Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(1861) Coins, Medals and Seals: Ancient & Modern, Illustrated & Described
(1861) Coins, Medals and Seals: Ancient & Modern, Illustrated & Described
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
LIBRARY
by the
ONTARIO LEGISLATIVE
LIBRARY
1980
7
FRONTISPIECE.
G
COINS, s
WITH A
EDITED BY
W. C. PRIME,
AUTHOR OP
" Boat Life in Egypt and Nubia," "Tent Life in the Holy Land,"
&c., &c., &c.
NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, "r..r->-
FRANKLIN SQUARE. ^T" fcj\ i
86 I, A"C&* A
'
r:
Cj
ft
year.
I promised myself that I would prepare a book which
every parent may place in the hands of his child, with
the assurance that it would not mislead him into collect-
ing coins for the sake of their rarity instead of their his-
torical value.
tain coins now very rare will remain so, since every year
new specimens of rare coins are found and added to col-
lections. For this reason the price catalogues are of
8
HISTORY OF COINAGE.
i.
it
speak, would be able to relate a stranger story than any other
which imagination might give a voice. Such a thought
article to
copper that was coined even last year and for every month that a
;
scarcely finds a period of time when men lived and did not sell
pleasure or sorrow to each other. The silver drachma of ^Egina,
in a modern collectionwhich was perhaps one of the first of
silver coins that men ever handled may therefore have been,
doubtless was, in its day, like silver coins of this nineteenth cen-
tury : now the purchase price
of bread, and now of poison to-day ;
the comforter of want, to-morrow flung to the street from the jew-
eled hand of wealth now the winner at the board, now the last
;
for the forehead of purity, in the evening the price of infamy and
shame.
contains
To a thinking man, then, every coin that his collection
coins serve to fix historical facts with great firmness in the mem-
ory. This is especially true of young collectors. The young
student of history who possesses a coin of Augustus Caesar will
thing to say.
But aside from the considerations thus stated, the science of
numismatics has a claim on all intelligent
persons that no other
subject of study can surpass. In coins and medals, more than in
any other monuments, the past is preserved, and its heroes and
great events are kept memorable. Possibly it was to the almost
imperishable nature of the splendid medals of the Augustan age
10
PLATE I.
of the remote past to the coins of nations long since passed away,
as we owe to their written chronicles on paper or parchment.
quest that ^Esculapius would come to Eome and turn away the
plague then raging. The embassadors brought back a sacred
snake, which found its own way into the cabin of their and ship,
which, when they arrived in the Tiber, swam to the island in the
river on which was afterward built the
temple of JEsculapius.
The island itself
was walled up in shape like a The whole
galley.
story is of exceeding historic interest, and this coin remains as
an evidence that the event is not a creation of
later years.
12
PLATE II.
CONFIKMATION OF SACKED WEIT.
originated. For, like all the inventions of man, it must have had
a birth and a
birth-place. Adam had neither purse nor pocket,
and in Eden there was no one to trade with for food or
clothing ;
world shows no
remaining
ument of any earlier than
period this; and all its existing
memorials indicate an
age of art that dates from a time a little
H
PLATE III.
CONFIRMATION OF SACRED WRIT.
later than this, flood. Let us record the fact, in spite of all that
changing Nile itself; or, more likely still, the excavation for lay-
At
a certain period after this deluge, when men might be sup-
account with the design of fixing the value of the metal intelli-
"
current with the merchant" not current money, as our transla-
tion has it; for the word
money is supplied. But what was a
shekel,or any other given quantity of silver, current with mer-
chants in those days ?
A little later the grandson of Abraham was purchasing land in
the same country, and paid for "
it a hundred pieces of silver"
The Hebrew word here translated pieces of silver,
nt^ttfp, may
as properly be translated lambs.The question at once arises,
Was it a hundred lambs which Jacob
paid, or was it a hundred
coins, or was it the metal value of a hundred lambs? Other
on examining the uses to which the same
speculations, too, arise
Hebrew word, or words of the same
origin, are applied. Thus,
in the form of a verb we find it meaning to be
tottfp, true, equal,
just, correct. And again, in the form of a noun, it signifies truth,
equity, holiness, purity, etc. It occurs thus in Psalm Ix. 6, and
Proverbs xxii. 21. has a similar signification in the
It
Arabic,
and also in the Chaldaic and the This examination into
Syriac.
the origin of the words used for describing
first
money is by no
means labor wasted. For although we do not intend here to trace
18
PLATE V.
AN EGYPTIAN PICTURE.
the significations of
the history of the word, or determine whether
weighed out gold and silver by a weight whose shape was that
of a lamb, and the half of it was like the hind-quarters of a lamb.
This interesting discovery gives us reason to think that Abra-
ham paid the sons of Heth in silver weighed out by these same
weights. Mr. Layard found specimens of the weights themselves
in Nineveh.
It is natural to
suppose that the weights were originally de-
termined by the value of a sheep or lamb and this supposition
;
turies
afterward, they were not coined into what we call money.
The evidence, however, that the price of cattle was the earliest
method of fixing the value of money, and that gold and other
20
PLATE VI.
CATTLE AND MONEY. .
Latin word pecunia (money), and this was derived from pecus (a
spoken. This piece was the aes or as (the brass or the piece of
brass), which subsequently changed its size and form, but which
remained a Koman coin down to modern times. We refer to it
And when the reader has studied history with reference to the
price of cattle in various periods of the world's history, and in
various parts of the world, he will readily adopt the idea that the
valuations of metal became fixed with regard to the value of
first
ize him to mention it among the arts and furniture of the Grecian
and bracelets as the usual form of gold ornaments, and the mod-
ern customs in the East are doubtless accurately like the ancient.
The Oriental traveler is surprised to find the poorest woman
sometimes wearing heavy gold bracelets and anklets; but his
clusive.
The oldest coins extant, and probably the first coins ever
A somewhat similar coin is also known (Plate II., Figure 2), which
by some numismatists supposed to be of earlier date than the
is
tion, down to recent times. These coins were the first speci-
mens of stamped gold in the form that we call money.
It has been
by some supposed that an Eastern coinage existed
of earlier date than the Ionian or the
Lydian, and that the re-
maining specimens, now known as gold dories, are possibly of re-
moter date than the stater of Miletus. This is mere conjecture, how-
ever. The gold daric, of which a representation is given in Plate
28
PLATE X.
PERSIAN DARICS.
The large daric of silver (Plate II., Figure 3) is not earlier than
the time ofCambyses. The name of the coin has been by some
from Darius, by others from an old Per-
supposed to be derived
sian word signifying royalty. It is interesting as being one of
the early coins named in the Bible. In Ezra ii. 69, the word
translated in our version drams, is sup-
D'OIDS")!? Darkemonim,
as in Daniel viii. 5 ;
1 Chron. xxix. 7. In the latter case the
Cambyses, when, it is
supposed, Aryandes, Governor of Egypt,
struck them.
first
step was the placing on the end of the punch some rude figure,
which was indented in the coin when the blow was struck, thus
producing the usual raised head or legend on the obverse, while
the reverse showed the indentation of the figure on the end of the
punch.
The quarter stater of Phocea, of which a representation is given
in Plate II., Figure 5, illustrates this. The idea was further car-
ried out in Greece
by making the end of the punch to correspond
with the die, but not so as to leave the impression raised on both
sides. The result was a coinage of which one side presented in
concave the same figures which were on the other side in relief.
And this led to the
production of very beautiful coins, of which
we give an illustration in a silver coin of Caulonia (Plate II.,
Figure 7).
The first devices on coins were emblematical. The tortoise of
^Egina, the owl of Athens, the seal of Phocea, and similar de-
signs, are found on all the earliest issues. No heads of or
kings
heads of gods are on the first coins. The deities at
length took
possession of the money and thereafter the head of a
;
god or god-
dess who was the chief
object of worship in a city or country be-
came the ordinary obverse of coins. This custom continued for
32
PLATE XII.
FIRST PORTRAITS ON COINS.
very clear idea of the splendor to which the art was rapidly
brought.
The period of Alexander the Great is one of
great interest to
the numismatist.
During the reign of Amyntas II. in Macedonia,
B.C. 393-369, there was a
great improvement in coinage. Up to
this and during his reign the
perio^ punch-mark on the reverse
34
PLATE XIII.
MACEDONIAN COINAGE.
gold staters, which became known as Philips, and gave this name
to the gold coins of Greece for a long period, precisely as in
many were they, that they are the cheapest of ancient coins even
now, and in Europe, Asia, and Africa abundance of genuine coins
of this monarch can be purchased for a trifle above the weight of
the gold or silver. It is not uncommon, in modern times, for
vases of the Alexandrian coins to be turned up by the plowshare
of the farmer, and in all the towns and cities of the East men are
to be found with specimens for sale in a fine state of preserva-
tion. Genuine coins of Alexander can be procured at such low
prices thatit has
hardly been an object to counterfeit them, as
has been done with many others (see Plate IV., Figures 3, 4,
5).
The Macedonian coinage, gold and silver, continued to be
fine for more than two centuries. But it was not alone in Mace-
donia that the art was advancing, as all the illustrations given in
this volume abundantly testify. In all the East, which was then
the civilized world, the fine arts
were progressing to a golden
age. Phidias had completed the Parthenon, and a rare coin of
an early time shows a rude view of the
Acropolis (Plate III.,
Figure 3), the statue of Minerva, and the Parthenon ;
while an-
other (Plate III., Figure 2) shows the theatre of Dionysius on the
side of the
Acropolis.
It is remarkable that we have no coins of Egypt until the pe-
36
PLATE XIV.
COINAGE OF THE JEWS.
proprietors, and these tombs are of all periods through many cen-
turies.
style of money, and the coins of the Ptolemies are among the
most splendid relics of ancient art. They extend to the period
of Cleopatra, of whom we have portraits on very fine coins (Plate
XI., Figure 1).
III.
(Coinage of %
ALTHOUGH our earliest records of the use of money are found
in the Hebrewsacred writings, we have no reason to
suppose
that the inhabitants of Palestine had
coined any until money
shortly before the Christian era. It is possible that the Persian
coins, and those of other
conquering nations, obtained currency
from time to time
among the Jewish people. But we be may
38
PLATE XV.
JEWISH SHEKEL.
well assured that they had no coin of their own bearing a nation-
al device until after the captivity.
tions. A few
years ago
it was very rare. But within the
past
as the half dollar. The weight is 274 Paris grains. In the 17th
the temple tax, or tribute money, is spoken
chapter of Matthew
of as a didrachma. Elsewhere it is stated at a half shekel; and in
the same chapter, 27th verse, a stater is made to pay the tax for
two persons. The few verses at the end of that chapter give us
some light on the relative value of the ancient Jewish, Koman,
and Greek coins.
IV.
Boman (Coinage.
EOMAN COPPER.
The earliest Roman coinage was of the metal called Aes. It
has been much disputed whether there was any zinc in its compo-
sition, and if any the alloy must have been small. The word
very
Aes, which is
ordinarily translated brass, became a synonym with
"
money, so that Ulpian said, We call even our golden coins aes"
42
PLATE XVII.
ROMAN COPPER COINS.
The first copper or brazen coins are supposed to have been made
by Servius Tullius, Pliny being our authority. These coins were
cast. Specimens have been found adhering one to another, never
having been broken apart since taken from the mould. Being
stamped with the images of cattle (pecus), they readily gave origin
to the word pecunia, which has since
given words to many lan-
guages descriptive of money and money. The
affairs relating to
first coin was doubtless the as, and weighed one pound. Other
heavy coins were struck or cast, even to the weight of five pounds.
The quincussis, of five pounds' weight, is illustrated on Plate
VII., and the as on Plate VIII., Figures 1 and 2. According to
Pliny, the weight of the as was reduced at the time of the first
Punic War, about B.C. when
261, it
appeared at one-sixth its for-
mer weight. Still later, about B.C. 217, it was reduced to one
ounce, and about B.C. 191 to half an ounce. Indeed so numerous
were the changes, that the as has been found of almost every
weight, from the full pound down to one-fifth of an ounce. The
value decreased with the
weight, and it seems probable that this
was met by a slight increase in the value of copper. The sub-
divisions of the as were numerous, of which the most common
were the semis, or
half-os; the triens, or third
part of an as;
the quadra**,
being the fourth part of an as; the
sextans, or
rth
part of an as; the uncia, or twelfth of an as. part Illus-
trations of the sextans and the triens will be found on Plate VIII,
reduced in size one half. The two balls on one and four on the
rther indicate the number of ounces in each coin.
The was used
as
by the boys of Eome as coppers are
now,
and lnste ad of "Head or
Tail," they cried -Heads or Ship"-
Capita aut to the heads of
Navem-alluding Janus and the
the ship on the
opposite sides of the coin and this
cry, ;
ROMAN GOLD.
The Eoman gold coin, which was the standard, was called the
the solidus.
The value of compared with silver, of course changed
gold, as
and the changes seem to have been more fre-
in different ages,
ROMAN SILVER.
denarii to a pound
ten axes. Originally there were eighty-four
The value of the denarius, under the former weight, was about
seventeen cents American, and under the latter weight about fif-
rius; and the quinarius, or half denarius, which was also known
as
the Vidoriatus.
period may well have been the origin, as before intimated, of the
"
celebrated line of Horace :
Exegi monumentum JEhe perennius ;"
for the next line is
by no means necessarily connected with it, as
some have supposed, confining the idea of the monument to a
brazen pillar. In the Eastern empire the art of coining never re-
48
PLATE XX.
BRITISH COINS.
commenced.
V.
Coinage of Britain."
1. A COINER AT WORK.
(From the Capital of a Column in Normandy.)
2. A COINING ESTABLISHMENT.
(From an old German Wood-cut.)
SAXON COINAGE.
/
The word penny was derived either from the Latin pecunia,
gland. The word cattle was also adopted by the English from
the Norman, and used to signify, in general, a man's property ;
this coin has been doubted. There are, however, coins of Cuth-
red, A.D. 798 to 805, and of Baldred, A.D. 823, both Kings of Kent.
Of Offa there are interesting coins (see Plate XXII., Figure 2).
nifying a scale.
The pound was, of course, a weight originally ;
stater.
not till Edward III., when florins, halfflorins, and quarter florins
were issued. They were at once however, and a new
recalled,
coin, the gold noble, deriving its name from the nobility of its
metal, made appearance. This coin, with its reverse showing
its
the king at the helm of the ship of state, is the first specimen of
Figure 8).
This monarch also adopted some curious legends on
his coins. This one, for example, has the passage, " JESUS AUTEM
TRANSIENS PER MEDIUM ILLORUM IBAT ;" the half nobles have,
"DOMINE NE IN FURORE TUO ARGUAS ME." variety of this A
has been found, and is in the British Museum, on which
last coin
Ul
SIEGE-PIECES.
The chief departures from the regular series have been in the
which some illustrations are given. There
issue of siege-pieces, of
have been times in the history of most modern nations when the
monarch had either lost possession of the mint, or when the ex-
shell, a valueless article itself, except as it had cost time and labor
to make it on the sea-shores of New England.
Is there not a lesson in this North American Indian medium
of circulation to which, in a more civilized nation, and a later
ward named the Somers Islands from Sir George Somers, who
was wrecked there in the early part of the seventeenth century.
There is extant in England a specimen of a coin, with a hog on
one side and a rude ship or vessel on the other. The legend is
SOMERS ISLANDS XII. This coin has no date. Not more than
three specimens are extant. The coin is of little interest to us as
a nation, not being continental. It is not even certain that it
ever reached the islands, and it is
quite certain that it never was
used there as a currency. A
very handsome copy of this piece
has been recently struck by a coin-dealer in Philadelphia.
The first coins strictly North American were the New England
coinage of the Massachusetts Mint, in 1652. First came the New
England coins of one shilling and sixpence (Plate XCIX., Figures
1 and 2), bearing on their faces the simple legends N. E. XII.,
and N. E. VI. This was as rude an attempt at coinage as that
of the lonians or the Miletians of old time. But it answered all
however, that so long ago as 1652 there were among our Puritan
forefatherssome who would clip the edges of a coin before
they
passed out
it of their hands, and this coin was
eminently con-
venient for the dishonest uses of such individuals. Hence the
New England coins were soon suppressed, and the coins known
by the general term PINE-TREE COINAGE took their place.
The New England coins are now very scarce, and most highly
prized by collectors. They have been very successfully counter-
feited.
10
MASSACHUSETTS MINT.
piece was not issued till 1662, and always afterward bore that
date.
for dowry, the Pine-tree shillings which equaled her own weight,
she being placed in one side of the scales and the
shillings poured
in the other, the
wedding-day being selected for the trial. If the
was of modern mould we might think a hundred
girl pounds a
fair light weight, and the dowry would then not seem large, for a
hundred pounds of silver were not then worth much more than
$1600, and the girl was not worth much if that were all her
value. A
very different weight from the $150,000 which, in
and works on numismatics, has been
several articles
placed as the
of the "
weight dowry. Lumping" the young lady in such style
would make her weigh
nearly ten thousandpounds !
supply some of their wants, and had ordered the coinage of silver
as early as 1661. Lord Baltimore issued coins, bearing on the
obverse the legend C^CILIUS, DNS: TERRAS: MARIJE: & CT,
around a bust of Lord Baltimore, and on the reverse his arms
with the motto CRESCITE: ET MULTIPLICAMINI (Plate XCIX.,
among the illiterate) from quart (Jour). The coin was long
known and common in English coinage, but is
wholly unknown
in America at present.
speculation to America,
where it probably failed as well. Even
at the present day these pieces are frequently to be found in cir-
A tin piece issued by James II. has been usually classed among
the coins struck for America ;
but there does not seem to be any
evidence that this coin had any special relation to the Western
with his creditor, one Trueman, through the usual course of sup-
plementary proceedings
and appeals. Possibly he is the same
advanced age, introduced
Higley who, at a later period and a very
into America the art of coming copper money. Or, if it should
seem that he was too old a man fifty-six years after 1682, when
he was old enough to have a bill for rum, it may have been his
son. In either case, and whatever may have been the name or
the business of the man, Connecticut has the honor of introducing
to the Western Continent, or at least to that portion of it now called
the United States, the art of striking copper money, as Massachu-
prized.
There are several varieties. One is like the illustration in the
devices, but the legend around the deer is THE VALUE OF THKEE
PENCE, and around the hammers, CONNECTICUT, 1737. Another
has, instead of the hammers, a broad axe, with the legend, I CUT
MY WAY THROUGH.
The value of this rare coin has recently given rise to a suit at
law in Connecticut, in which a
purchaser, who brought his action
for the value of a which the seller refused to deliver, act-
Granby
ually recovered $50 as the value of the coin. This valuation is
(Plate XCIX., Figure 4). It was struck in two sizes, but the
sizes probably did not differ in value. Copies are known in sil-
On the
approach of the Kevolution a token or coin, now known
as the Pitt or No Stamps token
(Plate CL, Figure 4), made its ap-
pearance in Massachusetts. It referred to the odious
Stamp Act,
and may have been popular as a medalet, though its
history is
lost. Some have supposed that it was struck in Boston, and have
given the credit of it to Colonel Eevere, whose memory has to
bear the weight of a large number of
poorly-executed copper
coins, which do more credit to his patriotism than his taste. We
know of no authority for attributing this coin to
him, and it ap-
pears to us of English origin but it is a rare and
;
highly interest-
ing relic of the times.
Other coins are known which are supposed to be the issue
of Massachusetts
experimenters in patriotic times. Thus there
is a Janus
head, rudely imitating the Eoman as on a
very small
scale, with a reverse, the Goddess of Another is a pine-
Liberty.
tree copper, with the
legend AMERICAN
LIBERTY; and another
has the words INDEPENDENS STATUS around a bust. These and
others are illustrated in Dr.
Dickeson's work on American coins,
all of them some unique, but one and
very rare, all of very doubt-
ful origin.
During the war no coins were issued, unless the pewter medalet
of 1776, with CONTINENTAL CURRENCY
its
legend, can be called
a coin (Plate
CIX, Figure 3); but when the war was ended the
74
PLATE XXXIII.
COLONIAL MONEY.
demand of the country for coin was loud and imperative, and was
answered in all directions.
The Georgius Triumpho copper was among the first in the field
size, with the same legends, is said to exist in silver, having under
the letters U. S. the figures 1000. Another, of the size of the
copper, having the figures 500, is also described ;
and the piece
known as the Immune Columbia silver piece has the Nova Con-
STATE COINAGE.
Various States established Mints. Connecticut in 1785 ;
other
76
PLATE XXXIV.
ffi
g
g
p
STATE COINAGE.
ly at their issues.
Vermont soon issued many coins. The most common were
those with the simple legend VERMON. AUCTORI. (By Authority
of Vermont) on the obverse, around a laureated head (Plate CL,
a seated figure with the words
Figure 3), and on the reverse
INDE. ET LIB. (Independence and Liberty). This form of legend
was adopted by Connecticut, as will appear hereafter (Plate GUI.,
Figure 3).
Other Vermont coins had for a device the sun rising over the
mountains, and the legend VERMONTENSIUM EES PUBLICA, with a
reverse bearing the words QUARTA DECIMA STELLA (the four-
teenth star) (Plate CL, Figure 2). This coin is somewhat varied
in other specimens, the legend being VERMONTS instead of VER-
MONTENSIUM, and the reverse being differently executed. The
Mint of Vermont seems to have been very active, and great quan-
tities of coin were issued from it. Among others we have found
coins with the head and name of King George, and the reverse
INDE. ET LIB. A curious combination for a coin, but possibly
the other States. The most common at present found, and that
one of which it is
probable the largest number was issued, was of
English origin. It is that bearing the legend NOVA EBORAC
around a head on the obverse, and YIRT. ET LIB. around a seated
figure on the reverse; the date being 1787 (Plate CY., Figure 4).
Of this there are two varieties, the seated figure in one facing to
the right, and in the other to the left. There is also a difference
in the head-dress of this figure.
1787, which we illustrate (Plate CY., Figure 1). This is the first
the possession of Mr. Haines is the only one extant of its kind,
very rare.
Massachusetts struck two State coins in 1787, and reissued
them in 1788 a cent and a half cent of which large quantities
were sent out. The half cent is now rare, but the cents of both
dates are common, that of 1788 being a little more rare than
which we illustrate (Plate GUI., Figure 5). The ground for the
name appears to be that, in the pyramid of States on the obverse,
Kentucky happens to be uppermost. It was struck in England,
tempt it, in the northern part of New York, which they named
Castorville. It was located where Carthage, in Jefferson County,
now stands, and is said to have contained families of rank and re-
piece. This was probably struck in France for the use of this
84
PLATE XXXVIII.
WASHINGTON COINS.
for it must be borne in mind that the American market was the
constant spur to English labor, and that the necessities of this
one side WASHINGTON, on the other side ONE CENT. The cuts
F
^ o
If
p
WASHINGTON COINS.
more carefully done, and a copper coin of this size could not have
taken a position in circulation in America or
Europe in the year
1792. It was struck in silver, and the few specimens in that
metal now
existing are the highly -prized Washington half dollars,
which are so rare (Plate CVIL, The Figures of
1, 2). specimen
this splendid coin which we illustrate was struck over an En-
glish piece of silver : the engraving shows the remains of some
letters of the old coin. This was a common course pursued
with new
dies for
coins, especially in new countries, where the
machinery for rolling silver and cutting the planchets was imper-
or
fect, perhaps as yet unknown. This coin brought a handsome
price in 1859, no
than $57, and is well worth a much larger
less
sum of money. Indeed the
collector, once possessed of it, will
hardly be induced by money offers to it from his collecseparate
tion. There isanother coin claiming the name of Washington half
foliar. We have not seen a specimen
;
but from an engraving
90
PLATE XLI
WASHINGTON COINS.
while the reverse bears the mark of the engraver's chisel struck
across the eagle. This would indicate that the die was disap-
proved and destroyed by the engraver himself, and that the coins
struck with it must have been produced for the amusement of
some person in his work-shop, who tried his hand with a rejected
die. The only copper coin of 1792 which can with propriety be
called a Washington cent is a rare coin, of which we give the ob-
verse (Plate CVIL, Figure 7). The reverse is not very unlike
the small eagle cent reverse of 1791, with the word CENT over
the eagle.
They were offered as patterns for the national coinage, then under
and met the decided disapprobation of Washington.
discussion,
92
PLATE XL! I.
NATIONAL COINAGE.
NATIONAL COINAGE.
In 1786 the Congress of the United States
established a Mint.
^
Its first and only issue for
many years was the Fugio or Franklin
cent (Plate
CDL, Figure 2), so called, which was extensively cir-
The pewter or lead coin which had made its
appearance
m 1776, of which we have spoken (see Plate CDL, Figure 3),
seems to have been the model of
the Fugio This coin
copper.
was specially ordered
by resolution of Congress, July 6, 1787.
The name -Franklin
copper" is derived from the pithy sentence
it, which sounds
very much like the philosopher. He did
commend the adoption of such sentences
on our coina-e but
ere is no evidence that
he had any
thing to do with the Fugio
om.
Although a United States coin, this was struck
by private
Contract, and a large
portion of the issue was minted in Connecti-
cut It formed the chief
article of
copper currency down to the
94
PLATE XLIII.
ORIGIN OF THE MINT.
issue of the cent of 1793, and even later. Within the past year a
but we are indebted to the cashier for fine specimens of the con-
tents of the keg, which abundantly prove the truth of the story.
A recent discovery of the old dies, and possibly a manufacture
of new dies, or repairing and retouching the old, has made these
coins very common in various metals.
ington cents of1791 and 1792 were patterns issued to meet the
dismes, as they were called. These coins had on one side a head,
and the legend LIBEETY PARENT OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY,
1792 the reverse, a flying eagle, and the legend UNITED STATES
;
OF AMERICA ;
on one the word DISME, on the other HALF DISME.
Tradition says none were coined but a few for Washington himself,
out of silver sent by him to the Mint.They are now very rare. A
few copper patterns for a cent, with a similar legend, were issued
the same year. One of these was sold, in January, 1860, at a Phil-
adelphia auction, for $66 50, and another for $50. These prices
will give an idea of the present rarity of the coins. Some other
patterns were struck about this time but the Mint did not get
;
fairly into operation until 1793, when the first United States cop-
per cent
appeared. This first cent was of the pattern shown in
Plate CBL, Figures 5 and 7. It did not give universal satis-
faction. Alexander Hamilton was at this time Secretary of the
Treasury, and the new coin met with such criticisms as this from
the Argus, a Boston "
paper, of March 26, 1793 The chain on :
G
FIRST AMERICAN SILVER.
"
harm; the Lord reward him according to his works?'
No other coin was issued by the Mint this year. In 1794 a
that of 1794; but before the close of the year a new head was
1836, 1838, and 1839. In 1839 the obverse pattern of the dollar
was struck. In 1840 it appeared with new devices, which have re-
mained in use, with little variation, until the present time. The
half dollar underwent several changes at different periods. In 1796
the fillet head was adopted. In 1801 the eagle wore a shield. In
1807 the bust, with a turbaned head facing to the left,
appeared on
the half dollar, and the eagle was without the shield. The
again
coin then continued with
change until 1836, when a smaller
little
1853.
We are alluding now only to marked and important changes
in other
in the devices on the coins. Slight variations occurred
and there are many different dies of the same years ;
years, slightly
hangs back of the head. The reverse is like the wreath cent, and
on the edge ONE HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR.
In 1794 the cent was issued with the Liberty-cap head.
In 1795 there was a thick die, with the words ONE HUNDRED
FOR A DOLLAR around the edge, and a thin die without them.
There was a reduction in the weight of the coin, which
originated
the latter variety.
100
PLATE XLVI.
AMERICAN COPPER.
In 1796 the Liberty -cap head was used during the early part
of the year, and changed for the fillet head (so called) in the lat-
ter part of the year. This fillet head is illustrated on the silver
coins.
In 1 808 the fillet head was used on a few coins, and then the
turbaned head, facing to the left, was introduced (as on the silver
In 1815 no cent was struck, but in 1816 the coin appeared with
the head facing to the right, which has been the familiar die on
the copper cent ever since.
The nickel cent was introduced in 1856. The varieties of this
nickel cent during the few years of its issue we pass over.
Many inexperienced collectors waste a vast amount of time
inexamining smooth and worn coppers. The rule in regard to
American cents should be to throw away a specimen of which the
date not perfect. Indeed a collector should never value worn
is
are from 1808 to 1814. All copper cents from 1814 to 1857 have
the large head
facing the right.
102
PLATE XLVII.
VII.
BESIDES the regular series of coins which have formed the sub-
there is a large class of pieces, be-
ject of the preceding pages,
bearing impressions received from dies, all which are more or less
Canal, when two or three New York houses had them struck,
with reverses alluding to the completion of that great work.
From this period the issue of such cards became more frequent,
until now the catalogues show more than five hundred extant,
and large numbers have appeared which are not catalogued and
are unknown to collectors. The die-cutters of New York and
Waterbury, in Connecticut, are now constantly occupied in cutting
these cards for tradesmen in all parts of the country. Hundreds
of thousands of specimens are struck in every successive year by
the Scovill Manufacturing Company and the Waterbury Button
But there are other tokens which possess a historical value, and
form, therefore, an interesting part of a cabinet. allude to We
political cards and medalets. In the various National and State
elections ithas been customary to issue such medalets, bearing
either the head of a candidate with
appropriate legends, or some
device indicating the
party who issue it. These issues belong
strictly to the class of medals. They are metallic and lasting
106
PLATE XLIX.
COUNTERFEIT COINS.
VIII.
dotmterfrit Coins.
O
ANCIENT COUNTERFEITS.
ber of pieces of lead cased with gold like the coin of the country,"
and paying these to the unwary soldiers. The reader of Herodo-
tus will couple this remark with the amusing and characteristic
statement of the preceding section, that he (Herodotus) had talked
in person with a son of Samius, who was the son of Archias, who
was present at the siege of Samos. It is very manifest that in the
day of the old historian bogus coin was a matter of common talk,
and that it was well understood that it could be made so as to de-
yet this singular instance did occur in Hayti within the last half
century. The Government coined base money; and while it
A species of forgery
which more concerns the coin collect-
II
NEW YOKK COUNTEKFEITS.
duced, and the specimens are for sale freely in the market. We
speak with confidence on this subject, as we are not only familiar
with these coins from examination, but could without great diffi-
their coins, found these counterfeits among them, and all should
be on their guard against them.
114
PLATE LIIL
IX.
"We do this without hesitation, for the reason that the present
volume can not be regarded by any one as a substitute for Mr.
Humphreys's admirable works, to which we shall elsewhere refer
the reader. The following remarks on the coins of European
states are abbreviated from the Coin Collector's Manual.
rule ;
and we find no belonging properly to the mod-
Italian coin
about 780.
ern series till the issues of Charlemagne, at Milan,
He also struck coins at Home. His Milanese coins have a cross,
and on the reverse the monogram of Carolus, with MEDIOL.
These types of Milanese coins are found of successive German
till the thirteenth century.
emperors
About the period of Charlemagne the modern Italian coinage
II., etc.
For above a century, from 975 to 1099, there are no coins ex-
cept those of Leo IX. From Paschal II. to Benedict XL, 1303,
the Popes having no power in Rome, the pennies are of the Ro-
man people, bearing on one side a rude figure of St. Peter, with
ROMAN PRINCIPE, and on the other SENAT POPVL Q R accompa- ,
nied by the name in succession of the chief senator, who was then
governor of the city of Rome (Plate XIX., Figure 6). Some have
also the arms of this
personage, as on the coins of Brancaleo,
1253, which have a lion on one side, with BRACALEO s p Q R *
118
PLATE LV
and on the other side a female figure, with a crown, a globe, and
VRBIS.
A few of the Popes issued patrimonial coins, with PATRIMO-
NIVM but in general the coinage of the Popes, up to a very re-
;
gland with his contemporary, Henry VII. The first gold coinage
of modern Rome is of the reign of John XXII., 1316. After this
the French and the Popes, then by the Germans and English,
in Europe after the eighth
and were the first gold coins issued
century.
The first copies of
the Florentine gold not only bore the name
of Florins, from that of the city where they were first issued, but
or inscription being
also their types ; nothing but the legend
appear as early as 1192, and copper about 1471 while the gold
;
Sicily, Eoger II., William I. and II., and Tancred, belong to the
124
PLATE LVIII.
COINS OF SPAIN.
fac-simile by, other nations who did not understand the Arabic
characters. One of these imitations of the Arabian marJcush is
known, which is
supposed to have been issued by the Saxon
Offa, King of Kent. (See page 54.)
The Gothic inhabitants of Spain, driven into the fastnesses of
the Asturian mountains,
step by step recovered their territories
from their Oriental invaders
and in the tenth century, when the
;
whole of Spain.
Christian states, the Spanish
Since the re-establishment of the
the course of that of the rest of Europe, grad-
coinage had taken
from the middle to the end of the
uallyIncreasing in excellence
fifteenth century.
authors of " L'Art de verifier les Dates" state that he was the
first who bore upon his state-seal two bars, a kind of native fish,
in allusion to the name of the district.
There is no money of Bar known, either of the first dynasty, or
of the one of Montbelliard, which succeeded it, nor until after the
Some of the money of Bar, soon after this period, closely re-
*,
and on the reverse the well-known
Florentine lily, with EOBEETVS DVX
while those of the kings of
;
MONEY OF LOEEAINE.
The first two Dukes of Lorraine were
only holders of the titles
and privileges for life but on the death of Gozelon, the second
;
cuted.
Of Jean or John I., taken prisoner by the Black Prince at the
cause.
Europe.
1030 ;
Bracislaus I. and Spitiheneus. Wralislaus, the first king,
in 1060 issued coins with the regal title, and then follow those of
Wadislaus, etc., which space does not allow me to particularize.
The Bracteate money, however, of Ottocar, issued about 1197,
must not be passed over, as it is the type of a peculiar class issued
ent states, such as the lion, etc., are found upon the bracteates of
different countries.
Bohemia.
The coinage of Poland is that of an allied race, and consequent-
COINAGE OF RUSSIA.
when the foreign yoke was thrown off, can the modern race of
sovereigns be said to commence. The capital was anciently Kiof,
but the custom of dividing the territory among all the sons of the
duke caused many independent states to arise, so that there are
also coins of the Princes of Twer, Eostovia, Tchernigor, Suenigo-
rod, Mojaiski, Pleskow, Eiazin, and Caschin. The most ancient
notice.
COINAGE OF PRUSSIA.
quently the most scarce. The types were generally an eagle sur-
a
mounting cross, with a scalloped border, forming a quatrefoil or
Harald II., 1074, have generally two heads, the throne being
contested by his brother, and the moneyers being apparently
anxious to keep in with both claimants for supreme power.
The coins of Canute or Cnut, the Saint, have CNTT R. for CNTT.
REX., and on. the reverse SIVORD. I. ROCI. (Roschild*), then the name
of the Danish capital.
The coins of King Nicholas, called in Danish Niel, are very
rude, as are those of Waldemar and his successors, including
those of the celebrated Margaret, whose coins have no legend.
The coins of Olaf (1376) have a full-faced portrait, with a crowned
for the reverse.
Eric (1426), after his return from the Holy Land, issued billon
coins, that is, of base silver, which is the " black money" spoken
of by the chroniclers of various states about this time.
The later coinage of Denmark is similar to that of the rest of
Europe.
The earliest coins of Sweden appear to be those of Biorno,
about 818, which resemble those of
Charlemagne, having a cross
for principal it would appear that Biorno was not a
type, though
Christian.
v:
COINS OF NORWAY.
sis,
or Lundensis, etc. Dano-Swedish coins of this class continue
to the reign of Christian, 1550, during which time coins struck by
Danish governors appear, as those of Cnutson, Steno Sture, Swan-
to Sture, Steno Sture II., etc.
after that year there are half-pennies also and Gustavus Vasa,
;
fant at the time of his death, the portrait of the deceased king,
the glory of the Swedish annals, was continued upon the coinage.
In the reign of Charles XII. such was the waste of the national
to the crown were termed Dukes of Norway, and among the coins
bearing the title of Duke are those of the Duke Philip, with
PHILIPPVS. DUX. NOEWEGLE, which have on the reverse MONE-
TA. EASLOENS. Those of King Eric, 1280, and those of Hacon,
1309, which are good of the period, have also this title, and the
legend on the last-named reads HAQVINVS. DVX. NOEV. Copper
coins ofMagnus Smek occur as early as 1343. The last Norwe-
gian coins are those of another Hacon, 1379. After which period
dus and there were also coined a few semisses, or halves of the
;
1226, that the French coinage greatly improves, and that the groat
appears. This coin, of the value of four pennies, appeared first
148
PLATE LXX.
lon, or bad silver. Of these there was the liard, or hardi, which
was equal to three deniers, or silver pennies ;
and the maille, or
obole, half the denier ; with the bourgeoise, or pite, of one quarter
of the denier.
The
Uancs, or billon groats, were also issued about this time, but
received the name of Uancs, from being silvered over to hide the
baseness of their metal.
The celebrated French gold of the period of Charles VIL, called
the ecus a la couronne, or crowns of
gold, were so called from the
crown, which formed the type of the reverse, and gave us the
term crown, which in France was first applied to gold, though it
as in other countries ;
and on subsequent crowns of Louis XIII.
the of Catalonice princeps is assumed.
title
readers.
The first work in the art is the preparation of the dies. These
are in all cases one for the upper and the other for the un-
two :
der side of the medal. The die is cut by a die-sinker. The hub
or die is first made by a blacksmith out of steel. It is usually a
fitting this collar, and so arranged that the two will easily go into
the collar face to face. On the smooth surfaces of the dies the
die-sinker or die-cutter with his tools cuts the designs intended to
be in raised letters and figures on the medal. Not infrequently
a design is ordered which the die-cutter has executed before. In
this case he may possibly have a small lump of hard steel on
154
PLATE LXXIII.
COIN AND MEDAL STRIKING.
The dies being cut and hardened, the collar is hardened also.
the metal which be pressed between the two dies and pre-
is to
medal.
The metals used for medals are various. The softest, cheapest,
and most easily struck is
commonly called white metal. It is
either pure tin or Britannia ware, which is a composition metal.
The composition is varied by different workmen. The medals
commonly called bronze are usually struck in and
pure copper,
bronzed afterward. Brass
a harder metal to strike than cop-
is
per or silver, requiring more force, and more likely to break the
dies. German silver is esteemed the hardest to strike of all com-
position metals.
In striking medals the dies are
placed in a press made for
the purpose. Tokens and small coins are usually struck by the
156
PLATE LXX1V
COIN AND MEDAL STRIKING.
use of a drop weight. (We are not now speaking of the Mints
where steam power and coin presses are in use, but of the die-
establishments of New York, Waterbury, etc.)
cutting and striking
The is a heavy iron weight, in the bottom of which one of
drop
the dies is fixed. The lower die is made stationary, with the col-
lar resting on it. The planchet or planket (a piece of copper or
other metal cut of the required thickness and size) is laid in the
collar on the face of the lower die, the drop falls and ascends in-
stantly, leaving
theplanchet impressed with the designs in fact,
a complete coin or medal.
For larger medals, however, a screw press is generally used.
This is
simply a large screw passing through a heavy solid iron
frame. The dies rest on the lower part of the frame. Across
the head of the screw is a lever, with heavy weights attached,
which is used to turn the screw down. The dies are placed in
case where the die contains deep work, and the medal is to be in
high relief. The process then is, after striking the first blow, to
anneal the planchets, that is, heat them to a red heat. The metal
is thus expanded and softened. It is then washed off with a
weak acid, and subjected to a second blow. It may require a
hardly ^necessary to
It is remark on the vast changes in this re-
the art of coinage has undergone. The wood-cuts on
spect which
Plate XXI. illustrate the manner in which the art was exercised
many pieces have been struck which are no credit to the country.
Let us rejoice at the disappearance of the copper cent with the
idiotic head of Liberty which so long defaced it.
We have produced but few medalists yet we are not without
;
some fine artists. The late C. C. Wright has left a very high
Eobert Lovett, and his sons George H. and John D., in New
York, and his son Eobert in Philadelphia, have all executed fine
works. So also have George W. May, once a partner of Bale,
and George Glaubrecht, now the partner of May, both in New
York. Smith and Harttman in New York, rank among the first
of American medalists ;
and Key in Philadelphia, has also a
well-merited reputation. The great number and variety of agri-
culturaland other prize-medals which these gentlemen have cut
from year to year show at once their
industry and their success.
160
PLATE LXXVI.
XL
(mt0 to Uotmg (Hollectors.
1793, 1799, and 1804. But do not content yourself with poor
specimens. Always take the first
specimen you find of any cent,
good or poor, but exchange it for a better
specimen when you
can find one. Never waste a moment of time over a coin whose
date is doubtful. It must be too poor, in that case, for any col-
lection.
very rare dates, turn your attention to another series and com-
plete that. By diligence and patience you will in this manner
collect a valuable and interesting cabinet.
When your collection justifies it, have a case or cabinet made
the drawers, and this will be prevented by the slats from side
to side.
your taste.
Clean your coins very carefully. For brass coins (by brass I
mean what we now commonly call brass as distinct from copper)
use ammonia (common spirits of hartshorn) two parts, prepared
chalk one part, by weight. Place them in a phial together;
shake well when used. "Wash the coin, rubbing it hard with
flannel, and clean off quickly with clear water then polish with
;
dry flannel.
Clean silver coins with soap and water and a soft brush.
Never touch acid to silver or copper coins, unless very cau-
tiously.
Clean copper coins with soap and water, and then polish
them with powdered soap-stone on flannel. Never wash a cop-
per coin to give it a bright copper color. The result will
be to show all the scratches and bruises on the coin. It is
better to leave the dark color untouched, and the soap-stone
will almost bronze it. Do not touch ammonia or acid to a
copper coin.
White metal can be cleaned with alcohol, or soap and water, or
the ammonia and chalk.
Never be induced to
pay extravagant prices for worthless
coins. There are some coins which command and are worth a
large price. But these are, in fact, very few. Even the rarity
of a coin is no test of its real value to a collector. It may
increase the price of the article
but the young collector should
;
impossible to do more
than name a few of the most accessible and
reasonable in price. Mionnet's great work will prove too ex-
if indeed a copy can be procured
pensive for the ordinary collector,
atany price. If purchased at $125, it might be esteemed cheap.
Eckel is important to the collector who devotes himself to ancient
coins, and may be had for $20 to $30. But books of this class
The tables which follow will prove of use to the young as well
as the
experienced collector. On very many ancient coins a few
letters are found, which taken together form no word, and are
exceedingly puzzling to the inexperienced. The Tables of Ab-
168
PLATE LXXX.
ADVICE TO COLLECTOKS.
MEF. (MfyaXoe)
MF1VA
PLATE LXXXV.
ABBREVIATIONS ON GREEK COINS.
180
PLATE LXXXVI.
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS.
WITH THEIR EXPLANATION.
A. Aulus, or annus.
A. A. Anni, or annos.
A. A. A. A. A. Augusti.
AA.A.F.F. Auro, argento, aere flando feriundo.
ABN. Abnepos.
Acer. Accitana.
ACCI.L.III. Accitana legio iii.
B.
C.
C. Caius or caesar.
C. Carthago, or censor, or centum, or cives, or clypeus, or cohors, or colonia, or
consultum, or Cornelius.
C. A. A. p. Colonia augusta aroe patrensis, or colonia a. augusta patrensis, or co-
lonia agrippina.
CABE. Cabellio.
C. A. Colonia augusta buthrotum.
BVT.
C. A. c. Colonia augusta caesarea.
C. A. E. Colonia augusta emerita.
C. A. E. AVG. PATER. Colonia augusta emerita augustus pater.
CAES. Caesarea or caesar.
CAESS. or CAESSS. Caesares.
CAESAR. AVG. r. DES. IMP. AVG. cos. ITE. Caesar augusti filius designatus
impera-
tor augustus consul iterum.
CAESAR. DIVI. F. Caesar divi filius. Caesar, son of the God.
CAESAR. PONT. MAX. Caesar pontifex maximus.
C.A.I, or C.I.A. Colonia augusta julia.
CAL. Calaguris, or or calidia.
calidius,
184
PLATE LXXXVIII.
ABBREVIATIONS ON KOMAN COINS.
C. F. Caius fabius.
C. F. Caii films.
C. N. Caii nepos.
C. F. p. D. Colonia flavia pacensis dcveltum.
C. G. i. H. P. A. Colonia gcmella julia hadriana pariana augusta.
C. i. c. A. Colonia julia concordia apamaea, or colonia julia carthago antiqua.
C. i. c. A. GENIO. P. R. D. D. Colonia julia concordia augusta genio populi romani
decreto decurionum.
C. i. A. D. Colonia julia augusta dertona.
C. i. AVG. F. SIN. Colonia julia augusta felix sinope.
C. i. B. Colonia julia balba.
C. i. c. A. P. A. Colonia julia carthago augusta pia antiqua or colonia julia corin-
thus augusta pia antoniniana.
C. CAES, Caius Julius caesar.
i.
COL. R. F. AVG. FL. c. METROP. Colonia romana felix augusta flavia caesarea me-
tropolis.
COL. ROM. Colonia romulensis.
COL. ROM. LVGD. Colonia romanorum lugdunum.
COL. RVS. LEG. vi. Colonia ruseino legio vi.
COL. SABAR. Colonia sabariae.
COL. SEBAS. Colonia sebastiae.
COL. SER. G. NEAPOL. Colonia servia galba neapohs.
COL. TYR. METR. Colonia tyrus metropolis.
COL. v. i. CELSA. Colonia victrix julia celsa.
COL. vie. IVL. LEP. Colonia victrix julia leptis.
COL. VIM. AN. i. Colonia viminacium anno i.
COL. VLP. TRA. Colonia ulpia trajana.
COM. ASI. ROM. ET. AVG. Commune asiae romae et augusto.
COM. IMP. AVG. Comes imperatoris augusti.
COMM. Commodus, or commodiana.
Co. M. o. B. vel. Co. M. OB. Constantinopoli moneta officina b. or constantinopoli
moneta obsignata.
CON. vel CONS, vel CONST. Constantinople.
CON. AVG. vin. Congiarium augusti viii.
CONC. Concordia.
CONC. APAM. Concordia apameae.
CONG. DAT. POP. Congiarium datum populo.
CONGIAR. PRIMUM. p. R. D. Congiarium primum populo romano datum.
CONG. P. R. vel CONG. PR. Congiarium populo romano, or congiarium primum.
CONG. TER. P. R. IMP. MAX. DAT. Congiarium tertium populo romano impensis
maximis datum.
CON. M. Constantinopolis moneta.
CON. o. B. Constantinopoli officina b.
CON. OB. Constantinopoli obsignata.
CONSENSU. SENAT. ET. EQ. oRDiNis. p. Q. R. Consensu senatus et equestris ordinis
populi que romani.
CONS. o. A. Constantinopoli officina a.
CONS. P. A. Constantinopoli percussa a.
CONS. suo. Conservator! suo.
COOPT. Cooptatus.
COOPT. IN. OMN. CONL. svpRA. NVM. EX. s. c. Cooptatus in omne conl egium supra
numerum ex senatus consulto.
Co. P. F. CAE. METRO. Colonia prima flavia caesarea metropolis.
C. o. P. i. A. Colonia octavianorum pacensis julia augusta.
Co. R. N. B. Constantinopoli romae novae b.
Cos. ITER. ET. TER. DESIGN. Consul iter um et tertium designatus.
Coss. Consules.
Cos. vi. Consul vi.
C. P. FL. AVG. F. G. CAES. METRO, p. s. P. Colonia prima flavia augusta felix ger-
manica caesarea, metropolis provincia syriae, palestina.
C. R. Claritas reipublicae.
CRAS. Crassus.
C. R. i. F. s. Colonia romana julia felix
sinope.
CRISPINA. AVG. COMMODI. Crispina augusta commodi augusti.
C. SACR. FAC. Censor sacris facundis.
C. T. T. Colonia togata taraco.
C. v. Clypeus votivus.
C. VAL. HOST. M. QVINTUS. Caius hostilianus messius qu'mtus.
C. VET. LANG. Caius vettio languido.
C. vi. IL. Colonia victrix illice.
C. Q. P. p. Consul quintum pater patriae.
CVR. x. F. Curator x. flandorum.
190
PLATE XCI.
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS.
D.
D. A. Divus augnstus.
DAC. Dacia, dacicus.
DAC. CAP. Dacia capta.
DACIA AVG. PROVINCIA. Dacia augusti provincia.
DAMA. Damascus.
D. c. A. Divus csesar augustus.
D. c. c. N. c. Decuriones coloniae concorcliae norbae caesarianae.
D. CL. SEPT. ALBIN. CABS. Decimus clodius septimus albinus caesar.
D. c. s. De consulum sententia.
D. D. N. N. Domini nostri or dominorum nostrorum.
DEBELLATOR. GENT. BARBAR. Debellatori gentium barbarorum.
DECI. Decius or decennalia.
DE. GERM. De germanis.
DEO. NEM. Deo nemausus.
DERT. Dertosa.
D. F. Decimi filius.
D. N. Decimi nepos.
DIANA. PERG. Diana pergensis.
DICT. PER. Dictator perpctuus.
Dn. PAT. Dii patrii.
Dus. CVST. Diis custodibus.
Dus. GENIT. Diis genitalibus.
D. i. M. s. Deo invicto mithras sacrum.
DISCIPLINA, or DISCIPVLINA AVG. Disciplina, or discipulina augusta, or augusti.
DIVI. P. Divi filius.
Divo. AVG. VESP. Divi augustus vespasiano.
Divo. AVG. Divo augusto.
T. DIVI. VESP. F. VESPASIANO. Tito divi vespasiani filio vespasiano.
Div. PIO. Divo pio.
Divvs. TRAIAN. AVG. PARTH. PATER. Divus traianus augustus parthicns pater.
DOM, or DOMIT. Domitius, or domitianus.
DOMITIA AVG. IMP. CABS. DIVI. F. DOMiTiANi AUG. Domitia augusta imperatrix
caesaris divi, filii domitiani augusti.
D. P. Divus pius.
D. p p. Dii penates.
DR. C^ES. Q. PR. Drusus caesar quinquennalis praefectus.
DRVSVS. CAESAR. TI. AVG, DIVI. AVG. N. Drusus caesar tiberii augusti filius, divi au-
gusti nepos.
D. s. i. M. Deo soli invicto mithrae.
E.
EGN. GAL. AVG. Egnatius gallienus augustus.
EID. MART. Eidibus martii.
EQ. COH. Equestris cohors.
EQ. M. Equitum magistri.
EQ. ORDIN. Equitum ordinis.
ETR. Etruscus.
EVR. Europa.
Ex. AR. p. Ex argento
puro, or probato, or publico.
Ex. CONS. Ex consensu.
Ex. D. D. Ex decreto decurionum.
192
PLATE XCII.
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS.
F.
G.
G. Galinicus, or gaudium, or
genius, or germanus, or gnaea.
GADIT. Gaditana.
GAL. Galindicus, or galerius.
G. or GEN. AVG. Genio augusti.
G. COR. SVPER. Gnea cornelia
supera.
G. D. Germanicus dacicus.
GEM. L. Gemina legio.
GEN. COL. COR. Genio coloniae corinthiae.
GEN. ILLY. Genius
illyrici.
GENIO. COL. NER. PATR. Genio coloniae neronianae
patrensis.
CJENIT. ORB. Genitrix orbis.
GEN. LVG. Genio lugdunensi.
194
PLATE XCIII.
ABBREVIATIONS ON KOMAN COINS.
GOTH. Gothicus.
G. P. Gracia peragrata, or grseciae populus.
G. P. R. Genio populi romani.
GRAC. Gracchus. ,, .
H.
H. Hastati.
HADRIANVS AVG. cos. in. P. P. Hadrianus augustus consul 111. pater patriae.
HA. p. or H. P. Hastatorum principum.
HEL. Heliopolis.
HELV. PERT. Helvius pertinax.
Her. Hercules, or Herennius.
HERAC. Heraclitus.
HERC. COMMOD. Herculi commodiano.
HERC. GADIT. Herculi gaditano.
HERC. ROM. CONDIT. Herculi romano conditori.
HILARIT. TEMP. Hilaritas temporum.
HIP. Hippius.
HISP. Hispalis, or hispana, or hispalus.
Ho. Honor.
Hs. A sign for sestertium, the Sesterce, a piece of Koman money.
I.
In. VIR. A. A. A. AF. F. Trium viri auro argento acre flando feriundo.
I. IT. Imperator iterum.
Ii.VIR. QVINQ. Duum-vir quinquennalis.
IMP. CAES. ANTONINUS AVG. p.p.p. Imperator caesar antoninus augustus plus pater
patriae.
IMP. CAES. AVG. COMM. CONS. Imperator caesar augustus communi consensu.
IMP. CAES. c. VIB. VOLVSIANO. Imperator caesari caio vibio volusiano.
IMP. CAES. DIVI. TRAIANI. AVG. F. TRAIANI. HADRIANO. OPT. AVG. DAC. PARTHICO. P.
M. TR. P. cos. p. P. Imperatori caesari divi trajani augusti filio trajani hadri-
ano optimo augusto dacico parthico pontifici maximo tribunitiae potestate con-
sul! patri patriae.
IMP. CAES. DIVI. VESP. F. DOMiT. AUG. p. M. TR. p. p. P. Imperator caesar divi ves-
pasiani films domitianus augustus pontifex maximus tribunitia potestate pater
patriae.
IMP. c^s. G. M. Q. Imperator cassar gneus messius quintus.
IMP. CJES. L. AVREL. VERVS. AVG. ARM. PART. Imperator csesar lucius aurelius verus
augustus armeniacus parthicus.
IMP. CJES. L. SEPT. SEV. PERT. AUG. TR. p. cos. Imperator csesar lucius septimus
severus pertinax augustus tribunitia potestate consul. v
IMP. CJES. M. OPEL. SEV. MACRiNvs. AUG. Imperator caesar marcus opelius severus
macrinus augustus.
IMP. CJES. NERV^E. TRAIANO. Avo. GBR. DAG. P. M. TR. p. cos. v. p. P. Imperatori
caesari nervas trajano augusto germanico dacico pontifici maximo tribunitia po-
testate consul v. pater patriae.
IMP. C.ES. P. HELV. PERTIN. AVG. Imperator csesar publius helvius pertinax au-
gustus.
IMP. c. c. VA. F. GAL. VEND. voLvsiANO. AVG. Imperator caesari caio valindico
finnico galindico vendendico volusiano augusto.
IMP. c. M. CASS. LAT. posTVMvs. p. F. AVG. Imperator caesar marcus cassius la-
tienus postumus plus felix augustus.
IMP. c. M. TRAIANVS. DECivs. AVG. Imperator caesar marcus trajanus decius au-
gustus.
IMP. c. P. LIC. VALERIANVS. p. F. AVG. Imperator caius publius licinius valerianus
pius felix augustus.
IMP. ITER. Imperator iterum.
IMP. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS AVG. Imperator marcus Julius philippus augustus.
IMP. T. AEL. ANTONINO. Imperatori tito aelio antonino.
IMP. T. c^s. DIVI. VESP. F. AVG. P. M. TR. POT. cos. REST. Imperator titus cassar
divi vespasiani filius augustus
pontifex maximus tribunitia potestate consul
restituit.
IMP. vi. Imperator vi.
INDVLGENT. AVGG. IN. CARTH. Indulgentia augustorum in carthaginenses.
INDVLG. PIA. POSTVMI. AVG. Indulgentia pia postumi augusti.
lo. CANTAB. Jovi cantabrico.
I. o. M. D. Jovi optimo maximo dicatum.
I. o. M. H. Jovi optimo maximo heliopolis.
I. o. M. s. Jovi optimo maximo sacrum.
I. o. M. SPONS. SECVRIT. AVG. Jovi optimo maximo sponsori securitatis augusti.
I. O. M. 8. P. Q. R. V. 8. PR. S. IMP. CABS. QVOD. PER. EV. RP. IN. AMP. ATQ. TRAN. 8.
E. Jovi optimo maximo senatus populus que romanus vota suscepta pro salute
imperatoris caesaris quod per eum respublica in ampliori atque tranquilliori
statu est.
I. o. M. v. c. Jovi optimo maximo victori conservator!.
lov. OLYM. Jovi olympio.
lov. STAT. Jovi statori.
lov. TON. Jovi tonanti.
ISEL. OECVM. Iselastica oecumenica.
I. s. M. R. Juno sospita magna regina, or juno sospita mater romanorum.
ITAL. Italia.
ITAL. MVN. Italicum municipium.
IVD. CAP. Judaea capta.
IVL. Julius, or julia, or julianus.
IVL. AVG. CASSANDREN. Julia augusta cassandrensis.
IVL. AVG. GENIT. ORB. Julia augusta genitrix orbis.
IVLIA. AVGVSTA. c. c. A. Julia
augusta colonia caesarea augusta.
IVLIA. IMP. T. AVG. F. AVGVSTA. Julia imperatoris titi augusti filia augusta.
IVL. v. MAXIMVS. c. Julius verus maximus caesar.
IVN. Junior, or or Juno.
junius,
IVN. MART. Junoni martiali.
IVN. REG. Juno regina.
K.
K. Carthago or kaeso.
KAP. Capitolina.
KAR. Carthago.
KAR. o. Carthaginensis officina.
198
PLATE XCV.
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS.
or lucius, or ludi.
L. Laus, or legatus, or legio,
L. c. Lugdunum colonia.
neptunia, or ulpia.
LEG. i. ADI. P. F. Legio i. adjutrix pia fidelis.
LEG. n. PART. v. P. V.F. Legio ii. parthica v. pia fidelis.
LEG. in. PART. Legio iii. parthica.
LEG. n. TRO. or TR. FOR. Legio ii. trojanus or trajanus fortis.
LEG. mi. vi. P. vi. F. Legio iiii. vi. pia vi. fidelis.
LEG. M.'XX. Legio macedonica xx.
LEG. PRO. cos. or LEG. PRO. PR. or LEG. AVG. or LEG. A. P. Legatus pro consule,
or legatus pro praetore, or legatus augusti, or legio armeniae provinciae.
LEG. vn. CL. GEM. FIDEL. Legio vii. claudia gemina fidelis.
LEG. v. M. P. c. Legio v. macedonica pia constans.
LEG. xi. CLAVDIA. Legio xi. claudia.
LEG. xvi. FRE. Legio xvi. fregellae or fregenae.
LEG. xxx. NEP. vi. F. Legio xxx. neptuniana vi. fidelis.
LEN. CVR. x. F. Lentulus curator x. flandorum.
LEP. Lepidus or leptis.
LIB. AVG. mi. cos. mi. Liberalitas augusti iiii. consul iiii.
LIBERALIT. AVG. Liberalitas augusta or augusti.
LIBERIS. AVG. COL. A. A. p. Liberis augusti colonia augusta aroe patrensis.
LIBERT. REST. Libertas restituta.
LIB. n. or in. Liberalitas ii. or iii.
LIB. P. Libero patri.
LIB. PVB. Liberalitas publica, or libertas publica.
Lie. COR. SAL. VALER. N. c.ffis. Licinius Cornelius saloninus valerianus nobilis
cassar.
Lie. or licin. Licinius licinianus.
L. i. MIN. Legio i. minervium.
LOCVPLET. ORB. TERRAR. Locupletatori orbis terrarum.
LON. Longus.
L. P. D. AE. p. Lucius papirius designatus aedilis plebis.
L. SEPTIM. 8EVERV8. PIVS. AVG. P. M. TR. P. XV. COS. III. P. P. Lucius SeptlHlUS
severus pius augustus pontifex maximus tribunitia potestate xv. consul iii. pater
patriae.
L. SEPTIM. SEV. PERT. AVG. IMP. PARTH. ARAB. PARTH. ADIAB. COS. II. P. D. LUCIUS
septimus severus pertinax augustus imperator parthicus arabicus parthicus adia-
bicus consul ii. pater patriae.
L. VAL. Lucius Valerius.
Lvc. Lucanus, or lucrio, or lucdunum.
Lvc. P. s. Lucduni pecunia signata.
Lvc. AEL. Lucius aelius.
LVCILL.E. AVG. ANTONINI. AVG. F. Lucilla? augustae antonini augusti filiae.
LVD. SJEC. FEC. cos. xini. Ludos sseculares fecit consul xiiii.
LVP. Lupercus.
Lv. PC. s. Lugduni pecunia signata.
200
PLATE XCVI.
ABBREVIATIONS ON KOMAN COINS.
M.
or moneta, or muni-
M. Maesia, or marcns, or memmius, or mensis, or minerva,
ceps, or munitae.
M. A. Marcus aurelius.
MA. CANI. Manius caninius.
MA. c. AVG. Magna (aedes) caesaris augusti or macellum augusti.
M. .SM. Marcus aemilius.
MAG. DECENT. Magnentius decentius.
MAG. PIVS. Magnus plus.
M. ANN. Marcus annius.
M. ANT. IMP. AVG. cos. DBS. iTER. ET TERT. Marcus antonius imperator augur
consul designatus iterum et tertium.
M. ANTON. AVG. GERM. Marcus antoninus augustus germanicus.
M. ANTONINVS. IMP. cos. DESiG. ITER. ET. TERT. in. viR. REip. c. Marcus antoninus
imperator consul designatus iterum et tertium triumvir reipublicae constituendae.
MARC. Marcia, or marcus, or martius.
MARCIA OTACIL. SEV. AVG. Marcia otacilia severa augusta.
MAR. PROP. Mars propugnator.
MAR. VLT. Marti ultori.
M. CASS. LAT. POSTVMVS. Marcus cassius latienus postumus.
MAT. AVGG. Mater augustorum.
MAT. SEN. Mater senatus.
MAT. PAT. Mater patriae.
MAT. DEVM. CONSERVAT. Matri deum conservatrici.
MAT. DEVM. SALVT. Mater deum salutari.
MATER. AVGG. Mater augustorum.
MATR. CASTROR. Matri castrorum.
M. AVF. Marcus aufidius.
M. AVR. or MAR. AVR. Marcus aurelius.
M. AVR. ANTON. Marcus aurelius antoninus.
M. A VREL. ANTONINVS. AVG. ARMEN. p. M. Marcus aurelius antoninus augustus
armeniacus pontifex maximus.
MAX. Maximus.
M. c. i. Municipum calaguris julia.
M. COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVG. BRIT. Marcus commodus antoninus
augustus Bri-
tannicus.
MES. Messius.
MET. Metropolis.
MET. Metaccus.
MET. VLPIAN. PAN. Metallum
ulpianum pannonicum.
MET. DEL. Metallum del. for dalmatianum.
MET. NOR. Metallum noricum.
M. F. Marci filius.
M. N. Marci nepos.
M. H. ILLERGAVONIA. DERT.
Municipium hibera illergavonia dertoza.
MINAT. Minatius.
MINER. VICT. Minervae victrici.
M. K. v. Moneta carthaginensis urbem.
M. L. Moneta lugdunensis.
M. LEP. c. REG. INST. Marcus lepidus civitatum reginensium instauravit.
M. LL. Moneta lugdunensium.
M. MARC. Marcus marcellus.
M. M. i. v. Municipcs
municipii julii uticensis.
M. N. Moneta narbonensis.
MON. Moneta.
MON. AVG. Moneta augusti.
Mo. s. T. Moneta signata trcveris.
202
PLATE XCVH.
ABBREVIATIONS ON KOMAN COINS.
N.
O.
O. Ob, or officina, or ogulnius, or
optimo.
OB. c. s. or OB. civ. SER. or o. c. s. Ob. cives servatos.
CEc. (Ecumenia.
OFF. in. CONST. Officinae tertiae
constantinopoli.
OLY. Olympius.
O. M. T. Optimo maximo tonanti.
OP. or OPT. PRIN. or PR.
Optimo principi.
OP. DIV. Opi divinae.
OPI. DIVIN. TR. p. cos. n.
Opi. divinae tribunitia potestate consul ii. (ii. stands for
secundum).
OPPIVS. CAPIT. PROPR. PRJEF. CLA.
Oppius capito propraetor prafectus classis.
ORB. TER. Orbis terrarum.
P.
P. Pater, or patriae, or per, or percussa, or perpetuus, or
pius, or pontifex, or
populus, or posuit, or praefectus, or primus, or princeps, or provincae, or publi-
us, or publico.
P. A. Pietas augusti or
augusta.
204
PLATE XCVIH.
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS.
Q.
Q. TERENT. CVLLEON. PRO. cos. in. Quinto terentio culleoni proconsul! tertium.
QVAD. Quadratus.
QVADRAG. REM. Quadragesima remissa.
QVIN. ITER. Quinquennalis iterum.
Q. v. or QVOD. v. M. s. Quod viae munitae sint, or sunt.
Q. VRB. Quaestor urbis.
R.
R. Remissa, or roma, or restituit, or romanus.
RA. Ravenna.
R. c. Romani cives.
R. cc. Remissa c c.
REG. ORB. Rector orbis.
REF. Refecta.
RES. Resti tutus or restituit.
REST. ITAL. Restitutor italiae.
REST. NVM. Restituta numidia or nummum restitutum.
REX. ARM. DAT. Rex armeniae datus.
REX. PART. DAT. Rex parthis datus.
REX. PTOL. Rex ptolemaeus.
R. M. or REI. MIL. Rei militaris.
Ro. Romae.
ROM. ^ETER. Romae aeternae.
ROM. COL. Romulea colonia.
ROMVL. AVG. Romulo augusto.
ROMVL. CONDIT. Romulo conditori.
Ro. P. s. Romae pecunia
signata.
R. P. Romae percussa.
R. P. c. Rei publicae constituendae.
R. s. Romae signata.
R. v. Roma victrix.
R. P. s. Ravennae
pecunia signata.
R. XL. Remissa xl.
208
PLATE C.
ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS.
T.
T. Titus, or treveris, or tribunus, or tutelaris.
T. AR. Tertia arelate.
T. CAES. DIVI. VESP. F. AVG. p. M. TR. p. p. cos. vin. Titus caesar divi vespasiani
filius augustus pontifex maximus tribunitia potestate pater patriae consul viii.
TEMPL. DIV. AVG. REST. cos. mi. Templum divi augusti restitutum consul quartum
TER. Terentius.
TES. Tessalonicae.
T. F. Titi filia or temporum felicitas.
T. FL. Titus flavius.
T. G. A. Tutelaris genius aegypti.
Ti. Tiberius.
Ti. N. Tiberii nepos.
Ti. F. Tiberii filius.
T. M. AP. CL. Titus manlius
(et) appius claudius.
T. p., or TR. POT., or TRIE. POT. Tribunitia
'
^
potestas.
Tribunitia P otesta s, or tribunitia
potestas v.
TRAI. Trajanus.
TRAN. Tranquillus.
TRANQ. Tranquillitas.
TREBAN. Trebanius.
TREBON or TREE. Trebonianus.
TR. F. Trajana fortis.
TRIVMPH. Triumphator.
TR. OBS. or o. B s. Treveris
obsignata or officina b. signata.
IR. LEG. ii. Tribunus
legionis ii.
TR. p. Treveris percussa or
pecunia.
TR. PL. D. Tribunus
plebis designates.
IK. v. M. Triumviri monetales.
T. T. Trevirorum.
TVL. H. or HOST. Tullus hostilius.
V.
in Ve U
t
Vi A E ^tuTa e te rna?
r ***** F *' Or *** f VOt '
r VOtivUS > OT Urbs *
VETER. Veteranorum.
VET. LANG. Vettius languidus.
V. i. Vota imperil.
VIB. Vibius.
Vic. AVG. Victoria augusti.
Vic. GERM. Victoria germanica.
Vic. PAR. M. Victoria parthica maxima.
Vic. s. Victoria sicilia.
Vic. BEATISSIM. CAESS. Victoria beatissimorum caesarum,
Vic. BRIT. P. M. Victoria britannica pontifex maximus.
VICTOR. ROM. Victoria romauorum.
VICT. P. GAL. AVG. Victoria parthica gallieni augusti.
Vn. VIR. EPV. Vii viri epulonnm.
VIR. Virtus.
Vi. VIR. A. Vi. vir. augustus.
V. N. M. R. Urbis nicomediae moneta restituta.
VOL. Volusius.
VOTA. PVB. Vota publica.
VOT. DECEN. Vota decennalia.
VOT. xx. MVL. xxx. Vota xx. multiplica xxx.
V. p. Vota publica or vota populi.
V. v. Vota v.
HENRY IV., V., VI. pennies, from 4s. to 20s. ; half groats, from 4s. to 20s. groats, ;
from 4s. to 1.
GOLD. Nobles, about 2; half do., about 25s. ; quarter do., about 12s.
EDWARD IV. pennies, about 5s. ; half groats, about 4s. and 5s. groats, 3s. to 10s. ;
GOLD. Noble, about 2 ; half do, 25s. ; quarter do., about 21s. ; angel and
half do., about 30s.
RICHARD III. pennies, about 1 ; half groats, very rare ; groats, about 25s.
GOLD. Angel, about 5.
HENRY VII. pennies, about 4s. half do., about 4s. ; groats, about 5s. ; shillings,
;
from 10.
GOLD. Sovereign, about 10; angel, about 25s. ; half do., about 2.
HENRY VIII. pennies, 2s. 6d. ; half groats and groats, 4s. and 5s. ; shilling, about
2.
GOLD. Sovereign, about 8; half sovereign, about 25s. ; angel, about 1 ;
rare, in Durrani's sale, sold for 10 10s. quarter shilling, about 20s. ; six-
;
pence, about 10s. ; shilling, from 4s. half crowns, 2 crowns, about 2.
; ;
pieces, about 10s. half groats, about 4s. ; threepenny pieces, about 4s. ; groats,
;
about 10s. ; half shillings, about 3s. ; shillings, about 10s. half crowns, about
;
; crowns, about
-2 2.
216
PLATE CIV.
PRICES OF ENGLISH COINS.
CHARLES I. COPPER.
Farthings, about 60?.
SILVER. Pennies, 2s. to 1 half groats, about 4s.; threepenny pieces,
;
about 4s. groats, about 5s. ; sixpences, about 5s. ; shillings, about 10s. ; half
;
specimen of which, of the common type, can be procured for about 14s. to 1.
The SILVER COINS can be purchased for about double currency, and upward,
according to preservation and the GOLD COINS can be obtained for about 50
;
DOLLARS.
The dollar of 1794 the first silver dollar of the series is now very rare, and
commands a large premium. It is worth, in ordinary condition, from $4 to $5, and
in fine condition much more. The dollars from 1794 to 1804 are not worth any
premium above the weight of the silver, unless in extra fine condition. One variety
of 1798 that with the eagle on the reverse like the eagle of 1797 is rare, and
worth about $2.
The dollar of 1804 is
very rare so rare that not more than two or three specimens
are known. It has even been doubted whether these are not manufactured coins ;
but this suspicion is groundless. The dies are in existence at the Mint, and it is
stated that these two specimens were struck from them about 1827.
The dollars of 1836, 1838, and 1839 are but pattern pieces, with a flying eagle on
the reverse, never issued in circulation. They are rare in the order of their dates,
the last being most rare. They command prices varying from $6 to $18, according
to date and condition.
The dollar of 1848
is becoming scarce. In 1851 and 1852 no dollars were issued
for circulation,and the specimens struck at the Mint are of the highest degree of
rarity. They command $15 to $18 each at auction sales.
The dollar of 1854 is becoming very rare. That of 1858 was never issued for cir-
culation, and the Mint proofs command a price from $4 to $5.
With the foregoing exceptions, the dollars may be easily procured. It should be
borne in mind, however, that they are worth a
premium of 6 to 7 per cent, over the
coins of smaller denomination since
1853, and they are therefore seldom found in
circulation, and usually go to the silversmiths. Hence they are fast disappearing,
and in a few years all the dates will be The same is true of all the silver
very rare.
coinage prior to July, 1853.
220
PLATE CVI.
RARE AMERICAN SILVER.
HALF DOLLARS.
The half dollar of 1794 is seldom found in good condition, and when so found is
worth $1 to $2. That of 1795 is more common but 1796 and 1797 are exceed-
;
impossible to name any price for the dollar or the half dollar of 1804, for they have
never been sold.
The die of 1807, with the head like that of 1808, is scarce in good condition,
though very common in poor condition.
1813 is difficult to find in good keeping. 1815 is rare in good condition, and
worth $1.50 to $2.50.
The milled-edge variety of 1836 is scarce, and worth $1 to $1.50. 1840 is scarce
ingood condition, but rubbed specimens are common. 1851 is quite scarce worth
$1 to $2 ; and 1852 is almost equally rare.
With these exceptions, all the half dollars are to be had with little trouble from
QUARTER DOLLARS.
This coin, being one in most common use, is seldom found in first-rate condition
in any of the early years. The quarter dollar of 1796 is sufficiently rare to be worth
about $2.50 in good condition. 1804 is worth 50 cents to $1. 1823 is a very rare
coin in fact one of the rarest of the series. The price marked for it is not higher
than it will command in .first-rate order. 1827 is very rare. The other dates are
comparatively common, though nearly all before 1837 are difficult to find, except
more or less rubbed.
DIMES.
The dime of 1796 is rare worth $1.50 to $2.50. The dime of 1797 is,of the
highest rarity, and commands $7.50 to $8.50. 1798, 1801, and 1803 are worth $1
each. 1804 is very rare, and worth $5. 1809 and 1811 are very rare in good
condition,and worth $2 to $3. 1822 is rare also, and worth $1.50 to $2. 1844 is
becoming very scarce. 1846 is rare, and worth $1.50 to $2.50 in first-rate order.
1853, without arrow-heads at the sides of the date, is rare, and brings $1.
HALF DIMES.
1794 isseldom found. It is worth $3 if in first-rate order, or $2 in
ordinary con-
dition. 1796 and 1797 are worth about $1 each. 1801 and 1803 are worth each. $2
1846 is and brings $1 to $1.50.
scarce, 1853, without the arrow-heads on each side
222
PLATE CVII.
BARE AMERICAN COPPER.
on the coinage in July, 1853, to mark
of the date (which arrow-heads were placed
the new and reduced weight), is now rare, and brings 75 cents to $1.
CENTS.
The desire to make collections of cents has made so much variation in the prices
that it is impossible to say any date has a fixed and "definite value.
that
with very little
In general, all the cents can be procured in ordinary circulation,
a diligent searcher, excepting only 1793, 1799, and 1804. It is, in fact,
trouble, by
to pay a premium for any cent except these years,
unnecessary for any collector
unless he desires to enrich his collection with proof or uncirculated
coins. have We
the difference between a proof and an uncirculated coin. But it
already explained
coins are those struck in the Mint
may be repeated here with benefit. The proof
from the master-die, the original die cut by the engraver. The custom of the Mint
has been to strike about a hundred sets, more or less, of the entire coinage of the
year from the master-die. These are very beautiful and perfect specimens, and are
known as proofs.
They always command a premium, which increases as years ad-
vance. The master-die is afterward used to impress in soft steel and make other
dies,#om which the great bulk of the coinage is struck.
In the cents the difference between the proofs and other issues is very great, and
the former command extravagant prices, as the annexed table shows. The collector,
however, must not be misled by th^> table into supposing that he will have to pay
these prices for fine or uncirculated specimens. Patience in collecting will enable
him in time to make his set of cents fine enough at little cost except for the rare
rate condition. The Wreath cent, in various varieties, brings about the same price ;
but this cent of 1793 has so varied in price of late years that it is impossible to name
a fixed value to any variety. The mania for coins has largely increased the
supply,
while it has also increased the number of collectors and the demand.
The cent of 1799 isthe rarest of the copper coins. The collector must beware of
counterfeits, which abound in the cities, well executed by altering cents of 1797 and
1798. A first-rate 1799, of undoubted
genuineness, is worth about $10 but the
price falls rapidly as the condition of the piece deteriorates. Close examination with
the aid of a magnify ing-glass will not in all cases detect these counterfeits. The col-
lector should at least adopt this rule, not to
purchase a 1799 which has the slightest
scratch or flaw on the surface any where near the last 9 in the date.
1804 is not so rare a cent as it is
commonly reputed, and yet it commands from $3
to $7.50, according to condition. We
recommend the collector not to purchase this
date, but search diligently among old coppers until he finds it. have had no We
difficulty in finding some fair specimens among copper cents in bulk. It is, how-
ever, very rare in first-rate condition, and the same is true of all the dates from 1800
to 1811,
except perhaps 1802 and 1803. The cent of 1808, with filleted head re-
sembling 1807, is rarely found except in very poor condition. Its existence even has
been disputed, so rarely is the date
legible.
224
PLATE CVIII.
BAKE AMERICAN COPPER.
In 1815 no cent was coined any specimens that are exhibited must be alterations
;
from other years. It is by some disputed that this cent is unknown. We can affirm,
however, that we never saw a cent of 1815, never saw a person who had seen one,
and never heard of a collector who either possessed one or had heard of one in any
other person's possession. If the coin ever existed, it has absolutely disappeared.
Counterfeits are easily made from 1813 ; but no one need be imposed on by such
will explain the high prices paid for proof specimens, as shown by the table.
HALF CENTS.
These little coins are fast disappearing. 1793 has become very rare. 1796 is
equally rare; and, with few exceptions, all the early years are becoming scarce.
These exceptions are 1803, 1804, 1806, and 1807, which are perhaps more common
than others. 1831 and 1836 are of the highest rarity, commanding, for the former,
226
PLATE CIX.
TABLE
SHOWING THE COMPAEATIVE RARITY OF UNITED STATES SILVER
AND COPPER COINS.
Years.
PLATE CX.
TABLE OF COMPAKATIVE KAKITY. (Continued.)
Years.
PLATE CXI.
WEIGHT AND FINENESS OF GOLD AND SILVER.
GOLD never found in a pure state when taken from the earth. It is always al-
is
loyed more or
less with silver. The process of parting the gold from the silver is
very simple. Being melted and poured into cold water, it is granulated ; then boiled,
each 31 ounces of alloyed metal with 4 ounces of nitric acid, which dissolves the
silver and copper, leaving the gold in a brown powder. This is washed with hot
water to remove the nitrate of silver, and is then as pure as it is practicable to obtain
it. It still contains from three to ten thousandths of silver.
All coin is alloyed. The difference in the color of gold coins is caused by the dif-
ference in the comparative quantity of silver and copper used for the alloy. Thus
the present standard of coin is 900 parts of fine gold to 100 parts of alloy. The 100
parts of alloy may be entirely copper, but never are so in fact. The law requires
that of this 100 parts alloy not more than 50 parts shall be silver. The quantity of
the silver will determine the comparative paleness or ruddiness of the coin. The
Mint practice is to add 100 parts of copper to 900 parts of fine gold, it being supposed
that enough copper will oxidize in the melting to reduce the entire
alloy, both copper
and silver, to 100.
The same standard of fineness (900 to the 1000 parts) is preserved in the silver
coins of the present day. There have been several changes in this respect in both
gold and silver coinage, which the following will illustrate :
232
PLATE CXII.
FINENESS OF GOLD AND SILVER
24 carats
Gold or silver which is chemically pure, that is absolutely without alloy, is
fine,and gold or silver 12 carats fine is one half pure metal and one half some other
metal or metals. The other degrees of fineness in carats are determined on the same
proportions.
A new, intelligible nomenclature has been recently adopted.
more convenient, and
It is this : Gold or chemically pure, that is 24 carats fine, is now called 1000
silver
fine. It is understood as consisting of 1000 parts, all of which are pure metal. If
500 parts be gold and 500 parts some other metal, then the gold is said to be 500
or and of course such gold is equivalent to 12 carats fine.
fine, fflfy fine,
The following table will be convenient for reducing carats to thousandths :
A necessary result of this table is the rule to convert thousandths into carats, viz. :
Divide the number of thousandths
by 41f ; and to convert carats into thousandths,
multiply the number of carats by 41$.
Pure gold, 1000 fine, is valued at the United States Mint, per ounce Troy, at
$20.67.183468.
234
PLATE CXIII.
UNITED STATES GOLD COINAGE.
To find the value per ounce of gold of any degree of fineness, specified in thou-
sandths, multiply the above value by
the number of thousandths. Thus, one ounce
of gold of 900 thousandths is worth $20.67.183468 X.900
=
$18.60.4651212.
Pure silver, 1000 fine, is valued, in purchasing at the Mint, per ounce Troy, at
$1.34.444+, or $1.34* exactly.
The same rule applies as given above for gold.
Years.
PLATE CXIV.
Years.
SCALES FOE MEASUEING COINS.
THE size of a coin or medal is determined among collectors by its diameter. The
ordinary scale in use in Europe is that known as the Scale of Mionnet. This is ar-
bitrary in construction, and the collector can only make use of it by having it always
with him. One much more convenient, which we have adopted in this volume, is
that of sixteenths of an inch. With this the collector can determine the size of a
coin wherever he can find an ordinary measuring rule. It is to be hoped that this
scale may be universally adopted and used in America, where it originated with the
Philadelphia collectors.
There are many coins and medals closely resembling each other in their designs
and inscriptions, but differing in size. This is true of a large number of American
political or Presidential medalets and tokens.
In some old works on coins we find scales for measuring the thickness of the
planchet. This is, however, of little use, because the thickness of ancient coins va-
ries according to the amount of corrosion they have undergone, and a difference in
this respect, in either an ancient or a modern coin, can hardly be said to make a
SCALE OF MIONNET.
[In general use in Europe.]
5 6 10 11 12 13141516 1 7 *
20
PKICES
OF UNITED STATES SILVER AND COPPER COINS AT RECENT SALES
BY AUCTION.
[p.
indicates proof coins ;
u. uncirculated coins. Blanks indicate
either no coinage, or no sales by which to establish prices.]
Years.
PK1CES OF UNITED STATES SILVER AND COPPER. (Continued.)
Years.
EEMAEKS ON PEICES OF COIN'S, MEDALS, MEDAL-
ETS, ETC.
THE tables which follow can not, for various reasons, be perfect. They are made
up from recent sales at auction and in private, and the prices stated have in most
instances been paid for the coins. But few coins, medals, or tokens have as yet a
fixed market value in this country. The first table which we present, of the com-
parative prices at different sales, will illustrate this ; and on many of these coins the
prices have more than doubled since the last-mentioned sale, as indicated by our
estimated prices in the other tables. Much of the difference in prices may be owing
to the condition of the pieces; but many pieces have doubled or trebled in value
within a few months from the sudden demands of inexperienced collectors, while
others have as greatly depreciated. And There
the prices vary in different cities.
are an immense number of medals, medalets, tokens, etc., to which we have made no
allusion in the tables. They are omitted, because any attempt to assign to them a
value, in a book which is designed to be of permanent use, would be more likely to
mislead than to aid a collector. Many of those which we have mentioned have been
or will be restruck, and will thus become common. It is by no means to be regretted
that they are so made plenty. No collector has a right to complain. If he has fool-
ishly paid an extravagant price medal or token struck within a few years, re-
for a
lying on the dies having disappeared, he has taken the risk, and must be content to
let others supply themselves from the dies if found. The absurdities into which
American collectors have been led, by the mere desire to possess rare pieces of
stamped metal, have been well checked by the reproduction from original dies of
these highly-prized trifles. It should rather be a subject of congratulation that coins
or medals of comparative and placed in the hands of all collect-
rarity are multiplied
ors. But these reasons explain the imperfections of the It will be
price tables.
many years before such tables can be more than a temporary assistance.
We have given the prices of very few medals. Few have been sold at public or
private sales, and we have preferred to reserve a full table of
prices of American
medals for a future edition of the
present work.
242
TABLE
SHOWING THE COMPARATIVE PRICES OF CERTAIN MEDALS AND
COINS AT VARIOUS SALES HELD IN NEW YORK CITY.
PRICES OF MEDALS AND COINS.
PATTERN AND TRIAL PIECES. (Continued.)
(Prices vary according to condition of the pieces ; but pieces must be in fair condi-
tion to bring the lowest price named.)
245
COLONIAL COINS. (Continued.}
to
12. Granby or Higley copper, five varieties, 1737, $13 $25.
13. Pitt or No Stamps token, 1766, $3
to $7.
41. New York copper coins; obverse, Nova Eborac reverse, Virt. et Lib.
; ;
two va-
rieties, $2 to
$4.
42. NEO New York Washington piece, $25.
EBORACENSIS, or
43. Immunis Columbia copper, $10.
44. LIBER NATUS LIBERTATEM DEFENDO, New York copper, two varieties, no sale.
45. George Clinton copper, no sale.
46. Fugio, or Mind your Business copper, several varieties, 10 to 50 cents.
47. Kentucky copper (so called), two varieties, lettered edge and plain edge, $3.25.
48. Massachusetts cent, 1787 and 1788, $0.25 to $1.
49. Massachusetts half cents of 1787 and 1788, $3.
50. Myddleton token, copper, of Kentucky, no sale.
51. Myddleton token in silver, $35.
52. Danske Americansk, copper and silver, several sizes and varieties, 25 to 50 cents.
53. Franco Americana Colonia, copper, $3 This piece is struck to or-
silver, $5. ;
Price.
w. m. ir, 2.
25. George Washington Success to the United States
;
b. 16 5.
26. The same token in several sizes and varieties, each b. 5.
27. Washington medal (Eccleston) 9.
28. Washington medal (Sansom) bronze 26 5.50
29. Washington medal (Sansom) w. m. 2.
30. Centennial medal, struck and distributed in civic procession,
February 22, 1832 c. 20 2.
31. The same w. m. 1.
32. Washington Benevolent Society ; bust of Washington on a
pedestal, 1808 silver 27i 4.
.
George Washington ;
head to left, w. Ft. WRIGHT & BALE ;
Size. |
Price.
WASHINGTON COINS AND TOKENS. (Continued.)
ELECTION MEDALETS. (Continued.-)
ELECTION MED ALETS. ( Continued. )
ELECTION MEDALETS. ( Continued.")
Size. Price.
CLAY.
252
ELECTION MEDALETS. (Continued.')
Price.
CASS.
POLK.
TAYLOE.
1. Maj. Gen. Zach. Taylor ; reverse, Fort Harrison, Okeecho-
bee, etc. w. m. 19 .50
2. Toe same in brass 19 .50
3. The same in copper 19 .50
4. Maj. Gen. Zach. Taylor; reverse, "A
little more Grape,
Size. Pi-ice.
FILLMORE.
1. Millard Fillmore, engraver's name, Odling; Th
reverse,
Union w . rc 24
2. Obverse like the last; reverse, Born in N. Y., Jan. 7, 1800
etc. w m . 24 1.30
3. Like the in copper
last, 24 2.50
4. Millard Fillmore ; reverse, Be Vigilant and Watchful, etc.
vv. m 2U .25
5. The same in copper
2H .50
6. Millard Fillmore, For the whole an eagle
Country ; reverse,
United States, etc. fo 18 .12
7. Like the last, with the addition of 31 S. under the eagle b 18 .10
SCOTT.
3.
Lundy's Lane b. and c
Maj. Gen. Win. Scott; reverse, Lundy's Lane, Vera Cruz
'
m .35
254
ELECTION MEDALETS. (Continued.}
Size. |
Price.
ELECTION MEDALETS. (Concluded.)
MEDALETS OF VAKIOUS INDIVIDUALS.
|
Size.
POLITICAL TOKENS.
TEMPERANCE MEDALETS.
MISCELLANEOUS TOKENS.
AMERICAN MEDALS
AWARDED BY CONGRESS TO MILITAEY AND NAVAL OFFICEES.
1. GEORGE WASHINGTON. On the taking of Boston, 17th March, 1776.
2. JOHN PAUL JONES. On the capture of the Serapis, 23d September, 1778.
3. JOHN STEWART. On the taking of Stony Point, 15th July, 1799.
4. ANTHONY WAYNE. On the taking of Stony Point, 15th July, 1799.
5. D. DE FLEURY. On the taking of Stony Point, 15th July, 1799.
6. HORATIO GATES. On the surrender of Burgoyne, Saratoga, 17th October,
1777.
7. CAPTORS OF ANDRE.
8. NATHANIEL GREENE. For gallant conduct at Eutaw Springs, 8th September,
1781.
9. DANIEL MORGAN. For the victory at Cowpens, 17th January, 1781.
10. JOHN EAGER HOWARD. For the victory at Cowpens, 17th January, 1781.
11. WILLIAM A. WASHINGTON. For the victory at Cowpens, 17th January, 1781.
12. HENRY LEE. Oh the attack at Paulus Hook, 19th August, 1779.
13. THOMAS TRUXTON. On the capture of the French frigate Vengeance by the
Constellation, 1st February, 1800.
14. EDWARD PREBLE. On the attack upon Tripoli in 1804.
15. WINFIELD SCOTT. On the battles of Chippewa and Niagara, July 5 and 25,
1814.
16. EDMUND P. GAINES. On
the battle of Erie, 15th August, 1814.
17. JAMES MILLER. On the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, July 5 and 25,
and September 17, 1814.
18. JACOB BROWN. On the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, July 5 and 25,
and September 17, 1814.
19. ELEAZAR W. RIPLEY. On the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, July 5
and 25, and September 17, 1814.
20. PETER B. PORTER. On the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, July 5 and
25, and September 17, 1814.
21. ALEXANDER MACOMB. On the battle of Plattsburgh, September 11, 1814.
22. ANDREW JACKSON. On the battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815.
23. ISAAC SHELBY. On the battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813.
24. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. On the battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813.'
25. GEORGE CROGHAN. On the defense of Fort Sandusky, August 2, 1813.
26. ISAAC HULL. On the capture of the Guerriere by the Constitution, July, 1812.
27. JACOB JONES. On the capture of the Frolic by the Wasp, 18th October, 1812.
28. STEPHEN DECATUR. On the capture of the Macedonian, October 25, 1812.
29. WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE. On the capture of the Java, December 29, 1812.
30. W. BURROWS. On the capture of the Boxer, September 4, 1813.
31. EDWARD E. M'CALL. On the capture of the Boxer, 4th September, 1813.
32. JAMES LAWRENCE. On the capture of the Peacock, 24th February, 1813.
33. THOMAS M'DONOUGH. On the battle of LakeChamplain, llth September, 1814.
34. ROBERT HENLEY. On the battle of Lake Champlain, llth September, 1814.
35. STEPHEN CASSIN. On the battle of Lake Champlain, llth September, 1814.
36. LEWIS WARRINGTON. On the capture of the brig L'Epervier, 29th March,
1814.
261
AMERICAN MEDALS.
37. JOHNSON BLAKELEY. On the capture of the Reindeer, 28th June, 1814.
38. CHARLES STEWART. On the capture of the Cyane and the Levant, 20th Febru-
ary, 1815.
39. JAMES BIDDLE. On the capture of the Penguin, 23d March, 1815.
40. OLIVER HAZARD PERRY. On the battle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813.
41. JESSE DUNCAN ELLIOTT. On the battle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813.
NOTE. The above catalogue comprises only medals relating to the Revolution
and the war of 1812. Of the Revolutionary medals some may be obtained at mod-
erate prices, as indicated in the price tables elsewhere. But very many of the series
are unknown except in the original gold presentation medal. A
fine series of elec-
medals has been made, with great labor and diligence, by
trotype copies of all the
Thomas Wyatt, Esq., of New York, from whom they may be obtained.
Of many other American medalsIndian and others the dies remain at the
Philadelphia Mint, and it is
hoped that Congress may authorize the supply of spec-
imens to collectors at a moderate price.
262
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
FKONTISPIECE.
1. Silver coin of Seleucus, B.C. 280.
2. Silver coin of Philip V. of Macedon, B.C. 220-178.
3. Silver coin of Macedonia, about B.C. 280.
4. Silver coin of Lysimachus, B.C. 286-280.
5. 6. Silver medal of Syracuse. This is one of the splendid remains of ancient art.
It seems probable that it was struck as a prize in the races, or as a token.
Several specimens are extant.
7. A copper coin of Chalcis, showing the seven-stringed lyre.
8. Silver coin of Demetrius Poliorcetes, B.C. 294-287.
9. Silver coin of Perseus, B.C. 178-167.
10. Silver coin of Ptolemy Soter, B.C. 285.
PLATE I.
countless instances, on tombs, and colored to indicate both gold and silver.
2. Ancient Egyptian method of weighing
money, the weights being a lamb, a half
lamb, etc. From the wall of a tomb.
PLATE II.
PLATE III.
1. Large Ptolemaic copper coin; head of Jupiter on the obverse ; an eagle on the
reverse with legend BASILEOS PTOLEMAIOU.
;
These immense coppers are
by some supposed to have been medals.
2. Ancient Greek coin, showing the theatre of Dionysius, on the slope of the
Acropolis at Athens.
263
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
3. Ancient Greek coin, showing the Acropolis, the statue of Minerva, the Parthe-
non, etc.
4. Silver coin of Ptolemy Philadelphia.
5. Silver coin of a Ptolemy, showing a man cutting millet with a sickle. This coin
is interesting as showing the millet, a species of Indian corn or maize, in ex-
istence in Egypt at that early date.
6. Jewish shekel obverse, the pot of manna reverse, the rod of Aaron. The
; ;
shekel was never coined till the time of the Maccabees. There are several
varieties, some of them of the highest rarity.
PLATE IV.
1. Silver coin (tetradrachm) of Pyrrhus, B.C. 275 (King of Epirus, etc.); obverse,
head of the Dodonean Jupiter.
2. Silver coin (tetradrachm) of Antiochus the Great, B.C. 192.
3. Gold stater of Alexander the Great (found at Sidon recently).
4. Gold stater of Philip II., father of Alexander (found at Sidon). These coins
were found in a jar, with a large quantity like them, where they were proba-
bly left by a paymaster in Alexander's army.
5. Gold stater of Alexander, another variety.
6. Silver coin (tetradrachm) of Perseus, last King of Macedon, B.C. 178.
7. Silver coin (tetradrachm) of Attains I. of Pergamus, B.C. 170.
PLATE V.
PLATE VI.
5. Coin of
Amphipolis, showing a lamp on the reverse.
6. Parthian silver
coin, probably of Arsaces Orodes, B.C. 55 ; perhaps minted in
Syria.
7. Silver coin of Artaxerxes Ardshir, A.D. 226, founder of the dynasty of the Sas-
sanidas.
8. Silver coin of head of Dido ; Punic
Carthage ; obverse, reverse, horse, with in-
scription.
PLATE VII.
PLATE VIII.
PLATE IX.
PLATE X.
1. Silver coin with head of Jupiter Capitolinus on the obverse, and temple of Jupi-
ter on the Capitoline Hill on the reverse.
2. Denarius of the Quinctian gens.
3. Denarius commemorating the triumph of the consul L. Emilius Paullus over
ably struck in honor of the splendid Floralia during the aedileship of C. Clo-
dius Pulcher, B.C. 99.
5. Denarius of the eight Italian nations, commemorating a confederacy about B.C.
90.
6. Denarius of the last two nations who held out legend in Oscan characters.
;
7. Denarius with Castor and Pollux on the reverse, and head of Minerva on the
obverse. A very common form of the denarius.
8. Denarius of Acilius, showing a triumphal car on the reverse.
9. Gold coin of Antony, minted at Antioch. This is a very rare coin.
10. Denarius of Caesar in his fourth dictatorship, indicated by the words DICT.
QUART.
PLATE XI.
1, Obverse of a very rare and splendid silver coin of Cleopatra. No. 10 shows the
reverse, with head of Marc Antony.
265
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XII.
on the reverse.
4. Gold coin, four scrupula, or sixty sestertii.
5. 6, and 7. Silver denarii of different families,
whose names they bear.
8. Silver denarius, on which is a biga, whence these coins were called bigati.
9. Silver denarius, with a quadriga, hence called quadrigatus.
10. Gold coin of Agrippa, with the head of Augustus.
11. Silver coin of the colony of Nismes.
NOTE. The denarius, of which so many illustrations are given on this and the
preceding plates, is the most common form of Roman silver. The young collector
will bear in mind that he must classify these coins according to their general char-
acter and date. There are great numbers of them which are "family coins" that
is,denarii bearing the names of distinguished Roman families. These were issued
before the empire was established. Then follow denarii of the emperors, of which
the variety is very great; some bearing the heads of the emperors, others of em-
presses ;
some with the names and banners of certain legions ;
some commemorating
great events, victories, etc. The illustrations given will enable the collector to judge
of the general character of manyof his coins by comparison, even if they are not
identical ;
and it need not be repeated here that our object is only to introduce him
to his subject, that he may follow the study in other works.
PLATE XIII.
PLATE XIV.
1. Medal of Marc Antony, showing the corona radiata.
2. Medal of Nero, showing an organ and a sprig of laurel probably designed as a
;
PLATE XV.
1 . Reverse of a brass coin of Antoninus Pius, which is also an
example of a very
common reverse of the large brass coins of Rome.
2, 3, and 4. Reverses of Roman brass coins, showing galleys.
5. Large brass coin of Nero, showing the temple of Janus closed.
6. Brass coin of Corcyra.
7. Brass coin of Commodus.
8. Medal of Albinus Brutus probably commemorative of the close of the civil war
;
PLATE XVI.
1.Brass coin of Gordianus and Tranquillina, struck at Singara.
2. Brass coin of Trajan, struck at Nineveh.
3. Brass coin of Maximinus, struck at Nineveh.
4 and 5. Pigs of lead, with the stamp of Hadrian, found in England.
6. Brass coin of Faustina.
7. Brass coin of Septimus Severus.
PLATE XVII.
1. Colonial coin of Corinth in the time of Antoninus (silver).
2. Silver coin of Philip V.
3. Silver coin of Hadrian.
4. Silver coin of Theodosius the Great.
6. Silver coin of Arcadius.
6. Silver coin of Honorius.
7. Silver coin of Theodosius II.
8. Gold coin of Leo III., A.D. 719; obverse, D. LEON. P. AUG. ; reverse, VICTO-
RIA AUGU. CONOB.
9. Silver denier of Charlemagne, A.D. 770.
10. Gold coin of Irene, A.D. 800, struck during her sole reign ; obverse and reverse
alike.
PLATE XVIII.
PLATE XIX.
1. Gold coin of Basil and his son Constantino obverse, busts of the Emperors,
I. ;
BASILIOS ET CONSTANT. AUGG. reverse, Christ seated, -4. ras XPS REX REG-
;
the Emperor and Virgin Mary, over the Virgin M. 6. (Mjjnjp Qtov) reverse,
;
partner. In the name of God, this Dirhem was made at El Basrah, Anno
Hegirae 182 reverse, Mohammed is God's Apostle. By order of Emir El
;
of God and his vicar Imaum Abou Temim El Mustansir Billah, Prince of the
Faithful. In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, this Dena-
rius was struck at Misr (El Fostat, Cairo in Egypt), A.H. 439.
6. Gold sequin of Roman Senate; obverse, S. PETRUS SENATOR URBIS, Peter de-
livering a banner to a Senator reverse, ROMA CAPUT MUNDI s. p. Q. R.
;
PLATE XX.
1. Medal of Pope Eugenius IV., A.D. 1438.
2. Dutch medal on the overthrow of the Armada, A.D. 1588; reverse, the Church
on a rock in the midst of the sea.
3. Medal of Cosmo dei Medici.
PLATE XXI.
1. A coiner work from the capital of a column at St. George de Boucherville,
at ;
in Normandy.
2. Coining in the Middle Ages from a wood-cut made by order of the Emperor
;
PLATE XXII.
1 . Medal of Lorenzo de Medici.
2. Medal of Gregory XIII. commemorating the massacre of St. Bartholomew.
6. An ancient patera. This is an engraved plate or dish, and illustrates the use
of the simple scales for The scene represented is the examination
weighing.
by Mercury and Apollo of the fates of Achilles and Memnon by weighing
their respective
genii against each other.
268
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXIII.
1. English torques, or ring money. The larger ones were worn around the body,
or even over the shoulder, as ornaments. Some were wristlets, and others
smaller ornaments. They are all multiples of one unit, the unit being the
weight of the smallest one yet found. This regularity of weight leaves no
doubt of their uses.
2. Earliest English coins (gold), which, if struck as coins, were of a period between
the invasion of Caesarand the reign of Claudius. By some these are supposed
to be tokens, or masonic pledges of a later period. The one having an ear
of wheat is a reverse, which has been found with other obverses, as in Plate
XXVII., and is probably of Cymbeline. That marked Boduo is perhaps of
Boadicea or Boduodicea.
PLATE XXIV.
Great Seal of Edward the Confessor.
PLATE XXV.
1. Copper coin of Hadrian, relating to Britain, A.D. 120. See Humphreys, p. 32.
2. Coin of Claudius, relating to Britain, representing his triumph in Britain, A. D.
43.
3. Gold coin of Claudius, relating to Britain struck in honor of the triumphal arch
;
which the Senate decreed to him, about A.D. 46, after his conquest of Britain.
See Humphreys, p. 31.
4. Copper coin of Antoninus Pius, about A.D. 138, showing figure of Britannia,
which was adopted afterward in the reign of Charles II.
5. Copper coin of Antoninus Pius, commemorating his victory in Britain, about
A.D. 138.
6. Gold coin of the Emperor Carausius, who reigned in Britain A.D. 290-297.
7. Silver coin of Edward the Confessor, A.D. 1042.
8. Another silver coin ofEdward the Confessor.
PLATE XXVI.
Great Seal of William the Norman.
PLATE XXVII.
1. Gold coin (aureus) of Emperor Carausius; obverse, IMP. CARAUSIUS p. r. AUG.
(Imperator Pius Felix Augustus); reverse, RENOVAT. ROMANO. (Renovatio
Romanorum).
2. Silver coin of Offa, about A.D. 780.
3. Silver coin of Egbert, about A.D. 832.
4. Silver coin of Ethelwulf, A.D. 837-857.
5. Silver coin of Canute, A.D. 1017-1035.
6 and 7. Silver coins of Alfred, A.D. 871-901.
8. Silver penny of Ethelbert II., King of Kent and Bretwalda, about A.D. 616.
This coin is evidently an imitation of the Roman see coin of Carausius, No.
1 but the genuineness of this coin is doubtful.
9. Gold coin of Cynobelin, or Cunobelinus, about A.D. 40; obverse, CAMU; re-
verse, CUNO. This monarch is supposed to be the Cymbeline of Shakspeare.
269
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
10. Silver penny of William I., A.D. 1066-1087.
11. Silver penny of William II., A.D. 1087-1100.
12. Silver penny of
Henry I., A.D. 1100-1135.
PLATE XXVIII.
Great Seal of William Rufus.
PLATE XXIX.
1. Silver penny of Stephen.
2. Silver penny of
Henry II.
3. Irish silver
penny of John.
4. Silver penny of
Henry III.
5. Silver penny of Edward I.
6. Silver penny
(probably) of Edward II
7. Groat of Edward III.
8. Noble of Edward III.
PLATE XXX.
Great Seal of
Henry I.
PLATE XXXI.
1. Half groat of Edward III.
2. of Edward
Penny III.
3. Groat of Richard II.
4.
Penny of Richard II.
o. Half groat of Richard II
6. Half noble of
Henry V.
7. Quarter noble of Henry V
8. Noble of
Henry V.
PLATE XXXII.
Great Seal of
Stephen.
PLATE XXXIII,
1.
Penny of Henry V.
2. Half groat of
Henry V.
3. Groat of
Henry V.
4. Groat of Henry VI.
5. Half groat of
6.
Henry VI
Penny of Henry VI.
7.
Angel of Edward IV
PLATE XXXIV.
Great Seal of
Henry II.
270
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,
PLATE XXXV.
1. Half groat of Edward IV.
2. Half angel of Edward IV.
3. Groat of Edward IV.
4. Penny of Edward IV.
5. Half groat of Kichard III.
6. Groat of Richard III.
7. Perkin Warbeck's groat.
8. Penny of Richard HI.
PLATE XXXVI.
Great Seal of Richard I. (Coeur de Lion).
PLATE XXXVII.
1. Sovereign of Henry VII.
2. Rose real of Henry VII.
3. Groat of Henry VII.
4. Half groat of Henry VII.
5. Penny of Henry VII.
PLATE XXXVIII.
Great Seal of King John.
PLATE XXXIX.
1. Gold noble of Henry VIII.
2. Gold crown of Henry VIII.
3. Gold half crown of Henry VIII.
4. Shilling of Henry VIII.
5. Cardinal Wolsey's groat.
6. Wolsey's half groat.
7. Wolsey's penny.
PLATE XL.
Great Seal of William of Scotland.
PLATE XLI.
1. Gold sovereign of Edward VI.
2. Gold crown of Edward VI.
3. Sixpence of Edward VI.
4. Groat of Edward VI.
5. Shilling of Edward VI.
PLATE XLII.
PLATE XLIII.
and in the
King of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith,
Land of England and Ireland, under Christ, the Supreme Head of the
Church."
3. Medal of Philip and Mary.
PLATE XLIV.
Great Seal of Edward I.
PLATE XLV.
1. Shilling of Edward VI.
2. Penny of Edward VI.
3. Gold sovereign of Mary.
4. Gold real of Mary.
5. Pennyof Mary.
6. Groat of Mary.
PLATE XLVI.
Great Seal of Edward II.
PLATE XL VII.
1. Medal struck inhonor of the Earl of Essex, about A.D. 1640; obverse, portrait
of the Earl ; reverse, the two Houses of Parliament, the King presiding in the
Lords and the Speaker in the Commons. From the parliamentary series by
Simon.
2. Medal of James I. Curious from the use of the title Imperator.
3. Medal of Sir Thomas Fairfax.
4. Medal given for service in the action with the Dutch, July 31, 1653. Monk and
Penn commanding the English, and Van Tromp commanding the Dutch.
PLATE XL VIII.
Great Seal of Edward III.
PLATE XLIX.
1. Shilling of Philip and Mary.
2. Sixpence of Philip and Mary.
3.
Penny of Elizabeth.
4. Groat of Elizabeth.
5. Sixpence of Elizabeth.
6. Gold real of Elizabeth.
7. Gold angel of Elizabeth.
272
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE L.
PLATE LI.
Medal of James, Duke of York, afterward James II., commemorating the naval vic-
tory over the Dutch, June 3, 1665.
PLATE LII.
PLATE LIIL
1 . Silver crown of Elizabeth.
2. Shilling of Elizabeth.
3. Penny of James I.
4. Twopence of James I.
o. Halfpenny of James I.
G. Silver crown of James I.
PLATE LIV.
Great Seal of Henry V.
PLATE LV.
1. Medal of Charles II. and Catharine; probably relating to the Queen's dowry.
2. Medal struck to commemorate the appointment of James, Duke of York, Lord
High Admiral.
3. Medal struck to commemorate the flight of James II. from Ireland, and the
supremacy of the house of Orange obverse, bust of King James reverse,
; ;
PLATE LTI.
Great Seal of Henry VI.
PLATE LVII.
1. Gold thirty-shilling piece of James I.
2. Half sovereign of James 1.
8. Sixpence of James I.
4. Sovereign of James I.
5. Fifteen-shilling piece cf James I.
6. Shilling of James I.
PLATE LVII I.
Great Seal of Edward IV.
S 278
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LIX.
1 and 2. Medals struck to commemorate the murder of Sir Edmondbnry Godfrey,
A.D. 1677.
3. Titus Oates medal, in commemoration of the Popish plot.
4. Medal struck to commemorate the acquittal of Earl Shaftesbury.
PLATE LX.
Great Seal of Edward V.
PLATE LXI.
1. Oxford crown of Charles I., 1644. EXURGAT DEUS, DISSIPENTER INIMICI.
2. Groat of Charles I.
3. Sixpence of Charles I.
PLATE LXII.
PLATE LXIII.
PLATE LXIV.
Great Seal of Henry VII.
PLATE LXV.
1. Shilling of Charles I.
2. Pattern for a broad of Charles I.
3. Colchester shilling, siege-piece of Charles I.
Beeston Castle shilling,
siege-piece of Charles L
4.
5. Half penny of Charles I.
6.
Penny of Charles I.
7.
Scarborough half crown, siege-piece of Charles I.
8. Newark shilling, siege-piece of Charles I.
PLATE LXVI.
Great Seal of Henry VHI.
274
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXVII.
1. Medal commemorating the raising of the siege of Londonderry ; obverse, the
English advancing to relieve Londonderry, in front a bust of King Will-
fleet
iam crowned by Valor and Abundance ; reverse, Poverty and Slavery take
from the head of Louis XIV. a broken wreath of laurel.
2. Medal commemorating the battle of the Boyne, A.D. 1690. King William cross-
ing the river at the head of his troops.
3. Medal in honor of the Queen, after the defeat of the English and Dutch fleets in
the Channel in June, 1690.
PLATE LXVIII.
1. Angel of Charles I.
2. Ten-shilling piece of Charles I.
3. Twopence of the Commonwealth.
4. Penny of the Commonwealth.
5. Crown of the Commonwealth.
6. Copper farthing of the Commonwealth.
PLATE LXIX.
Great Seal of Edward VI.
PLATE LXX.
1. Medal of Queen Anne in honor of the Union struck at Leipzig.
;
3. Medals commemorating the trial of Dr. Sachaverell, February 27, 1710. The
Doctor's portrait was accompanied by different reverses, to suit the taste of the
purchasers, whether Romish or English Episcopal.
PLATE LXXI.
Great Seal of Mary.
PLATE LXXII.
. 1. Twenty-shilling piece of the Commonwealth.
2. Pewter farthing of the Commonwealth.
3. Ten-shilling piece of the Commonwealth.
4. Shilling of the Commonwealth.
5. Sixpence of the Commonwealth.
6. Half penny of the Commonwealth.
7. Shilling of Oliver Cromwell.
PLATE LXXIII.
Great Seal of Elizabeth.
275
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXXIV.
1 Medal commemorating the battle of Kamilies ; obverse, Union of England and
Holland between busts of Marlborough and D'Ouwerkerke ; reverse, the
battle.
PLATE LXXV.
Great Seal of James I.
PLATE LXXVI.
1. Silver crown of Cromwell.
2. Copper farthing of Cromwell.
3. Sixpence of Cromwell.
4. Copper halfpenny of Charles II.
r>. Silver crown of Charles II.
PLATE LXXVII.
Great Seal of Charles I.
PLATE LXXVIII.
1. Medal struck to commemorate the surrender
of Lille, A.D. 1708; obverse, Vic-
tory taking the crown from prostrate Lille ; reverse, Britannia with the segis
striking France with terror.
2. Medal commemorating the battle of
Dumblane, A.D. 1773.
8. Medal commemorating the
victory of Oudenarde, A.D. 1708; obverse, Marlbor-
ough and Eugene as Castor and Pollux ; reverse, the battle of Oudenarde
and the town.
PLATE LXXIX.
Great Seal of the Commonwealth.
PLATE LXXX.
T. Shilling of Charles H.
2. Silver crown of James II.
3. Guinea of Charles II.
4.
Halfpenny of James II.
5. Silver crown of William and
Mary.
PLATE LXXXI.
Great Seal of Scotland under the Protectorate.
276
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXXXII.
1. Medal
of George I. ; reverse, the horse of Brunswick leaping across the map of
the northwest part of Europe.
2. Medal of James III., the elder Pretender, and Clementina, his wife.
3. Medal of George II.
PLATE LXXXIII.
Great Seal of Charles II.
PLATE LXXXIV.
1. Shilling of William and Mary.
2. Shilling of William III.
3. Copper half penny of Queen Anne.
4. Crown of Queen Anne.
5. Shilling of Queen Anne.
6. Half penny of William III.
PLATE LXXXV.
Great Seal of James II.
PLATE LXXXVI.
1. Medal commemorating the capture of Porto Bello by Admiral Vernon, A.D.
1740.
2. Medal of the young Pretender, A.D. 1745.
3. Medal commemorating Sir Edward Hawkes's victory in Quiberon Bay, A.D.
1759.
PLATE LXXXVII.
Great Seal of William and Mary.
PLATE LXXXVIII.
1. Shilling of George I.
2. Farthing of Queen Anne.
3. Farthing of Queen Anne.
4. Farthing of Queen Anne.
5. Farthing of Queen Anne.
6. Farthing of Queen Anne.
7. Farthing of Queen Anne.
8. Farthing of Queen Anne.
9. Half penny of George I.
PLATE LXXXIX.
Great Seal of William HI.
277
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XC.
Medal of George II., commemorating the Battle of Dettingen, A.D. 1743, in which
be commanded in person.
PLATE XCI.
PLATE XCII.
1. Crown of George I.
2. George H.
Shilling of
3. Half penny of George II.
4. Halfpennies known as Wood money, with three different reverses.
5. Crown of George II.
PLATE XCIII.
PLATE XCIV.
1. Medal commemorating the Minden, in which Frederic of Brunswick
battle of
defeated the French, A.D. 1759.
2. Medal commemorating the battle of
Plassy, A.D. 1758.
3. Medal commemorating the battle of
Trafalgar, A.D. 1805.
PLATE XCV.
Great Seal of George I.
PLATE XCVI.
1. Medal in honor ofLord Howe's victory over the French fleet, A.D. 1794.
2. Medal in honor ofLord North struck by the University of Oxford at the time
;
PLATE XCVII.
Great Seal of George II.
PLATE XCVIII.
Medal of Washington before Boston; struck bv order of
Congress, March 25, 1776
The original medal was gold.
278
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XCIX.
1. New England shilling, silver; first issue of the Massachusetts Mint.
2. New England sixpence, silver.
3. Pine-tree shilling, silver.
4. Virginia half penny, copper.
5. Copper piece of Louis XIIL, said to have been issued for Louisiana in 1721. It
was probably issued for all the French colonies, and had no special reference
to Louisiana.
6. Lord Baltimore shilling, issued for Maryland.
7. Granby or Higley copper of 1737, issued at Granby, in Connecticut.
PLATE C.
PLATE CI.
PLATE OIL
1. Medal awarded by Congress to General Anthony Wayne, after the storming of
Stony Point, A.D. 1779.
2. Medal awarded by Congress to Lieutenant-Colonel De Fleury, "first over the
walls" at the storming of Stony Point, A.D. 1779.
3. Medal awarded to General Greene by Congress, after the battle at Eutaw, A.D.
1781.
PLATE CIIL
1. Georgius Triumpho copper. There should be thirteen bars ir the barrier behind
which Liberty is
standing.
2. Massachusetts copper cent of 1786.
3. Connecticut copper of 1787, commonly called Auctori. Connec.
4. New Jersey copper of 1786.
States
5. Kentucky token, copper so called because Ky. appears uppermost among
;
PLATE CIV.
Medal awarded by Congress to Major Stewart, after the battle of Stony Point,
1.
PLATE CV.
PLATE CVI.
PLATE CVII.
PLATE CVIII.
1. Seal of the Old
Colony, Plymouth, Massachusetts.
2. Seal of
Tryon, Governor of North Carolina, 1765-1771, and of New York from
1771 till
nominally superseded in 1780.
3. Seal of William Penn.
4. Seal of Virginia.
5. Seal of Thomas Jefferson.
280
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE CIX.
1. U. S. A. or thirteen bar copper.
2. Fugio or Franklin cent of 1787. First national copper coinage.
3. Continental pewter piece, 1776.
4. First United States dollar, 1794.
r>. U. S. cent of 1793, obverse.
6. Another variety of U. S. cent of 1793.
7. Reverse of the U. S. Link cent of 1793.
PLATE CX.
1. Dollar of 1795, as it appeared in the latter part of the year, and continued till
i 1804.
2. Reverse of the dollar as adopted 1798, latter part of the year.
3. Flying eagle (pattern) dollar of 1836 and 1838.
4. Dollar of 1841, being the pattern still in use.
PLATE CXI.
PLATE CXII.
PLATE CXIII.
PLATE CXIV.
1. Specimens of continental money.
2. A counterfeit continental bill.
282
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
283
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Clay, Henry, medalets and prices, 252. Egypt the Bible illustrator, 20.
Cleaning coins, 164. Egyptian, tombs, Picture from, 20.
Clement V., Pope, Coins of, 120.
Eleazar of Damascus takes rings to Re-
Cleopatra, Coin of, 38. becca, 24.
Clinton piece of New York, 80. Election medalets, 10B.
Coinage of British Empire, by Humphreys Election medalets, price table, 249.
166. Electrotyping rare coins, 112.
Coin cabinet, 162. Emblems on coins, 32.
Coin Chart Manual, Thompson's, 166. English tokens, 104.
Coin Collector's Manual of Humphrej-s English coins, Prices of, 216.
116, 166. Epidaurus, Coin referring to the Embassy
Collars for dies, 154. to, 12.
Collection, Directions for making, 162. E Pluribs Unum of New Jersey, 84.
Colonial coins in America, 60. Erie Canal opening tokens, 106.
Colonial coins, with prices, 245. Ethelbearht, Coins of, 54.
Colonies Francoises coppers, 68. Ethelbert II., Coin of, 54.
Color of gold coins, Reason for, 232. Ethelred, Coins of, 54.
Comparative prices of medals, etc., at dif- Ethelwulf, Coins of, 54.
ferent sales, 243. Europe, Continental, Coins of, 116.
Confederatio copper, 82. Experimental pieces, price of, 244.
Congornier, counterfeiter, 112.
Congress, Medals awarded by, " 261. Ferrara, Coins of, 124.
Connecticut coinage, 76, 78. Fillmore, Millard, medalets and prices, 254.
Continental currency of 1776, 74. Fineness of gold and silver, 232.
Continental Europe, Coinage of, 11G. First American copper coinage, 70.
Copper coins, How to clean, 164. First coinage, 26.
Copper used for coins, 30, 44.
first First copper coined, 44.
Coppers, Smooth, 102. First portrait on coin, 34.
Counterfeit coins, 108. Firstrecorded use of mone}', 16.
Counterfeits, Catalogues of, 112. Fleur de lis, Origin of, in arms of France,
Croesus, coin possibly of, 28. 122.
Crowns, origin of the coin, 150. Florence, Coins of, 120.
Cunobelin, Coin of, 50. Florins, etc., of Edward III., 56.
Cuthbert, Coin of, 54. Foreign coins, modern, Prices of, 218.
Cutting of dies, 154. Forged coin better than genuine, 110.
Cybele of the lonians, 26. Forgeries of rare coins, 112.
Forgeries, Catalogues of, 112.
Daric, Origin of, 30. Forum, Well in Roman, 12.
Daric, Persian, 28. France, Coins of, 146.
Denarius, Roman, 46, 266. France, Origin of national arms of, 122.
Denmark, Coins of, 140. Francis, Dr. J. W., 106.
Dervien, counterfeiter, 112. Franco-Americana piece, 84.
Dickeson's American Numismatical Man- Franklin coppers, 94.
ual, 168. Franklin coppers, Keg found in a
Die cutting or die sinking, 154. of, bank,
96.
Dime, The first, 98. Fremont, John C., medalets and prices, 255.
Dime, Variations of, 98. French colonial coins for America, 68.
Dimes, rare dates, 222. Fugio copper, 94.
Dion3'sius, Theatre of, on coins, 36.
Disme and half disme, 96.
Genoa, Coins of, 122.
Dollar, first issued, 98. George Clinton copper, 80.
Dollar, Variations of, 98. with reverse Inde. et Lib.,
Dollars, United States, rare years, 220.
noreorge, King, 78.
History preserved by coins, 12. Lydia, First coinage attri Luted to, 26.
Histor}*, Study of, encouraged by coin col- Lydia, Forged coins of, 110.
lecting, 10. Lydian stater, 26.
Holland, Coins of, 136.
Homer speaks of oxen, brass, etc., 22. Macedonia, Coins of, 34, 36.
Horace, allusion to medals, 11. Machpelah, Purchase of the Caye of, 16.
Horse-heads, 108. Maille, French coin, 150.
Hull, Massachusetts Mint-master, 64. Manfred, Coins of, 124.
Humphreys, Noel, Works of, 116, 166. Mantua, Coins of, 124.
Hungary," Coins of, 138. Manufacture of rare coins, 112.
Marcus, coin of Oft'a, 54.
Immune Columbia, 76. Markush, coins of Arabs, 126.
Immunis Columbia, 82. Maryland coinage, 66.
INDE. ET LIB. legend, 78, 80. Massachusetts cents and half cents of 1787
Independens Status copper, 74. and 1788, 84.
Ionian stater, first known coin, 26. Massachusetts Mint, 62.
Island in Tiber, 12. Master proof coins, 224.
Italy, Ancient, Coinage of, 42. May, George W., 158.
Italy, Modern, Coins of, 116. M'Coy, John F., Collection of, 84.
Measuring coins, 239.
Jackson, General Andrew, medalets and Medalets and tokens, 104.
prices, 249. Medalets, Miscellaneous, Prices of, 269.
Jacob's purchase of a field, 18. Medalets, Political, 106.
James II. tin piece, 70. Medalists, American, 158.
Janus, Heads of, on Roman as, 44. Medals and medalets, Prices of, 242.
Jerusalem, Coins of, 40. Medals awarded by Congress, Table of, 261.
Jews, Coinage of, 38. Medals, Striking of, 154.
Job's friends bring him ear-rings, etc., 24. Metals used for coins and medals, 154.
Judea, Coins of, 40. Milan, Coins of, 120.
Justinian, Medal of, 50. "Millions for Defence," etc., 108.
Mint, American, 158.
Kentucky cent, 84. Mint machinery, 156.
Keshitah, Hebrew word, 18. Mint pieces, Price of, 244.
285
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
96. Pine-tree copper, 74.
Mint, United States, established,
French coin, 150.
Mionnet, Price of, 166. Pite,
Pitt token, 74.
Mionnet, Scale of, 239.
Miscellaneous raedalets and tokens, Price Poland, Coins of, 138.
table of, 259. Polk, James
K., medalets and prices, 253.
Modern foreign coins. Prices of, 218. Political cards, 106.
Political tokens, etc., price table, 257.
Money first mentioned, 16.
Monumentum aere perennius allusion to Polycrates counterfeits, 108.
medals, 11. Popes, various, Coins of, 118, 120.
Mott & Co. card, 1787, 104. Portrait, First, on coin, 34.
Myddleton P. P. P. copper, 84. Portugal, Coins of, 128.
Pottery in Egypt, Bunsen upon old, 16.
Naples, Coins of, 124. Pound, origin of money value, 56.
National coinage of United States, 94. Preservation of history by coins, etc., 12.
Presidential medalets 108.
Navarre, Coins of, 126. j
THE END.
RECENT DISCOVERY
AND
ADVENTURE IN AFRICA.
The following includes all the standard works in which are recorded the labors of those Ex-
list
and Hunters who have, within the last ten years, contributed so greatly to our
plorers, Travelers,
knowledge of the Geography, Ethnology, and Natural History of the long mysterious interior of
Africa. These works are all finely and abundantly illustrated, and embrace the entire round of
Recent Exploration.
A COMPANION WORK
Wilson's Africa.
Western Africa its History, Condition, and Prospects. By Rev. J. LEIGH-
:
TON WILSON, Eighteen Years a Missionary in Africa, and now one of the Sec-
retaries of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. With numerous En-
gravings. 12mo, Muslin, $1 25.
"Mr. Wilson is probably better acquainted which have been elaborated some of the most
than any other man with Western Africa and valuable contributions that have been recently
its inhabitants. During a residence of almost made to the sciences of ethnology and philology.
twenty years he repeatedly visited all portions He is a careful and shrewd observer, and presents
of the coast, mastered the principle the results of his observations in an excellent
languages
of the natives, composed grammars and diction- His book is a valuable addition to our
style.
aries, and published books in them. He has knowledge of a country which is rapidly rising
either written or furnished the materials from in importance."
also the most beautiful aspects the old world can humor, he tells many a racy story. The sports-
present. These he has depicted by pen and pen- man and the lover of adventure, whether by flood
cil ; he has done both well. Many a fireside will or field, will find ample stores in the stirring
rejoice in the determination which converted an tales of his interesting travels. London Daily
artist into an author. Mr. Atkinson is a thor- News.
Italy in Transition.
Public Scenes and Private Opinions in the Spring of 1860 ; illustrated by Offi-
cial Documents from the Papal Archives of the Revolted
Legations. By WILL-
IAM ARTHUR. A.M., Author of "A Mission to the Mysore," "The Successful
Merchant," "The Tongue of Fire," &c., &c. 12mo, Muslin, $1 00.
Our Year:
A Child's Book in Prose and Verse. By Miss MULOCK, Author of "John
Halifax, Gentleman." Illustrated by CLARENCE DOBELL. 16mo, Muslin.
Evan Harrington;
Or, He would be a Gentleman. By GEORGE MEREDITH. 12mo, Muslin,
$1 00.
Mrs. Thrale Piozzi ; Lady Caroline Lamb Anne Seymour Darner La Mar-
; ;
quise du Defford ;
Mrs. Elizabeth Montagu Mary, Countess of Pembroke
; ;
H AEPEB & BBOTHEBS will send either of the above works by Mail, postage paid (for
any distance
in the United States under 3000 miles), on
receipt of the Money.
BINDING SECT. FEB 171981
c
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCK