Rotavator Final Report
Rotavator Final Report
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCATION
1.1 Rotavator
A rotavator is a mechanical gardening tool with power blades attached to a spinning
surface to plough soil and give optimum tillage. Different rotavator are designed to suit
different gardening needs. A gardening rotavator is a compact machine which can be used on
any land size but is more appropriate for gardening. Gardeners usually use a variation of this
appliance as sometimes, only small flower beds or miniature vegetable patches need to be
tilled. Gardening rotavator cannot really break up huge amounts of soil, but can efficiently
churn up the soil and remove unnecessary weeds on the flower beds and can also ensure
infusion of the fertilizer into the soil. Such a machine is usually powered by electricity, as it
is not heavy-duty, making it easier to handle. In addition to this they are usually inexpensive
and can be afforded by the avid gardener compared to the varieties that are run on gas or
petrol.
The rear line rotavator is one of the largest of such machines currently available in the
market. This is usually run on gas or petrol as it is used for more heavy-duty work. If one has
large plots of land, it is best to use this type, as it has more power and capability. Also, the
job gets done faster. However, it is important to conduct a careful analysis of one's land space
and needs before going and getting a rotavator as the rear line variety is usually very
expensive and is mostly available only on a commercial basis.
A rotavator is a very effective tool when used correctly and under the right conditions.
You should consider the type of soil you have and whether it is appropriate to use a rotavator
on it. If you do not use the rotavator under the right circumstances it can actually be
counterproductive for your garden. [7]
1.1.2 Advantages:
It can immediately prepare the soil, the soil moisture of previous crop does not go
waste
Pudding in wet fields is done smoothly, quickly and efficiently
Suitable to use in dry as well as wet land cultivation.
Suitable for light and medium soil conditions.
Prepares seed bed quickly and economically.
Soil compaction reduces.
Reduce draft compared to the convention tilling implement.
1. Shaft
1. Steel 15.24 1.9 cm 1
2. M.S. 20.32 1.6 cm 1
2. Circular plate for rotor. 16 3 3
1.2 Cultivators
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A cultivator is any of several types of farm implement used for secondary tillage. One
sense of the name refers to frames with the teeth (shanks) that pierce the soil as they are
dragged through it linearly. Another sense refers to machines that use rotary motion of disks
or teeth to accomplish a similar result. The rotary tiller is a principle example.
Cultivators stir and pulverize the soil, either before planting (to aerate the soil and
prepare a smooth, loose seedbed) or after the crop has begun growing (to kill weeds
controlled disturbance of the topsoil close to the crop plants kills the surrounding weeds by
uprooting them, burying their leaves to disrupt their photosynthesis, or a combination of
both). Unlike a harrow, which disturbs the entire surface of the soil, cultivators are designed
to disturb the soil in careful patterns, sparing the crop plants but disrupting the weeds.
Cultivators of the toothed type are often similar in form to chisel plows, but their
goals are different. Cultivator teeth work near the surface, usually for weed control, whereas
chisel plow shanks work deep beneath the surface, breaking up hardpan. Consequently,
cultivating also takes much less power per shank than does chisel plowing.
Small toothed cultivators pushed or pulled by a single person are used as garden tools
for small-scale gardening, such as for the household's own use or for small market gardens.
Similarly sized rotary tillers combine the functions of harrow and cultivator into one
multipurpose machine.
In the experiment the soil was cultivated using a Kongskilde Germinator Pro, which
utilizes a front leveling board consisting of a series of flat tines (Kongskilde, 2015). These
leveling tines are the first soil treatment (not counting the tines that loosen the soil in the
tractor tracks) and eliminate unevenness in the topsoil. The tips of the tines are flat with a
width of 4.5 cm and with a 6 cm gap between each tine. In the experiment we analyzed the
effect of the leveling tines at two cultivation depths using 3D scans of the soil surface. The
experiment was a split-plot design with the intensity of the leveling tines as the whole plot
factor and the depth as a sub plot factor. The cultivator leveling tines were adjusted to 5
different settings ranging from no interaction with the soil to maximum possible extension of
the tines. The cultivator had two working sections, which were used to process the soil at 2
different cultivation depths in one pull. The cultivator was pulled at 10 km/h and the working
sections were set to a depth of 5 and 8 cm. The experiment had 4 blocks/replications, within
which the leveling tine settings were randomized. Each plot in the experiment was 3 by 20 m
and the plots were laid out in a grid 4 plots wide and 5 long. The experiment was done in an
area of the field with a homogeneous soil texture. Along the cultivation direction the plots
were separated by enough space to ensure that the tractor could accelerate to the required
speed.
It saves time.
It also saves labor cost.
Manually operated
1. Wheel 61Cm
2. Height 121.8 Cm
1. Sprocket 48 Teeth 1
2. Gear 16 Teeth 1
3. Chain 112 cm 2
CHAPTER 2
OBJECTIVE
1. To friable (tilting) of soil.
2. To reduces the effort of the farmer.
CHAPTER 3
MATERIAL SELECTION
3.1 Introduction
The basic question is how do we go about selecting a material for a given part? This
may seem like a very complicated process until we realize than we are often restrained by
choices we have already made. For example, if different parts have to interact then material
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choice becomes limited. When we talk about choosing materials for a component, we take
into account many
Different factors. These factors can be broken down into the following areas. Material
Properties. The expected level of performance from the material Cost and Availability
Material must be priced appropriately (not cheap but right) Material must be available (better
to have multiple sources) Processing Must consider how to make the part, for example:
Casting Machining Welding Environment The effect that the service environment has on the
part.
The effect the part has on the environment. The effect that processing has on the
environment. Now clearly these issues are inter-linked in some fashion. For example, cost is
a direct result of how difficult a material is to obtain and to machine. And the effect of the
environment on the material is clearly related to the material properties. So if we really want
to use a novel or unusual material, the choice must be made early in the design process. Then
we can do the detailed design work using the correct material properties. [6]
Brittleness:
Bulk modulus:
Compressive strength:
Creep:
Ductility:
Durability:
Elasticity:
Fatigue limit:
Flexibility:
Fracture toughness:
Hardness:
Plasticity:
Poisson's ratio:
Resilience:
Shear modulus:
Shear strength:
Specific modulus:
Specific strength:
Specific weight:
Stiffness:
Tensile strength:
Toughness:
Viscosity:
Yield strength:
Young's modulus:
3.2.1.2 Aluminum
23.1 m/(mK)
Thermal expansion
(at 25 C)
Thermal
237 W/(mK)
conductivity
Magnetic
+16.5106 cm3/mol
susceptibility (mol)
3.2.1.3 Tungsten
4.5 m/(mK)
Thermal expansion
(at 25 C)
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN PROCEDURE
4.1 DESIGN OF ROTOR SHAFT (SOLID SHAFT)
Te = ((KbM)2 + (KtT)2)
Te = KtT
4. Torsional Rigidity:
Kts = GJ/L
= (TL) / (GL)
J = (d4) / (32)
Design and
construction
Where,
p Chain pitch
d1 Roller diameter max.
d Pitch circle diameter
df Root circle diameter
da Top diameter
r1 Tooth radius
Tooth angle
Roller contact angle
r2 Tooth profile radius
k Tooth height above pitch polygon
z Number of teeth
Tooth height
kmax = 0.625 p-0.5d1 + (0.8/z) p
kmin = 0.5 (p d1)
r1 min = 0.505 d1
min = 1200 (900/z)
min = 1400 (900/z)
r2 max = 0.008 d1 (z2 + 180)
r2 min = 0.008 d1 (z + 2)
Tooth width
Chosen the Type of chain, number of strands for the design power & r.p.m. of the
smaller sprocket.
Note down the parameters of the chain, such as pitch roller diameter, minimum width
of roller etc.
Find pitch circle diameters & pitch line velocity of the smaller sprocket.
Determine the load (W) on the chain by using the following relations, i.e.
Calculate the factor of safety by dividing the breaking load (WB) to the load on the
chain. This value of factor of safety should be greater than the value given bush roller
& silent chain.
Fix the center distance between the sprockets.
Determine the length of chain.
Compute the length of chain required using the formula given below. I possible,
adjust the center distance, so that the length of chin required is always in an
even number of pitches. For optimum life of the chain and sprockets the center
distance between the two sprockets should be 30 to 50 times the chain pitch.
Where,
P = Chain Pitch
CHAPTER 5
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
5.1 Hardening
Hardening is a metallurgical metalworking process used to increase the hardness of a
metal. The hardness of a metal is directly proportional to the uniaxial yield stress at the
location of the imposed strain. A harder metal will have a higher resistance to plastic
deformation than a less hard metal.
The two major processes of hardening and tempering can be broken down into four
major steps. First, a piece of carbon steel is heated gradually until it reaches a temperature
above the alloy's critical temperature. The steel is then quenched, usually in water or oil
(although other quenches, such as brine or sodium hydroxide solutions, are sometimes used
to achieve a particular result). The steel will now be at that given alloy's maximum hardness,
but as discussed above, also brittle. At this point, tempering is usually performed to achieve a
more useful balance of hardness and toughness. The steel is gradually heated until the desired
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temper colors are drawn, generally at a temperature significantly lower than the alloy's
critical point. Different colors in the temper spectrum reflect different balances of hardness to
toughness, so different temper levels are appropriate for different applications. The steel is
then re-quenched to 'fix' the temper at the desired level. A talented smith or metalworker can
fine-tune the performance of a steel tool or item to precisely what is required based solely on
careful observation of temper colors. A visual representation of this process may make the
concept easier to understand. [9]
.
different GMAW weld processes and applications. The orientation of the gun is also
importantit should be held so as to bisect the angle between the work pieces; that is, at 45
degrees for a fillet weld and 90 degrees for welding a flat surface. The travel angle, or lead
angle, is the angle of the torch with respect to the direction of travel, and it should generally
remain approximately vertical. However, the desirable angle changes somewhat depending
on the type of shielding gas usedwith pure inert gases; the bottom of the torch is often
slightly in front of the upper section, while the opposite is true when the welding atmosphere
is carbon dioxide. [10]
acting as both electrode and filler metal, along with an inert or semi-inert shielding gas
flowed around the wire to protect the weld site from contamination. Constant voltage, direct
current power source is most commonly used with GMAW, but constant current alternating
current is used as well. With continuously fed filler electrodes, GMAW offers relatively high
welding speeds; however the more complicated equipment reduces convenience and
versatility in comparison to the SMAW process. Originally developed for welding aluminum
and other non-ferrous materials in the 1940s, GMAW was soon economically applied to
steels. Today, GMAW is commonly used in industries such as the automobile industry for its
quality, versatility and speed. Because of the need to maintain a stable shroud of shielding
gas around the weld site, it can be problematic to use the GMAW process in areas of high air
movement such as outdoors.
5.4 Bending
In applied mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a
slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a
longitudinal axis of the element.
The structural element is assumed to be such that at least one of its dimensions is a
small fraction, typically 1/10 or less, of the other two. When the length is considerably longer
than the width and the thickness, the element is called a beam. For example, a closet rod
sagging under the weight of clothes on clothes hangers is an example of a beam experiencing
bending. On the other hand, a shell is a structure of any geometric form where the length and
the width are of the same order of magnitude but the thickness of the structure (known as the
'wall') is considerably smaller. A large diameter, but thin-walled, short tube supported at its
ends and loaded laterally is an example of a shell experiencing bending.
In the absence of a qualifier, the term bending is ambiguous because bending can
occur locally in all objects. Therefore, to make the usage of the term more precise, engineers
refer to a specific object such as; the bending of rods, the bending of beams, the bending of
plates, the bending of shells and soon.
Grinding is used to finish work pieces that must show high surface quality (e.g., low
surface roughness) and high accuracy of shape and dimension. As the accuracy in dimensions
in grinding is of the order of 0.000025 mm, in most applications it tends to be a finishing
operation and removes comparatively little metal, about 0.25 to 0.50 mm depth. However,
there are some roughing applications in which grinding removes high volumes of metal quite
rapidly. Thus, grinding is a diverse field
Surface grinder, which has a head that is lowered to a work piece, which is moved
back and forth under the grinding wheel on a table that typically has a controllable permanent
magnet (magnetic chuck) for use with magnetic stock (especially ferrous stock) but can have
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a vacuum chuck or other fixturing means. The most common surface grinders have a
grinding wheel rotating on a horizontal axis cutting around the circumference of the grinding
wheel. Rotary surface grinders, commonly known as "underneath. This type of machine
removes large amounts of material and grinds flat surfaces with noted spiral grind marks. It
can also be used to make and sharpen metal stamping die sets, flat shear Blanchard" style
grinders, have a grinding head which rotates the grinding wheel on a vertical axis cutting on
the end face of the grinding wheel, while a table rotates the work piece in the opposite
direction blades, fixture bases or any flat and parallel surfaces. Surface grinders can be
manually operated or have CNC controls.
CHAPTER 6
EXPERMENTAL VIEW
6.1 ASSEMBLY
First frame of cultivator buy from store and also gear sprocket, chain and nuts buy
from hardware store. Then we come to designing the rotavator in that first for making
rotavator blades we buy ss210 from fabrication store. Then we buy circulates plates of mild
steel shaft and nut bolts. Then starting to assembly first chain sprocket attached to the wheel
by welding. For designing the rotavator blades first we cut SS210 and drilled the holes on the
plates.
After cutting and drilling then sharpening of rotavator blades and hardening of
rotavator blades to make it rotavator blades. Then the circular plates of mild steel are fitted
on steel pipe by gas welding (Metal Arc Welding by breezing rod). Then attach blades to the
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circular plates of mild steel and the outer side of circular plates small chain sprocket is also
attached to the steel pipe by gas welding. Joining of rotavator with the cultivator.
Rotavators can help your garden or allotment when it is in need of soil therapy. The
tilling effects of a cultivator are appreciated gardeners see their effort pay off in the form of
positive plant growth.
The right rotavator can be a great investment not only for yourself but your garden
where a thriving ecosystem has the potential to exist. Remember to follow all safety
precautions outlined in your rotavators user manual. All things considered, rotavators
continue to be helpful machines used to ensure soil quality.
Larger gardens, or small fields, where the soil is relatively free of weeds, are best
suited to a rotavator. However, since they can be expensive, it is always worth considering
hiring one or buying second hand. See the notes below on safe purchase of a second-hand
machine. For smaller areas or lighter digging, a cultivator may be better suited, as well as
being more suited to removing weeds. Both rotavators and cultivators will have difficulty
on soil that has never been managed before (virgin land). The soil will need to be broken
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up using a fork tool beforehand, as the blades of the machine will not be able to grip into
the soil properly and will just skip across the surface, which is both dangerous and
counterproductive. When using either a rotavator or cultivator, proper personal protective
equipment should be used. Both machines are noisy (a rotavator more so), so ear defenders
are recommended. Gloves, safety boots, or rather steel toe-capped boots if using a machine
with rear facing blades, should be worn when operating one or the other of these machines.
As mentioned above, smaller hand-held cultivators are ideal for breaking up a certain
number of weeds on a plot. Rotavators, particularly larger ones, are more powerful and
used for deeper digging.
They are not as appropriate for a smaller space in the garden, as due to the expense
and power, they can give the impression of using a hammer to crack a nut. Rotavator
blades will also simply shred weed roots and send them spraying outwards, which can only
increase the problem once these roots have taken into the ground. Cultivators are more
ideal for light digging around plants (particularly trees and shrubs) that are well
established, since the blades do not go so deeply into the ground and cannot damage the
root systems of existing plants. Due to this light blade work, cultivators are also better at
producing furrows in the ground for planting vegetables, such as onions or carrots. Some
gardeners use them as makeshift hedge trimmers, and due to their relative lightness, they
are excellent for those with bad backs who want to do some light gardening work but are
unable to use labor-intensive hand tools. And of course, there will always be occasions
when hand-held tools will need to be used for smaller jobs.
CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES
1. Manually operated without any electric or power output
2. Maximum friable of soil.
3. Remove unwanted grass from soil
4. Maximum used for secondary crop.
5. Used dry and wet area.
6. Minimum rupees(cost) maximum output taken.
7. Used in sergercane, paddy, wheat, caster, grass, vegetable, tomato.
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. In this study, design of rotor will have investigated and design modification will be
done by introducing one more cutting edge in other side of the blade.
2. Soil restriction without structure failure and same time and blade life increases double
time, by interchangeability concept of bicycle rotor and we observed that reducing
farmer effort by analyzing.
3. It can be used effectively for intercultural operation in horticultural crops and for
paddy cultivation
4. Cost of operation is less as energy. Time requirement is less.
5. Soil pulverization with rotavator is better than traditional implements.
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
1. In this study, design of rotor is investigated and design modification are done by
introducing one more cutting edge in other side of blade.
2. Soil resistance without structure failure and same time and blade life increases double
time, by interchangeability concept of bicycle rotor and we observed that reduces farmer
effort.
3. Rotavators can help your garden or allotment when it is in need of soil
therapy. The tilling effects of a cultivator are appreciated gardeners see their
effort pay off in the form of positive plant growth. The right rotavator can be a
great investment not only for yourself but your garden where a thriving
ecosystem has the potential to exist. Remember to follow all safety
precautions outlined in your rotavators user manual. All things considered,
rotavators continue to be helpful machines used to ensure soil quality.
REFERENCES
1. Impact of Rotavator As a Conservation Tillage Implement.
2. Specification for Blades for Rotavator for Power Tillers IS: 6690-1981.
3. The Cultivator.
4. Cultivator agricultural mechanism.
5. Design of machine element.
6. Material selection procedure.
7. http://farmech.gov.in/Book/Rotavator.pdf
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivator
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardened_steel
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_metal_arc_welding#Technique
11. http://homepages.cae.wisc.edu/~me349/lecture_notes/material_selection.pdf
APPENDIX