution against Spain. - In this book, he courageously exposed the evils in the Spanishrun government in the Philippines. 2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO (Sequel to Noli). - While the NOLI exposed the evils in society, the FILI exposed those in the government and in the church. - - However, the NOLI has been dubbed the novel of society while that of FILI is that of politics. 3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last Farewell). - This was a poem by Rizal while he was incarcerated at Fort Santiago and is one that can compare favorably with the best in the world. It was only after his death when his name was affixed to the poem. 6. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (To the Filipino Youth). A poem Rizal dedicated to the Filipino youth studying at UST. 7. EL CONSEJO DE LES DIOSES (The Council of the Gods). - an allegorical play manifesting admiration for Cervantes. 8. JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the Pasig River). - written by Rizal when he was 14 years of age. 2. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR - popularly known for his pen name of Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat. - He was born at Cupang, San Nicolas, Bulacan on August 30, 1850. - He established the Diariong Tagalog in 1883 where he exposed the evils of the Spanish government in the Philippines and in order to avoid the false accusations hurried at him by the priests.
- Upon his arrival in Spain, he replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as
editor of LA SOLIDARIDAD, a paper which became the vehicle thru which reforms in the government could be worked out. - This did not last long for he got sick and even to reach Hong Kong from where he could arouse his countrymen. He died of tuberculosis in Spain. Writings of Marcelo H. del Pilar : 1. PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of Country). Translated from the Spanish AMOR PATRIA of Rizal, published on August 20, 1882, in Diariong Tagalog. 2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful) 3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes). 3. GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA (1856-1896) - a most notable hero and genius of the Philippines and was born on December 18, 1856 and died on January 20, 1896. - The pride of Jaro, Iloilo, he won the admiration of the Spaniards and Europeans. - He is a known writer and orator in the Philippines. - He left the Philippines in 1887 with the help of Don Claudio Lopez, a rich uncle, in order to escape punishment form his enemies and arrived at Valencia. From Valencia, he moved to Barcelona where he established the first magazine LA SOLIDARIDAD. - he died in a charity hospital in Barcelona on January 20, 1896, eleven months before his best friend Rizal was shot at the Luneta on December 30, 1896. A. The Works of Graciano Lopez Jaena 1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod). One of his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines. He exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral. B. OTHER PROPAGANDISTS 4. ANTONIO LUNA - was a pharmacist who was banished by the Spaniards to Spain. - He joined the Propaganda Movement and contributed his writings to LA SOLIDARIDAD. Most of his works dealt with Filipino customs and others were accusations about how the Spaniards ran the government. - His pen name was Tagailog. - He died at the age of 33 in June 1899. He was put to death by the soldiers of Aguinaldo because of his instant rise to fame which became a threat to Aguinaldo. Some of his works are: 1. NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve). It pictured true Filipino life. 5. MARIANO PONCE - he became an editor-in-chief, biographer and researcher of the Propaganda Movement. - He used Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning as pennames. The common themes of his works were the values of education. He also wrote about how the Filipinos were oppressed by the foreigners and of the problems of his countrymen. Among his writings were: 2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The Beheading of Longinos). A play shown at the plaza of Malolos, Bulacan. 6. PEDRO PATERNO - he was a scholar, dramatic, researcher and novelist of the Propaganda Movement. - He also joined the Confraternity of Masons and the Asociacion Hispano-Pilipino in order to further the aims of the Movement. He was the first Filipino writer who escaped censorship of the press during the last day of the Spanish colonization. The following were a few of his wrtings: 1. NINAY. The first social novel in Spanish by a Filipino. 2. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). Shows the importance of a mother especially in the home.
7. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN
- he hid his identity behind his penname JORMAPA. He was also known for having photographic mind. He was a member of a number of movements for the country. Some of his writings were: 1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Native Land) C. PERIOD OF ACTIVE REVOLUTION (1896-1898) Historical Background: The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagandists. The government turned deaf ears to these petitions; oppression continued and the church and the government became even more oppressive to the Filipinos. The good intentions of Spain were reversed by the friars who were lording it over in the Philippines. Because of this, not a few of the Filipinos affiliated with the La Liga Filipina (a civic organization suspected of being revolutionary and which triggered Rizals banishment to Dapitan). Like Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Jose Palma, and Pio Valenzuela decided that there was no other way except to revolt. The gist of literature contained mostly accusations against the government and was meant to arouse the people to unite and to prepare for independence. D. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE ACTIVE REVOLUTION - The noted leaders of this period were Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Apolinario Mabini. These are their contributions to our country. a. ANDRES BONIFACIO - is best known as the Father of Filipino Democracy, but more than others, as the Father of the Katipunan because he led in establishing the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK). - came from a poor family and it is said that what he learned he got from the school of experience. - He was a voracious reader and among those he loved to read which aroused his revolutionary spirit were the NOLI and the FILI of Rizal. - He joined the La Liga Filipina founded by Rizal in 1892. He established the Katipunan which triggered the spirit of freedom especially when Rizal was banished to Dapitan, Mindanao. - he is better known as the great Revolutionary rather than a writer but he also wrote things which paved the way for the revolution and which also became part of our literature. Among his works were: 3. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN LUPA (Love of Ones Native Land). A poem with a title similar to that of Marcelo H. del Pilar. 4. HULING PAALAM (Last Farewell). A translation of Mi Ultimo Adios of Rizal in Tagalog. b. EMILIO JACINTO - he was the intelligent assistant of Andres Bonifacio in the establishment of the Katipunan. - He is called the Brains of the Katipunan. - He edited Kalayaan (Freedom) a Katipunan newspaper. Here are few of his writings: 3. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). A touching ode to his mother. 4. A LA PATRIA (To My Country). His masterpiece. c. APOLINARIO MABINI - is known in literature and history as the Sublime Paralytic and the Brains of the Revolution. - He was born in Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas on July 22, 1864. Because he was born of a poor family he had to work in order to
study. He became known to his professors and classmates at
Letran and the UST because of his sharp memory and the simple clothes he used to wear throughout his schooling. - He became the right-hand of Emilio Aguinaldo when the latter founded his Republic in Malolos. - His contributions to literature were writing on government society, philosophy and politics. Here are some of his works: 1. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO (The True Decalogue or Ten Commandments). This was his masterpiece and his aim here was to propagate the spirit of nationalism. 2. EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA (The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic) OTHER REVOLUTIONISTS d. JOSE PALMA - he became popular because of his Himno Nacional Filipino (The Philippine National Anthem) which was set to music by Julian Felipe. - He was born in Tondo, Manila on June 6, 1876. His brother Rafael Palma became the president of the UP. - He joined the revolution against the Americans together with Gregorio del Pilar, the youngest Filipino general who died during the revolution. NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION In the effort of the Revolutionists to spread to the world their longings for their country, many newspapers were put up during the Revolutionary period. They were: 1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION. Printed the decrees of the Revolutiary Government, news and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism. 2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independence). Edited by Antonio Luna and whose aim was for Philippine Independence. 3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Philippine Republic). Established by Pedro Paterno in 1898. 4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty). Edited by Clemente Zulueta. e. PO VALENZUELA Y ALEJANDRINO - a Filipino physician and revolutionary leader. - At the age of 23, he joined the society of Katipunan, a movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine Revolution. - Together with Andrs Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto, they formed the secret chamber of the society called Camara Reina. - took charge of the publication of Ang Kalayaan, Katipunan's first and only official publication. - one who tried to convince the exiled Jos Rizal to join the revolutionary movement. - was also, however, among those who testified before a court martial against Rizal during the investigation that would lead to the hero's ultimate death. -Valenzuela was nevertheless under doubt whether he was a hero or a traitor. His patriotism was questioned due to his lenient and soft leaning towards the Spanish Chapter 5 The American Regime (1898-1941) Historical Background The Filipino Revolutionists won against the Spaniards who colonized us for more than 300 years. Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a symbol of our independence. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the first President of the Philippine Republic but this was short-lived. The Fil.-American was resulted in the defeat of Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903. The peace movements started as early as 1900.
Many Filipinos started writing again and the nationalism
of the people remained undaunted. Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news, reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, and novels. ----Their writings clearly depicted their love of country and their longings for independence. The active arousal in the field of literature started to be felt in the following newspapers. 1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day). Established by Sergio Osmea in 1900. The American censors twice banned this and threatened Osmea with banishment because of his nationalistic writings. 2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the Nation). Established by Pascual Poblete in 1900. 3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth). Founded by Rafael Palma in 1901. There were also plays written then but after the first and second presentations, the Americans put a stop to this because of the consistent theme of nationalism. Included here were the following: 1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow). - written by Aurelio Tolentino depicting the suppression done by the Americans and their plan to colonize the Philippines. 2. TANIKALANG GINTO of Juan Abad. 3. MALAYA by Tomas Remigio. 4. WALANG SUGAT by Severino Reyes. A. Characteristics of Literature during This Period Three groups of writers contributed to Philippine Literature during this period. The writers in Tagalog continued in their lamentations on the conditions of the country and their attempts to arouse love for ones native tongue. The writers in English imitated the themes and methods of the Americans. A. LITERATURE IN SPANISH The inspiration of our Filipino writers in Spanish was Rizal not only because of his being a national leader but also because of his novels NOLI and FILI. These two novels contained the best qualities of a novel ever written, in English or in Filipino. Those who were inspired to write in praise of him were Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe and Claro M. Recto. Other Writers in Spanish 1. Adelina Guerrea was the first woman poet in the Philippines who was good in Spanish. She obtained the Zobel prize in her song El Nido. (The Nest). 2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his four books entitled Aromas de Ensueo (Scents of Dreams). 3. Macario Adriatico wrote of a legend of Mindoro entitle La Punta de Salto (The Place of Origin). 4. Epifanio de los Santos (known as Don PAnyong). He was a good leader and biographer during the whole period of Spanish literature. 5. Pedro Aunario wrote the Decalogo del Proteccionismo. B. FILIPINO LITERATURE FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisco Balagtas and URBANA AT FELISA of Modesto de Castro became the inspiration of the Tagalog writers. Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified three kinds of Tagalog poets: They were: 1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso). These included Lope K. Santos, Iigo Ed. Regalado, Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias
del Rosario, Ildefonso Santos, Amado V. Hernandez, Nemecio
Carabana, and Mar Antonio. 2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay). Led by Lope K Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Garmaitan, and Amado V. Hernandez. 3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan). Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano, Severino Reyes, and Tomas Remigio. Here are the autobiographies of some of the writers mentioned: 1. LOPE K. SANTOS - a novelist, poet and author, and grammarian covered three periods of Tagalog literature American, Japanese and the contemporary period. - If Manuel L. Quezon is called the Father of the National Language, Lope K. Santos is called the Father of the National Language Grammar. 2. JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS - is very popularly known as Huseng Batute. - He was also called the Poet of Love in his time. =ANG ISANG PUNONG KAHOY (A TREE), an elegy, is believed to be his masterpiece. 3. AMADO V. HERNANDEZ - was dubbed Makata ng mga Manggagawa (Poet of the Laborers) in our literature because he pictures in his poem the intense love for the poor worker or laborer 4. VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PEA - together with Lope K. Santos he reached the summit of his novelwriting. - He was known as Tandang Anong and his pen name was Kuntil Butil (Small Grain). - He considers NENA AT NENENG his masterpiece. 5. IIGO ED. REGALADO - was a son of a popular writer during the Spanish time known as Odalger. - He proved that he not only followed the footsteps of his father but also reached the peak of his success by the sumpong (whim) of his pen. - He also became a popular story-teller, novelist and newspaperman. THE TAGALOG DRAMA During the advent of the American period, Severino Reyes (Father of the Tagalog drama and author of the immortal WALANG SUGAT) and Hermogenes Ilagan started the movement against the moro-moro ( a play on the Spanish struggles against the Muslims) and struggled to show the people the values one can get from the zarzuela and the simple plays. THE TAGALOG SHORT STORY Two collections of Tagalog stories were published during the American Period. 1. First was the MGA KUWENTONG GINTO (Golden Stories) published in 1936 and KUWENTONG GINTO ng 50 BATIKANG KUWENTISTA (50 Golden Stories by 50 Noted Storytellers) in 1939. - The first was written by Alejandro Abadilla and Clodualdo del Mundo that contained the 25 best stories according to them. 2. The second was written by Pedrito Reyes. PAROLANG GINTO (Golden Lantern) and TALAANG BUGHAW (Blue List) of Abadilla became popular during this period. TAGALOG POETRY Almost all Tagalog writers during the American Period were able to compose beautiful poems which made it difficult to select the best. Even if poetry writing is as old as history, poetry still surfaces with its sweetness, beauty, and melody. OTHER FORMS OF LITERATURE The following are those recognized in the field of Ilocano Literature: 1. Pedro Bukaneg. Father of Ilocano Literature.
= From his name was derived the word Bukanegan, which
means Balagtasan (a poetic contest) in Ilocano. 2. Claro Caluya. Prince of Ilocano Poets. Known as poet and novelist. 3. Leon Pichay. Known as the best Bukanegero (from Bukaneg). Also a poet, novelist, short story writer, dramatist and essayist. Literature of the Kapampangans (Pampango Literature) Two stalwarts in the literature of the Kapampangans stand out: they are: 1. Juan Crisostomo Soto. (Father of Kapampangan Literature). The word CRISOTAN (meaning Balagtasan) in Tagalog is taken from his name. 2. Aurelio Tolentino. He truly proved his being a Kapampangan in his translation of KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS into Kapampangan which he called NAPON, NGENI AT BUKAS. Visayan Literature The following are the top men in Visayan literature: 1. Eriberto Gumban. (Father of Visayan Literature). He wrote a zarzuela, moro-moro and a play in Visayan. 2. Magdalena Jalandoni. She devoted her talent to the novel. She wrote ANG MGA TUNUK SAN ISA CA BULACLAC. C. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH In a way, we can say that we can trace the beginnings of Philippine literature in English with the coming of the Americans. For this purpose, we can divide this period into three time frames, namely: 1. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910 English as a literary vehicle came with the American occupation in August 13, 1898 and as they say, a choice bestowed on us by history. By 1900, English came to be used as a medium of instruction in the public schools. From the American forces were recruited the first teachers of English. By 1908, the primary and intermediate grades were using English. It was also about this time when UP, the forerunner in the use of English in higher education, was founded. 2. The Period of Imitation: 1910-1925 1919, the UP College Folio published the literary compositions of the first Filipino writers in English. They were the pioneers in short story writing. They were then groping their way into imitating American and British models which resulted in a stilted, artificial and unnatural style, lacking vitality and spontaneity. Writers of this folio included Fernando Maramag (the best editorial writer of this period) , Juan F. Salazar, Jose M. Hernandez, Vicente del Fierro, and Francisco M. Africa and Victoriano Yamzon. They pioneered in English poetry. 3. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941) By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. They now confidently and competently wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted. They went into all forms of writing like the novel and the drama. In 1940, I.V. Mallaris The Birth of Discontent revealed the sensitive touch of a writer who in simple language was able to reveal his profound thoughts and feelings. Chapter 6 The Japanese Period (1941-1945) Historical Background Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when the Philippines was again conquered by another foreign country, Japan. Philippine literature in English came to a halt (STOP).
This had an advantageous effect on Filipino Literature,
which experienced renewed attention because writers in English turned to writing in Filipino. Juan Laya, who use to write in English turned to Filipino because of the strict prohibitions of the Japanese regarding any writing in English. The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by Japanese named Ishiwara. In other words, Filipino literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces.
A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD
The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts. Three types of poems emerged during this period. They were: 1. Haiku a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the third, five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short and covers a wide scope in meaning. 2. Tanaga like the Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had 17 syllables and its also allegorical in meaning. 3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) like those mentioned earlier in the beginning chapters of this book. B. FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing American films were closed. The big movie houses were just made to show stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog. The translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel. They also founded the organization of Filipino players named Dramatic Philippines. A few of playwriters were: 1. Jose Ma. Hernandez wrote PANDAY PIRA 2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI 3. Clodualdo del Mundo wrote BULAGA (an expression in the game Hide and Seek). 4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda wrote SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIGANTE NG PATAY. D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945) Because of the strict prohibitions imposed b the Japanese in the writing and publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in English experienced a dark period. Noteworthy writer of the period was Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINES RISE and his MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS. Chapter 7 The Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970) Historical Background. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas who fled to the mountain joined the liberating American Army. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained is freedom and the Filipino flag waved joyously alone. The chains were broken. A. THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD The early post-liberation period was marked by a kind of struggle of mind and spirit posed by the sudden emancipation from the enemy, and the wild desire to see print.
Filipinos had, by this time, learned to express
themselves more confidently but post-war problems beyond language and print-like economic stability, the threat of new ideas and mortality had to be grappled with side by side. There was a proliferation of newspapers like the FREE PRESS, MORNING SUN, of Sergio Osmea Sr., DAILY MIRROR of Joaquin Roces, EVENING NEWS of Ramon Lopezes and the BULLETIN of Menzi. This only proved that there were more readers in English than in any other vernaculars like Tagalog, Ilocano or Hiligaynon. Journalists had their day. They indulged in more militant attitude in their reporting which bordered on the libelous. Gradually, as normality was restored, the tones and themes of the writings turned to the less pressing problems of economic survival. Some of the writers and their works of the periods are: THE VOICE OF THE VETERAN a compilation of the best works of some Ex-USAFFE men like Amante Bigornia, Roman de la Cruz, Ramon de Jesus and J.F. Rodriguez. TWILIGHT IN TOKYO and PASSION and DEATH OF THE USAFFE by Leon Ma. Guerrero FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY by S.P. Lopez BETRAYAL IN THE PHILIPPINES by Hernando Abaya SEVEN HILLS AWAY by NVM Gonzales THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD Philippines literature in Tagalog was revived during this period. - Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, of the poverty of life under the Japanese government and the brave guerilla exploits. Newspapers and magazine publications were re-opened like the Bulaklak, Liwayway, Ilang Ilang and Sinag Tala. The peoples love for listening to poetic jousts increased more than before and people started to flock to places to hear poetic debates. PALANCA AWARDS - Another inspiration for writers in Filipino was the launching of the Palanca Memorial Awards for literature headed by Carlos Palanca Sr. in 1950. (Until now, the awards are still being given although the man who founded it has passed away). The awards were given to writers of short stories, plays and poetry. The first awardees in its first year, 1950-51 in the field of the short story were the following: First Prize: KUWENTO NI MABUTI by Genoveva Edroza Second Prize: MABANGIS NA KAMAY MAAMONG KAMAY by Pedro S. Dandan Third Prize: PLANETA, BUWAN AT MGA BITUIN by Elpidio P. Kapulong Chapter 8 Period of Activism (1970-1972) Historical Background According to Pociano Pineda, youth activism in 1970-72 was due to domestic and worldwide causes. Activism is connected with the history of our Filipino youth. Many young people became activists to ask for changes in the government. Many young activists were imprisoned in military camps together with rebel writers. As early as this period of history we can say that many of those writers who were imprisoned were true nationalists and heroes of their time.
A. THE SEED OF ACTIVISM
The seeds of activism resulted in the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. B. PERIOD OF THE BLOODY PLACARDS Pineda also said that this was the time when the youth once more proved that it is not the constant evasion that shapes our race and nationalism. C. THE LITERARY REVOLUTION The youth became completely rebellious during this period. They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!). They attacked the ills of society and politics. PALANCA AWARDEES FOR LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (Established in 1950, the Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature had been giving cash prizes for short story, poetry and one-act play writing as an incentive to Filipino writers. The prizes come from La Tondena, Inc., the firm founded by the late Carlos Palanca Sr. For the list of winners from 1950-51 to 1960-70, we recommended Alberto S. Florentinos Twenty Years of Palanca Awards.) WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD Jose F. Lacaba, in his book DAYS OF DISQUIET, NIGHTS OF RAGE; THE FIRST QUARTERS STORM AND RELATED EVENTS, wrote of the tragic and tumultuous moments in our countrys history. Among the writers in this group were: Nick Joaquin, S.P. Lopez, Gregorio Brillantes, F. Sionil Jose, Petronilo Daroy, Letty JimenezMagsanoc, Mauro Avelina, and Jose W. Diokno. Chapter 9 Period of the New Society (1972-1980) Historical Background The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972. The Carlos Palanca Awards continued to give annual awards. Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development or progress of the country like the Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug addiction and pollution. The New Society tried to stop pornography or those writings giving bad influences on the morals of the people. All school newspapers were temporarily stopped and so with school organizations. The military government established a new office called the Ministry of Public Affairs that supervised the newspapers, books and other publications The government took part in reviving old plays like the Cenaculo, the Zarzuela and the Embayoka of the Muslims. The Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Folk Arts Theater and even the old Metropolita Theater were rebuilt in order to have a place for these plays. Singing both Filipino and English songs received fresh incentives. Those sent abroad promoted many Filipino songs. The weekly publications like KISLAP, and LIWAYWAY helped a lot in the development of literature. These became outlets for our writers to publish many of their works. A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs and the beauties of nature and surroundings.
Those who wrote poetry during this period were:
Ponciano Pineda, Aniceto Silvestre, Jose Garcia Revelo, Bienvenido Ramos, Vicente Dimasalang, Cir Lopez Francisco, and Pelagio Sulit Cruz. Many more composers added their bit during this period. - Among them were Freddie Aguilar, Jose Marie Chan and the group Tito, Vic and Joey. - ANAK of Freddie Aguilar became an instant success because of the spirit and emotions revealed in the song. There were even translations in Japanese and in other languages. B. THE PLAY UNDER THE NEW SOCIETY The government led in reviving old plays and dramas, like the Tagalog Zarzuela, Cenaculo and the Embayoka of the Muslims The Mindanao State University presented a play Sining Embayoka at the Cultural Center of the Philippines. C. RADIO AND TELEVISION The play series like SI MATAR, DAHLIA, ITO AND PALAD KO, and MR. LONELY were the forms of recreation of those without television. Popular television plays were GULONG NG PALAD, FLOR DE LUNA, and ANNA LIZA. SUPERMAN AND TARZAN were also popular with the youth. D. FILIPINO FILMS A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulng Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was held during this time. Chapter 10 Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985) Historical Background After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the Filipino which started under the New Society, Martial Rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981. To their perceptions, the Philippines became a new nation and this; former President Marcos called The New Republic of the Philippines. A historian called this the Third Republic. The First Republic he claimed was during the Philippine Republic of Emilio Aguinaldo when we first got our independence form the Spaniards on June 12, 1898. The Second was when the Americans granted us our independence on July 4, 1946. This period, January 2, 1981, was the Third Republic when we were freed from Military Rule. During this period, it cannot be denied that many people seethed with rebellion and protest because of the continued oppression and suppression. - This was further aggravated when former Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr., the idol of the Filipino masses,
whom they hoped to be the next president, was
president, was brutally murdered on August 21, 1983. This stage of the nation had its effect on our literature. After the Aquino assassinated, the peoples voices could no long be contained. Both the public and private sectors in government were chanting, and shouting; women, men and the youth became bolder and their voices were raised in dissent. THE PALANCA AWARDS The Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for literature which was launched in 1950 continued its recognition of the best in the literary fields poetry, short story, essays, and the one and three-act plays. B. FILIPINO POETRY Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary. C. FILIPINO SONGS Many composers, grieved over Ninoy Aquinos treacherous assassination composed songs. Among them were Coritha, Eric and Freddie Aguilar. Coritha and Eric composed asong titles LABAN NG BAYAN KO and this was first sung by Coritha during the National Unification Conference of the Opposition in March, 1985. This was also sung during the Presidential Campaign Movement for Cory Aquino to inspire the movement against Marcos in February 1986. Freddie Aguilar revived the song BAYAN KO which was written by Jose Corazon de Jesus and C. de Guzman during the American period. Chapter 11 CONTEMPORARY Period (1986-1999) Historical Background In the span of four days form February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed. Together, the people barricaded the streets petitioning the government for changes and reforms. Freedom became a reality won through a peaceful, bloodless and God-blessed revolution. A. THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD: In the short span of the existence of the true Republic of the Philippines, several changes already became evident. This in noticed in the new Filipino songs, in the newspapers, in the speeches, and even in the television programs. 1. On Newspapers and other publications: The now crony newspapers that enjoyed an overnight increase in circulation were THE INQUIRER, MALAYA, and the PEOPLES JOURNAL. 2. On Books: Philippine literature is still in the making we are just beginning a new era. Two books were conceived during the period. 1. PEOPLE POWER 2. BAYAN KO