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Levelling Mr. Vedprakash Maralapalle, Asst. Professor Department: B.E. Civil Engineering Subject: Surveying-I Semester: III
Levelling Mr. Vedprakash Maralapalle, Asst. Professor Department: B.E. Civil Engineering Subject: Surveying-I Semester: III
LEVELLING
Levelling
The art of determining relative heights of
different points on or below the surface
of the earth is called LEVELLING, deals
with measurements in the vertical plane.
For execution of Engineering Projects
it is very necessary to determine
elevations of different points along the
alignment of proposed project.
Tilting level
It consists of a telescope attached with a level tube
which can be tilted within few degrees in vertical
plane by a tilting screw.
The
Automatic
level
The fundamental
difference between automatic and the classic spirit
level is that in the former the line of sight is no
longer levelled manually using a tubular spirit level,
but is levelled automatically within a certain tilt
range. This is achieved by compensator in the
telescope.
Dumpy level :
It is
simple compact and
stable. The telescope
is rigidly fixed to its
support
therefore
cannot
be
rotated
about its longitudinal
axis.
A long bubble
tube is attached to the
top of telescope. The
instrument is stable
and
retains
its
permanent adjustment
for long time. This
4. Telescope :
Selection of suitable position - A sutaible position is selected for setting the level .
From this position , it should be possible to take the greatest number of
observation without difficulty.
Fixing level with tripod stand the tripod stand is placed at the required position
with its legs well apart, and pressed firmly into the ground. The level is fixed on
the tripod stand according to the fixing arrangement provided.
Approximate levelling by legs of tripod stand- the foot screws are brought to the
center of their run. Two legs of the tripod stand are firmly fixed into the ground.
Then the third leg is moved to the left or right , in or until the bubble is
approximately at the centre of its run.
Perfect levelling by foot screws longitudinal bubble on the top of the telescope.
Bubble brought to the center by turning the foot screw equally either both inward
or outward. Then telescope turned through 90 degree. And brought over the third
foot screw , and the bubble is brought to the center by turning this foot screw
clockwise and anticlockwise. The telescope again brought to its original position.
And bubble to the centered the process repeated several times until bubble
remain its central position.
Simple levelling
Differential Levelling
Fly Levelling
Longitudinal or Profile Levelling
Cross-sectional Levelling
Check Levelling
Differential levelling :
i) If the difference in elevation between them
is too great.
ii) If there are obstacles intervening. In such
case it is necessary to set up the level in
several positions and to work in series of
stages.
Differential levelling
Fly levelling
When Differential levelling is done in order
to connect a bench mark to the starting
point of the alignment of any project, it is
called fly levelling.
Fly levelling is also done to connect the BM
to any intermediate point of the alignment
for checking the accuracy of the work.
Check levelling
Reciprocal Levelling
In this levelling set up on both banks of the river
or valley and two set of staff reading are taken by
holding the staff on the both banks.
Procedure Suppose A& B are two points on the
opposite back of river. The level is set up very
near A and after proper temporary adjustment ,
staff reading are taken at A & B . Suppose the
readings are a1 &b2
The level is shifted and set up very near B and
after proper adjustment , staff reading are taken
at A & B . Suppose the reading are a2 & b2.
Instrumental errors
Personal errors
a) The instrument may not be levelled perfectly.
b) The focusing of the eye-piece & object glass may not be perfect &
the parallax may not be eliminated.
c) The position of the staff may be displaced at the change point at
the time of taking FS & BS readings.
d) The staff may appear inverted when viewed through the
telescope. By mistake, the staff readings may be taken upwards
instead of downwards.
e) The reading of the stadia hair rather than the central collimation
hair may be taken by mistake.
f) A wrong entry may be made in the level book.
g) The staff may not be properly & fully extended.
References
Surveying and Levelling: N N Basak, Tata McGraw
Hill, New Delhi.
Surveying: R. Agor, Khanna Publishers.
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses-contents/IIT Kanpur
and IIT Madras.
http://www.slideshare.net
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