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There Sentences - Null Objects
There Sentences - Null Objects
Expletive Subjects
The Direct Object
Introduction
Sentences can have dummy (expletive) subjects.
English has two expletives that function as subjects,
there and it.
Questions
(i)
what is the status of there, i.e. is it an argument or
an adjunct,
(ii) what is the role of there in the sentence?
Introduction
(1) a. Three men arrived at the station.
b. There arrived three men at the station.
(2) a. A few roses occurred on that highway.
b. There occurred a few accidents on that highway.
(3) a. A fierce fight started in that room.
b. There started a fierce fight in that room.
Introduction
Sentences (1a), (2a) and (3a) above have one argument,
the subject; sentences (1b), (2b) and (3b) have two
arguments, there and the nouns that associate with it,
i.e. three men, a few accidents and a fierce fight,
respectively.
Terminology
there = expletive subject (semantically empty subject)
Three men, a few accidents, a fierce fight = the
associates of the expletive subject
Introduction
There counts as an argument of the verb for three
reasons.
First, it occupies the pre-verbal position that is reserved
for subjects, in English.
Second, there cannot be an adjunct because it cannot be
wh-questioned as an adverbial of place:
(4) a. Where did the fierce fight start?
b. *There.
Introduction
Third, the argument status of there shows in the fact that
it is not an optional constituent, it cannot be omitted
without causing ungrammaticality.
(5)
Introduction
There does not bring any semantic contribution to the
sentence, i.e. it is semantically empty. This implies that
it cannot carry any semantic role as subject usually do.
There occupies the pre-verbal subject position in order
to have nominative case assigned to that position; its
associate, on the other hand, bears the semantic role that
the verb has to give.
Think of there as the grammatical subject and of its
associate as the notional subject.
Expletive it
The second expletive element that can function as
subject is it. Consider the sentences below.
(12) a. It is clear that he doesnt know.
b. It appears that they have met before.
c. It took him three hours to get there.
(13) a. It is raining.
b. It is Monday.
c. It is three miles to the village
Expletive it
The sentences in (12) illustrate the so-called
introductory-anticipatory it. The name comes from the
fact that it anticipates the subject clause that occurs
post-verbally (that he doesnt know, that they met
before, to get there).
Introductory-anticipatory it has no descriptive content.
Introductory-anticipatory it shows up in pre-verbal
subject position for case reasons and does not take on a
semantic role either.
Expletive it
There vs. It
There sentences are used when one wants to assert the
existence of an entity at a certain location.
Expletive it, on the other hand, is preferred for a
contrastive reading. Consider the sentences below.
(14) a. There is a cake left on the tray.
b. It is a cake left on the tray.
There vs. It
(12a) is a statement about the existence of a piece of
cake on the tray; (12b) is a statement about the nature of
the object that is on the tray, i.e. a cake not a tangerine.
Similar examples are given in what follows.
(15) a. There is the truth that matters.
b. It is truth that matters (not justice or love or
any other abstraction).
(16) a. There was a lady asking for help.
b. It was a lady asking for help (not a man, nor a
child).
There vs. It
(17) a. There was an hour before dawn (i.e. we had
one more hour).
b. It was an hour before dawn (i.e. the time was 4
oclock).
(18) a. It is no problem to finish in time (i.e. to finish
in time is not a problem).
b. There was no problem to finish in time (i.e. no
problem exists that could prevent us from
finishing in time).