Advances in Dynamical Systems and Applications

ISSN 0973-5321, Volume 10, Number 2, pp. 97107 (2015)

http://campus.mst.edu/adsa

Partial Hadamard Fractional Integral Equations

Sad Abbas
University of Sada
Laboratory of Mathematics
P.O. Box 138, 20000 Sada, Algeria
[email protected]
Mouffak Benchohra
University of Sidi Bel-Abb`es
Laboratory of Mathematics
P.O. Box 89, Sidi Bel-Abb`es 22000, Algeria
and
King Abdulaziz University
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science
P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
[email protected]
Johnny Henderson
Baylor University
Department of Mathematics
Waco, Texas 76798-7328 USA
Johnny [email protected]

Abstract
This paper deals with the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a class
of partial integral equations via Hadamards fractional integral, by applying some
fixed point theorems.

AMS Subject Classifications: 34A08, 34K05.

Keywords: Functional integral equation, Hadamard partial fractional integral, exis-
tence, solution, fixed point.
Received July 6, 2015; Accepted September 16, 2015
Communicated by John Graef
98 Sad Abbas, Mouffak Benchohra, and Johnny Henderson

1 Introduction
The fractional calculus represents a powerful tool in applied mathematics to study many
problems from different fields of science and engineering, with many break-through
results found in mathematical physics, finance, hydrology, biophysics, thermodynam-
ics, control theory, statistical mechanics, astrophysics, cosmology and bioengineer-
ing [11, 17]. There has been a significant development in ordinary and partial frac-
tional differential and integral equations in recent years; see the monographs of Abbas et
al. [3, 4], Kilbas et al. [12], Miller and Ross [13], and the papers of Abbas et al. [1,2,5],
Benchohra et al. [6], Vityuk et al. [18, 19], and the references therein.
In [7], Butzer et al. investigated properties of the Hadamard fractional integral and
derivative. In [8], they obtained the Mellin transform of the Hadamard fractional inte-
gral and differential operators, and in [15], Pooseh et al. obtained expansion formulas
of the Hadamard operators in terms of integer order derivatives. Many other interest-
ing properties of those operators and others are summarized in [16] and the references
therein.
This article deals with the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the following
Hadamard partial fractional integral equation of the form

u(x, y) = (x, y)
Z x Z y
1 x r1 1 
 y r2 1 f (s, t, u(s, t))
+ log
log dtds; if (x, y) J,
(r1 )(r2 )
1 1 s t st
(1.1)
where J := [1, a] [1, b], a, b > 1, r1 , r2 > 0, : J R, f : J R R are given
continuous functions.
We present two results for the integral equation (1.1). The first one is based on
Banachs contraction principle and the second one on the nonlinear alternative of Leray
Schauder type. This paper initiates the study of Hadamard integral equations of two
independent variables.

2 Preliminaries
In this section, we introduce notations, definitions, and preliminary facts that are used
throughout this paper. We let C := C(J, R) be the Banach space of continuous functions
u : J R with the norm
kukC = sup |u(x, y)|,
(x,y)J

and L1 (J, R) be the Banach space of functions u : J R that are Lebesgue integrable
with norm Z Z a b
kukL1 = |u(x, y)|dydx.
1 1
Partial Hadamard Fractional Integral Equations 99

Definition 2.1 (See [10, 12]). The Hadamard fractional integral of order q > 0 for a
function g L1 ([1, a], R), is defined as
Z x
H r 1 x q1 g(s)
( I1 g)(x) = log ds,
(q) 1 s s
where () is the Euler gamma function.
Definition 2.2. Let r1 , r2 0, = (1, 1) and r = (r1 , r2 ). For w L1 (J, R), define
the Hadamard partial fractional integral of order r by the expression
Z xZ y
H r 1 x r1 1  y r2 1 w(s, t)
( I w)(x, y) = log log dtds.
(r1 )(r2 ) 1 1 s t st
Theorem 2.3 (See [9]; Nonlinear alternative of LeraySchauder type). Let X be a Ba-
nach space and C a nonempty convex subset of X. Let U a nonempty open subset of C
with 0 U and T : U C be a continuous and compact operator.
Then, either
(a) T has fixed points, or
(b) There exist u U and (0, 1) with u = T (u).
Set J0 := {(x, y, s) : 0 s x a, y [0, b]}, J1 := {(x, y, s, t) : 0 s x
2
a, 0 t y b}, D1 := , D2 := and D1 D2 := .
x y xy
In the sequel we will make use of the following variant of the inequality for two
independent variables due to Pachpatte.
Lemma 2.4 (See [14]). Let w C(J, R+ ), p, D1 p C(J0 , R+ ), q, D1 q, D2 q, D1 D2 q
C(J1 , R+ ) and c > 0 be a constant. If
Z x Z xZ y
w(x, y) c + p(x, y, s)w(s, y)ds + q(x, y, s, t)w(s, t)dtds,
0 0 0

for (x, y) [0, a] [0, b], then

Z x Z y 
w(x, y) cA(x, y) exp B(s, t)dtds ,
0 0

where
A(x, y) = exp(Q(x, y)),
in which Z x  Z s 
Q(x, y) = p(s, y, s) + D1 p(s, y, )d ds,
0 0
and Z x
B(x, y) = q(x, y, x, y)A(x, y) + D1 q(x, y, s, y)A(s, y)ds
0
Z y Z xZ y
+ D2 q(x, y, x, t)A(x, t)dt + D1 D2 q(x, y, s, t)A(s, t)dtds.
0 0 0
100 Sad Abbas, Mouffak Benchohra, and Johnny Henderson

From the above lemma and when p 0, we get the following lemma.
Lemma 2.5. Let w C(J, R+ ), q, D1 q, D2 q, D1 D2 q C(J1 , R+ ) and c > 0 be a
constant. If Z xZ y
w(x, y) c + q(x, y, s, t)w(s, t)dtds,
1 1

for (x, y) J, then

Z x Z y 
w(x, y) c exp B(s, t)dtds ,
1 1

where Z x
B(x, y) = q(x, y, x, y) + D1 q(x, y, s, y)ds
1
Z y Z x Z y
+ D2 q(x, y, x, t)dt + D1 D2 q(x, y, s, t)dtds.
1 1 1

3 Main Results
Let us start by defining what we mean by a solution of the integral equation (1.1).
Definition 3.1. A function u C is said to be a solution of (1.1) if u satisfies equation
(1.1) on J.
Further, we present conditions for the existence and uniqueness of a solution of the
equation (1.1).
Theorem 3.2. Assume
(H1 ) For any u, v C and (x, y) J, there exists k > 0 such that

|f (x, y, u) f (x, y, v)| kku vkC .

If
k(log a)r1 (log b)r2
L := < 1, (3.1)
(1 + r1 )(1 + r2 )
then there exists a unique solution for the equation (1.1) on J.
Proof. Transform the integral equation (1.1) into a fixed point equation. Consider the
operator N : C C defined by:

(N u)(x, y) = (x, y) Z xZ y
1 x r1 1  y r2 1 f (s, t, u(s, t))
+ log log dtds.
(r1 )(r2 ) 1 1 s t st
(3.2)
Partial Hadamard Fractional Integral Equations 101

Let v, w C. Then, for (x, y) J, we have

Z xZ y
1 x r1 1  y r2 1
|(N v)(x, y) (N w)(x, y)| log  log 

(r1 )(r2 ) 1 1 s t
|f (s, t, u(s, t)) f (s, t, v(s, t))|
dtds
Z xstZ y
1 x r1 1 
  y r2 1
log  log 

(r1 )(r2 ) 1 1 s t
kku vkC
dtds
st
k(log a)r1 (log b)r2
kv wkC .
(1 + r1 )(1 + r2 )
Consequently,
kN (v) N (w)kC Lkv wkC .
By (3.1), N is a contraction, and hence N has a unique fixed point by Banachs contrac-
tion principle.
Theorem 3.3. Assume that the following hypothesis holds:
(H2 ) There exist functions p1 , p2 C(J, R+ ) such that
|f (x, y, u)| p1 (x, y) + p2 (x, y)|u(x, y)|,
for any u R and (x, y) J.
Then the integral equation (1.1) has at least one solution defined on J.
Proof. Consider the operator N defined in (3.2). We shall show that the operator N is
continuous and completely continuous.
Step 1. N is continuous.
Let {un } be a sequence such that un u in C. Let > 0 be such that kun kC .
Then
Z xZ y
1 x r1 1  y r2 1
|(N un )(x, y) (N u)(x, y)| log  log 

(r1 )(r2 ) 1 1 s t
|f (s, t, un (s, t)) f (s, t, u(s, t))|
dtds
Z xZ st
y
1  x r1 1 
  y r2 1
log  log 

(r1 )(r2 ) 1 1 s t
sup(s,t)J |f (s, t, un (s, t)) f (s, t, u(s, t))|
dtds
st
(log a)r1 (log b)r2

(1 + r1 )(1 + r2 )
kf (, , un (, )) f (, , u(, ))kC .
102 Sad Abbas, Mouffak Benchohra, and Johnny Henderson

From Lebesgues dominated convergence theorem and the continuity of the function f,
we get
|(N un )(x, y) (N u)(x, y)| 0 as n .

Step 2. N maps bounded sets into bounded sets in C.

Indeed, it is enough show that, for any > 0, there exists a positive constant ` such

that, for each u B = {u C : kukC }, we have kN (u)kC `. Set

pi = sup pi (x, y); i = 1, 2.

(x,y)J

From (H2 ), for each (x, y) J, we have

Z xZ y
1 x r1 1  y r2 1
|(N u)(x, y)| |(x, y)| + log  log 

(r1 )(r2 ) 1 1 s t
p1 (s, t) + p2 (s, t)kukC
dtds
st
(log a)r1 (log b)r2
kk + (p + p2 )
(1 + r1 )(1 + r2 ) 1

:= `.

Hence

kN (u)kC `.

Step 3: N maps bounded sets into equicontinuous sets in C.

Let (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) (1, a] (1, b], x1 < x2 , y1 < y2 , B be a bounded set of C as
in Step 2, and let u B . Then,

|(N u)(x2 , y2 ) (N u)(x1 , y1 )| |(x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 )|

Z x1 Z y1  
1 x2 r1 1  y2 r2 1  x1 r1 1  y1 r2 1
+ log  log  log  log 

(r1 )(r2 ) 1 1 s t s t
|f (s, t, u(s, t))|
dtds
st Z Z
x2 y2 
1 x2 r1 1  y2 r2 1 |f (s, t, u(s, t))|
+ log log dtds

(r1 )(r2 ) x1 y1 s t st
   
Z x1 Z y2 
1 x2 r1 1  y2 r2 1 |f (s, t, u(s, t))|
+ log  log  dtds

(r1 )(r2 ) 1 y1 s t st
Z x2 Z y1 
1 x2 r1 1  y2 r2 1 |f (s, t, u(s, t))|
+ log  log  dtds.

(r1 )(r2 ) x1 1 s t st
Partial Hadamard Fractional Integral Equations 103

Thus,

|(N u)(x2 , y2 ) (N u)(x1 , y1 )| |(x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 )|

Z x1 Z y1  
1 x2 r1 1  y2 r2 1  x1 r1 1  y1 r2 1
+ log  log  log  log 

(r1 )(r2 ) 1 1 s t s t

p + p2
1 dtds
st Z x2 Z y2 
1 x2 r1 1  y2 r2 1 p1 + p2
+ log  log  dtds

(r1 )(r2 ) x1 y1 s t st
Z x1 Z y2 
1 x2 r1 1  y2 r2 1 p1 + p2
+ log  log  dtds

(r1 )(r2 ) 1 y1 s t st
Z x2 Z y1 
1 x2 r1 1  y2 r2 1 p1 + p2
+ log  log  dtds

(r1 )(r2 ) x1 1 s t st
p1 + p2

(1 + r1 )(1 + r2 )
[2(log y2 )r2 (log x2 log x1 )r1 + 2(log x2 )r1 (log y2 log y1 )r2
+ (log x1 )r1 (log y1 )r2 (log x2 )r1 (log y2 )r2
2(log x2 log x1 )r1 (log y2 log y1 )r2 ].

As x1 x2 and y1 y2 , the right-hand side of the above inequality tends to zero.

As a consequence of Steps 1 to 3 together with the ArzelaAscoli theorem, we can
conclude that N is continuous and completely continuous.
Step 4. (A priori bounds)
We now show that there exists an open set U C with u 6= N (u), for (0, 1) and
u U.
Let u C be such that u = N (u) for some 0 < < 1. Thus, for each (x, y) J,
Z x Z y
 x r1 1  y r2 1 f (s, t, u(s, t))
u(x, y) = (x, y) + log log dtds.
(r1 )(r2 ) 1 1 s t st

This implies that, for each (x, y) J, we have

Z xZ y
1 x r1 1  y r2 1
|u(x, y)| |(x, y)| + log  log 

(r1 )(r2 ) 1 1 s t
p1 (s, t) + p2 (s, t)|u(s, t)|
dtds
st
p (log a)r1 (log b)r2
kk + 1
(1 + r1 )(1 + r2 )
Z xZ y
p2 x r1 1  y r2 1 |u(s, t)|
+ log  log  dtds.

(r1 )(r2 ) 1 1 s t st
104 Sad Abbas, Mouffak Benchohra, and Johnny Henderson

Thus, for each (x, y) J, we get

p1 (log a)r1 (log b)r2

|u(x, y)| kk +
(1 + r1 )(1 + r2 )
Z xZ y
p2 x r1 1  y r2 1 |u(s, t)|
+ log  log  dtds

(r1 )(r2 ) 1 1 s t st
Z xZ y
c+ q(x, y, s, t)|u(s, t)|,
1 1

where
p1 (log a)r1 (log b)r2
c := kk + ,
(1 + r1 )(1 + r2 )
and
p2  x r1 1  y r2 1
q(x, y, s, t) := log  log  .

st(r1 )(r2 ) s t
From Lemma 2.5, we obtain
Z x Z y 
|u(x, y)| c exp B(s, t)dtds ,
1 1

where
Z x
B(x, y) = q(x, y, x, y) + D1 q(x, y, s, y)ds
1
Z y Z xZ y
+ D2 q(x, y, x, t)dt + D1 D2 q(x, y, s, t)dtds
1 1 1
p2
(log x)r1 1 (log y)r2 1 .
xy(r1 )(r2 )

Hence
x y
p2
Z Z 
r1 1 r2 1
|u(x, y)| c exp (log s) (log t) dtds
1 1 st(r1 )(r2 )

p2 (log a)r1 (log b)r2

c exp
(1 + r1 )(1 + r2 )
:= R.

Set
U = {u C : kuk < R + 1}.
By our choice of U, there is no u U such that u = N (u), for (0, 1). As a
consequence of the nonlinear alternative of LeraySchauder type [9], we deduce that N
has a fixed point u in U which is a solution to our equation (1.1).
Partial Hadamard Fractional Integral Equations 105

4 An Example
As an application of our results we consider the following partial Hadamard integral
equation of the form
u(x, y) = (x, y)
Z xZ y
x r1 1  y r2 1 f (s, t, u(s, t))
+ log log dtds; (x, y) [1, e] [1, e], (4.1)
1 1 s t st(r1 )(r2 )
where
r1 , r2 > 0, (x, y) = x + y 2 ; (x, y) [1, e] [1, e],
and
cu(x, y)
f (x, y, u(x, y)) = ; (x, y) [1, e] [1, e],
ex+y+2
with
e4
c := (1 + r1 )(1 + r2 ).
2
For each u, u R and (x, y) [1, e] [1, e] we have
c
|f (x, y, u(x, y)) f (x, y, u(x, y))| ku ukC .
e4
c
Hence condition (H1 ) is satisfied with k = 4 . We shall show that condition (3.1) holds
e
with a = b = e. Indeed,
k(log a)r1 (log b)r2 c 1
= 4 = < 1.
(1 + r1 )(1 + r2 ) e (1 + r1 )(1 + r2 ) 2
Consequently, Theorem 3.2 implies that the integral equation (4.1) has a unique solution
defined on [1, e] [1, e].

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