Chapter1 - Basic Concepts
Chapter1 - Basic Concepts
Basic concepts
Prestressed Concrete
First patent for prestressed concrete was in 1986 by P.H. Jackson of
San Francisco.
In 1928 E. Freyssinet of France started Modern Development of
prestressed concrete.
Definition
Prestressed concrete is a form of concrete in which internal stresses are
introduced by means of high strength pre-strained reinforcement. Prestressed
relies on bond and/or bearing mechanisms to achieve stress transfer to
concrete.
1
Reasons for Prestressing
Prestressed concrete has been developed to overcome some of the
limitations of reinforced concrete, namely:
3) Use of the high tensile strength of the prestressing steel strands which
is 270 ksi (four to five times that commonly used in reinforced
concrete structure), which is unsuitable for reinforced concrete.
2
Full Prestressing and Partial Prestressing
Reinforced Concrete:
C C
h d jd
As
T
b
jd is almost constant under increasing load
T & C increase proportionally to the applied load
Prestressed Concrete:
C
a1
T C T
M D = T .a1
= C.a1
3
C
a2
T
Dead + Live
Advantages of Prestressing:
Plain Concrete:
bh 2
M r = ft
h 6
= (0.1 f c' )(0.167bh 2 )
= 0.0167bh 2 f c' _______(1)
t
b
Reinforced Concrete: (service limit)
(0.45f c)
0.36h
C
(0.9-0.12)h
h 0.9 h 0.78h
T
b
1
C = (0.45 f c' )(b)(0.36h)
2
= 0.081bhf c'
4
M r = C (0.78h)
= 0.0632bh 2 f c' _________(2)
0.9h
C 0.56h 0.66h
T 0.23h
0.45c
P.S. + D.L. + S.I. P.S.+D.L.+ S.I. + L.L
1
C = (0.45 f c' )(bh)
2
= 0.225bhf c'
0.0167bh 2 f c'
aD = = 0.0743h < 0.23h
0.225bhf c'
5
Basic Concepts
P P.ey M ext y
f = m
Ac I I
(a) No Prestress
d
_
Stress at C.L. due to S.W.
Compression ve
Tension +ve wl 2
M C.L. =
8
wl 2 h 12 3wl 2
+ fd = =
8 2 bh 3 4bh 2
d
6
(b) Eccentric Prestress + Self Weight
e = eccentricity measured from centroidal axis
P P h 12 6 Pe
fa = = fb =Pe =
A bh 2 bh 3 bh 2
c.g.c
e c.g.s
P P
axis of symmetry
f a f b f d
+ _
_
+ +
_ +
f a f b f d
AXIAL FLEXURAL SELF WEIGHT
PRESTRESS
Depending on the relative magnitudes of f a, f b and f d, the following five
resultant stress diagrams may be obtained:
f T = (- f a + f b - f d) = + f b - ( f a + f d)
- +
f a f a f a f a
- -
+ - - f a
f f B = (- f a - f b+ f d) = - f b + ( f d - f a)
1 2 3 4 5
( f b < f d - f a) ( f b > f d - f a) ( f b = f d) ( f b< f a + f d) ( f b > f a + f d)
7
P
fa = is dependent only on P for a given cross section
bh
6 Pe
fb = is dependent on P and e for a given cross section
bh 2
Any of the above stress conditions can be achieved by a suitable choice of P
and e.
= or
e
P P
l/2 l/2
(- f a+ f b- f d) f l
(- f a+ f b- f d -fl)
- -
fa
fa + = fa or
- -
+
+
(- f a- f b+ f d) f l (- f a- f b + f d + f l)
Wl
M C .L. =
4
Wl h 12 3Wl
fl = =
4 2 bh 3 2bh 2
8
Different stress conditions may exist at different loading stages in the life of
a prestressed beam.
Formwork
(2) Stressing
+
+
c.g.c + = or
-
P e c.g.s P - - -
P Pey
fa =
A fb =
I
9
(3) Transfer (temporary load)
+ +
-
+ = or
P P - - -
+
M y
(acts as a simply supported beam) fd = d (temporary loading)
I
Ml y
l
f = (specified loading)
I
10
(ii) Internal Couple Concept
Consider a simply-supported beam prestressed with a draped tendon.
lever arm = 0
M=0
C Cey
cgc -
f =
e A I
cgs C=P
P
C
R=0 A concrete stress P Pey
=
A I
where, P = steel force, C = concrete force
R concrete stress
A
11
For an uncracked prestressed concrete section, increasing the applied moment
increases the level arm (e + e') rather than increasing the compression forces
acting on the section. (calculation of the change of steel force will be discussed
later.)
The location of the C force at any section along the beam under any load
condition can be described by the C-line as shown.
a) At Transfer
when we apply PS force to beam - C force is below centroidal axis
T = 0
M=MD (assume no
tension allowed)
h/2
cgc e=h/6
P
h/2 a C e f cg =
P
A
2P
MD = moment due to self weight fB = permissible comp.
A
MD M
a = e e = => e = D + e (1)
P P
Since B = 2P/A Knowing A, compute P to ensure
B permissible compression
Further, for zero stress in top fibre e' = h/6 (for rectangular section, other
sections e' h/6), hence, find e from equation (1).
12
b) Under Applied Load
load bends beam downwards - assume no tension in bottom fibre
2P
M=MD+ML fT= permissible comp.
C
A
P
cgc e=h/6 f cg =
e A
P (assume no tension
B=0 allowed)
+ +
again, a = e +e = MD ML => e = MD ML e (2)
P P
Usually not fully stressed under both conditions and hence two values of e will
be different. Limiting zone for eccentricity of prestress can be established along
length of the beam by calculating e at various sections for the beam under self
weight and specified loads.
cgc x
emax
note tendon located
L/2 on cgc at both ends
L/2
13
Equation of tendon profile (e + ve below cgc)
e = ax 2 + bx + c
e = 0 at x = 0 c=0
e = 0 at x = L b = -aL
2
aL 4e max
e = emax
L e
at x = , max = , a =
2 4 L2
e max
e = a x (L x ) , e = 4 x (L x )
L2
Now, at any section moment on concrete due to prestressing alone is given
by
4emax
M = C e = P x( L x)
L2 cgc
-ve moment
e
C
dM P 4emax
shear = + = ( L 2 x)
dx L2
d 2M 8emax
load = = P = constant = we
dx 2 L2
= equivalent load
8Pe max P
we =
L2
P cos P P cos P
14
Concrete Free Body Diagram
Note, that the sum of both the vertical forces and the horizontal forces is
zero since the beam must be in equilibrium under action of prestress.
The effective load, wnet acting on the concrete is the applied load, w
(including self weight) less the upward equivalent load (we).
i.e. wnet = w we
wL wL
we
2 2
w
we L
2 Me moment due to effective loading
P P
wL
we
2
At any section we have P and Mnet (shear effect ignored) and thus stress is
given by:
P M y
f = + net
A I
The equivalent load concept shows that the effect of prestressing with a
parabolic draped tendon (concave upwards) is to apply an upward uniformly
distributed loading on the concrete which of course counteracts to some
degree any downward externally applied loading. This is the basis of the so-
called load balancing method of design, where the prestressing is
15
proportioned to balance a desired portion of the applied loading. The portion
of loading to be balanced is decided from past experience. Note that in above
example the equivalent loading is equal to 68% of the combined self weight
and superimposed load. This represents a reasonable percentage to balance
and can be used to estimate P for a selected e in a prelimunary design.
Load balancing method of design was first proposed by T.Y. LIN and is
described in detail on page 16 of the textbook by Nawy. See also, p. 488 in
Collins and Mitchell in relation to slab design.
Equivalent loads may be used to input the effect of prestress in the form of
loads into computer programs for analysis of statically indeterminant
prestressed concrete structures.
cgc P cgc P
e
P
cgc P cgc P
P e P
Pe
Pe
16
Use constant profile to resist uniform moment.
Pe1 Pe3
P
e1 cgc e3 P cgc P
e2
l1 l2 e +e e + e3
P 1 2 + 2
l1 l2
Note end moments due to Equivalent Loading
end eccentricity
17
To avoid tension it is necessary to reduce the eccentricity so that the centroid
of the prestressing steel at the end of the beam is within the middle third for
a rectangular section. This is achieved by using harped or blanketed
strands in pretensioned beams, and draped tendons in post-tensioned beams
to maintain emax at mid-span, while having a smaller eccentricity at the ends.
Pretensioned Post-tensioned
(Harped Strands) (Draped Tendons)
Pretensioned
(Blanketed Strands)
y Stands debonded by
coveringwith plastic tubing.
18
Sample of Hold-down Systems used to Harp Stands:
19
EXAMPLE
20
(2) Internal Couple Concept
Shift of C from T = M / C
a = 7056 / 400 = 17.64 in
21
(3) Balanced Load Concept
8 P .e
Equivalent load =
l2
8(400)(10)
=
(28) 2 *12
=3.4 k / ft
Unbalanced load = 6 3.4
= 2.6 k / ft
2.6(28) 2
M = = 254.66 k ft = 3056 k in
8
P My 400 3056(16)
f = m = m 32768 = 1.04 m 1.492
A I 384
22
Maximum Permissible Stresses in Concrete and Reinforcement
(pg. 59 in text book)
a.Concrete
Immediately after transfer
At Service Load
b.Steel
23
Design the prestress force and lay out of the tendon, required for the shown
beams. No tension is allowed.
24
Consider section 1-1
Check
1094 1094(12)(16)
- - + 9.26
384 32768
- 2.848 - 6.410 + 9.26 = 0 O.K.
25
For negative moment
Top fiber
1094(e)(16)
- 2.848 - + 2.636 = 0
32768
e = 0.396 in
26