Bio Control
Bio Control
Authors Address:
Dr. S.P. Singh
Project Coordinator IPM
Asian and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC)
Lina Building, 3rd Floor, Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. B7
Kuningan, Jakarta 12920
INDONESIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Foreword ....................................................................................... iii
Introduction ................................................................................... 1
History of Biological Control and Organizational Set Up ...... 2
Classical Biological Control: Success Stories ................................ 6
Introduction of Material; Methodologies/Approaches
adopted ................................................................................. 6
Material Introduced ............................................................... 7
Successes Achieved: Significant Findings ..................................... 7
A. Providing Excellent Control ............................................. 7
Biological Control of Prickly Pear, Opuntia elatior
Miller, O. stricta (Haworth) and O. vulgaris Miller
(Cactaceae) ................................................................ 7
Biological Control of Water Fern, Salvinia molesta
D.S. Mitchell (Salviniaceae) ....................................... 9
Biological Control of Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia
crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae) . 12
Biological Control of Cottony Cushion Scale, Icerya
purchasi Maskell (Margarodidae) ................................ 16
B. Providing Substantial Control........................................... 17
Biological Control of Mealybugs .................................. 17
Biological Control of Common Mealybug, Planococcus
citri (Risso) (Pseudococcidae) .................................... 21
Biological Control of San Jose Scale, Quadraspidiotus
perniciosus (Comstock) (Diaspididae) ........................ 23
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 6
FOREWORD
R.S. Paroda
Executive Secretary
APAARI
Bangkok, Thailand
October 2004
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 1
INTRODUCTION
Pests and diseases adversely affect crop productivity and the
stability of production in the tropics. In India, the annual losses amount
to Rs. 45,000 crore. Recently, annual crop loss due to Old World
bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera in India has been estimated at around
Rs. 2,000 crore despite the use of insecticides worth Rs. 500 crore in
1998. With the new liberal trade policies several exotic insect pests
have entered the country viz., subabul psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana on
subabul, Leucaena leucocephala (1988); leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii
complex on several plants (1990); coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus
hampei on coffee (1991); spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus on
several plants (1993); coconut eriophyid mite, Aceria guerreronis on
coconut (1998) and whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (1999) on tomato
and other hosts.
Alien species are recognized as the second largest threat to
biological diversity, the first being habitat destruction. The exotic pests
in the absence of their natural antagonists, which they leave in their
original home, cause unprecedented damage. Economic impact of
invasive pests is tremendous. Exotic weeds (aquatic, terrestrial and
parasitic) interfere with cultivation of crops, loss of biodiversity (native
plant species are displaced) and ecosystem resilience, loss of potentially
productive land, loss of grazing and livestock production, poisoning of
humans and livestock, erosion following fires in heavily invaded areas,
choking of navigational and irrigation canals and reduction of available
water in water bodies. The Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD), as an outcome of the 1992 Rio Summit, recognizes the risk
posed by the alien species and requests contracting parties to prevent
the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which
threaten ecosystems, habitats or species (Article 8.h.).
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 2
Material Introduced
The Problem
The Problem
time taken for navigation through canals and amount of fuel consumed
by motorboats. Population of the weed is thin and scanty in most of
the paddy fields in the release areas. Already about 2,000 sq km area
of the weed has been cleared by C. salviniae. By 1988 in the case of
paddy cultivation, where Rs. 235 had to be spent per hectare for
manual removal, the savings on account of labour alone were about
Rs. 6.8 million annually. The control of salvinia has brought back the
aquatic flora of Kerala back to the pre-salvinia days.
Fig. 2.
Top to bottom: Athirampuzha-
mannam canal in Kerela before
the start of biological control (the
canal was fully occupied by water
fern, Salvinia molesta), Weevil-
Cyrtobagous salviniae (this weevil
has controlled S. molesta in
Bangalore (Karnataka) and
several water bodies in Kerala),
Athirampuzha-mannam canal in
Kerela 8 months after the release
of C. salviniae (the lush green
S. molesta turned brown),
Athirampuzha-mannam canal in
Kerela 16 months after the
release of C. salviniae (the brown
mat of S. molesta collapsed
rendering the canal fit for
navigation)
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 12
160
140
120
100
No. of adults
80
60
40
20
0
Dec. 83 Feb. 84 Apr. 84 Jun. 84 Aug. 84 Oct. 84
Years
Fig. 3. The effect of release of weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae on
water fern, Salvinia molesta at Bangalore, Karnataka
The Problem
Nagavara (20 ha), Agram (20 ha) and others from October 1983 to
December 1986; in an 8 ha tank at Nacharam in Hyderabad (Andhra
Pradesh) in 1987; Ramgarh lake near Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh) in
1988; in 43 km peripheral Surha lake, Balia (Uttar Pradesh) in 1990
and Lakhaibill (Alengmore), Assam in 2000 resulted in suppression of
water hyacinth within 4 years. The weevils have cleared Tocklai River
and are proving very effective in most of the water bodies in Assam.
Weevil N. eichhorniae was successfully released and established in
1983 on water hyacinth in Kerala at Ernakulum, Alleppey, Kottayam
and Thrissur districts. More than 450,000 weevils have been released
at different locations in 15 states viz., Andhra Pradesh, Assam,
Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh and West Bengal, including Loktak Lake, Manipur; Indira
Gandhi canal, Rajasthan; Mula Mutha River, Pune; Pichola Lake,
Udaipur; etc. These efforts have resulted in establishment of the
weevils in different parts of the country. During 1982 Bangalore City
Corporation had allocated Rs. 3.5 lakhs for clearing water hyacinth
from Bellandur tank. After the establishment of weevils this recurring
expenditure has been saved. The annual savings due to suppression of
the weed by the weevils was estimated to be Rs. 11.2 lakhs in Bangalore
alone. The saving is on mechanical/manual removal of the weed.
Releases of the water hyacinth mite, O. terebrantis which
confines to water hyacinth were initiated in 1986 at Bangalore,
Karnataka. About 25,000 adults were released in Agram, Kengeri and
Byramangala tanks. Establishment was obtained within 6 months in all
the tanks. In Kerala, field releases of O. terebrantis commenced
during 1990. It was released at Alleppey, Botjetty, Chakka, Kokkalai,
Kottayam, Kumarakom, Moncompu, Marathodu, Thrissur, and
Thiruvananthapuram in different spots at each of the water bodies.
O. terebrantis has established all over the release sites and is spreading
on its own. It has spread far and wide across the vast stretches of
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 15
Fig. 4. Left to right clockwise: Profuse growth of water hyacinth in 344 hectare Bellandur
tank (Bangalore, Karnataka) before initiating biological control, weevil Neochetina bruchi
and its feeding marks on water hyacinth leaves, hydrophilic mite Orthogalumna
terebrantis & its feeding marks on E. crassipes, exotic weevils N. eichhorniae &
N. bruchi and hydrophilic mite O. terebrantis multiplied on E. crassipes for innoculative
releases, water hyacinth infested Ballandur tank (Bangalore, Karnataka) 4 years after
release of weevils showing clearance of water body, water hyacinth infested Ballandur
tank (Bangalore, Karnataka) 2 years after release of weevils showing substantial clearance
of water body
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 16
The Problem
The Problem
Table 1. (continued)
Crop Species Place Result
Vegetables
Brinjal Coccidohystrix insolita Karnataka Suppressed
Tomato Planococcus citri Karnataka Suppressed
Chow-chow Planococcus lilacinus Karnataka Suppressed
Ornamentals
Crotons Planococcus minor Karnataka Brings down the
population
Hibiscus Aphis gossypii Karnataka Suppressed
Jacaranda Saissetia hemisphaerica Karnataka Suppressed
Jasmine Pseudococcus longispinus Karnataka Kept under check
Mussaenda Orthezia insignis Karnataka Suppressed
Others
Araucaria Eriococcus araucariae Karnataka Completely
wiped out
Ficus Pulvinaria psidii Karnataka Managed
successfully
Mulberry Ferrisia virgata Karnataka Suppressed
Neem Megapulvinaria maxima Karnataka Kept under check
Coffee Planococcus spp. Karnataka Suppressed
successfully
The Problem
by other soft scale insects, but this pest prefers to feed on the fruit stalk
or on the berries resulting in their drop.
Experiments conducted and results achieved
The Problem
The Problem
The Problem
300 12
200 8
No. of adults
150 6
100 4
50 2
0 0
Curinus coeruleus Monocrotophos Control
Fig. 10. Coccinellid beetle, Curinus coeruleus released against subabul psyllid,
Heteropsylla cubana has proved superior to monocrotophos, which unlike
C. coeruleus requires repeated sprays
The Problem
The Problem
The Problem
The Problem
The Problem
The Problem
There are several crop pests in India which are serious in one
region but under effective natural check in the other. India is a large
country and collection of a key parasitoid or predator from one area and
its release in another geographically separated area serves a sort of
classical biological control.
Experiments conducted and results achieved
In 1762, the Indian myna bird, Acridotheres tristis was introduced to Mauritius where
it successfully controlled the red locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata, historically this
was this was the first successful example of classical biological in the world
Forty-six natural enemies from India have established in other countries and 26 are
contributing extensively in improving the economy of the recipient countries on
a recurring basis.
Braconid parasitoid Aphidius smithi introduced into USA in 1958 and released from
1958 to 1961 successfully controlled the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum in pea and
alfalfa fields.
The parasitoid, Aphidius smithi after becoming well established on Acyrthosiphon
pisum in several of the coastal valleys, spread to many of the interior valleys,
including the desert regions of southern California.
The parasitoid Aphidius smithi was released and recovered from Acyrthosiphon
pisum in centr al valleys and eastern states, central Mexico and Maui, Hawaii (USA).
It spread from eastern USA to southern Ontario in Canada.
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 45
The braconid larval parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes introduced in 1966 and 1967 in
Barbados became well established on sugarcane tissue borer, Diatraea saccharalis.
It spread rapidly all over the island both naturally and aided by artificial releases and
soon gave complete suppression of the pest. It was estimated that this successful
campaign costing about 60,000 gave additional yields valued at 315,000 and
405,000 for the years 1969 and 1970, respectively.
Cotesia flavipes has successfully established on sugarcane tissue borer, Diatraea
saccharalis in Florida (USA), providing recurring annual benefits.
Release of Cotesia flavipes in 1966 in Mauritius against Etiella zinckenella infesting
pigeon pea provided complete suppression of this pest. Recurring benefits are
accrued annually.
The encyrtid parasitoid Neodusmetia sangwani attacking the Rhodes grass
mealybug, Antonina graminis was introduced to the USA in 1959 and released in
southern Texas during 1959-60. This became well established and gave complete
control of Antonina graminis. By 1976 the parasitoid saved $17 million annually in
management costs.
In 1968, Neodusmetia sangwani was also successfully introduced into Bermuda and
northern Brazil where it has not only established but is also providing very good
suppression of the pest.
In 1865, Dactylopius ceylonicus was transferred from India to Sri Lanka, which
resulted in the successful control of Opuntia vulgaris throughout the island.
In 1969, the parasitoid Encarsia lahorensis was introduced in California (USA) where
it successfully established on citrus white fly, Dialeurodes citri . It was also
introduced and established in Georgia (former USSR Republic) on D. citri.
Early establishment of citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi parasitoids (Amitus
hesperidum, Eretmocerus serius, Encarsia clypealis and E. opulenta) in Mexico
during 1948-50 stimulated the initiation of a collection and distribution programme
unequaled in magnitude by any other biological control project in the world.
A special gasoline tax was levied to defray the main costs and at one time about
1,600 men were engaged on various phases of the work.
Aphytis melinus introduced in 1956-57 provides considerable suppression of
Aonidiella aurantii on citrus in Texas and California (USA). Aphytis melinus has
performed better in Greece, where it gives satisfactory to complete suppression in
certain areas.
Introduction of Aphytis melinus in 1961 provided complete suppression of
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi in Greece and California (USA). The 1964 introduction
to Sicily (Italy) was also satisfactory.
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 46
From 1960 to 1963, Aphytis melinus along with several other Aphytis spp.,
Comperiella bifasciata and coccinellid beetles, Chilocorus spp. were successfully
introduced to western Australia for the suppression of Aonidiella aurantii.
Coccinellid predator Chilocorus nigrita introduced to Seychelles in 1938, successfully
suppressed Chrysomphalus aonidum in citrus orchard areas, it also controlled the
scale insect Ischnaspis longirostris on coconut palm.
The parasitoid Gyranusoidea tebygi introduced in 1987 has established in Togo,
West Africa and spread to provide successful suppression of mealybug, Rastrococcus
invadens on several horticultural crops.
Releases of eulophid larval parasitoid Pediobius foveolatus against Mexician bean
beetle in major soybean areas of Maryland during the summer of 1973 resulted in
high parasitism ranging between 80 and 100 percent. The parasitoid spread
naturally to distance exceeding 100 kms from the released sites. Currently the pest
is successfully managed by annual inoculative releases.
The braconid larval parasitoid Opius fletcheri shipped to Hawaii, USA in 1916 got
established on fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae and provided considerable suppression
of this pest infesting the small fruits of the balsam apple Momordica balsamina.
In 1950, a braconid larvo-pupal parasitoid Biosteres oophilus was successfully
shipped to Hawaii where it provides substantial suppression of oriental fruit fly,
Bactrocera dorsalis on several fruit plants.
Exellent control of Asian citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri was achieved by release of
eulophid parasitoid, Tamarixia radiata into Reunion Island in 1978, the vector of
greening disease was nearly eliminated and the disease controlled.
FUTURE CHALLENGES
For systematic studies and promotion of biological control
a national and regional network is essential. APPARI member
countries should be encouraged to set up national mechanisms (where
not yet available) to co-ordinate, promote and monitor the
implementation of biological control programmes including quarantine
activities. Such national mechanisms should determine and chart the
direction of national biological control activities, encourage and
enhance the development and use of biological control in the country,
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 47
Farmers participation
EPILOGUE
Being a mega diversity country, India has contributed significantly
in classical biological control at global level by providing Indian
biological control agents to other countries. In fact classical biological
control has its beginning in India.
The build up of research infrastructure and coordination of R&D
programme keeping national perspectives in view, discussed in the
foregoing account, particularly highlighting the success achieved in
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 50
fifteen case studies has provided valuable impact. The successes can
be translated/adopted suitably by other national programmes in
APPARI following the kind of measures adopted and transfer of
technology advocated. Over all, as has been stressed, the classical
biological control offers some highly effective and environmentally
friendly solutions to the problem of invading alien pests. A strong
national and regional policy is required to accelerate the effective
implementation of biological control programmes.
As would be evident from Appendex 1, some pest species are
widely distributed in different continents, but their natural enemies are
effective in one area and absent in others, hence suitable species could
be considered for study and introduction from one area to another.
Exchange of experiences and information among countries will
help in developing techniques/procedures for the safe movement and
use of biocontrol agents. The existing quarantine facilities, if not
adequate, can be improved and an information base for the
development and refinement of protocols/guidelines for introduction
and registration of bioagents, etc. can be created by closer collaboration
among APPARI countries.
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SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 53
Appendix 1
Exotic natural enemies introduced in India
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
Recovered and established
1. Aphelinus mali USA via UK, Introduced at Saharanpur (Uttar
(Hymenoptera: 1936 -1937 Pradesh) for the control of woolly
Aphelinidae) aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum on apple.
Subsequently established in Kullu
valley (Himachal Pradesh), Kashmir
valley (Jammu and Kashmir), Coonoor
(Tamil Nadu), Shillong (Meghalaya),
and all the apple-growing areas of
India. More effective in valleys than
on mountain slopes.
2. Encarsia perniciosi California, USA, All strains introduced for the
(Hymenoptera: 1958, 1959; Illinois, biological suppression of San Jose
Aphelinidae) USA, 1960; China scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
via Switzerland, performed well, providing 89-95 per
1960; Russia via cent parasitism in Himachal Pradesh,
France, 1960 Jammu & Kashmir and Uttaranchal.
Presently established in many areas
where the scale population is low.
3. Rodolia cardinalis Australia via South Released against cottony cushion
(Coleoptera: Africa & via scale, Icerya purchasi in the Nilgiris
Coccinellidae) California, USA, (Tamil Nadu) in 1930, upper Palni hills
1926; via Egypt, (Tamil Nadu) in 1941, in Maharashtra,
1930 Karnataka and in Nileshwar (Kerala)
on citrus, casuarinas, wattle and other
Acacia spp. with excellent results.
4. Cryptolaemus Australia, 1898, Introduced in June 1898 and
montrouzieri 1980 presently established on a variety
(Coleoptera: of mealybugs infesting fruit crops,
Coccinellidae) coffee, ornamentals, etc. in south
India. Commercially produced and
widely utilized for the management of
a variety of mealybugs and sac
forming scale insects.
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 54
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
5. Leptomastix Trinidad, West Introduced for the control of
dactylopii Indies, 1983 Planococcus citri Established in
(Hymenoptera: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Encyrtidae)
6. Curinus coeruleus Mexico via First released in Bangalore
(Coleoptera: Thailand, 1988 (Karnataka) on subabul psyllid,
Coccinellidae) Heteropsylla cubana. Later released
and established in other parts of
Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu and Manipur and
successfully established.
7. Telenomus alecto Colombia, Released in Plassey (West Bengal) and
(Hymenoptera: 1966;Trinidad, recovered from Plassey borer, Chilo
Scelionidae) West Indies, 1982 tumidicostalis . Also released in
Motipur (Bihar) and Golagokarnath
(Uttar Pradesh), recovered from
Motipur and established at
Golagokarnath.
8. Bracon kirkpatricki Africa via USA, Recovered from pink bollworm,
(Hymenoptera: 1969 Pectinophora gossypiella on cotton,
Braconidae) okra and hollyhock in Gujarat seven
years af ter release indicating its
establishment.
9. Eucelotoria bryani Arizona, USA, Colonized in 1979-80 and recovered
(Diptera: 1978 from Old World bollworm, Helicoverpa
Tachinidae) armigera on tomatoes & cotton in
Bangalore & Dharwad (Karnataka),
pigeonpea in Hyderabad & tobacco in
Rajahmundry (Andhra Pradesh),
tomatoes, cotton & lucerne in Mogar
(Gujarat) and tomato, pigeonpea and
lab-lab in Paiyur (Tamil Nadu).
10. Steinernema Czech Rebublic, Released and recovered from tobacco
carpocapsae 1980 caterpillar, Spodoptera litura infesting
(Rhabditida: tobacco nurseries and cruciferous
Steinernematidae) vegetables in Rajahmundry (Andhra
Pradesh).
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 55
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
11. Dactylopius Brazil, 1795 Introduced in the mistaken belief that
ceylonicus it was the true carmine dye producing
(Hemiptera: insect D. coccus . Later readily
Dactylopiidae) established on drooping prickly pear,
Opuntia vulgaris (its natural host) in
north and central India bringing about
spectacular suppression. Introduced
in South India during 1863-1868 with
excellent control of prickly pear.
12. Dactylopius USA via Sri Lanka Gave spectacular suppression of
opuntiae via Australia, 1926 Opuntia stricta and related O. elatior.
(Hemiptera:
Dactylopiidae)
13. Pareuchaetus Trinidad, Established in 1988 in Dakshina
pseudoinsulata West Indies via Kannada district (Karnataka). About
(Lepidoptera: Sri Lanka, 1984 75% reductions in weed cover and
Arctiidae) increase in the growth of local
vegetation noticed by October 1990.
Also recovered from Kerala and Tamil
Nadu.
14. Procecidochares Mexico via Hawaii, Released in the Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu),
utilis (Diptera: USA via Australia Darjeeling and Kalimpong areas (West
Tephritidae) via New Zealand, Bengal) against Crofton weed,
1963 Ageratina adenophora. Established
and is spreading naturally, but efficacy
hampered by indigenous parasitoids.
Has spread to Nepal, where it has
become well distributed.
15. Zygogramma Mexico, 1983 Released for the control of Parthenium
bicolorata hysterophorus from June/August,
(Coleoptera; 1984 and established by 1988.
Chrysomelidae) Naturally spread to entire Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Kerala. Established
in Jammu (Jammu & Kashmir),
Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana
and Himachal Pradesh.
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 56
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
16. Neochetina bruchi Argentina via USA, Released and established on water
(Coleoptera: 1982/1983 hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes .
Curculionidae) Spread to different parts of the
country.
17. Neochetina Argentina via USA, Released in different water tanks
eichhorniae 1983 in Karnataka during October
(Coleoptera: 1983-December 1986; Nacharam,
Curculionidae) Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) in 1987;
Ramgarh lake near Gorakhpur (Uttar
Pradesh) in 1988; Surha lake, Balia
(Uttar Pradesh) in 1990; Lakhaibill
(Alengmore), Assam in 2000;
Ernakulum, Alleppey, Kottayam and
Thrissur districts (Kerala). More than
450,000 weevils have been released
in 15 states viz., Andhra Pradesh,
Assam, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh
and West Bengal. Presently
established in different parts of the
country.
18. Orthogalumna Argentina via USA, Released for the control of water
terebrantis (Acari: 1982/1986 hyacinth in 1986 at Bangalore
Orthogalumnidae) (Karnataka) and later in Kerala. Has
established in all released sites and is
spreading on its own.
19. Epinotia lantanae Mexico, Established on lantana, Lantana
(Lepidoptera: unintentional camara in several places.
Tortricidae) accidental
introduction, 1919
20. Lantanophaga Mexico, Established on lantana.
pusillidactyla unintentional
(Lepidoptera: accidental
Pterophoridae) introduction, 1919
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 57
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
21. Octotoma Mexico via Hawaii Established on lantana.
scabripennis via Australia, 1971
(Coleoptera:
Chrysomelidae)
22. Ophiomyia lantanae Mexico via Hawaii, Established on lantana in several
(Diptera: 1921 places.
Agromyzidae)
23. Orthezia insignis Mexico, Established on lantana in several
(Hemiptera: unintentional places.
Ortheziidae) accidental
introduction, 1915
24. Teleonemia Mexico via Hawaii Reported to feed on teak flowers in
scrupulosa via Australia, 1941 quarantine at Dehra Dun (Uttaranchal)
(Hemiptera: and hence culture was destroyed in
Tingidae) quarantine. But the insect escaped
quarantine and presently found on all
lantana stands in India.
25. Uroplata girardi Brazil via Hawaii Established on lantana.
(Coleoptera: via Australia, 1969
Chrysomelidae) to 1971
26. Cyrtobagous Brazil via Australia, Released for the control of water fern,
salviniae 1982/1983 Salvinia molesta in Bangalore in
(Coleoptera: 1983-84. Later released and
Curculionidae) established in Kuttanad, Kerala, with
excellent results.
27. Ctenopharyngod-on China via Hong Introduced to control submerged
idella (Pisces: Kong & Japan, aquatic weeds such as Vallisneria spp.
Cyprinidae) 1959/1962 and Hydrilla verticillata in fishponds.
Established in different parts of the
country.
28. Hypophthalmich- China via Hong Released and established in different
thys molitrix Kong & Japan, water bodies and feeds on various
(Pisces: 1959/1962 aquatic weeds and algae.
Cyprinidae)
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 58
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
29. Oreochromis Africa, 1953 Released and established in different
mossambicus water bodies and feeds on various
(Pisces: Cichlidae) aquatic weeds and algae.
30. Osphronemus Java, Indonesia; Released and established in different
goramy (Pisces: Mauritius, 1916 water bodies and feeds on various
Osphronemidae) aquatic weeds and algae.
31. Cephalonomia Mexico, 1995 Released in the field from 1998 to
stephanoderis 2001. Established in several areas of
(Hymenoptera: Kodagu district (Karnataka), Wyanad
Bethylidae) (Kerala) and Lower Palanis (Tamil
Nadu).
32. Encarsia Caribbean region Brought from Minicoy Island of
guadeloupae & Central America, Lakshadweep to main land for the
(Hymenoptera: serendipitously control of spiralling white fly,
Aphelinidae) introduced via Aleurodicus dispersus. Established in
Lakshadweep Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and
Island, 2000 Andhra Pradesh.
33. Encarsia sp. nr. Caribbean region & A parasitoid of spiralling whitefly,
meritoria Central America, fortuitously introduced. Present in
(Hymenoptera: serendipitously several parts of south India, but
Aphelinidae) introduced via displaced by E. guadeloupae in several
Lakshadweep areas and population remains low.
Island, 2000
Recovered
34. Sticholotis Mauritius & Colonized on sugarcane scale insect,
madagassa Reunion via Melanaspis glomerata and recovered
(Coleoptera: East Africa, 1973 from Shakar Nagar (Andhra Pradesh).
Coccinellidae)
35. Aphytis sp. nr. Japan via USA, Colonized on San Jose scale,
diaspidis 1966 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus on apple
(Hymenoptera: and several other deciduous fruits and
Aphelinidae) recovered from Kashmir (Jammu &
Kashmir).
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 59
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
36. Allorhogas Mexico, 1983 Released against sugarcane tissue
pyralophagus borers and cocoons recovered from
(Hymenoptera: Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) at the time
Braconidae) of the harvest during 1983-1984. Also
recovered subsequently from adjacent
maize fields from maize borer, Chilo
partellus and sugarcane tissue borers-
stalk borer, C. auricilius and shoot
borer, C. infuscatellus; and top borer,
Scirpophaga excerptalis at Lucknow &
Simbhaoli (Uttar Pradesh) and Ladda
(Punjab).
37. Cotesia flavipes Indonesia, 1991 Released in sugarcane fields and
(Hymenoptera: recovered from Chilo auricilius larvae
Braconidae) in Uttar Pradesh.
38. Diatraeophaga Indonesia via Released and recovered from
striatalis (Diptera: Malagasy, 1965; sugarcane stem borer, Chilo
Tachinidae) via Reunion, 1970 sacchariphagus indicus during 1979 in
Pugalur (Tamil Nadu).
39. Lixophaga Trinidad, West Released in sugarcane fields and
diatraeae (Diptera: Indies via Taiwan, recovered from Chilo spp. larvae/
Tachinidae) 1963-64 pupae from Karnataka and Uttar
Pradesh.
40. Telenomus sp. Bolivia, 1983 Released in sugarcane fields and
(Hymenoptera: recovered from eggs of Chilo spp.
Scelionidae)
41. Trichogramma Taiwan, 1963; Released in sugarcane fields in
australicum Trinidad, West Pugalur (Tamil Nadu) and recovered
(Hymenoptera: Indies, 1981 from eggs of sugarcane stem borer,
Trichogrammatidae) Chilo sacchariphagus indicus and
other Chilo spp.
42. Trichogramma South America via Released and recovered from
brasiliense California, USA, sugarcane tissue borers; Helicoverpa
(Hymenoptera: 1968 armigera on tomatoes, cotton and
Trichogrammatidae) several other hosts; pink bollworm,
Pectinophora gossypiella on cotton,
okra and hollyhock in Punjab.
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 60
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
43. Trichogramma Barbados, 1965 Released in sugarcane fields and
fasciatum recovered from eggs of Chilo spp. and
(Hymenoptera: Scirpophaga excerptalis.
Trichogrammatidae)
44. Trichogramma Trinidad, West Released in sugarcane fields and
japonicum Indies, 1979 recovered from eggs of Gurdaspur
(Hymenoptera: borer, Acigona steniellus ; Chilo
Trichogrammatidae) infuscatellus, Chilo spp. and
Scirpophaga spp.
45. Trichogramma Colombia, 1966 Introduced against tissue borers of
perkinsi sugarcane, recovered from eggs of
(Hymenoptera: Chilo tumidicostalis from Plassey
Trichogrammatidae) (West Bengal) and Chilo auricillius.
46. Trichogramma sp. Trinidad, West Released in sugarcane fields against
(Hymenoptera: Indies, 1983 sugarcane tissue borers and recovered
Trichogrammatidae) from Chilo spp.
47. Trichogramma- Trinidad, West Released in sugarcane fields and
toidea eldanae Indies, 1983 recovered from eggs of Chilo
(Hymenoptera: infuscatellus at Shakar Nagar (Andhra
Trichogrammatidae) Pradesh) and Chilo spp. at
Pravaranagar (Maharashtra) and
Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh).
48. Trichogramma- Taiwan, 1992 Released and recovered from diamond
toidea bactrae back moth, Plutella xylostella.
(Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae)
49. Cotesia chilonis Indonesia, 1977 Released in sugarcane fields and
(Hymenoptera: recovered from the larvae of sugarcane
Braconidae) tissue borers in Punjab.
50. Trichogramma Rumania, 1978; Released and recovered from codling
embryophagum Germany, 1988 moth, Cydia pomonella on apple in
(Hymenoptera: Ladakh region of Jammu & Kashmir
Trichogrammatidae) state.
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 61
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
51. Trichogramma France, 1978 Released and recovered from Cydia
cacoeciae pomonella on apple in Ladakh region
(Hymenoptera: of Jammu & Kashmir state.
Trichogrammatidae)
52. Chelonus Hawaii via Arizona, Released and recovered from
blackburni USA, 1976; Hawaii, Pectinophora gossypiella on cotton,
(Hymenoptera: USA, 1980 okra and hollyhock in Punjab; and
Braconidae) Phthorimaea operculella on potato
in Bangalore (Karnataka) and
Rajgurunagar (Maharashtra); and from
Helicoverpa armigera on tomatoes,
chickpea, cotton and several other
hosts.
53. Agathis unicolorata South America, Released and recovered from potato
(Hymenoptera: 1944-45 tuber moth on potato in Rajgurunagar
Braconidae) (Maharashtra) and Chickballapur and
Hassan (Karnataka).
54. Apanteles South America, Released and recovered from potato
subandinus 1944-45 tuber moth on potato in Rajgurunagar
(Hymenoptera: (Maharashtra) and Chickballapur and
Braconidae) Hassan (Karnataka).
55. Bracon gelechiae Canada, 1944-45 Released and recovered from potato
(Hymenoptera: tuber moth on potato in Rajgurunagar
Braconidae) (Maharashtra) and Chickballapur and
Bangalore (Karnataka).
56. Copidosoma Peru, 1990 Released and recovered from potato
desantisi tuber moth on potato in Rajgurunagar
(Hymenoptera: (Maharashtra).
Braconidae)
57. Copidosoma South America via Released and recovered from potato
koehleri California, USA, tuber moth on potato in Rajgurunagar
(Hymenoptera: 1965; Peru, 1990 (Maharashtra) and Chickballapur and
Braconidae) Hassan (Karnataka).
58. Diadegma turcator Cyprus, 1968 Released and recovered from potato
(Hymenoptera: tuber moth on potato in Rajgurunagar
Braconidae) (Maharashtra).
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 62
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
59. Orgilus jennieae South America via Released and recovered from potato
(Hymenoptera: Trinidad, West tuber moth on potato in Rajgurunagar
Braconidae) Indies, 1980 (Maharashtra).
60. Orgilus lepidus South America via Released and recovered from potato
(Hymenoptera: California, 1965; tuber moth on potato in Rajgurunagar
Braconidae) South America via (Maharashtra) and Chickballapur and
Trinidad, West Hassan (Karnataka).
Indies, 1980
61. Telenomus remus New Guinea, 1963 Released and recovered from castor
(Hymenoptera: semilooper, Achaea janata on castor in
Scelionidae) Andhra Pradesh; Spodoptera litura on
papaya, cabbage and tobacco nursery
in Rajahmundry (Andhra Pradesh) and
on lucerne and cauliflower from
Gujarat.
62. Telenomus sp. New Guinea, 1964 Released against Achaea janata in
(probably Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) and
Telenomus recovered, with 60-80% parasitism.
proditor)
(Hymenoptera:
Scelionidae)
63. Stomatomyia Sri Lanka, 1960 Released and recovered from coconut
bezziana (Diptera: leaf eating caterpillar, Opisina
Tachinidae) arenosella in the west coast of Kerala.
64. Trichogramma USA, 1964; Released and recovered from
pretiosum Mexico, 1968 Helicoverpa armigera on tomatoes,
(Hymenoptera: cotton, and several other hosts in
Trichogrammatidae) Bangalore (Karnataka).
65. Cotesia Arizona, USA, Released and recovered from
marginiventris 1969 Spodoptera litura on tobacco nurseries
(Hymenoptera: and cruciferous vegetables in
Braconidae) Rajahmundry (Andhra Pradesh) and
Helicoverpa armigera in Bangalore
(Karnataka).
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 63
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
66. Platymeris Zanzibar (Tanzania) Released to control Oryctes rhinoceros
laevicollis via Malaysia, on coconut in 1968 in the
(Hemiptera: Pakistan & Western Lakshadweep and later in large
Reduviidae) Samoa, 1965; numbers at Pandalam (Kerala),
East Africa, 1979 Androth island (Lakshadweep) and
Vittal (Karnataka), recovered with good
results. Frequently recovered from
Vittal.
67. Amblyseius USA, 1984 Released and recovered from spider
chilenensis (Acari: mites, Tetranychus spp. on various
Phytoseiidae) crops such as beans, okra and
strawberry.
68. Phytoseiulus Chile via Released and recovered from spider
persimilis (Acari: Switzerland, 1965; mites, Tetranychus spp. on various
Phytoseiidae) UK, 1984 crops such as citrus, beans, okra and
strawberry.
69. Paulinia acuminata West Indies, 1983 Released and recovered from water
(Orthoptera: fern, Salvinia molesta in
Acrididae) Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala).
70. Phymastichus Colombia, Field released against coffee berry
coffea 1999-2001 borer and recovered in south India.
(Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae)
71. Prorops nasuta Mexico, 1995; Introduced against coffee berry borer.
(Hymenoptera: Colombia, 1999 Recovered in field cages.
Bethylidae)
Not recovered/established
72. Lysiphlebus USA, 1966 Cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora.
testaceipes
(Hymenoptera:
Braconidae)
73. Adelencyrtus Trinidad, West Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
mayurai Indies, 1972 glomerata.
(Hymenoptera:
Encyrtidae)
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 64
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
74. Aphytis mytilaspidis Mauritius, 1983 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
(Hymenoptera: glomerata.
Aphelinidae)
75. Aphytis sp. Australia, Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
(Hymenoptera: 1972-1973 glomerata.
Aphelinidae)
76. Aphytis sp. Mauritius, 1983 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
(Hymenoptera: glomerata.
Aphelinidae)
77. Chilocorus cacti Trinidad, West Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
(Coleoptera: Indies, 1972, 1983 glomerata.
Coccinellidae)
78. Chilocorus distigma Uganda, 1969 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
(Coleoptera: glomerata.
Coccinellidae)
79. Chilocorus Uganda, 1969; Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
schioedtei Ghana, 1973 glomerata.
(Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae)
80. Coccidophilus Brazil, 1983 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
citricola glomerata.
(Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae)
81. Cryptognatha West Indies, 1982 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
nodiceps glomerata.
(Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae)
82. Indet. encyrtid Brazil, 1981 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
(Hymenoptera: glomerata.
Encyrtidae)
83. Microweisea California, USA via Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
suturalis Bermuda, 1972 glomerata.
(Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae)
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 65
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
84. Neococcidencyrtus Brazil, 1983 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
sp. (Hymenoptera: glomerata.
Encyrtidae)
85. Coccobius East Africa, 1972 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
subflavus glomerata.
(Hymenoptera:
Aphelinidae)
86. Coccobius sp. Australia, Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
(Hymenoptera: 1972-1973 glomerata.
Aphelinidae)
87. Coccobius sp. Brazil, 1983 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
(Hymenoptera: glomerata.
Aphelinidae)
88. Pseudoazya Trinidad, West Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
trinitalis Indies, 1982 glomerata.
(Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae)
89. Pseudoscymnus Guam, USA, 1972 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
anomalus glomerata.
(Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae)
90. Rhyzobius Australia, directly & Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
lophanthae via Bermuda, East glomerata.
(Coleoptera: Africa, Reunion &
Coccinellidae) West Indies, 1972
91. Rhyzobius New Caledonia via Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
pulchellus Trinidad, West glomerata.
(Coleoptera: Indies, 1972
Coccinellidae)
92. Aphytis diaspidis USA, 1960 San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus
(Hymenoptera: perniciosus.
Aphelinidae)
93. Aphytis mytilaspidis USA, 1966 San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus
(Hymenoptera: perniciosus.
Aphelinidae)
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 66
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
94. Chilocorus kuwanae Japan via Trinidad, San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus
(Coleoptera: West Indies, 1959 perniciosus.
Coccinellidae)
95. Cybocephalus Japan via Trinidad, San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus
gibbulus West Indies, 1959 perniciosus.
(Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae)
96. Hyperaspis Barbados, 1970 Sugarcane mealybug, Saccharicoccus
trilineata sacchari.
(Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae)
97. Cryptochaetum California, USA, Cottony cushion scale, Icerya
iceryae (Diptera: 1947, 1948 purchasi.
Cryptochaetidae)
98. Agathis sp. Bolivia, 1983 Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Hymenoptera:
Braconidae)
99. Cotesia chilonis Japan, 1965 Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Hymenoptera:
Braconidae)
100. Cotesia sesamiae Uganda, 1967 Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Hymenoptera: Maize borer, Chilo partellus.
Braconidae)
101. Diadegma lineatus Taiwan, 1965 Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Hymenoptera:
Ichneumonidae)
102. Itoplectis naranyae Japan, 1970 Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Hymenoptera:
Ichneumonidae)
103. Lathromeris Ghana, 1972 Sugarcane tissue borers.
ovicida
(Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae)
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 67
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
104. Macrocentrus USA, 1969 Sugarcane tissue borers.
grandii
(Hymenoptera:
Braconidae)
105. Metagonistylum Trinidad, Sugarcane tissue borers.
minense (Diptera: 1959-1960
Tachinidae)
106. Palpozenillia sp. Bolivia via Trinidad, Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Diptera: West Indies,
Tachinidae) 1968-1969
107. Paratheresia Mexico via Trinidad, Sugarcane tissue borers.
claripalpis West Indies,
(Diptera: 1958-1960;
Tachinidae) Columbia, 1980
108. Pediobius furvus Uganda, 1969 Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae)
109. Telenomus nephele Ghana, 1972 Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Hymenoptera:
Scelionidae)
110. Tetrastichus Taiwan, 1969 Sugarcane tissue borers.
inferens
(Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae)
111. Tetrastichus sp. Thailand, 1969 Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae)
112. Trichogram- Trinidad, West Sugarcane tissue borers.
matoidea sp. Indies, 1983
(Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae)
113. Trichogramma sp. Italy, 1991 Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae)
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 68
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
114. Trichogramma Hawaii, USA, 1973 Sugarcane tissue borers. Old World
semifumatum Mexico, 1973 bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera.
(Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae)
115. Trichogramma Germany, 1991 Sugarcane tissue borers. Old World
evanescens bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera.
(Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae)
116. Campoplex South America, Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea
haywardi 1944-1945; South operculella.
(Hymenoptera: America via
Ichneumonidae) California,
USA, 1965
117. Chelonus kellieae Costa Rica, 1980 Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea
(Hymenoptera: operculella.
Braconidae)
118. Diadegma South Africa, 1966 Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea
stellenboschense operculella.
(Hymenoptera:
Ichneumonidae)
119. Illidops scutellaris USA, 1965 Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea
(Hymenoptera: operculella.
Braconidae)
120. Orgilus parcus South Africa, 1966 Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea
(Hymenoptera: operculella.
Braconidae)
121. Temelucha sp. South Africa, 1966 Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea
(Hymenoptera: operculella.
Ichneumonidae)
122. Telenomus nawai New Guinea, 1963 Castor semilooper, Achaea janata.
(Hymenoptera:
Scelionidae)
123. Bessa remota Myanmar, Teak leaf skeletonizer, Eutectona
(Diptera: 1937-1938; machaeralis.
Tachinidae) Malaysia, 1981 Coconut leaf eating caterpillar, Opisina
arenosella.
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 69
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
124. Hyposoter Switzerland, 1985 Old World bollworm, Helicoverpa
didymator armigera.
(Hymenoptera:
Ichneumonidae)
125. Lespesia USA, 1969-1970 Old World bollworm, Helicoverpa
archippivora armigera.
(Diptera:
Tachinidae)
126. Baculovirus oryctes Malaysia via Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros.
(Virales: Western Samoa,
Baculoviridae) 1971
127. Amblyseius Malaysia, 1961 Tea mite, Bravipalpus californicus.
newsami (Acarina:
Phytoseiidae)
128. Stethorus vagans Australia, 1961 Tea mite, Oligonychus coffeae.
(Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae)
129. Euglandina rosea Hawaii, USA Gaint African snail, Achatina fulica.
(Stylommatophora: directly & via
Oleacinidae) Bermuda,
1962-1973
130. Gonaxis sp. East Africa directly Gaint African snail, Achatina fulica.
(Stylommatophora: & via Guam,
Streptaxidae) Hawaii, Sri Lanka
& Trinidad, West
Indies, 1964-1973
131. Dactylopius South America via Drooping prickly pear, Opuntia
confuses South Africa, 1836 vulgaris.
(Hemiptera:
Dactylopiidae)
132. Apion Trinidad, West Siam weed, Chromolaena odorata.
brunneonigrum Indies, 1972-1983
(Coleoptera:
Apionidae)
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 70
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
133. Salbia Trinidad, West Lantana, Lantana camara.
haemorrhoidalis Indies, 1972-1983
(Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae)
Not released
134. Coccobius Brazil, 1983 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
flavoflagellatus glomerata.
(Hymenoptera:
Aphelinidae)
135. Encarsia ectophaga Brazil, 1983 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
(Hymenoptera: glomerata.
Aphelinidae)
136. Signiphora Brazil, 1983 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
flavopalliata glomerata.
(Hymenoptera:
Signiphoridae)
137. Signiphora lutea Brazil, 1983 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
(Hymenoptera: glomerata.
Signiphoridae)
138. Signiphora sp. Brazil, 1983 Sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
(Hymenoptera: glomerata.
Signiphoridae)
139. Leptomastidea Trinidad, West Common mealybug, Planococcus citri.
abnormis Indies, 1985
(Hymenoptera:
Encyrtidae)
140. Agathis stigmatera South America via Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Hymenoptera: USA, 1964, 1972;
Braconidae) South America via
West Indies, 1981
141. Cotesia diatraeae Trinidad, West Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Hymenoptera: Indies, 1959, 1969,
Braconidae) 1972
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 71
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
142. Dentichasmias Uganda, 1970 Sugarcane tissue borers.
busseolae (Diptera:
Tachinidae)
143. Descampsina United Kingdom, Sugarcane tissue borers.
sesamiae (Diptera: 1985
Tachinidae)
144. Lydella thompsoni USA, 1991 Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Diptera:
Tachinidae)
145. Ipobracon Trinidad, West Sugarcane tissue borers.
puberuloides Indies, 1959
(Hymenoptera:
Braconidae)
146. Ipobracon sp. Bolivia, 1983 Sugarcane tissue borers.
(Hymenoptera:
Braconidae)
147. Jaynesleskia Colombia, 1985 Sugarcane tissue borers.
jaynesi (Diptera:
Tachinidae)
148. Trichogramma Germany, 1990 Sugarcane tissue borers.
dendrolimi
(Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae)
149. Trichogramma Florida, USA, 1964 Sugarcane tissue borers.
minutum
(Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae)
150. Dactylosternum Malaysia, 1948 Banana weevil borer, Cosmopolites
hydrophiloides sordidus.
(Coleoptera:
Hydrophilidae)
151. Apanteles Myanmar, Teak leaf skeletonizer, Eutectona
malevolus 1937-1938 machaeralis.
(Hymenoptera:
Braconidae)
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 72
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
152. Apanteles hyblaeae Myanmar, Teak leaf skeletonizer, Eutectona
(Hymenoptera: 1937-1938 machaeralis.
Braconidae)
153. Carcelia kockiana Myanmar, Teak leaf skeletonizer, Eutectona
(Diptera: 1937-1938 machaeralis.
Tachinidae)
154. Trichogram- Myanmar, Teak leaf skeletonizer, Eutectona
matoidea nana 1937-1938 machaeralis.
(Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae)
155. Diadegma Taiwan, 1992 Diamond back moth, Plutella
semiclausum xylostella.
(Hymenoptera:
Ichneumonidae)
156. Nucleopoly- United Kingdom, Diamond back moth, Plutella
hedrovirus (Virales; 1969 xylostella.
Baculoviridae)
157. Campoletis Trinidad, West Old World bollworm, Helicoverpa
flavicincta Indies, 1981 armigera.
(Hymenoptera: Armyworm, Spodoptera litura.
Braconidae)
158. Chelonus insularis USA via Trinidad, Old World bollworm, Helicoverpa
(Hymenoptera: West Indies, armigera.
Braconidae) 1982-1983 Armyworm, Spodoptera litura.
159. Cotesia kazak Greece, 1985 Old World bollworm, Helicoverpa
(Hymenoptera: armigera.
Braconidae)
160. Mescinia parvula Trinidad, West Siam weed, Chromolaena odorata.
(Lepidoptera: Indies, 1986
Pyralidae)
161. Epiblema Mexico via Parthenium, Parthenium
strenuana Australia, 1985 hysterophorus.
(Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae)
SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN INDIA 73
Source/year of
Sl. Natural enemy
introduction/ Pest/crop/status
No. (Order: Family)
release
162. Smicronyx Mexico, 1983 Parthenium, Parthenium
lutulentus hysterophorus.
(Coleoptera:
Curculionidae)
163. Leptobyrsa decora Peru & Colombia Lantana, Lantana camara.
(Hemiptera: via Australia, 1971
Tingidae)
164. Phytomyza Yugoslavia, 1982 Broomrape, Orobanche sp.
orobanchia
(Diptera:
Agromyzidae)
165. Diglyphus begini USA, 1997 Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii.
(Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae)
166. Cecidochares South America via Siam weed, Chromolaena odorata
connexa (Diptera: Indonesia, 2003 (Not released till June, 2004).
Tephritidae)