LET (Math Major) Reviewer Combined 195pages 16mb
LET (Math Major) Reviewer Combined 195pages 16mb
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP
Area: Mathematics
LET Competencies:
1. Simplifying expressions involving series of operations
2. Solve problems involving
a. GFC and LCMF
b. prime and composite
c. divisibility
d. inverse and partitive proportions
e. compound interest
INTEGERS
The set of integers (also called the signed numbers) is the union of the set of counting numbers { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
the set of their opposites {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and zero {0}. It is usually denoted by Z. Thus,
Z = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
The set of positive integers is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
The set of negative integers is {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}.
The integer zero (0) is neither positive nor negative.
1
| Mathematics Major [1]
Multiplication and Division
1. To multiply/divide two integers with like signs, multiply/divide the
absolute values of the given integers and affix positive sign.
(+5) x (+29) = +5 x +29 (28) x (21) = 28 x 21
= 5 x 29 = 28 x 21
= +145 = +588
( 125) ( 5) = 125 5 ( 861) (123) = 861 123
+ + + +
Example:
Which of the following numbers are prime, composite, or neither?
a) 53 prime
b) 421 prime
c) 24,638 composite
d) 43,101 composite
e) 1 neither
Example:
Find the prime factorization of 300.
300
5 60
10 6
5 2 2 3
2
| Mathematics Major [1]
Factors and Multiples
If a and b are whole numbers and a 0, then a is a factor of b if and only if there is a whole number c such that ac = b.
If a is a factor of b, we can also say that a divides b (ab), or b is a multiple of a. Every number has a finite set of factors
(or divisors) and an infinite set of multiples.
Examples:
Classify each of the following as true or false.
a) 3 is a factor of 12. true
b) 03 false
c) 30 true
d) 2 is a multiple of 8. false
e) for all integers a, 1a. true
ab
[a, b] = and when (a, b) = 1, then [a, b] = a x b
(a, b)
DIVISIBILITY RULES
Divisibility Properties
a) If a number divides each of two other numbers, then it divides their sum.
If ab and ac, then a(b + c).
b) If a number divides one of two numbers but not the other, then it will not divide their sum.
If ab and a c, then a (b + c).
c) If one number divides another number, then it will divide the product of that number with any other
whole number.
If ab, then abk.
Divisibility
A number is divisible by 2 if the number ends with an even number (0,2,4,6,8).
Example: 158 and 5792 are divisible by 2 since the numbers end with 8 and 2
respectively which are both even numbers.
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
Example: 2301 is divisible by 3 since the sum of its digits 2+3+0+1 = 6 is
divisible by 3.
A number is divisible by 4 if the last two digits of the number form a number
which is divisible by 4.
Example: 2900, 3136, and 745084 are divisible by 4.
A number is divisible by 5 if the number ends with 0 or 5.
Example: 1015, 2890, and 802525 are divisible by 5.
3
| Mathematics Major [1]
A number is divisible by 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
Example: 1350 and 201564 are divisible by 6 because they are both divisible by
2 and by 3.
A number is divisible by 7 if the difference between twice the unit digit and the
number formed by the remaining digits is divisible by 7.
Example: 2191 is divisible by 7, since
2191 219
2 (twice 1)
217 21
14 (twice 7)
7 divisible by 7
A number is divisible by 8 if the last three digits of the number form a number
which is divisible by 8.
Example: 413000, 6739048, and 9013816 are divisible by 8.
A number is divisible by 13 if the sum of four times the unit digits and the number
formed by the remaining digits is divisible be 13.
Example: 195 is divisible by 13, since
195 19
+ 20 (four times 5)
39 is divisible by 13.
For any two equal ratios a/b and c/d, a/b = c/d is called a proportion. This is also written as a:b = c:d. In this
form, a and d are called extremes and b and c are called the means, and the rule states that the product of the means
equals the product of the extremes. This can also be written as; if a : b = c : d, then ad = bc.
4
| Mathematics Major [1]
Example:
If the ratio of teachers to students in a school is 1 to 18 and there are 360
students, how many teachers are there?
Let x be the number of teachers,
1 x
or 1 : 18 = x : 360
18 360
18x = 360
x = 20 teachers
PARTITIVE PROPORTION
If a quantity q is to be partitioned into p1, p2, p3, . . . pn, so that the partitions are in the ratio a1 : a2 : a3 : . . . : an,
then the size of the kth partition may be computed as follows:
q
Pk = ak
a1 a 2 a3 ... a n
Example:
Joshua divides his day into leisure, sleep, and work. In the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. How many hours does he spend
working?
24
P3 = 3 = 12 hours.
1 2 3
DIRECT PROPORTION
If the ratio of two quantities being compared is constant, then they are directly proportional.
y1 y y y
y1 = kx1 and y2 = kx2, then k and 2 k , therefore 1 2
x1 x2 x1 x 2
Example:
Junior paid 125php for 14 chocolate candies. How much would 25 of such chocolate candies cost?
125 x
14x = 125(25) = 223.21php
14 25
INVERSE PROPORTION
If the product of two quantities being compared is constant, then they are inversely proportional
x1 x 2
x1y1 = k and x2y2 = k, then x1y1 = x2y2 or
y 2 y1
Example:
It takes 20 men to build a house for 60 days. How many men will be needed to build it in 15 days?
20 x
15x = 20(60) = 1 200 x = 80 men
15 60
COMPUTING INTEREST
Simple Interest ( Simple Interest = Prt )
Simple interest is an interest computed on the original principal. The original amount deposited or borrowed is
called the principal. The percent used to determine the interest is called the interest rate. Interest rates are given for
specific periods of time such as years, months or days.
Example:
Christian opens a savings account that pays simple interest at the rate of 5% per year. If he deposits 2 000php
and makes no other deposits, find the interest and the final amount for 90 days.
5
| Mathematics Major [2]
I. Basic Ideas
The undefined terms, point, line, and plane are geometric ideas and they are visually represented by a tiny dot, a thin
wire, and a smooth flat surface, respectively. Points are labeled by means of capital letters, lines by naming any two of its
points, and planes by naming at least three of its points. The subsets of a line are ray, segment, and the line itself.
A.. B. A. B. A. B.
Line Ray Line
segment
AB AB AB
For every two different points there is exactly one line that contains both points.
If two points of a line lie in a plane, then the line lies in the same plane.
Any three points lie in at least one plane, and any three non-collinear points lie in exactly one plane.
If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
An infinite number of planes may pass through a given line.
Further:
Every segment has exactly one midpoint.
If a line intersects a plane not containing it, then the intersection is a point.
Given a line and a point not on the line, there is exactly one plane containing both.
Given two intersecting lines, there is exactly one plane containing both.
II. ANGLES
If two rays have a common endpoint, but do not lie on the same line, then their union is an angle. Their common end
point is called its vertex and the two rays are called its sides. The following are angles:
A point may be on the angle, in the interior or neither on the angle nor in its interior called the exterior.
P. P. P.
The unit of measure for an angle is called a degree. An angle is measured with a protractor.
Angle Measurement Postulate. To every angle there corresponds a real number between 0 and 180.
1
| Mathematics Major [2]
Kinds of Angles
1. Acute Angle. An acute is an angle whose measure is less than 90.
2. Right Angle. A right angle is one that measures 90. It is usually represented by a small square at
the vertex. Two lines that intersect and form right angles are called perpendicular ( ) lines.
3. Obtuse Angle. This is an angle whose measure is more than 90 but less than 180.
Remarks: In plane Geometry, an angle is simply a set of points. This should be distinguished from the angles
in trigonometry where we speak of directed angles. When we use directed angles, we allow zero angles and straight angles. In
the study of directed angles, we seldom use the degree as a unit measure. Instead, we use the radian.
An angle bisector is a ray in the interior of the angle dividing it into two congruent parts.
2. On the edge of a half-plane, take points, M, K, A such that A is between M and K. Take ray AT so that m TAK = 35. In the
2
| Mathematics Major [2]
Solutions:
Since 3 and m6 are vertical angles, then these angles are congruent. Thus, if m3 = 141, therefore, m6 = 141 .
5. In the figure below, the measures of angles 1, 2, and 3 are in the ratio 1:2:3, respectively. Find the measure of each angle.
Solution:
Adding the terms of the ratio 1,2, and 3 gives 6.
6. Find the measure of an angle whose measure is 40 more than the measure of its supplement.
Solution: A B
Let x = the measure of the supplement of the angle
x + 40 = the measure of the angle H C
x + (x + 40) = 140
2x = 140 F G
x = 70 and x + 40 = 100
Thus, the measure of the angle is 110.
E D
IV. PARALLEL LINES
Facts about parallel lines:
1. Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not intersect
2. Skew lines are noncoplanar and nonintersecting lines.
Examples:
a.) In the parallelepiped above, name all the lines that contain the edges parallel to AB .
b.) Name all the lines containing the edges that are skew to EF .
Solutions:
a.) The lines parallel to AB are FG , HC and ED
b.) The lines that are skew to EF are AB , HC , BG and CD .
3. A transversal is a line that intersects two coplanar lines at two different points.
1 2 1 2
4 3
4 3
5 6
5 6 8 7
8 7
1 2 1 2
| Mathematics Major [2]
Principle 2: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles are
congruent.
Principle 3: If parallel lines are cut buy a transversal, then the corresponding angles are
congruent.
Principle 4: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate exterior angles are congruent.
Principle 5: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the same-side interior angles are supplementary.
Principle 6: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of alternate interior angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.
Principle 7: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of corresponding angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.
Principle 8: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of alternate exterior angles are congruent, then two lines are parallel.
Principle 9: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of same-side interior angles are supplementary then two lines are
parallel.
Principle 10: Lines are parallel if they are parallel to the same line.
Examples:
A. Use the given information to decide which lines are parallel. Justify your answers with a principle for parallel lines.
1. 6 9
1 2
2. 4 8 a
3. m3 + m8 = 180 4 3
4. m5 + m7 = 180
12
b
5. 10 11
5
9 8 6 7
6. 2 10 c
10 11
Solutions: d e
B. In the figure at the right, find the value of x given st cut by a transversal l
4
| Mathematics Major [2]
1. m 2 = 2x, m3 = 4x l
2. m1 = 2x, m6 = 136 1 s
2
3. m1 = 3x, m5 = 60
3 5 t
4. m1 = 6x, m3 = 120 4 6
Solutions:
Thus, 6x = 120
x = 20
V. TRIANGLES
Triangles may also be classified according to the kinds of angles they have.
1. Right triangle. A triangle having one right angle.
2. Obtuse triangle. A triangle having one obtuse angle.
3. Acute triangle. A triangle having three acute angles.
Right Acute
Obtuse
Some Theorems about Triangles
1. Isosceles Triangle Theorem. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite these sides are congruent.
Conversely, if two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite them are congruent
2. Every equilateral triangle is equiangular and conversely.
3. The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.
1. Angle bisector of a triangle. An angle bisector of a triangle is a segment or ray that bisects an angle and extends to the opposite
side.
2. Median of a triangle. A median of a triangle is a segment from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
3. Perpendicular bisector of a side. A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is a line that bisects
and is perpendicular to a side.
5. Altitude of obtuse triangle. In an obtuse triangle, the two altitudes fall outside the triangle.
6. The altitudes to the congruent sides of an isosceles triangle are congruent.
7. The altitudes of an equilateral triangle are congruent.
a 3
a a 2
45
a
3. Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs. a c
b
a2 + b2 = c2
1 3 4
m4 > m1
m4 > m2
6. Triangle Inequality Theorem
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than a c
the length of the third side.
b
a+b>c
Examples:
6
| Mathematics Major [2]
1. Find the lengths of the unknown sides in the
adjoining figure
a c
a b c
a. 3 ____ ____
b. ____ ____ 6 2
b
a=b
Solutions:
By Theorem 1, a) b = 3 and c = 3 2 b) a = 6 and b = 6
Solutions:
By Theorem 2, a) a = 4 and c = 8 b) a = 5 and b = 5 3 .
3. A pole is braced up by wires tied to its top portion from pegs on the ground
each 6 ft from the foot of the pole. If a wire is 16 ft long, how tall is the pole?
Solution:
c2 a 2 b2
162 6 2 b 2
b 2 162 6 2
b 2 256 36
b 2 220 14.83
4. Find the measures of the labeled angles in the marked figure at the right.
Solutions:
mx 60; my 120; mz 30; mw 30
Given two triangles. There are four ways to show that they are congruent using only three pairs of corresponding congruent
parts:
SAS Congruence Postulate. If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
corresponding two sides and the included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
ASA Congruence Postulate. If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
corresponding two angles and the included side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
SSS Congruence Postulate. If the three sides of one triangle are congruent respectively to the corresponding three sides
of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
SAA Congruence Theorem.. If a side and two angles adjacent angles of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
corresponding side and two adjacent angles of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
Corresponding Parts Principle. If two triangles are congruent by SAS, ASA, SSS, or SAA, then their remaining corresponding parts are
also congruent
Examples:
7
| Mathematics Major [2]
Each pair of marked triangles are congruent by the indicated congruence postulate.
60 60
32 32
ASA SAS
65
95
95
65
SAA SSS
From the triangle congruence postulates, any two right triangles may be congruent by any of the following principles:
LL Congruence. Two right triangles are congruent if the two legs of one are congruent, respectively, to the
corresponding two legs of the other. (By SAS)
LA Congruence. Two right triangles are congruent if a leg and an adjacent acute angle of one are congruent,
respectively, to the corresponding leg and an adjacent acute angle of the other. (By ASA; by SAA if the acute
angles are not adjacent)
HL Congruence. Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a leg of one are congruent,
respectively, to the corresponding hypotenuse and a leg of the other. (By Transitivity)
40
40
Thus, the distance between a line and an external point is the length of the perpendicular segment from the point to the line.
Similar Triangles
Similarity Postulates:
1. AA Similarity. If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles of another triangle, then the
triangles are similar.
2. SAS Similarity. If an angle of one triangle is congruent to a corresponding angle of another triangle and the sides that
include these angles are proportional, then the triangles are similar.
3. SSS Similarity. If all the three sides of one triangle are proportional to the lengths of the corresponding sides of another
triangle, then the triangles are similar.
8
| Mathematics Major [2]
4. Midsegment Theorem for Triangles. A
B C
AB AC
AD AE
6. Similarity in a right triangle. The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle forms two triangles that are each
similar to the original triangle and to each other.
7. Given a right triangle and the altitude to the hypotenuse. (a) The altitude to the hypotenuse is the geometric
mean of the segments into which it separates the hypotenuse. (b) Each leg is the geometric mean of the
hypotenuse and the segment adjacent to the leg.
AD CD
CD BD A B
D
Hence, CD2 AD BD Finally,
AD AC BD BC
Moreover, .
AC AB BC BA
1. Two angles of ABC have measures, 45 and 15, while two angles of DEF have measures 120 and 45. Are the
triangles similar? By what Similarity theorem or definition?
Solution:
(CD)2 AD BD
(CD)2 8 18 A B
CD = 12 D
9
| Mathematics Major [2]
QUADRILATERALS
If all four angles of a quadrilateral are right angles, then the quadrilateral is a rectangle.
If all four angles of a quadrilateral are right angles, and all four sides are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
square.
If both pairs of opposite sides are parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
If one and only one pair of opposite sides are parallel, then the quadrilateral is a trapezoid.
THEOREMS ON QUADRILATERALS
Recall: The distance between a line and an external point is the length of the perpendicular segment from the point to
the line.
The distance between any two parallel lines is the distance from any point of one to the other.
3. In a parallelogram, any two opposite angles are congruent.
4. In a parallelogram, any two consecutive angles are supplementary.
5. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
Application:
6. The segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half as long.
7. A rhombus is a parallelogram all of whose sides are congruent.
8. A rectangle is a parallelogram all of whose angles are congruent.
9. A square is a rectangle all of whose sides are congruent.
10. If a parallelogram has one right angle, then it is a rectangle.
11. In a rhombus, the diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
12. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other and are perpendicular, then the
quadrilateral is a rhombus.
CIRCLES
Definition
Let P be a point in a given plane, and r be a positive number. The circle with center P and
radius is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from P is r.
Definition
Let P be a point, and let r be a positive number. The sphere
with center P and radius r is the set of all points of space whose
distance from P is r.
Two or more spheres or two or more circles with the same center are called concentric.
A chord of a circle is a segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.
A line which intersects a circle in two points is called a secant of the circle.
A chord of a sphere is a segment whose endpoints lie on the sphere.
A diameter of a circle or sphere is a chord containing the center.
10
| Mathematics Major [2]
The interior of a circle is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from the center is less than the
radius.
The exterior of a circle is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from the center is greater
than the radius.
Definition
A tangent to a circle is a line (in the same plane) which intersects the circle in one and only one point. This point
is called the point of tangency.
Definition
Two circles are tangent if they are tangent to the same line at the same point. If two tangent circles are coplanar,
and their centers are on the same side of their common tangent, then their internally tangent. If two tangent circles
if two tangents are coplanar, and their canters are on opposite sides of their common
tangent, then their externally tangent
ARCS OF CIRCLES
In the adjoining circle at the right, P is the center. The set of points (darkened) on the circle in the interior of
APB is the minor arc AB . The remaining set of points on the circle is the major arc AB . A and B are the endpoints
of the arcs.
Definition
A central angle of a circle is an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle.
Definition
11
| Mathematics Major [2]
Definition
1. The degree measure of an arc is the measure of the corresponding central angle.
2. The degree measure of a semicircle is 180.
Definition
Definition
1. The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of the intercepted arc.
2. An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
3. Every two angles inscribed in the same arc are congruent.
Definitions
A triangle is inscribed in a circle if the vertices of the triangle lie on the circle. If each side of the triangle is
tangent to the circle, then the quadrilateral is circumscribed about the circle.
12
| Mathematics Major [2]
Theorems
1. The volume of the prism is the product of the altitude and the area of the base.
2. The volume of a triangular pyramid is one-third the product of its altitude and its base area.
3. The volume of a pyramid is one-third the product of its altitude and its base area.
4. The volume of a circular cylinder is the product of its altitude
and the area of its base.
5. The volume of a circular cone is one-third the product
of its altitude and the area of its base.
TRANSFORMATIONS
Starting point
If you cut out DEF and place it onto ABC , they should have the same size and shape. The movement may be a slide, a flip,
or a turn.
Look at the kite at the right. If we fold the kite over BD , there is a one-
to-one correspondence between the points of the kite. A C, points along AB
and CB correspond, and points along AD and CD correspond.
Transformation
A transformation is a one-to-one correspondence between points in the plane such that each point P is associated with a
'
unique point P , called the image of P .
Transformations that preserve the size and shape of geometric figures are called isometries (iso means same and metry
means measure) or rigid motions.
Types of isometries: translation, rotation and reflection.
Translation
Translation is a transformation that acts like a slide.
Example:
Solution:
Slide the triangle so that A moves to A. Since B and C are
the same distance and direction from B and C, respectively, as A is from point A, point B is the image of B and point C is the image
of C. Thus, ABC moves to A 'B'C' . Trace ABC and slide it using the arrow from A to A.
To define translation, we need the concept of directed line segment. Informally, a line segment AB can be directed in two
ways: (1) pointing from A to B denoted as AB or (2) pointing from B to A denoted as BA .
Further, two line segments are said to be equivalent if they are parallel, have the same length and point in the same
direction.
13
| Mathematics Major [2]
Definition
Translation
Suppose that A and B are points in the plane. The translation associated with directed line segment AB , denoted TAB , is
' '
the transformation that maps each point P to the point P such that PP is equivalent to AB .
Rotation
This is an isometry that corresponds to turning the plane around a fixed point.
Example
Describe a transformation that will move ABC to coincide with A 'B'C' .
Solution:
We can turn ABC 180 around point P, the midpoint of segment BB ' to coincide with A 'B'C' .
To define rotation, we need the concept of a directed angle. An angle ABC is said to be a directed angle if it satisfies
the following properties:
b) If the direction of the turn is counterclockwise, the measure of the directed angle is the positive number
mABC . If the direction is clockwise, the measure is the negative number mABC . The directed angle
ABC is denoted by ABC .
For the directed angle by ABC , ray BA is called the initial side and ray BC is called the terminal side.
Definition
Rotation
The rotation with center O and angle with measure a, denoted R O,a , is the
'
transformation that maps each point P other than O to the point P such that
1. The measure of directed angle POP' is a, and
2. OP OP
'
14
| Mathematics Major [2]
Reflection
This isometry corresponds to flipping the plane over a fixed line.
Example:
Describe a transformation that will move ABC to coincide with A 'B'C'
Solution:
Flip ABC over the perpendicular bisector of AA ' .
' '
Then point A moves to point A , point B to B , and C to C ' . Hence, ABC moves to coincide with A 'B'C'
Reflection
A transformation that flips the plane over a fixed line is called a reflection.
Definition
Suppose that a line l is a line in the plane. The reflection in line l, denoted by M t , is the
transformation that maps points as follows:
'
1. Each point P not on line l is mapped to the point P such that l is the
'
perpendicular bisector of segment PP .
2. Each point Q on line l is mapped to itself.
Examples of transformations
15
| Mathematics Major [3]
Philippine Normal University
LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Refresher Course for year 2015
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP: MATHEMATICS
FOCUS: Basic Algebra
LET COMPETENCIES:
1. Perform operations on Algebraic Expressions
2. Simplify a given algebraic expression with series of operations
3. Apply the Laws of Exponents in Multiplying and Dividing Algebraic Expressions
4. Factor polynomials
5. Use factoring in simplifying rational expressions
6. Perform operations on Rational Expressions
7. Perform operations on Radical Numbers
8. Identify the domain and/or the range of a given function
9. Identify/ describe the graph of a function
10. Solve problems on
a) Linear equations
b) Systems of linear equations
11. Compute the value of a function f(n), where n is a counting number
I. Algebraic Expressions
A mathematical phrase that contains a variable is an open phrase. A number phrase is an expression
that does not contain a variable. It is also referred to as a numerical expression. The English phrase a certain
number added to 5 may be translated to the open phrase n + 5 where n stands for a certain number. The
English phrase seven added to 5 may be translated to the number phrase 7 + 5.
x
Expressions like 8 + 2, 12 2, 5 x 2, and 20 2 are some number phrases for the number 10. Expressions like
5
, - 2a, 2n + 8, 2(l + w) are examples of open phrases. Another name for open phrase is algebraic expression.
An expression composed of constants, variables, grouping symbols, and operation symbols, is called an
algebraic expression. It is the result of adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing (except by 0), or taking roots
on any combination of constants and variables.
1 2 x3 1 1
Example a) 2 x 3x b. 2 x x
2
c) 4x2 2x 5 d) 2
3 x x
A. Polynomials
A term of a polynomial is a constant, a variable or the product of a constant and one or more variables
raised to whole number exponents. The constant preceding the variable in each term is called coefficient of
the variable. In 3x 3 15x 2 2 , the coefficient of x3 is 3, and the coefficient of x2 is 15. In algebra, a number is
frequently referred to as a constant, and so the last term 2 in 3x 3 15x 2 2 is called the constant term.
A polynomial is a term or a finite sum of terms, with only non-negative integer exponents permitted
on the variables. If the terms of a polynomial contain only the variable x, then the polynomial is called
polynomial in x.
d) 8 x 3 y 3 e) 4r 2 s 3 2 1 f) x 4 8x 2 11x 5
B. Degree of a Polynomial
The degree of a polynomial in one variable is the highest exponent of the variable in the polynomial. A
term containing more than one variable has degree equal to the sum of all the exponents appearing on the
variables in the term. The degree of a polynomial in more than one variable is the highest degree of all the
terms appearing in the polynomial. If a monomial consists of a constant term then the expression is called
constant polynomial. The degree of a constant polynomial is zero.
Examples:
1) The degree of the polynomial 6 x 3 y 2 3xy is 5.
2) The degree of the polynomial 4 x 2 5 x 3 is 2.
3) The degree of the polynomial 2 x 2 5 x 2 y 7 y is 3.
C. Like Terms
If two terms contain the same powers of the same variables, they are called like terms or similar
terms. For example, 3x 2 and 5x 2 are like terms, whereas 3x 2 and 2x 3 are not like terms. Other examples
are 4 xy and 5 yx , 3x 2 y and 5 yx 2 , and 4 x x y and 7 x x y .
D. Kinds of Polynomials
Certain polynomials have special names depending on the number of terms they have.
1. Monomial is a polynomial that has only one term.
5x 2 y 3
Examples: a) 8r 2 s 3 b)
4
2. Binomial is a polynomial that has two terms.
6x 2 y
Examples: a) 8 x 3 y 3 b) 3 xy
5
3. Trinomial is a polynomial that has three terms.
2x 2 3
Examples: a) 4 x 2 5 x 3 b) 5x 2 y
3 5
4. Multinomial is a polynomial that has four or more terms
2a 4 b 3 a 3 b 2
Examples: a) 4 x 3 5x 2 x 7 b) 2 a 2 b 5a
5 4
E. Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
In Algebra, we replace a variable with a number. This is called substituting the variable. To evaluate an
algebraic expression, substitute the variable by a number and then calculate. Evaluating an algebraic
expression means obtaining or computing the value of the expression where value/s of the variable/s is/are
assigned.
Examples: Evaluate.
x y x y y x 3y
1) for x = 12 & y = 8 2) for x = 2 & y = 4
4 4 2 x
12 8 12 8 4 2 3(4)
= =
4 4 2 2
20 4 6 12
= =5+1 = =3+6
4 4 2 2
24 18
= =6 = =9
4 2
F. Operations on Algebraic Expressions
H. Simplifying Algebraic Expressions Involving Grouping Symbols
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://www.slreviewcenter.com | https://www.facebook.com/SLRCspc 2
(049)562-2239 | 0917-584-8106
| Mathematics Major [3]
D. Quotient Law
If m and n are integers and m > n, and a 0, then
am
amn
an
If m and n are integers and m < n, and a 0, then
am 1
n
nm
a a
If m and n are integers and m = n, and a 0, then
am
amn a0 1
an
Examples:
29 x 4 1 1 1
1) 4 29 4 25 32 2) 2 2 ( 4 ) 2 4 2
2 x x x x
The product of the sum and difference of two terms is obtained by subtracting the product of
the last terms from the product of the first terms, and is called the difference of two squares
(DTS).
Examples:
a) a b a b a 2 b 2 b) 3a 5b 3a 5b 9a 2 25b 2
The square of a binomial is the sum of the square of the first term, twice the product of the two
terms, and the square of the last term.
a b2 a 2 2ab b 2 a 2 2ab b 2
a b2 a 2 2a b b 2 a 2 2ab b 2
The product of the binomials ax by and cx dy where a, b, c, & d are real numbers, is
equal to ax cx dy by cx dy .
The product of a binomial a b and a trinomial a 2 ab b 2 where the first term of the trinomial is
the square of the first term of the binomial, the middle term of the trinomial is the negative of the product of
the two terms of the binomial, and the third term of the trinomial is the square of the second term of the
binomial, is equal to the product of the first terms plus or minus the product of the last terms of the
binomial and trinomial factors.
Cube of a Binomial
The cube of a binomial a b is equal to a b a b a b or a b .
3
a b3 = a b2 a b = a 2 ab b 2 a b = a 3 3a 2b 3ab2 b 3
B. Factoring
Factoring is the reverse of multiplying. To factor an expression means to write an equivalent expression
that is a product of two or more expressions.
a) 4 x 25 = (2 x) - (5) = (2 x + 5) (2 x - 5)
2 2 2
a2 b2
a
b
a
b
b) 36x 25 y = (6 x ) - (5 y ) = (6 x + 5 y ) (6 x - 5 y 3 )
8 6 4 2 3 2 4 3 4
b) a 2 2ab b 2 a b a b a ba b a b a b
2 2
6) Factoring by Grouping
When the given expression is a multinomial, it may be factored by grouping.
Examples:
a) 6 x 3 9 x 2 4 x 6 b) x 2 2 xy y 2 b 2
Procedure:
a) 6 x 3 9 x 2 4 x 6
There is no factor common to all the terms other than 1. We can, however, group the terms as
(6 x 9 x 2 ) and (4 x 6) and factor these separately.
3
The terms do not have any common factor other than 1 but the terms can be grouped as
( x 2 xy y 2 ) and b 2 . Both groups can be expressed as squares. Thus, x y b
2 2 2
= x y b
2 2
Rewriting the expression as DTS.
= x y b x y b Factoring the DTS
= x y b x y b Simplifying each factor
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://www.slreviewcenter.com | https://www.facebook.com/SLRCspc 5
(049)562-2239 | 0917-584-8106
| Mathematics Major [3]
7) Factoring by Completing the Square
There are polynomials that cannot be factored by using any of the preceding methods. Completing the
square can factor some of these polynomials.
Examples: Factor
a) x 64
4
b) 4 x 4 37 x 2 y 2 49 y 4
Procedure:
a) x 4 64
If the given expression is a binomial whose terms are perfect squares and positive, these two terms can
be considered as the first and last terms of the perfect square trinomial. It means that in the binomial x 4 64 ,
the middle term is missing. The middle term (mt) can be found by using the formula:
mt = 2 ft lt
where ft is the first term and lt is the last term.
Using the formula,
mt = 2 x 4 64 = 2 x 2 8 16x 2
So,
= x 4 64 0 Additive Identity Property
= x 4 16x 2 64 16x 2 16x 2 16x 2 0
= ( x 4 16x 2 64) (16x 2 ) Grouping the terms
= x 2 8 4 x
2 2
Rewriting the expression as DTS
= x 2 8 4 x
x 2 8 4 x Factoring the DTS
x 4 64 x 2 4 x 8 x 2 4 x 8 Simplifying and arranging the terms
b) 4 x 4 37 x 2 y 2 49 y 4
In the expression 4 x 4 37 x 2 y 2 49 y 4 , the first and last terms are squares . For the given to be a PST,
the middle term must be
mt = 2 4 x 4 49 y 4 = 22 x 2 7 y 2 28x 2 y 2
Thus, we rename 37 x 2 y 2 as 28x 2 y 2 9 x 2 y 2 , and we have
4 x 4 37 x 2 y 2 49 y 4 = 4 x 4 28x 2 y 2 49 y 4 9 x 2 y 2
= (4 x 4 28x 2 y 2 49 y 4 ) (9 x 2 y 2 ) Grouping the terms
= 2 x 2 7 y 2 3xy
2 3
Rewriting the expression as DTS
= 2 x 7 y 3xy
2 2
2x 7 y 3xy Factoring the DTS
2 2
4 x 4 37 x 2 y 2 49 y 4 = 2 x 2 3xy 7 y 2 2 x 2 3xy 7 y 2 Simplifying & arranging the terms
a a (a) a (a) a
1)
b b b (b) b (b)
a a (a) a a (a)
2)
b b b (b) b (b)
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://www.slreviewcenter.com | https://www.facebook.com/SLRCspc 6
(049)562-2239 | 0917-584-8106
| Mathematics Major [3]
Examples:
x x ( x) x
a.
y x ( y x) ( y x) x y
y 3 x3 ( y 3 x3 ) ( x3 y 3 )
b.
x y x y x y
A rational expression is said to be in lowest or simplest form if the numerator and denominator are
relatively prime. The process of reducing fractions to their simplest form is dividing both numerator and
denominator by their greatest common factor (GCF).
Examples:
35a 4b 2
1) Reduce to lowest terms.
42a 3b 3
Solution:
35a 4b 2 57aaaabb 5a
42a b
3 3
23 7 a a a b b b 6b
Or
35a 4 b 2 7a 3b 2 5a
42a b 7a b
3 3 3 2
6b
where the greatest common factor (GCF)between the numerator and the denominator is 7a 3b 2 .
x3 x 2 6 x
2) Reduce 3 to lowest term.
x 3x 2 2 x
Solution:
We will first factor the members of the given fraction and then proceed as above.
x3 x 2 6 x x( x 2 x 6)
Common factoring by x
x3 3x 2 2 x x( x 2 3x 2)
x3
= Canceling x and (x 2)
x 1
3x 2
3) Reduce to simplest form.
3x( x 1) 2( x 1)
Solution:
3x 2
= Given
3x( x 1) 2( x 1)
3x 2
= Common factoring or by grouping
( x 1)(3 x 2)
1
= Canceling (3x 2)
x 1
Examples:
9a 2b3 20c 6 d 4 4b3c 5 2
1)
4b 6c 4 18a 3d 2 5c 7 d 3 ad
a 2 4b 2 8a 4b a 2 4ab 3b 2
2)
2a 2 7ab 3b 2 2a 4b a 2 ab 2b 2
2( a b )
= Canceling common factors and get the product
ab
a c a d ad
b) Quotient of fractions:
b d b c bc
To obtain the quotient of two rational expressions, we multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor.
Examples:
100a 2b 4 60a 3b3
1)
30bc3 42ac4
Solution:
100a 2b 4 42ac4
= Getting the reciprocal of the divisor
30bc3 60a 3b3
then proceed to multiplication
7c
= Canceling the common factors of the numerators and the
3
denominators and simplify the result.
x 2 3x 2 x2 x 2
2) Divide by 2
2 x 2 3x 1 2 x 3x 2
Solution:
( x 2)(x 1) ( x 2)(2 x 1)
= Factoring and multiplying the dividend by the
(2 x 1)(x 1) ( x 1)(x 2)
reciprocal of the divisor
x2
= Canceling common factors
x 1
Examples:
2x 1 7x 5 9x 3
a) Find .
6x 1 6x 1 6x 1
Solution:
2x 1 7x 5 9x 3
= Writing the rational expressions as a single
6x 1
fraction with a common denominator
(2 x 7 x 9 x) (1 5 3)
= Collecting like terms in the numerator
6x 1
1
= Performing the indicated operations in the
6x 1
numerator
2 3x 8y
b) Express 2 2 in simplest form.
3x 2 y 3x 2 xy 9 x 4 y 2
Solution:
2 3x 8y
= Factoring the
(3x 2 y ) x(3x 2 y ) (3x 2 y )(3x 2 y )
denominators
Make the rational expressions similar by getting the LCD, divide the LCD by the
given denominator and multiply the quotient by the given numerator
2 x(3x 2 y ) 3x(3x 2 y ) 8 y ( x)
=
x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y ) x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y ) x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y )
6 x 2 4 xy 9 x 2 6 xy 8 xy
= Getting the products in the
x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y )
numerators
( x)(3x 2 y )
= Factoring the numerator
( x)(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y )
1
= Reducing the result to
(3x 2 y )
simplest form
Examples:
x2
y
y
1) Simplify the complex rational expression .
y2
x
x
Solution:
y 2 x2
y y 2 x2 y 2 x2
= 2
y x2 y x
x
y 2 x2 x x
= 2 Canceling common factors
y y x 2
y
and then multiplying
the dividend by the reciprocal
of the divisor.
Radicals
1
If n is a positive integer and a is a real number for which a n is defined, then the expression
1
n
a is called a radical, and n
a =a .n
The number a is called the radicand. The number n is called the index of the radical. Remember that
1
n
a is the positive nth root of a when n is even and a is positive, whereas n a is the real nth root
a = a n . So n
of a when n is odd and a is any real number. The expressions 4 , 4 16 , and 6 2 are not real numbers
because there are no even roots of negative numbers in the real number system.
m
Whenever the exponent of a base is in rational form where n 0, the expression can always be
n
expressed in radical form.
Solution:
3 5 2
4 3 5 3
a) a = 4
a b) a 2
= ( a) 2
c) 8 = 3
82
a) 36 = 36 2
b) 3
8 = (8) 3
c) 3
a =a6 3
Examples: Simplify each of the following using the Product Rule for Radicals.
a) 4 32 b. 12x 6 c) 3
54x 5 y 9
Solution:
a) 4
32 = 4 16 4
2 = 4
24 4
2 = 24 2
b) 12x 6 = 4x 6 3 = 22 ( x 3 ) 2 3 = 2 x 3 3
c) 3
54x 5 y 9 = 3 27 x3 y 9 3
2x 2 = 3
33 x 3 y 9 3
2x 2 = 3xy 3 3 2 x 2
Examples: Simplify each of the following using the Quotient Rule for Radicals.
8x 3 y 5 24y 5
a) 3
b) 3
27 125
Solution:
8 x3 y 5 3
8 x3 y 3 y 2 3
(2)3 x3 y 3 y 2 2 xy 3 y 2
a) 3
27 3
33 3 3
24 y 5 3 8 3 y 3 y 2 3
23 y 3 y 2 2 y 3 y 2
b) 3
125 3 3
5 5 5
Solution:
10 10 6 60 22 15 2 15 15
a)
6 6 6 62 6 6 3
3
24x 2 y 4 3
24x 2 y 4 3
2x2 y 2 3
48x 4 y 6 3
23 6 x 3 xy 6 2 xy 2 3 6 x
b) = y3 6 x
3
4 xy 3
4 xy 3
2x2 y 2 3
8 x3 y 3 3
23 x 3 y 3 2 xy
c) To rationalize letter c, use the conjugate of the two-term denominator as the multiplier of both numerator
and denominator of the given expression.
2 1 3 2(1 3 ) 2(1 3 ) 2(1 3 )
(1 3 ) 1 3
1 3 1 3 1 32 1 3 2
Procedure:
1) 2x 3 - 4x 2 + 5 18x 3 Given
= 2 x 2 x - 2 2 x 2 + 5 32 2 x 2 x Product rule for radicals
= x 2 x - 2x + 15x 2 x Simplifying each radical
= 15x 2 x - 2x Adding like radicals
2) 3 16 x 3 y 4 - 3
54x 3 y 4 Given
= 3
23 2 x 3 y 3 y - 3
33 2 x 3 y 3 y Product rule for radicals
= 2 xy 3 2 y - 3xy 3 2 y Simplifying each radical
= xy 3 2 y Adding like radicals
2) Multiplication of Radicals
The product rule for radicals, n ab = n a n b , allows multiplication of radicals with the same index.
Examples: Find the product of the radicals in simplest form.
1) 2 6 4 3 2) 3
a (3 a 23 a 2 ) 3) (2 3 + 5 ) (2 3 - 5)
Procedure:
1) 2 6 4 3 = 8 18 8 2 32 (8)(3) 2 24 2
a (3 a 23 a 2 ) = a2 2 a3 = a 2 2a
3 3 3 3
2)
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://www.slreviewcenter.com | https://www.facebook.com/SLRCspc 12
(049)562-2239 | 0917-584-8106
| Mathematics Major [3]
3) (2 3 + 5 ) (2 3 - 5 ) = 4 32 - 52 = 4(3) 5 = 12 5 = 7
For any rational number a except 0, and for all whole numbers m,
1
am
am
To simplify algebraic expressions with negative exponents, mean to express the given expression into
an equivalent quantity where the exponents become positive.
9 x 2 4 y 4 x 2 y 4 9 y 4 4x2 (3 y 2 2 x)(3 y 2 2 x) 3 y 2 2 x
b) 1
3x 2 y 2 x 2 y 4 3xy 4 2 x 2 y 2 xy 2 (3 y 2 2 x) xy 2
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates.
The range is the set of second coordinates. Relations are often defined by equations with no domain
stated. If the domain is not stated, we agree that the domain consists of all real numbers that, when
substituted for the independent variable, produce real numbers for the dependent variable.
Example 1:
The table of values below shows the relation between the distance of the movie projector from the
screen and the size of a motion picture on the screen.
Distance 1 2 3 4
Screen Size 1 4 9 16
The numbers in the table above could be written as ordered pairs (x, y) where x is the
First member or first coordinate and y is the second member or second coordinate. We can express these
numbers as the set of ordered pairs.
1,1, 2. 4, 3, 9, 4,16
The set 1,1, 2. 4 , 3, 9 , 4,16 is a relation. The domain of the relation is 1, 2, 3, 4 , and the range
is 1, 4, 9, 16 .
Example 2:
The set of ordered pairs below shows a similar relation. Each person is paired with a
number representing his or her height.
The relation is Carl , 202 , Dan , 142 , Em,138 , Frank ,142 . The domain is
Carl , Dan , Em, Frank and the range is 138, 142, 202 . Notice that for each person there is
exactly one height. This is a special kind of relation called a function.
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://www.slreviewcenter.com | https://www.facebook.com/SLRCspc 13
(049)562-2239 | 0917-584-8106
| Mathematics Major [3]
A function is a relation that assigns to each member of the domain exactly one member of
the range. It is a set of ordered pairs of real numbers x, y in which no two distinct ordered pairs
have the same first coordinate. The set of all permissible values of x is called the domain of the
function, and the set of all resulting values of y is called the range of the function.
Example 3:
Let f be the function defined by f x, y y x 2 3 . Find the domain and range of the function.
Solution:
The domain is the set of all real numbers. Since the expression x 2 is nonnegative, the smallest value
that y can take is 3 (when x 0 ). Hence the range is is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 3 or
y y 3 .
Example 4:
x
Find the domain and range of the function defined by f x, y y .
x 1
Solution:
The domain is the set of all real numbers except 1 , which is x R x 1. To determine the range,
y
express x in terms of y, that is x . From this result, y cannot be equal to 1 . Therefore the range of
y 1
function is the set of all real numbers except 1 , which is y R y 1
B. Values of Functions
The symbol f x (read " f of x" or " f at x" ) denotes the particular value of the function that
corresponds to the given value of x . The variable x is called the independent variable while the variable y is
called the dependent variable because y is usually expressed in terms of x when their relationship is given in
the form of an equation. If there is an equation that is a function, we may replace y in the equation with f x
, since f x represents y . For example, if the given function is y 3x 1 , we may write it as f x 3 x 1 .
To evaluate a function for a specific value of x , replace each x in the function with the given value, and
then perform the indicated operation/s.
f 2 34 10 2 f 2 12 8 f 2 4
In the example, the ordered pair 2, 4 belongs to the function f , in symbols 2, 4 f . We also say that 4 is
the image of 2 under f , and 2 is the pre-image of 4 under f .
VII. Equations
Definition
An equation is a mathematical sentence that uses an equal sign to state that two expressions
represent the same number or are equivalent.
Examples:
a) 3 2 5 b) 3x 4 2 x 5 c) x 2 9 0
Solution set
The set of all solutions to an equation is called the solution set to the equation.
1) Solving Equations
To solve an equation means to find all of its solutions. The most basic method for solving equations
involves the properties of equality.
Properties of Equality
For any rational numbers a, b and c,
a) a a is always true Reflexive Property
b) If a b , then b a Symmetry Property
c) If a b , b c , then a c . Transitive Property
d) Adding the same number to both
sides of the equation does not
change the solution set of the
equation. In symbols, if a b ,
then a c b c . Addition Property
e) Multiplying both sides of the
equation by the same nonzero
number does not change the
solution set of the equation.
In symbols, if a b then
ac bc . Multiplication Property
Equations that have the same solution set are called equivalent equations. Using the properties of
equality, we can derive equations equivalent to the original equation. The equations 2 x 4 10 and
x 21 4 x are equivalent equations because 7 satisfies both equations.
2) Types of Equations
Identity is an equation that is satisfied by every number by which both sides of the
equation are defined. The number of solutions is infinite.
a) 23 x 1 6 x 2
x
Examples: b) x 1 x 1 c) 1
x
Both equations 23 x 1 6 x 2 and x 1 x 1 are considered identities because both sides of each
x
equation are identical. They can be satisfied by any real numbers. The equation 1 can be satisfied by all
x
0
real numbers except 0 because is undefined.
0
The only value that makes equation 3x 4 2 x 5 true is 1. While x 2 9 0 has the solution set 3, 3.
Examples: a) x x 2 b) 5 3 x 6 4 x 9 7 x
Simplifying either of the two equations using only the properties of equality will yield an equation that is false.
A. Linear Equations
Definition
An equation is linear if the variables occur as first powers only, there are no products of
variables, and no variable is in a denominator. The graph of the linear equation is a straight line. A
linear equation is also called a first-degree equation.
Examples:
2x x
a) y 4 x 2 c) 3x 2 5x 4 e. 5 1
3 2
b) 2x 5 9 d) 4 x 2 y 0
x 21 4 x Given
x 21 4 x 21 4 x 4 x 21 Addition Property
3x 21 Combining like terms
1
3x 21 Multiplication Property by
1
3 3
x=7
3 5
2 x 4 3 Multiply the equation by 2x.
x 2x
6 8x 5 6 x Distributive property
6 8x (6) (6 x) 5 6 x (6) (6 x) Addition property
2 x 1 Combining like terms
1
2 x 1 Multiplication property
2
1 1
x= Solution set is { }.
2 2
Decimals may be removed from an equation before solving. Multiply by a power of 10 large enough to
make all decimal numbers whole numbers. If you multiply by 10, you move the decimal point in all terms one
place to the right. If you multiply by 100, you move the decimal point in all terms two places to the right.
Solution: Because the highest number of decimal places is 2 in the term 0.75x, we multiply the equation by
100, thus
1) Number-Related problems
Example:
There are two numbers whose sum is 50. Three times the first is 5 more than twice the second. What
are the numbers?
4) Work-Related Problems
Example:
5) Investment-Related Problems
Example:
Gary invested P50,000, part of it at 6% and the other part at 8%. The annual interest on the 6%
investment was P480 more than that from the 8% investment. How much was invested at each rate?
6) Digit-Related Problems
Example:
The tens digit of a certain number is 3 less than the units digit. The sum of the digits is 11. What is the
number?
7) Geometry-Related Problems
Example:
The length of a rectangular piece of property is one meter longer than twice the width. If the perimeter
of the property is 302 meters, find the length and width.
8) Mixture-Related Problems
Example:
What amounts (in ounce) of 50% and 75% pure silver must be mixed to produce a solution of 15 ounces
with 70% pure silver?
B. Systems of Equations
Definition:
Any collection of two or more equations taken as one is called a system of equations. If the
system involves two variables, then the set of ordered pairs that satisfy all of the equations is the
solution set of the system.
1) A system of equations that has one or more solutions is called consistent. The graphs of the
equations either intersect at a point or coincide. The set of coordinates of the intersection is
the solution set of the system.
a) Consistent Independent is a system of linear equations with only one point as its solution. The graphs of the
equations in the system intersect at one point only.
Example:
a) Find the solution set x y 6 and x y 2 by using the substitution method.
Procedure:
The second equation states that x and y 2 are equal, thus in the first equation, we can replace x
with y 2 .
x y 6 Equation 1
y2 y 6 Replace x in equation 1 with y 2
Since this equation now has only one variable, we can solve for y .
2y 4
y2
The solution set of the system is {4, 2}. The system is consistent because there is only one solution.
b) The sum of two numbers is 115. Their difference is 21. Find the numbers.
Procedure: (By Elimination Method)
Let x = 1st number (greater number) & y = 2nd number (smaller number)
Formulate the equations:
Equation 1: x y 115
Equation 2: x y 21
Here, the elimination method can be done by adding the equations or by subtracting one equation
from the other. Thus,
x y 115 Equation 1
+
x y 21 Equation 2
2 x 136
From the sum, compute for the value of the retained variable x .
x 68 MPE
The numbers are 68 and 47. The system is consistent because there is only one solution.
b) A system of equations that has infinitely many solutions is called consistent dependent. The graphs of the
equations coincide. The equations in the system are equivalent.
Examples:
a) 2 y 2 x Equation 1 b) 3 y 1 2( x 3)
x 2y 4 Equation 2 3 y 2 x 3
Expressing y as a function of x in each of the equations in each system gives equal expressions.
Graphing can also show dependence between the two equations in each system. The graphs of the equations
will coincide.
2) A system of equations that has no solution is called inconsistent. The graphs of the equations do not
intersect or are parallel. The solution set is an empty set.
Examples:
a) 2 x 3 y 6 Equation 1 b) 4 y 5x 7
3 y 2x 3 Equation 2 4 y 5x 12
Solving the system by elimination or by substitution will result into the inequality of two constants
where both variables are dropped. The elimination of both variables implies that no solution can be obtained.
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP
Area: MATHEMATICS
LET Competencies
Solve for the roots of a given quadratic equation
Solve problems on quadratic equations
Determine an equation given a set of roots which are imaginary/complex numbers
Perform operations involving exponential and logarithmic functions
Solve for the solution set of a given inequality
Determine the rth term of the expansion (a + b)n
Solve problems involving arithmetic and geometric progressions
Solve problems involving variations
Determine the number of positive and negative roots of a given polynomial
QUADRATIC EQUATION
An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a 0, a ,b, and c are constants, is a quadratic equation.
Examples:
The following are quadratic equations:
1. 3x2 + 4x + 5 = 0
2. 2x2 - 21x = 0
3. 5x2 - 25 = 0
(x + 5) (x 3) = 0
(x + 5) = 0 (x 3) = 0
Solving the resulting linear equations,
x=-5 x=3
2. Quadratic Formula (Use this method if ax2 + bx + c is not factorable)
The quadratic formula is
b b 2 4ac
x
2a
1
| Mathematics Major [4]
Example: Solve 3x2 2x 7 = 0
Substitute a = 3 b = -2 c = -7 in the quadratic formula,
2 (2) 2 4(3)(7)
x
2(3)
1 22
x
3
BINOMIAL FORMULA
To obtain the terms of the binomial expansion (a + b)n, we use the binomial formula:
n 1 n (n 1)a n 2 b 2 n (n 1)(n 2)a n 3 b 3
(a + b) = a na
n n
b ... nabn 1 b n
2! 3!
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Examples:
The following are examples of exponential functions
1. f(x) = 2x
2. f(x) = 32x - 2
4 x 3
1
3. f(x) =
2
The exponential functions f (x) = bx and g(x) = by where x and y are real numbers, b> 0, b 1 , satisfy the
following properties
1. bxby = bx+y
2. bx = by , if and only if x = y
1
3. b-x =
bx
4. If b>1, and x< y, then bx < by
5. If 0 < b < 1 and x < y, then bx > by
2
| Mathematics Major [4]
EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
An equation where the unknown quantity appears in an exponent is called an exponential equation.
Examples:
The following are exponential equations:
1. 60 = 2x-3
2. 5x-3 = 23x-2
3. 62x 6x+3 = 24x+5
To solve an exponential equation is to find the value of the unknown quantity in the given equation.
Example 1: Solve for x in 64 = 8x-2
Solution:
Rewriting the given equation, we have
82 = 8x-2
Since the bases are equal, the exponents must be equal. Thus,
2=x2
4=x
Hence, x = 4
x 2 4 x 3
Example 2: Solve for x in the equation 2 2
Equating the exponents, we have
x2 + 4x= -3
x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
(x + 3) (x + 1) = 0
x = -3 x = -1.
Therefore x = -3 x = -1.
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
The equation f(x) = logb x, where b 1 , x> 0 and b> 0 is called a logarithmic function.
Examples:
The following are logarithmic functions:
1. f(x) = log2 (3x -2)
2. f(x) = log2 x
3. f(x) = log8 (6x -3)
Note:
1. If the base of the logarithm is not indicated it is understood that the base is 10.
2. If the base of the logarithm is the number e, then it is called a natural logarithm and it is written as
f(x) = ln x.
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
A logarithmic equation is an equation that contains logarithm.
Examples:
The following are logarithmic equations
1. log3 81 = 4
2. log2 8 = 3
3. log2 16 = 4
4. log 100 = 2
3
| Mathematics Major [4]
The logarithmic equation y = logb x can be written in exponential form as by = x and vice-versa.
Log3 81 = 4 34 = 81
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
x
2. logb x logb y = logb
y
Example:
3x 5
log3 (3x -5) log3 5x = log3
5x
3. logb xn = nlogb x
Example:
log2 x3 = 3 log2 x
To solve a logarithmic equation means to find the value of the unknown quantity in the given equation.
x 2
log log(x 2)
x
Since the logarithmic of both sides of the equation are equal, then we have
x 2
x 2
x
x(x + 2) = x + 2
x2 + x - 2 = 0
(x + 2) (x-1) = 0
x = -2 x = 1
Thus, x = 1
Example 2
Solve for x in log(x 4) + log(x 3) = log 30
Solution
Rewriting the given equation, we obtain
log(x 4)(x 3) = log 30
(x 4) (x 3) = 30
x2 - 7x + 12 = 30
x2 - 7x -18 = 0
4
| Mathematics Major [4]
(x 9) (x + 2) = 0
x = 9 x= -2
Thus, x = 9.
INEQUALITIES
Any relation expressed using the symbols <, >, > or < is called an inequality.
An absolute inequality is an inequality which is always true. A conditional inequality is one which is true only for
certain values of the variable involved.
1. 4 > 3 is an absolute inequality
2. x > 3 is a conditional inequality
PROPERTIES OF INEQUALITIES
4. Transitivity
5. Addition Property
6. Multiplication Property
SOLVING INEQUALITIES
To solve an inequality means to find the value of the unknown that will make the inequality true.
Examples:
1. Solve the inequality 4x + 3 < x + 8
Solution:
4x + 3 < x + 8
4x x < 8 3
3x < 5
5
x<
3
5
| Mathematics Major [4]
Case I
x > 0 and 3x 5 < 0
x > 0 and 3x < 5
5
x > 0 and x <
3
5
Thus, 0 < x <
3
Case II
x < 0 and 3x 5 . 0
x < 0 and 3x > 5
5
x < 0 and x >
3
Thus, the solution is a null set.
5
Therefore the general solution is 0 < x <
3
4. Solve the inequality 3x2 4 < 3x
Solution:
x2 4 < 3 x
x2 + 3 x 4 < 0
(x + 4) ( x 1) < 0
Case I
x + 4 < 0 and x 1 > 0
x < 4 and x > 1
Case II
Thus, x = ( -4, 1)
Example:
For the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, , the first term is 1, the second term is 3, and so on and so forth.
Example:
The sum of the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, denoted by 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + is a series.
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
A sequence in which a constant d is added to the previous term to get the next is called an arithmetic sequence.
The constant d is called the common difference.
Examples:
Example 1
Find the 20th term of the sequence 4, 14, 24, 34,
Solution:
Here t1 = 4, n = 20, d = 10
Thus,
t20 = t1 + (20 1) (10)
= 4 + (19) (10)
= 4 + (190)
t20 = 194
Example 2
Find the 50th term of the sequence 13, 10, 7, 4,
Solution:
Here t1 = 13, n = 50, d = -3
Thus,
t50 = t1 + (n 1) (d)
= 13 + (50 1) (-3)
= 13 + (49) (-3)
t50 = 134
ARITHMETIC SERIES
n
Sn= ( t 1 t 2 ) or
2
n
Sn = [(2t1 + (n 1)d]
2
Example 2:
How many multiples of 4 are there between 15 and 94?
Solution:
7
| Mathematics Major [4]
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
A sequence in which a constant r is multiplied by the previous term to get the next term is called a geometric
sequence. The constant r is called the common ratio.
Example:
1. The sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, is a geometric sequence whose constant ratio is 2.
8 1
2. The sequence 24, 8, , is a geometric sequence whose constant ratio is .
3 3
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
The function defined by the equation
f(x) = a0xn +a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 + . . .+ an-2x2 + an-1x + an
where n is a nonnegative integer and a0, a1, . . ., an are constants, a0, 0 is a polynomial function in x of degree n.
The zeros or roots of f(x) are the numbers x such that f(x) = 0.
8
| Mathematics Major [5]
WHAT TO EXPECT
CONCENTRATION: MATHEMATICS
Focus: Trigonometry
LET Competencies:
1. Show mastery of the basic terms, concepts and operations in Trigonometry involving
Angles
Trigonometric ratios
Conversion (degree to radian and vice-versa)
Pythagorean Theorem
2. Solve, evaluate and manipulate symbolic and numerical problems in Trigonometry by applying
fundamental principles and processes.
1. Angles In General
An angle is formed by two rays with the same endpoint. The common endpoint is called the
vertex of the angle and the rays are called the sides of the angle.
O
A
Figure 1
In Figure 1, the vertex of the angle (read as theta) is labeled O. A and B are points on each
side of . Angle can also be denoted by AOB, where the letter associated with the vertex is written
between the letters associated with the points on each side.
We can think of as having been formed by rotating side OA about the vertex to side OB. In
this case, we shall call side OA the initial side of and side OB the terminal side of .
When the rotation from the initial side takes place in a counterclockwise direction, the angle
formed is considered a positive angle. If the rotation is in clockwise direction, the angle formed is a
negative angle.
2. Degree Measure
One way to measure the size of an angle is with degree measure. The angle formed by rotating
a ray through one complete rotation has a measure of 360 degrees, written as 360.
1
| Mathematics Major [8]
1
One degree (1), then, is of a full rotation. Likewise, 180 is one-half of a full rotation, and 90 is
360
half of that (or a quarter of a rotation). Angles that measure 90 are called right angles, while angles that
measure 180 are called straight angles. Angles that measure between 0 and 90 are called acute angles,
while angles that measure between 90 and 180 are called obtuse angles.
A central angle in a circle is an angle with its vertex at the center of the circle. In a circle, a central
angle that cuts off an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle has a measure of 1 radian (rad).
s
O
r
Figure 2
3. Conversions
To convert degrees to radians, we consider the fact that 1 rad
180
180
To convert radians to degrees, we consider the fact that 1 rad =
We note the following:
1. If the unit of measure of an angle is not indicated, then it is understood to be in radians.
2. 1 rad is approximately 57, thus, 1 rad is much larger than 1 degree.
Example 1.
1.1 Convert 60 to radians.
Solution: Note that 1 rad, so to convert from degrees to radians, we multiply by . Thus, we have
180 180
60 60 rad rad
180 3
When our answer is in terms of , we are writing an exact value. If we wanted an approximation, we
would replace with 3.1416.
3.1416
Exact value 0.7854 Approximate value
4 4
z
x
X
Z y
Figure 3
Right triangle XZY (symbolized as right XZY) with right angle Z is drawn in Figure 3. Its hypotenuse is z
while its legs are x and y.
We now state the Pythagorean Theorem.
Pythagorean Theorem: In any right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum
of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides (called legs).
B
If C = 90, then
c c2 = a2 + b2
a
A
C b
Figure 4
Example 3. Solve for x in the right triangle in Figure 4.
x
9
C A
12
Figure 4
x 13
C A
x+7
Solution: By applying the Pythagorean Theorem, we have
Figure 5
( x 7) 2 x 2 132
3
| Mathematics Major [8]
x 2 14x 49 x 2 169
2 x 2 14x 120 0
x 2 7 x 60 0
( x 12)(x 5) 0
x + 12 = 0 or x - 5 = 0
x = -12 or x=5
Our only solution is x = 5. We do not accept x = -12 because x is the length of a side of triangle ACB and
therefore, its value cannot be negative.
5. Trigonometric Functions
If is an angle in standard position, and the point (x, y) is any point on the terminal side of other than
the origin, then the six trigonometric functions of are defined as follows:
y
The sine of : sin
r
x
The cosine of : cos
r
y
The tangent of : tan ; x 0
x
x
The cotangent of : cot ; y 0
y
r
The secant of : sec ; x 0
x
r
The cosecant of : csc ; y 0
y
where r2 = x2 + y2 or r x 2 y 2 . That is, r is the distance of the point (x, y) from the origin.
Example 5. Find the six trigonometric functions of if is in standard position and the point (2, -3) is on
the terminal side of .
(-2,3)
Figure 6
Solution: Using the values x = -2 and y = 3, we solve for r.
r x 2 y 2 13
Applying the definition for the six trigonometric functions, we have
y 3
sin x
cot
13
r 13 y 3
x 2
cos r
sec
13
r 13 x 2
y 3 x 2
tan csc
x 2 y 3
6. Solving Right Triangles
To solve a right triangle is to know the measurement or to approximate the sizes of its acute angles
and sides when the measurements of at least one leg and an angle or of two of its sides are given.
We now define the six trigonometric ratios as follows:
side opposite hypotenuse
sin csc
hypotenuse side opposite
4
| Mathematics Major [8]
side adjacent to hypotenuse
cos sec
hypotenuse side adjacent to
c = 6 cm
b = 3 cm
B C
a = 3 3 cm
side opposite B
Solution: The sine ratio is . The length of the side opposite B
hypotenuse
is 3 cm., and the hypotenuse is 6 cm. Therefore, we have
side opposite B 3
sin B 0 .5
hypotenuse 6
Example 7. In right XYZ with right angle Z, mX = 25 and y = 10 units. Solve the triangle.
Solutions: First, we draw the triangle.
X
z=?
y = 10 units
Y Z
x=?
mY = 90 - 25 = 65.
x x
Now, tan X . By substitution, we have tan 250
y 10
x 10 tan 250
x 4.66
y 10
Similarly, sin Y . Thus, sin 650
z z
10
z
sin 650
10
z
0.906
z 11.04
5
| Mathematics Major [6]
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP: MATHEMATICS
Focus: Analytic Geometry
LET Competencies:
6. Segment division
Given segment AB with A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2).
B. The Circle
1. Definition. A circle is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point on the plane.
The fixed point is called the center, and the distance from the center to any point of the circle is called
the radius.
2. Equation of a circle
a) general form: x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
b) center-radius form: (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 where the center is at (h,k) and the radius is equal to r.
3. Line tangent to a circle
A line tangent to a circle touches the circle at exactly one point called the point of tangency. The
tangent line is perpendicular to the radius of the circle, at the point of tangency.
C. Conic Section
A conic section or simply conic, is defined as the graph of a second-degree equation in x and y.
In terms of locus of points, a conic is defined as the path of a point, which moves so that its distance
from a fixed point is in constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line. The fixed point is called the focus of the
conic, the fixed line is called the directrix of the conic, and the constant ratio is called the eccentricity, usually
denoted by e.
D. The Parabola
1. Definition. A parabola is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a
fixed point and a fixed line of the plane. The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line is the
directrix.
2. Equation and Graph of a Parabola
a) The equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and focus at (a,0) is y2 = 4ax. The parabola
opens to the right if a > 0 and opens to the left if a < 0.
b) The equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and focus at (0,a) is x2 = 4ay. The parabola
opens upward if a > 0 and opens downward if a < 0.
c) The equation of a parabola with vertex at (h , k) and focus at (h + a, k) is (y k)2 = 4a(x h).
The parabola opens to the right if a > 0 and opens to the left if a < 0.
d) The equation of a parabola with vertex at (h , k) and focus at (h, k + a) is (x h)2 = 4a(y k).
e) The parabola opens upward if a > 0 and opens downward if a < 0.
f) Standard form: (y k)2 = 4a(x h) or (x h)2 = 4a(y k)
g) General form: y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0, or x2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
3. Parts of a Parabola
a) The vertex is the point, midway between the focus and the directrix.
b) The axis of the parabola is the line containing the focus and perpendicular to the directrix. The
parabola is symmetric with respect to its axis.
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://www.slreviewcenter.com | https://www.facebook.com/SLRCspc 2
(049)562-2239 | 0917-584-8106
| Mathematics Major [6]
c) The latus rectum is the chord drawn through the focus and parallel to the directrix (and therefore
perpendicular to the axis) of the parabola.
d) In the parabola y2=4ax, the length of latus rectum is 4a, and the endpoints of the latus rectum are
(a, -2a) and (a, 2a).
y
L
M P(x, y)
In the figure at the right, the vertex of the C
parabola is the origin, the focus is F(a,o),
the directrix is the line containing LL' ,
the axis is the x-axis, the latus rectum is
O F(a, 0) x
the line containing CC ' .
L'
y y 4/3 = 0 L
y
x1=0
O
x y2=0
P(x,y) V(3,2)
F(0,-4/3) F(5,2)
O x
L
16
The graph of x 2 y.
3
The graph of (y-2)2 = 8 (x-3).
E. Ellipse
1. Definition. An ellipse is the set of all points P on a plane such that the sum of the distances of P from two
fixed points F and F on the plane is constant. Each fixed point is called focus (plural: foci).
2. Equation of an Ellipse
a) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at ( a, 0), the foci are at ( c,0), the endpoints of the
x2 y2
minor axis are at (0, b) and b 2 a 2 c 2 , then the equation is 1.
a 2 b2
b) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at (0, a), the foci are at (0, c), the endpoints of the
x2 y2
minor axis are at ( b, 0) and b 2 a 2 c 2 , then the equation is 1.
b2 a 2
c) If the center is at (h, k), at (h a, k), the foci are at (h c,k), the endpoints of the minor axis are at
d) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, (h, k a), the foci are at (h, k c),
the endpoints of the minor axis are at (h b, k),the principal axis is vertical and b 2 a 2 c 2 , then
( y k ) 2 ( x h) 2
the equation is 1.
a2 b2
3. Parts of an Ellipse.
For the terms described below, refer to the ellipse shown with center at O, vertices at V(-a,0) and
V(a,0), foci at F(-c,0) and F(c,0), endpoints of the minor axis at B(0,-b) and B(0,b), endpoints of one latus
b2 b2
rectum at G (-c, ) and G(-c, )
a a
b2 b2
and the other at H (c, ) and G(c, ).
a a
B(0,b)
2 2
(c, ba ) (c, ba )
2
(c, ba )
2
(c, ba )
B(0,-b)
a) The center of an ellipse is the midpoint of the segment joining the two foci. It is the intersection of
the axes of the ellipse. In the figure above, point O is the center.
b) The principal axis of the ellipse is the line containing the foci and intersecting the ellipse at its
vertices. The major axis is a segment of the principal axis whose endpoints are the vertices of the
ellipse. In the figure, V 'V is the major axis and has length of 2a units.
c) The minor axis is the perpendicular bisector of the major axis and whose endpoints are both on the
ellipse. In the figure, B' B is the minor axis and has length 2b units.
d) The latus rectum is the chord through a focus and perpendicular to the major axis. G' G and H ' H
2b 2
are the latus rectum, each with a length of .
y a
(0, 3)
(-4, 9 )
(2,6)
5 (4, 9 )
5 (8,5)
(-6,4)
(-5,0) (-4,0) (4,0) (5,0)
O x (2,1)
(-8,1) (12,1)
(-4,- 9 ) (4,- 9 ) O x
5 5
(0, -3)
(8,3)
(2,-4)
4. Kinds of Ellipses
a) Horizontal ellipse. An ellipse is horizontal if its principal axis is horizontal. The graphs above are both
horizontal ellipses.
b) Vertical ellipse. An ellipse is vertical if its principal axis is vertical.
F. The Hyperbola
1. Definition. A hyperbola is the set of points on a plane such that the difference of the distances of each point
on the set from two fixed points on the plane is constant. Each of the fixed points is called focus.
2. Equation of a hyperbola
a) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at ( a, 0), the foci are at ( c,0), the endpoints of the minor
x2 y2
axis are at (0, b) and b 2 c 2 a 2 , then the equation is 1.
a 2 b2
b) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at (0, a), the foci are at (0, c), the endpoints of the minor
y2 x2
axis are at ( b, 0) and b 2 c 2 a 2 , then the equation is 1.
a 2 b2
c) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the vertices are at (h a, k), the foci are
at (h c,k), the endpoints of the minor axis are at (h,k b),the principal axis is horizontal and
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
b c a , then the equation is
2 2 2
1.
a2 b2
d) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the vertices are at (h, k a), the foci are
at (h,k c), the endpoints of the minor axis are at (h b, k),the principal axis is vertical and b 2 c 2 a 2 ,
( y k ) 2 ( x h) 2
then the equation is 1
a2 b2
2. Parts of a hyperbola.
For the terms described below, refer to the hyperbola shown which has its center at O, vertices at V(-
b2
a,0) and V(a,0), foci at F(-c,0) and F(c,0) and endpoints of one latus rectum at G (-c, ) and G(-c,
a
b2 b2 b2
) and the other at H (c, ) and H(c, ).
a a a
y
2 2
(c, ba ) B(0,b) (c, ba )
V(-a,0)
x
F(-c,0) O V(a,0) F(c,0)
2
(c, ba )
2
(c, ba ) B(0,-b)
y
b b
y x y x
a a
(0,b) P
x
(-a,0) O (a,0)
(0,-b)
These two diagonal lines are said to be the asymptotes of the curve, and are helpful in sketching the graph of a
x2 y2 b b
hyperbola. The equations of the asymptotes associated with 2
2 1 are y x and y x . Similarly,
a b a a
y2 x2 a a
the equations of the asymptotes associated with 2 2 1 are y x and y x .
a b b b
y y
(6,9)
3y x 0
(0,3)
F(-6,0) (-3,0) O (3,0) F(6,0) x
O x
(0,-3)
3y x 0
(6,-9) F(0,-6)
CALCULUS
4. lim x a
xa
f ( x) L1
5.3 lim
x a g ( x)
provided L2 0
L2
1 r , odd
8.2 lim r
x 0 x
r , even
1
8.3 lim r
x 0 x
g ( x)
9.1 If c 0 and if f (x) approaches 0 through positive values of f (x) , then lim
x a f ( x)
g ( x)
9.2 If c 0 and if f (x) approaches 0 through negative values of f (x) , then lim
x a f ( x)
g ( x)
9.3 If c 0 and if f (x) approaches 0 through positive values of f (x) , then lim
x a f ( x)
g ( x)
9.4 If c 0 and if f (x) approaches 0 through negative values of f (x) , then lim
x a f ( x)
10. Let lim f ( x) , lim g ( x) and lim h( x) c where c is any
xa xa xa
constant, then
1
| Mathematics Major [7]
10.1 lim[ f ( x) h( x)]
xa
c c
11. If p Z , c R then lim p
0 and lim p 0
x x x x
x n 1
c, n 1
4. If n is a rational number , x n dx n 1
ln x c, n 1
5. sin udu cos u c
6. cos udu sin u c
7. sec udu tan u c
2
2
| Mathematics Major [7]
13. sec udu ln sec u tan u c
14. csc udu ln csc u cot u c
u n 1
c, n 1
15. u du n 1
n
ln u c, n 1
16. eu du eu c
1 u
17. a u du a c
ln a
A f ( x )dx
a
2. Area (A) bounded by the two curves y f1( x) and y f2 ( x) for all
x [a , b]
A [ f2 ( x ) f2 ( x )]dx
a
V [ f ( x )]2 dx
a
2. Ring Method
The region bounded by the two curves y f1( x) and y f2 ( x) ,
where f1(x) > f2(x) for all x [a , b], is revolved about the x-axis
b
V [f1( x )]2 [ f2 ( x )]2 dx
a
3. Shell Method
3.1 The region bounded by the curve y f ( x) , the x-axis and
the lines x a and x b , is revolved about the y-axis.
b
V 2 xf ( x )dx
a
3.2 The region bounded by the two curves y f1( x) and y f2 ( x) , where f1(x) > f2(x) for
all x [a , b], is revolved about the y-axis
V 2 x[ f1( x ) f2 ( x )]dx
a
3
Geometry
Basic
and
Measurement Algebra
Arithmetic
and Advanced
Mathematics Major Business
Mathematics
Algebra
COMPLEX NUMBERS
25
RADICALS ALGEBRA
ALGEBRA ALGEBRA
1 4
If x is Number
an odd number
Theory and y The green neon lights
NUMBER flash every 4
THEORY
is an even number, which of seconds; the blue, every 5
the ff. is/are TRUE ? seconds; the red, every 6 seconds.
I. x - y is an even number If all the lights flash together at 8:00
II. x + y is an odd number PM, at what time will they flash
III. x y is an even number together again?
IV. x - y + 1 is an odd number
Answer: 840
301
A farmer has enough feeds for In how many years will P50,000
72 ducks for 14 days. If he grow to P60,000. If it is
sells 16 ducks, how long will invested at 6% compounded
the feeds last? monthly?
FRACTION FRACTION
A water tank is 5/6 full. If 1/3 of
the water was used for cleaning
If 2/5 of x is 20, what is 1/2 of x? the car, what part of the tank
has water?
25 5/9
210 84
Answer: 32 Answer: 70
PERCENT
An employee spends about The original price of a pair
PERCENT
P3,332 a month. This sum is of jogging pants was
70% of his monthly salary. P300. What was the rate
How much does he receive a of discount after paying
month? P195?
P4,760 35%
2080 2400 L
PERCENT
There are 1400 pupils in Kaiba FRACTION/ PERCENT
Central School. Of these
students, 12.5% are in Grade VI If the length of the rectangle is
and 20% of the rest are in reduced by 1/5 and width is also
Grade V. How many pupils are reduced by 1/5, what percent of
there in Grade V? the original area is the new area
of the rectangle?
64%
245
Plane and Solid Geometry
Arithmetic and Business Mathematics
Measurement
In the Education Dept., 3/5 are
BSED students and the rest are A mile is about 1.609 km. How
BEED students. Of these BSED many meters is a mile longer
students, 1/3 are Math majors. If than a kilometer?
there are 20 Math majors, how
many BEED students are there?
Answer: 40 Answer: 609
Answer: cm Answer: 21 cm
Answer: 25 or
Answer: 135 78.54 sq.m.
Plane and Solid Geometry Plane and Solid Geometry
Measurement Measurement
Answer: 64 Answer: 20
Answer: 4 Answer: 12
Algebra Algebra
Algebra Algebra
Algebra Algebra
If Maria can address a box envelopes Mario sold five pigs and four goats for
in 5 hours and Jane can address P21,000. Selling the animals at the
the same box of envelopes in 10 same , Ben sold three pigs and 2
hours, how many minutes will it take goats for P12,000. What is the
Maria and Jane working together to selling price of each animal?
address all envelopes in the box?
Algebra Algebra
In the expansion of (x + 3y)7 If f(x) = - 2x2 - 3x, then f(-5) =
the fourth term is: ____.
Algebra Algebra
At an amusement park, Leo bought
If y = 3x and 2x + 3y = 22,
3 hamburgers and 4 sodas for a
then y = ____. total of P150. While paying the
same prices Kaye bought 2
hamburgers and 3 sodas for
P105. What is the total cost of 1
hamburger and 1 soda?
Answer: 6 Answer: P45
Algebra Algebra
Answer: 3 Answer: 3
Basic Trigonometry Trigonometry
What is the value of sin 75? Determine the length of the
arc cut by a central angle of
60 in a circle with radius of 2
cm.
Trigonometry Trigonometry
An angle of one revolution is A ladder 18 feet long leans
equal to an angle whose against a building forming
measure in terms of radians angle 60 with the ground.
as: How high up the side of the
building?
Answer: 2 Answer:
Trigonometry Trigonometry
From a point level with 1000 ft. away If in ABC, sin A = 3/5, then what is
from the base of a monument, the the value of sin B?
angle of elevation to the top of the
monument is 35. Determine the
height in the nearest feet.
Trigonometry Trigonometry
In ABC, C s a right triangle and If the ratio of sec x to csc x is
tan A = 1. What is the value of sin A 1:4 then the ratio of tan x to
+ cos A?
cot x is
Answer: 1 Answer: 2x - y = -4
Basic Calculus Basic Calculus
Answer: Answer:
Evaluate Evaluate
Answer: Answer:
| Mathematics Major [1]
Philippine Normal University
LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Refresher Course for Year 2015
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP
Area: Mathematics
LET Competencies:
1. Simplifying expressions involving series of operations
2. Solve problems involving
a. GFC and LCMF
b. prime and composite
c. divisibility
d. inverse and partitive proportions
e. compound interest
INTEGERS
The set of integers (also called the signed numbers) is the union of the set of counting numbers { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
the set of their opposites {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and zero {0}. It is usually denoted by Z. Thus,
Z = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
The set of positive integers is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
The set of negative integers is {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}.
The integer zero (0) is neither positive nor negative.
1
| Mathematics Major [1]
Multiplication and Division
1. To multiply/divide two integers with like signs, multiply/divide the
absolute values of the given integers and affix positive sign.
(+5) x (+29) = +5 x +29 (28) x (21) = 28 x 21
= 5 x 29 = 28 x 21
= +145 = +588
( 125) ( 5) = 125 5 ( 861) (123) = 861 123
+ + + +
Example:
Which of the following numbers are prime, composite, or neither?
a) 53 prime
b) 421 prime
c) 24,638 composite
d) 43,101 composite
e) 1 neither
Example:
Find the prime factorization of 300.
300
5 60
10 6
5 2 2 3
2
| Mathematics Major [1]
Factors and Multiples
If a and b are whole numbers and a 0, then a is a factor of b if and only if there is a whole number c such that ac = b.
If a is a factor of b, we can also say that a divides b (ab), or b is a multiple of a. Every number has a finite set of factors
(or divisors) and an infinite set of multiples.
Examples:
Classify each of the following as true or false.
a) 3 is a factor of 12. true
b) 03 false
c) 30 true
d) 2 is a multiple of 8. false
e) for all integers a, 1a. true
ab
[a, b] = and when (a, b) = 1, then [a, b] = a x b
(a, b)
DIVISIBILITY RULES
Divisibility Properties
a) If a number divides each of two other numbers, then it divides their sum.
If ab and ac, then a(b + c).
b) If a number divides one of two numbers but not the other, then it will not divide their sum.
If ab and a c, then a (b + c).
c) If one number divides another number, then it will divide the product of that number with any other
whole number.
If ab, then abk.
Divisibility
A number is divisible by 2 if the number ends with an even number (0,2,4,6,8).
Example: 158 and 5792 are divisible by 2 since the numbers end with 8 and 2
respectively which are both even numbers.
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
Example: 2301 is divisible by 3 since the sum of its digits 2+3+0+1 = 6 is
divisible by 3.
A number is divisible by 4 if the last two digits of the number form a number
which is divisible by 4.
Example: 2900, 3136, and 745084 are divisible by 4.
A number is divisible by 5 if the number ends with 0 or 5.
Example: 1015, 2890, and 802525 are divisible by 5.
3
| Mathematics Major [1]
A number is divisible by 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
Example: 1350 and 201564 are divisible by 6 because they are both divisible by
2 and by 3.
A number is divisible by 7 if the difference between twice the unit digit and the
number formed by the remaining digits is divisible by 7.
Example: 2191 is divisible by 7, since
2191 219
2 (twice 1)
217 21
14 (twice 7)
7 divisible by 7
A number is divisible by 8 if the last three digits of the number form a number
which is divisible by 8.
Example: 413000, 6739048, and 9013816 are divisible by 8.
A number is divisible by 13 if the sum of four times the unit digits and the number
formed by the remaining digits is divisible be 13.
Example: 195 is divisible by 13, since
195 19
+ 20 (four times 5)
39 is divisible by 13.
For any two equal ratios a/b and c/d, a/b = c/d is called a proportion. This is also written as a:b = c:d. In this
form, a and d are called extremes and b and c are called the means, and the rule states that the product of the means
equals the product of the extremes. This can also be written as; if a : b = c : d, then ad = bc.
4
| Mathematics Major [1]
Example:
If the ratio of teachers to students in a school is 1 to 18 and there are 360
students, how many teachers are there?
Let x be the number of teachers,
1 x
or 1 : 18 = x : 360
18 360
18x = 360
x = 20 teachers
PARTITIVE PROPORTION
If a quantity q is to be partitioned into p1, p2, p3, . . . pn, so that the partitions are in the ratio a1 : a2 : a3 : . . . : an,
then the size of the kth partition may be computed as follows:
q
Pk = ak
a1 a 2 a3 ... a n
Example:
Joshua divides his day into leisure, sleep, and work. In the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. How many hours does he spend
working?
24
P3 = 3 = 12 hours.
1 2 3
DIRECT PROPORTION
If the ratio of two quantities being compared is constant, then they are directly proportional.
y1 y y y
y1 = kx1 and y2 = kx2, then k and 2 k , therefore 1 2
x1 x2 x1 x 2
Example:
Junior paid 125php for 14 chocolate candies. How much would 25 of such chocolate candies cost?
125 x
14x = 125(25) = 223.21php
14 25
INVERSE PROPORTION
If the product of two quantities being compared is constant, then they are inversely proportional
x1 x 2
x1y1 = k and x2y2 = k, then x1y1 = x2y2 or
y 2 y1
Example:
It takes 20 men to build a house for 60 days. How many men will be needed to build it in 15 days?
20 x
15x = 20(60) = 1 200 x = 80 men
15 60
COMPUTING INTEREST
Simple Interest ( Simple Interest = Prt )
Simple interest is an interest computed on the original principal. The original amount deposited or borrowed is
called the principal. The percent used to determine the interest is called the interest rate. Interest rates are given for
specific periods of time such as years, months or days.
Example:
Christian opens a savings account that pays simple interest at the rate of 5% per year. If he deposits 2 000php
and makes no other deposits, find the interest and the final amount for 90 days.
5
| Mathematics Major [2]
I. Basic Ideas
The undefined terms, point, line, and plane are geometric ideas and they are visually represented by a tiny dot, a thin
wire, and a smooth flat surface, respectively. Points are labeled by means of capital letters, lines by naming any two of its
points, and planes by naming at least three of its points. The subsets of a line are ray, segment, and the line itself.
A.. B. A. B. A. B.
Line Ray Line
segment
AB AB AB
For every two different points there is exactly one line that contains both points.
If two points of a line lie in a plane, then the line lies in the same plane.
Any three points lie in at least one plane, and any three non-collinear points lie in exactly one plane.
If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
An infinite number of planes may pass through a given line.
Further:
Every segment has exactly one midpoint.
If a line intersects a plane not containing it, then the intersection is a point.
Given a line and a point not on the line, there is exactly one plane containing both.
Given two intersecting lines, there is exactly one plane containing both.
II. ANGLES
If two rays have a common endpoint, but do not lie on the same line, then their union is an angle. Their common end
point is called its vertex and the two rays are called its sides. The following are angles:
A point may be on the angle, in the interior or neither on the angle nor in its interior called the exterior.
P. P. P.
The unit of measure for an angle is called a degree. An angle is measured with a protractor.
Angle Measurement Postulate. To every angle there corresponds a real number between 0 and 180.
1
| Mathematics Major [2]
Kinds of Angles
1. Acute Angle. An acute is an angle whose measure is less than 90.
2. Right Angle. A right angle is one that measures 90. It is usually represented by a small square at
the vertex. Two lines that intersect and form right angles are called perpendicular ( ) lines.
3. Obtuse Angle. This is an angle whose measure is more than 90 but less than 180.
Remarks: In plane Geometry, an angle is simply a set of points. This should be distinguished from the angles
in trigonometry where we speak of directed angles. When we use directed angles, we allow zero angles and straight angles. In
the study of directed angles, we seldom use the degree as a unit measure. Instead, we use the radian.
An angle bisector is a ray in the interior of the angle dividing it into two congruent parts.
2. On the edge of a half-plane, take points, M, K, A such that A is between M and K. Take ray AT so that m TAK = 35. In the
2
| Mathematics Major [2]
Solutions:
Since 3 and m6 are vertical angles, then these angles are congruent. Thus, if m3 = 141, therefore, m6 = 141 .
5. In the figure below, the measures of angles 1, 2, and 3 are in the ratio 1:2:3, respectively. Find the measure of each angle.
Solution:
Adding the terms of the ratio 1,2, and 3 gives 6.
6. Find the measure of an angle whose measure is 40 more than the measure of its supplement.
Solution: A B
Let x = the measure of the supplement of the angle
x + 40 = the measure of the angle H C
x + (x + 40) = 140
2x = 140 F G
x = 70 and x + 40 = 100
Thus, the measure of the angle is 110.
E D
IV. PARALLEL LINES
Facts about parallel lines:
1. Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not intersect
2. Skew lines are noncoplanar and nonintersecting lines.
Examples:
a.) In the parallelepiped above, name all the lines that contain the edges parallel to AB .
b.) Name all the lines containing the edges that are skew to EF .
Solutions:
a.) The lines parallel to AB are FG , HC and ED
b.) The lines that are skew to EF are AB , HC , BG and CD .
3. A transversal is a line that intersects two coplanar lines at two different points.
1 2 1 2
4 3
4 3
5 6
5 6 8 7
8 7
1 2 1 2
| Mathematics Major [2]
Principle 2: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles are
congruent.
Principle 3: If parallel lines are cut buy a transversal, then the corresponding angles are
congruent.
Principle 4: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate exterior angles are congruent.
Principle 5: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the same-side interior angles are supplementary.
Principle 6: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of alternate interior angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.
Principle 7: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of corresponding angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.
Principle 8: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of alternate exterior angles are congruent, then two lines are parallel.
Principle 9: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that a pair of same-side interior angles are supplementary then two lines are
parallel.
Principle 10: Lines are parallel if they are parallel to the same line.
Examples:
A. Use the given information to decide which lines are parallel. Justify your answers with a principle for parallel lines.
1. 6 9
1 2
2. 4 8 a
3. m3 + m8 = 180 4 3
4. m5 + m7 = 180
12
b
5. 10 11
5
9 8 6 7
6. 2 10 c
10 11
Solutions: d e
B. In the figure at the right, find the value of x given st cut by a transversal l
4
| Mathematics Major [2]
1. m 2 = 2x, m3 = 4x l
2. m1 = 2x, m6 = 136 1 s
2
3. m1 = 3x, m5 = 60
3 5 t
4. m1 = 6x, m3 = 120 4 6
Solutions:
Thus, 6x = 120
x = 20
V. TRIANGLES
Triangles may also be classified according to the kinds of angles they have.
1. Right triangle. A triangle having one right angle.
2. Obtuse triangle. A triangle having one obtuse angle.
3. Acute triangle. A triangle having three acute angles.
Right Acute
Obtuse
Some Theorems about Triangles
1. Isosceles Triangle Theorem. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite these sides are congruent.
Conversely, if two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite them are congruent
2. Every equilateral triangle is equiangular and conversely.
3. The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.
1. Angle bisector of a triangle. An angle bisector of a triangle is a segment or ray that bisects an angle and extends to the opposite
side.
2. Median of a triangle. A median of a triangle is a segment from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
3. Perpendicular bisector of a side. A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is a line that bisects
and is perpendicular to a side.
5. Altitude of obtuse triangle. In an obtuse triangle, the two altitudes fall outside the triangle.
6. The altitudes to the congruent sides of an isosceles triangle are congruent.
7. The altitudes of an equilateral triangle are congruent.
a 3
a a 2
45
a
3. Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs. a c
b
a2 + b2 = c2
1 3 4
m4 > m1
m4 > m2
6. Triangle Inequality Theorem
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than a c
the length of the third side.
b
a+b>c
Examples:
6
| Mathematics Major [2]
1. Find the lengths of the unknown sides in the
adjoining figure
a c
a b c
a. 3 ____ ____
b. ____ ____ 6 2
b
a=b
Solutions:
By Theorem 1, a) b = 3 and c = 3 2 b) a = 6 and b = 6
Solutions:
By Theorem 2, a) a = 4 and c = 8 b) a = 5 and b = 5 3 .
3. A pole is braced up by wires tied to its top portion from pegs on the ground
each 6 ft from the foot of the pole. If a wire is 16 ft long, how tall is the pole?
Solution:
c2 a 2 b2
162 6 2 b 2
b 2 162 6 2
b 2 256 36
b 2 220 14.83
4. Find the measures of the labeled angles in the marked figure at the right.
Solutions:
mx 60; my 120; mz 30; mw 30
Given two triangles. There are four ways to show that they are congruent using only three pairs of corresponding congruent
parts:
SAS Congruence Postulate. If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
corresponding two sides and the included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
ASA Congruence Postulate. If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
corresponding two angles and the included side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
SSS Congruence Postulate. If the three sides of one triangle are congruent respectively to the corresponding three sides
of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
SAA Congruence Theorem.. If a side and two angles adjacent angles of one triangle are congruent respectively to the
corresponding side and two adjacent angles of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
Corresponding Parts Principle. If two triangles are congruent by SAS, ASA, SSS, or SAA, then their remaining corresponding parts are
also congruent
Examples:
7
| Mathematics Major [2]
Each pair of marked triangles are congruent by the indicated congruence postulate.
60 60
32 32
ASA SAS
65
95
95
65
SAA SSS
From the triangle congruence postulates, any two right triangles may be congruent by any of the following principles:
LL Congruence. Two right triangles are congruent if the two legs of one are congruent, respectively, to the
corresponding two legs of the other. (By SAS)
LA Congruence. Two right triangles are congruent if a leg and an adjacent acute angle of one are congruent,
respectively, to the corresponding leg and an adjacent acute angle of the other. (By ASA; by SAA if the acute
angles are not adjacent)
HL Congruence. Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a leg of one are congruent,
respectively, to the corresponding hypotenuse and a leg of the other. (By Transitivity)
40
40
Thus, the distance between a line and an external point is the length of the perpendicular segment from the point to the line.
Similar Triangles
Similarity Postulates:
1. AA Similarity. If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles of another triangle, then the
triangles are similar.
2. SAS Similarity. If an angle of one triangle is congruent to a corresponding angle of another triangle and the sides that
include these angles are proportional, then the triangles are similar.
3. SSS Similarity. If all the three sides of one triangle are proportional to the lengths of the corresponding sides of another
triangle, then the triangles are similar.
8
| Mathematics Major [2]
4. Midsegment Theorem for Triangles. A
B C
AB AC
AD AE
6. Similarity in a right triangle. The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle forms two triangles that are each
similar to the original triangle and to each other.
7. Given a right triangle and the altitude to the hypotenuse. (a) The altitude to the hypotenuse is the geometric
mean of the segments into which it separates the hypotenuse. (b) Each leg is the geometric mean of the
hypotenuse and the segment adjacent to the leg.
AD CD
CD BD A B
D
Hence, CD2 AD BD Finally,
AD AC BD BC
Moreover, .
AC AB BC BA
1. Two angles of ABC have measures, 45 and 15, while two angles of DEF have measures 120 and 45. Are the
triangles similar? By what Similarity theorem or definition?
Solution:
(CD)2 AD BD
(CD)2 8 18 A B
CD = 12 D
9
| Mathematics Major [2]
QUADRILATERALS
If all four angles of a quadrilateral are right angles, then the quadrilateral is a rectangle.
If all four angles of a quadrilateral are right angles, and all four sides are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
square.
If both pairs of opposite sides are parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
If one and only one pair of opposite sides are parallel, then the quadrilateral is a trapezoid.
THEOREMS ON QUADRILATERALS
Recall: The distance between a line and an external point is the length of the perpendicular segment from the point to
the line.
The distance between any two parallel lines is the distance from any point of one to the other.
3. In a parallelogram, any two opposite angles are congruent.
4. In a parallelogram, any two consecutive angles are supplementary.
5. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
Application:
6. The segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half as long.
7. A rhombus is a parallelogram all of whose sides are congruent.
8. A rectangle is a parallelogram all of whose angles are congruent.
9. A square is a rectangle all of whose sides are congruent.
10. If a parallelogram has one right angle, then it is a rectangle.
11. In a rhombus, the diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
12. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other and are perpendicular, then the
quadrilateral is a rhombus.
CIRCLES
Definition
Let P be a point in a given plane, and r be a positive number. The circle with center P and
radius is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from P is r.
Definition
Let P be a point, and let r be a positive number. The sphere
with center P and radius r is the set of all points of space whose
distance from P is r.
Two or more spheres or two or more circles with the same center are called concentric.
A chord of a circle is a segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.
A line which intersects a circle in two points is called a secant of the circle.
A chord of a sphere is a segment whose endpoints lie on the sphere.
A diameter of a circle or sphere is a chord containing the center.
10
| Mathematics Major [2]
The interior of a circle is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from the center is less than the
radius.
The exterior of a circle is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from the center is greater
than the radius.
Definition
A tangent to a circle is a line (in the same plane) which intersects the circle in one and only one point. This point
is called the point of tangency.
Definition
Two circles are tangent if they are tangent to the same line at the same point. If two tangent circles are coplanar,
and their centers are on the same side of their common tangent, then their internally tangent. If two tangent circles
if two tangents are coplanar, and their canters are on opposite sides of their common
tangent, then their externally tangent
ARCS OF CIRCLES
In the adjoining circle at the right, P is the center. The set of points (darkened) on the circle in the interior of
APB is the minor arc AB . The remaining set of points on the circle is the major arc AB . A and B are the endpoints
of the arcs.
Definition
A central angle of a circle is an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle.
Definition
11
| Mathematics Major [2]
Definition
1. The degree measure of an arc is the measure of the corresponding central angle.
2. The degree measure of a semicircle is 180.
Definition
Definition
1. The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of the intercepted arc.
2. An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
3. Every two angles inscribed in the same arc are congruent.
Definitions
A triangle is inscribed in a circle if the vertices of the triangle lie on the circle. If each side of the triangle is
tangent to the circle, then the quadrilateral is circumscribed about the circle.
12
| Mathematics Major [2]
Theorems
1. The volume of the prism is the product of the altitude and the area of the base.
2. The volume of a triangular pyramid is one-third the product of its altitude and its base area.
3. The volume of a pyramid is one-third the product of its altitude and its base area.
4. The volume of a circular cylinder is the product of its altitude
and the area of its base.
5. The volume of a circular cone is one-third the product
of its altitude and the area of its base.
TRANSFORMATIONS
Starting point
If you cut out DEF and place it onto ABC , they should have the same size and shape. The movement may be a slide, a flip,
or a turn.
Look at the kite at the right. If we fold the kite over BD , there is a one-
to-one correspondence between the points of the kite. A C, points along AB
and CB correspond, and points along AD and CD correspond.
Transformation
A transformation is a one-to-one correspondence between points in the plane such that each point P is associated with a
'
unique point P , called the image of P .
Transformations that preserve the size and shape of geometric figures are called isometries (iso means same and metry
means measure) or rigid motions.
Types of isometries: translation, rotation and reflection.
Translation
Translation is a transformation that acts like a slide.
Example:
Solution:
Slide the triangle so that A moves to A. Since B and C are
the same distance and direction from B and C, respectively, as A is from point A, point B is the image of B and point C is the image
of C. Thus, ABC moves to A 'B'C' . Trace ABC and slide it using the arrow from A to A.
To define translation, we need the concept of directed line segment. Informally, a line segment AB can be directed in two
ways: (1) pointing from A to B denoted as AB or (2) pointing from B to A denoted as BA .
Further, two line segments are said to be equivalent if they are parallel, have the same length and point in the same
direction.
13
| Mathematics Major [2]
Definition
Translation
Suppose that A and B are points in the plane. The translation associated with directed line segment AB , denoted TAB , is
' '
the transformation that maps each point P to the point P such that PP is equivalent to AB .
Rotation
This is an isometry that corresponds to turning the plane around a fixed point.
Example
Describe a transformation that will move ABC to coincide with A 'B'C' .
Solution:
We can turn ABC 180 around point P, the midpoint of segment BB ' to coincide with A 'B'C' .
To define rotation, we need the concept of a directed angle. An angle ABC is said to be a directed angle if it satisfies
the following properties:
b) If the direction of the turn is counterclockwise, the measure of the directed angle is the positive number
mABC . If the direction is clockwise, the measure is the negative number mABC . The directed angle
ABC is denoted by ABC .
For the directed angle by ABC , ray BA is called the initial side and ray BC is called the terminal side.
Definition
Rotation
The rotation with center O and angle with measure a, denoted R O,a , is the
'
transformation that maps each point P other than O to the point P such that
1. The measure of directed angle POP' is a, and
2. OP OP
'
14
| Mathematics Major [2]
Reflection
This isometry corresponds to flipping the plane over a fixed line.
Example:
Describe a transformation that will move ABC to coincide with A 'B'C'
Solution:
Flip ABC over the perpendicular bisector of AA ' .
' '
Then point A moves to point A , point B to B , and C to C ' . Hence, ABC moves to coincide with A 'B'C'
Reflection
A transformation that flips the plane over a fixed line is called a reflection.
Definition
Suppose that a line l is a line in the plane. The reflection in line l, denoted by M t , is the
transformation that maps points as follows:
'
1. Each point P not on line l is mapped to the point P such that l is the
'
perpendicular bisector of segment PP .
2. Each point Q on line l is mapped to itself.
Examples of transformations
15
| Mathematics Major [3]
Philippine Normal University
LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Refresher Course for year 2015
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP: MATHEMATICS
FOCUS: Basic Algebra
LET COMPETENCIES:
1. Perform operations on Algebraic Expressions
2. Simplify a given algebraic expression with series of operations
3. Apply the Laws of Exponents in Multiplying and Dividing Algebraic Expressions
4. Factor polynomials
5. Use factoring in simplifying rational expressions
6. Perform operations on Rational Expressions
7. Perform operations on Radical Numbers
8. Identify the domain and/or the range of a given function
9. Identify/ describe the graph of a function
10. Solve problems on
a) Linear equations
b) Systems of linear equations
11. Compute the value of a function f(n), where n is a counting number
I. Algebraic Expressions
A mathematical phrase that contains a variable is an open phrase. A number phrase is an expression
that does not contain a variable. It is also referred to as a numerical expression. The English phrase a certain
number added to 5 may be translated to the open phrase n + 5 where n stands for a certain number. The
English phrase seven added to 5 may be translated to the number phrase 7 + 5.
x
Expressions like 8 + 2, 12 2, 5 x 2, and 20 2 are some number phrases for the number 10. Expressions like
5
, - 2a, 2n + 8, 2(l + w) are examples of open phrases. Another name for open phrase is algebraic expression.
An expression composed of constants, variables, grouping symbols, and operation symbols, is called an
algebraic expression. It is the result of adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing (except by 0), or taking roots
on any combination of constants and variables.
1 2 x3 1 1
Example a) 2 x 3x b. 2 x x
2
c) 4x2 2x 5 d) 2
3 x x
A. Polynomials
A term of a polynomial is a constant, a variable or the product of a constant and one or more variables
raised to whole number exponents. The constant preceding the variable in each term is called coefficient of
the variable. In 3x 3 15x 2 2 , the coefficient of x3 is 3, and the coefficient of x2 is 15. In algebra, a number is
frequently referred to as a constant, and so the last term 2 in 3x 3 15x 2 2 is called the constant term.
A polynomial is a term or a finite sum of terms, with only non-negative integer exponents permitted
on the variables. If the terms of a polynomial contain only the variable x, then the polynomial is called
polynomial in x.
d) 8 x 3 y 3 e) 4r 2 s 3 2 1 f) x 4 8x 2 11x 5
B. Degree of a Polynomial
The degree of a polynomial in one variable is the highest exponent of the variable in the polynomial. A
term containing more than one variable has degree equal to the sum of all the exponents appearing on the
variables in the term. The degree of a polynomial in more than one variable is the highest degree of all the
terms appearing in the polynomial. If a monomial consists of a constant term then the expression is called
constant polynomial. The degree of a constant polynomial is zero.
Examples:
1) The degree of the polynomial 6 x 3 y 2 3xy is 5.
2) The degree of the polynomial 4 x 2 5 x 3 is 2.
3) The degree of the polynomial 2 x 2 5 x 2 y 7 y is 3.
C. Like Terms
If two terms contain the same powers of the same variables, they are called like terms or similar
terms. For example, 3x 2 and 5x 2 are like terms, whereas 3x 2 and 2x 3 are not like terms. Other examples
are 4 xy and 5 yx , 3x 2 y and 5 yx 2 , and 4 x x y and 7 x x y .
D. Kinds of Polynomials
Certain polynomials have special names depending on the number of terms they have.
1. Monomial is a polynomial that has only one term.
5x 2 y 3
Examples: a) 8r 2 s 3 b)
4
2. Binomial is a polynomial that has two terms.
6x 2 y
Examples: a) 8 x 3 y 3 b) 3 xy
5
3. Trinomial is a polynomial that has three terms.
2x 2 3
Examples: a) 4 x 2 5 x 3 b) 5x 2 y
3 5
4. Multinomial is a polynomial that has four or more terms
2a 4 b 3 a 3 b 2
Examples: a) 4 x 3 5x 2 x 7 b) 2 a 2 b 5a
5 4
E. Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
In Algebra, we replace a variable with a number. This is called substituting the variable. To evaluate an
algebraic expression, substitute the variable by a number and then calculate. Evaluating an algebraic
expression means obtaining or computing the value of the expression where value/s of the variable/s is/are
assigned.
Examples: Evaluate.
x y x y y x 3y
1) for x = 12 & y = 8 2) for x = 2 & y = 4
4 4 2 x
12 8 12 8 4 2 3(4)
= =
4 4 2 2
20 4 6 12
= =5+1 = =3+6
4 4 2 2
24 18
= =6 = =9
4 2
F. Operations on Algebraic Expressions
H. Simplifying Algebraic Expressions Involving Grouping Symbols
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://www.slreviewcenter.com | https://www.facebook.com/SLRCspc 2
(049)562-2239 | 0917-584-8106
| Mathematics Major [3]
D. Quotient Law
If m and n are integers and m > n, and a 0, then
am
amn
an
If m and n are integers and m < n, and a 0, then
am 1
n
nm
a a
If m and n are integers and m = n, and a 0, then
am
amn a0 1
an
Examples:
29 x 4 1 1 1
1) 4 29 4 25 32 2) 2 2 ( 4 ) 2 4 2
2 x x x x
The product of the sum and difference of two terms is obtained by subtracting the product of
the last terms from the product of the first terms, and is called the difference of two squares
(DTS).
Examples:
a) a b a b a 2 b 2 b) 3a 5b 3a 5b 9a 2 25b 2
The square of a binomial is the sum of the square of the first term, twice the product of the two
terms, and the square of the last term.
a b2 a 2 2ab b 2 a 2 2ab b 2
a b2 a 2 2a b b 2 a 2 2ab b 2
The product of the binomials ax by and cx dy where a, b, c, & d are real numbers, is
equal to ax cx dy by cx dy .
The product of a binomial a b and a trinomial a 2 ab b 2 where the first term of the trinomial is
the square of the first term of the binomial, the middle term of the trinomial is the negative of the product of
the two terms of the binomial, and the third term of the trinomial is the square of the second term of the
binomial, is equal to the product of the first terms plus or minus the product of the last terms of the
binomial and trinomial factors.
Cube of a Binomial
The cube of a binomial a b is equal to a b a b a b or a b .
3
a b3 = a b2 a b = a 2 ab b 2 a b = a 3 3a 2b 3ab2 b 3
B. Factoring
Factoring is the reverse of multiplying. To factor an expression means to write an equivalent expression
that is a product of two or more expressions.
a) 4 x 25 = (2 x) - (5) = (2 x + 5) (2 x - 5)
2 2 2
a2 b2
a
b
a
b
b) 36x 25 y = (6 x ) - (5 y ) = (6 x + 5 y ) (6 x - 5 y 3 )
8 6 4 2 3 2 4 3 4
b) a 2 2ab b 2 a b a b a ba b a b a b
2 2
6) Factoring by Grouping
When the given expression is a multinomial, it may be factored by grouping.
Examples:
a) 6 x 3 9 x 2 4 x 6 b) x 2 2 xy y 2 b 2
Procedure:
a) 6 x 3 9 x 2 4 x 6
There is no factor common to all the terms other than 1. We can, however, group the terms as
(6 x 9 x 2 ) and (4 x 6) and factor these separately.
3
The terms do not have any common factor other than 1 but the terms can be grouped as
( x 2 xy y 2 ) and b 2 . Both groups can be expressed as squares. Thus, x y b
2 2 2
= x y b
2 2
Rewriting the expression as DTS.
= x y b x y b Factoring the DTS
= x y b x y b Simplifying each factor
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://www.slreviewcenter.com | https://www.facebook.com/SLRCspc 5
(049)562-2239 | 0917-584-8106
| Mathematics Major [3]
7) Factoring by Completing the Square
There are polynomials that cannot be factored by using any of the preceding methods. Completing the
square can factor some of these polynomials.
Examples: Factor
a) x 64
4
b) 4 x 4 37 x 2 y 2 49 y 4
Procedure:
a) x 4 64
If the given expression is a binomial whose terms are perfect squares and positive, these two terms can
be considered as the first and last terms of the perfect square trinomial. It means that in the binomial x 4 64 ,
the middle term is missing. The middle term (mt) can be found by using the formula:
mt = 2 ft lt
where ft is the first term and lt is the last term.
Using the formula,
mt = 2 x 4 64 = 2 x 2 8 16x 2
So,
= x 4 64 0 Additive Identity Property
= x 4 16x 2 64 16x 2 16x 2 16x 2 0
= ( x 4 16x 2 64) (16x 2 ) Grouping the terms
= x 2 8 4 x
2 2
Rewriting the expression as DTS
= x 2 8 4 x
x 2 8 4 x Factoring the DTS
x 4 64 x 2 4 x 8 x 2 4 x 8 Simplifying and arranging the terms
b) 4 x 4 37 x 2 y 2 49 y 4
In the expression 4 x 4 37 x 2 y 2 49 y 4 , the first and last terms are squares . For the given to be a PST,
the middle term must be
mt = 2 4 x 4 49 y 4 = 22 x 2 7 y 2 28x 2 y 2
Thus, we rename 37 x 2 y 2 as 28x 2 y 2 9 x 2 y 2 , and we have
4 x 4 37 x 2 y 2 49 y 4 = 4 x 4 28x 2 y 2 49 y 4 9 x 2 y 2
= (4 x 4 28x 2 y 2 49 y 4 ) (9 x 2 y 2 ) Grouping the terms
= 2 x 2 7 y 2 3xy
2 3
Rewriting the expression as DTS
= 2 x 7 y 3xy
2 2
2x 7 y 3xy Factoring the DTS
2 2
4 x 4 37 x 2 y 2 49 y 4 = 2 x 2 3xy 7 y 2 2 x 2 3xy 7 y 2 Simplifying & arranging the terms
a a (a) a (a) a
1)
b b b (b) b (b)
a a (a) a a (a)
2)
b b b (b) b (b)
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://www.slreviewcenter.com | https://www.facebook.com/SLRCspc 6
(049)562-2239 | 0917-584-8106
| Mathematics Major [3]
Examples:
x x ( x) x
a.
y x ( y x) ( y x) x y
y 3 x3 ( y 3 x3 ) ( x3 y 3 )
b.
x y x y x y
A rational expression is said to be in lowest or simplest form if the numerator and denominator are
relatively prime. The process of reducing fractions to their simplest form is dividing both numerator and
denominator by their greatest common factor (GCF).
Examples:
35a 4b 2
1) Reduce to lowest terms.
42a 3b 3
Solution:
35a 4b 2 57aaaabb 5a
42a b
3 3
23 7 a a a b b b 6b
Or
35a 4 b 2 7a 3b 2 5a
42a b 7a b
3 3 3 2
6b
where the greatest common factor (GCF)between the numerator and the denominator is 7a 3b 2 .
x3 x 2 6 x
2) Reduce 3 to lowest term.
x 3x 2 2 x
Solution:
We will first factor the members of the given fraction and then proceed as above.
x3 x 2 6 x x( x 2 x 6)
Common factoring by x
x3 3x 2 2 x x( x 2 3x 2)
x3
= Canceling x and (x 2)
x 1
3x 2
3) Reduce to simplest form.
3x( x 1) 2( x 1)
Solution:
3x 2
= Given
3x( x 1) 2( x 1)
3x 2
= Common factoring or by grouping
( x 1)(3 x 2)
1
= Canceling (3x 2)
x 1
Examples:
9a 2b3 20c 6 d 4 4b3c 5 2
1)
4b 6c 4 18a 3d 2 5c 7 d 3 ad
a 2 4b 2 8a 4b a 2 4ab 3b 2
2)
2a 2 7ab 3b 2 2a 4b a 2 ab 2b 2
2( a b )
= Canceling common factors and get the product
ab
a c a d ad
b) Quotient of fractions:
b d b c bc
To obtain the quotient of two rational expressions, we multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor.
Examples:
100a 2b 4 60a 3b3
1)
30bc3 42ac4
Solution:
100a 2b 4 42ac4
= Getting the reciprocal of the divisor
30bc3 60a 3b3
then proceed to multiplication
7c
= Canceling the common factors of the numerators and the
3
denominators and simplify the result.
x 2 3x 2 x2 x 2
2) Divide by 2
2 x 2 3x 1 2 x 3x 2
Solution:
( x 2)(x 1) ( x 2)(2 x 1)
= Factoring and multiplying the dividend by the
(2 x 1)(x 1) ( x 1)(x 2)
reciprocal of the divisor
x2
= Canceling common factors
x 1
Examples:
2x 1 7x 5 9x 3
a) Find .
6x 1 6x 1 6x 1
Solution:
2x 1 7x 5 9x 3
= Writing the rational expressions as a single
6x 1
fraction with a common denominator
(2 x 7 x 9 x) (1 5 3)
= Collecting like terms in the numerator
6x 1
1
= Performing the indicated operations in the
6x 1
numerator
2 3x 8y
b) Express 2 2 in simplest form.
3x 2 y 3x 2 xy 9 x 4 y 2
Solution:
2 3x 8y
= Factoring the
(3x 2 y ) x(3x 2 y ) (3x 2 y )(3x 2 y )
denominators
Make the rational expressions similar by getting the LCD, divide the LCD by the
given denominator and multiply the quotient by the given numerator
2 x(3x 2 y ) 3x(3x 2 y ) 8 y ( x)
=
x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y ) x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y ) x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y )
6 x 2 4 xy 9 x 2 6 xy 8 xy
= Getting the products in the
x(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y )
numerators
( x)(3x 2 y )
= Factoring the numerator
( x)(3x 2 y )(3x 2 y )
1
= Reducing the result to
(3x 2 y )
simplest form
Examples:
x2
y
y
1) Simplify the complex rational expression .
y2
x
x
Solution:
y 2 x2
y y 2 x2 y 2 x2
= 2
y x2 y x
x
y 2 x2 x x
= 2 Canceling common factors
y y x 2
y
and then multiplying
the dividend by the reciprocal
of the divisor.
Radicals
1
If n is a positive integer and a is a real number for which a n is defined, then the expression
1
n
a is called a radical, and n
a =a .n
The number a is called the radicand. The number n is called the index of the radical. Remember that
1
n
a is the positive nth root of a when n is even and a is positive, whereas n a is the real nth root
a = a n . So n
of a when n is odd and a is any real number. The expressions 4 , 4 16 , and 6 2 are not real numbers
because there are no even roots of negative numbers in the real number system.
m
Whenever the exponent of a base is in rational form where n 0, the expression can always be
n
expressed in radical form.
Solution:
3 5 2
4 3 5 3
a) a = 4
a b) a 2
= ( a) 2
c) 8 = 3
82
a) 36 = 36 2
b) 3
8 = (8) 3
c) 3
a =a6 3
Examples: Simplify each of the following using the Product Rule for Radicals.
a) 4 32 b. 12x 6 c) 3
54x 5 y 9
Solution:
a) 4
32 = 4 16 4
2 = 4
24 4
2 = 24 2
b) 12x 6 = 4x 6 3 = 22 ( x 3 ) 2 3 = 2 x 3 3
c) 3
54x 5 y 9 = 3 27 x3 y 9 3
2x 2 = 3
33 x 3 y 9 3
2x 2 = 3xy 3 3 2 x 2
Examples: Simplify each of the following using the Quotient Rule for Radicals.
8x 3 y 5 24y 5
a) 3
b) 3
27 125
Solution:
8 x3 y 5 3
8 x3 y 3 y 2 3
(2)3 x3 y 3 y 2 2 xy 3 y 2
a) 3
27 3
33 3 3
24 y 5 3 8 3 y 3 y 2 3
23 y 3 y 2 2 y 3 y 2
b) 3
125 3 3
5 5 5
Solution:
10 10 6 60 22 15 2 15 15
a)
6 6 6 62 6 6 3
3
24x 2 y 4 3
24x 2 y 4 3
2x2 y 2 3
48x 4 y 6 3
23 6 x 3 xy 6 2 xy 2 3 6 x
b) = y3 6 x
3
4 xy 3
4 xy 3
2x2 y 2 3
8 x3 y 3 3
23 x 3 y 3 2 xy
c) To rationalize letter c, use the conjugate of the two-term denominator as the multiplier of both numerator
and denominator of the given expression.
2 1 3 2(1 3 ) 2(1 3 ) 2(1 3 )
(1 3 ) 1 3
1 3 1 3 1 32 1 3 2
Procedure:
1) 2x 3 - 4x 2 + 5 18x 3 Given
= 2 x 2 x - 2 2 x 2 + 5 32 2 x 2 x Product rule for radicals
= x 2 x - 2x + 15x 2 x Simplifying each radical
= 15x 2 x - 2x Adding like radicals
2) 3 16 x 3 y 4 - 3
54x 3 y 4 Given
= 3
23 2 x 3 y 3 y - 3
33 2 x 3 y 3 y Product rule for radicals
= 2 xy 3 2 y - 3xy 3 2 y Simplifying each radical
= xy 3 2 y Adding like radicals
2) Multiplication of Radicals
The product rule for radicals, n ab = n a n b , allows multiplication of radicals with the same index.
Examples: Find the product of the radicals in simplest form.
1) 2 6 4 3 2) 3
a (3 a 23 a 2 ) 3) (2 3 + 5 ) (2 3 - 5)
Procedure:
1) 2 6 4 3 = 8 18 8 2 32 (8)(3) 2 24 2
a (3 a 23 a 2 ) = a2 2 a3 = a 2 2a
3 3 3 3
2)
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://www.slreviewcenter.com | https://www.facebook.com/SLRCspc 12
(049)562-2239 | 0917-584-8106
| Mathematics Major [3]
3) (2 3 + 5 ) (2 3 - 5 ) = 4 32 - 52 = 4(3) 5 = 12 5 = 7
For any rational number a except 0, and for all whole numbers m,
1
am
am
To simplify algebraic expressions with negative exponents, mean to express the given expression into
an equivalent quantity where the exponents become positive.
9 x 2 4 y 4 x 2 y 4 9 y 4 4x2 (3 y 2 2 x)(3 y 2 2 x) 3 y 2 2 x
b) 1
3x 2 y 2 x 2 y 4 3xy 4 2 x 2 y 2 xy 2 (3 y 2 2 x) xy 2
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates.
The range is the set of second coordinates. Relations are often defined by equations with no domain
stated. If the domain is not stated, we agree that the domain consists of all real numbers that, when
substituted for the independent variable, produce real numbers for the dependent variable.
Example 1:
The table of values below shows the relation between the distance of the movie projector from the
screen and the size of a motion picture on the screen.
Distance 1 2 3 4
Screen Size 1 4 9 16
The numbers in the table above could be written as ordered pairs (x, y) where x is the
First member or first coordinate and y is the second member or second coordinate. We can express these
numbers as the set of ordered pairs.
1,1, 2. 4, 3, 9, 4,16
The set 1,1, 2. 4 , 3, 9 , 4,16 is a relation. The domain of the relation is 1, 2, 3, 4 , and the range
is 1, 4, 9, 16 .
Example 2:
The set of ordered pairs below shows a similar relation. Each person is paired with a
number representing his or her height.
The relation is Carl , 202 , Dan , 142 , Em,138 , Frank ,142 . The domain is
Carl , Dan , Em, Frank and the range is 138, 142, 202 . Notice that for each person there is
exactly one height. This is a special kind of relation called a function.
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://www.slreviewcenter.com | https://www.facebook.com/SLRCspc 13
(049)562-2239 | 0917-584-8106
| Mathematics Major [3]
A function is a relation that assigns to each member of the domain exactly one member of
the range. It is a set of ordered pairs of real numbers x, y in which no two distinct ordered pairs
have the same first coordinate. The set of all permissible values of x is called the domain of the
function, and the set of all resulting values of y is called the range of the function.
Example 3:
Let f be the function defined by f x, y y x 2 3 . Find the domain and range of the function.
Solution:
The domain is the set of all real numbers. Since the expression x 2 is nonnegative, the smallest value
that y can take is 3 (when x 0 ). Hence the range is is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 3 or
y y 3 .
Example 4:
x
Find the domain and range of the function defined by f x, y y .
x 1
Solution:
The domain is the set of all real numbers except 1 , which is x R x 1. To determine the range,
y
express x in terms of y, that is x . From this result, y cannot be equal to 1 . Therefore the range of
y 1
function is the set of all real numbers except 1 , which is y R y 1
B. Values of Functions
The symbol f x (read " f of x" or " f at x" ) denotes the particular value of the function that
corresponds to the given value of x . The variable x is called the independent variable while the variable y is
called the dependent variable because y is usually expressed in terms of x when their relationship is given in
the form of an equation. If there is an equation that is a function, we may replace y in the equation with f x
, since f x represents y . For example, if the given function is y 3x 1 , we may write it as f x 3 x 1 .
To evaluate a function for a specific value of x , replace each x in the function with the given value, and
then perform the indicated operation/s.
f 2 34 10 2 f 2 12 8 f 2 4
In the example, the ordered pair 2, 4 belongs to the function f , in symbols 2, 4 f . We also say that 4 is
the image of 2 under f , and 2 is the pre-image of 4 under f .
VII. Equations
Definition
An equation is a mathematical sentence that uses an equal sign to state that two expressions
represent the same number or are equivalent.
Examples:
a) 3 2 5 b) 3x 4 2 x 5 c) x 2 9 0
Solution set
The set of all solutions to an equation is called the solution set to the equation.
1) Solving Equations
To solve an equation means to find all of its solutions. The most basic method for solving equations
involves the properties of equality.
Properties of Equality
For any rational numbers a, b and c,
a) a a is always true Reflexive Property
b) If a b , then b a Symmetry Property
c) If a b , b c , then a c . Transitive Property
d) Adding the same number to both
sides of the equation does not
change the solution set of the
equation. In symbols, if a b ,
then a c b c . Addition Property
e) Multiplying both sides of the
equation by the same nonzero
number does not change the
solution set of the equation.
In symbols, if a b then
ac bc . Multiplication Property
Equations that have the same solution set are called equivalent equations. Using the properties of
equality, we can derive equations equivalent to the original equation. The equations 2 x 4 10 and
x 21 4 x are equivalent equations because 7 satisfies both equations.
2) Types of Equations
Identity is an equation that is satisfied by every number by which both sides of the
equation are defined. The number of solutions is infinite.
a) 23 x 1 6 x 2
x
Examples: b) x 1 x 1 c) 1
x
Both equations 23 x 1 6 x 2 and x 1 x 1 are considered identities because both sides of each
x
equation are identical. They can be satisfied by any real numbers. The equation 1 can be satisfied by all
x
0
real numbers except 0 because is undefined.
0
The only value that makes equation 3x 4 2 x 5 true is 1. While x 2 9 0 has the solution set 3, 3.
Examples: a) x x 2 b) 5 3 x 6 4 x 9 7 x
Simplifying either of the two equations using only the properties of equality will yield an equation that is false.
A. Linear Equations
Definition
An equation is linear if the variables occur as first powers only, there are no products of
variables, and no variable is in a denominator. The graph of the linear equation is a straight line. A
linear equation is also called a first-degree equation.
Examples:
2x x
a) y 4 x 2 c) 3x 2 5x 4 e. 5 1
3 2
b) 2x 5 9 d) 4 x 2 y 0
x 21 4 x Given
x 21 4 x 21 4 x 4 x 21 Addition Property
3x 21 Combining like terms
1
3x 21 Multiplication Property by
1
3 3
x=7
3 5
2 x 4 3 Multiply the equation by 2x.
x 2x
6 8x 5 6 x Distributive property
6 8x (6) (6 x) 5 6 x (6) (6 x) Addition property
2 x 1 Combining like terms
1
2 x 1 Multiplication property
2
1 1
x= Solution set is { }.
2 2
Decimals may be removed from an equation before solving. Multiply by a power of 10 large enough to
make all decimal numbers whole numbers. If you multiply by 10, you move the decimal point in all terms one
place to the right. If you multiply by 100, you move the decimal point in all terms two places to the right.
Solution: Because the highest number of decimal places is 2 in the term 0.75x, we multiply the equation by
100, thus
1) Number-Related problems
Example:
There are two numbers whose sum is 50. Three times the first is 5 more than twice the second. What
are the numbers?
4) Work-Related Problems
Example:
5) Investment-Related Problems
Example:
Gary invested P50,000, part of it at 6% and the other part at 8%. The annual interest on the 6%
investment was P480 more than that from the 8% investment. How much was invested at each rate?
6) Digit-Related Problems
Example:
The tens digit of a certain number is 3 less than the units digit. The sum of the digits is 11. What is the
number?
7) Geometry-Related Problems
Example:
The length of a rectangular piece of property is one meter longer than twice the width. If the perimeter
of the property is 302 meters, find the length and width.
8) Mixture-Related Problems
Example:
What amounts (in ounce) of 50% and 75% pure silver must be mixed to produce a solution of 15 ounces
with 70% pure silver?
B. Systems of Equations
Definition:
Any collection of two or more equations taken as one is called a system of equations. If the
system involves two variables, then the set of ordered pairs that satisfy all of the equations is the
solution set of the system.
1) A system of equations that has one or more solutions is called consistent. The graphs of the
equations either intersect at a point or coincide. The set of coordinates of the intersection is
the solution set of the system.
a) Consistent Independent is a system of linear equations with only one point as its solution. The graphs of the
equations in the system intersect at one point only.
Example:
a) Find the solution set x y 6 and x y 2 by using the substitution method.
Procedure:
The second equation states that x and y 2 are equal, thus in the first equation, we can replace x
with y 2 .
x y 6 Equation 1
y2 y 6 Replace x in equation 1 with y 2
Since this equation now has only one variable, we can solve for y .
2y 4
y2
The solution set of the system is {4, 2}. The system is consistent because there is only one solution.
b) The sum of two numbers is 115. Their difference is 21. Find the numbers.
Procedure: (By Elimination Method)
Let x = 1st number (greater number) & y = 2nd number (smaller number)
Formulate the equations:
Equation 1: x y 115
Equation 2: x y 21
Here, the elimination method can be done by adding the equations or by subtracting one equation
from the other. Thus,
x y 115 Equation 1
+
x y 21 Equation 2
2 x 136
From the sum, compute for the value of the retained variable x .
x 68 MPE
The numbers are 68 and 47. The system is consistent because there is only one solution.
b) A system of equations that has infinitely many solutions is called consistent dependent. The graphs of the
equations coincide. The equations in the system are equivalent.
Examples:
a) 2 y 2 x Equation 1 b) 3 y 1 2( x 3)
x 2y 4 Equation 2 3 y 2 x 3
Expressing y as a function of x in each of the equations in each system gives equal expressions.
Graphing can also show dependence between the two equations in each system. The graphs of the equations
will coincide.
2) A system of equations that has no solution is called inconsistent. The graphs of the equations do not
intersect or are parallel. The solution set is an empty set.
Examples:
a) 2 x 3 y 6 Equation 1 b) 4 y 5x 7
3 y 2x 3 Equation 2 4 y 5x 12
Solving the system by elimination or by substitution will result into the inequality of two constants
where both variables are dropped. The elimination of both variables implies that no solution can be obtained.
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP
Area: MATHEMATICS
LET Competencies
Solve for the roots of a given quadratic equation
Solve problems on quadratic equations
Determine an equation given a set of roots which are imaginary/complex numbers
Perform operations involving exponential and logarithmic functions
Solve for the solution set of a given inequality
Determine the rth term of the expansion (a + b)n
Solve problems involving arithmetic and geometric progressions
Solve problems involving variations
Determine the number of positive and negative roots of a given polynomial
QUADRATIC EQUATION
An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a 0, a ,b, and c are constants, is a quadratic equation.
Examples:
The following are quadratic equations:
1. 3x2 + 4x + 5 = 0
2. 2x2 - 21x = 0
3. 5x2 - 25 = 0
(x + 5) (x 3) = 0
(x + 5) = 0 (x 3) = 0
Solving the resulting linear equations,
x=-5 x=3
2. Quadratic Formula (Use this method if ax2 + bx + c is not factorable)
The quadratic formula is
b b 2 4ac
x
2a
1
| Mathematics Major [4]
Example: Solve 3x2 2x 7 = 0
Substitute a = 3 b = -2 c = -7 in the quadratic formula,
2 (2) 2 4(3)(7)
x
2(3)
1 22
x
3
BINOMIAL FORMULA
To obtain the terms of the binomial expansion (a + b)n, we use the binomial formula:
n 1 n (n 1)a n 2 b 2 n (n 1)(n 2)a n 3 b 3
(a + b) = a na
n n
b ... nabn 1 b n
2! 3!
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Examples:
The following are examples of exponential functions
1. f(x) = 2x
2. f(x) = 32x - 2
4 x 3
1
3. f(x) =
2
The exponential functions f (x) = bx and g(x) = by where x and y are real numbers, b> 0, b 1 , satisfy the
following properties
1. bxby = bx+y
2. bx = by , if and only if x = y
1
3. b-x =
bx
4. If b>1, and x< y, then bx < by
5. If 0 < b < 1 and x < y, then bx > by
2
| Mathematics Major [4]
EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
An equation where the unknown quantity appears in an exponent is called an exponential equation.
Examples:
The following are exponential equations:
1. 60 = 2x-3
2. 5x-3 = 23x-2
3. 62x 6x+3 = 24x+5
To solve an exponential equation is to find the value of the unknown quantity in the given equation.
Example 1: Solve for x in 64 = 8x-2
Solution:
Rewriting the given equation, we have
82 = 8x-2
Since the bases are equal, the exponents must be equal. Thus,
2=x2
4=x
Hence, x = 4
x 2 4 x 3
Example 2: Solve for x in the equation 2 2
Equating the exponents, we have
x2 + 4x= -3
x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
(x + 3) (x + 1) = 0
x = -3 x = -1.
Therefore x = -3 x = -1.
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
The equation f(x) = logb x, where b 1 , x> 0 and b> 0 is called a logarithmic function.
Examples:
The following are logarithmic functions:
1. f(x) = log2 (3x -2)
2. f(x) = log2 x
3. f(x) = log8 (6x -3)
Note:
1. If the base of the logarithm is not indicated it is understood that the base is 10.
2. If the base of the logarithm is the number e, then it is called a natural logarithm and it is written as
f(x) = ln x.
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
A logarithmic equation is an equation that contains logarithm.
Examples:
The following are logarithmic equations
1. log3 81 = 4
2. log2 8 = 3
3. log2 16 = 4
4. log 100 = 2
3
| Mathematics Major [4]
The logarithmic equation y = logb x can be written in exponential form as by = x and vice-versa.
Log3 81 = 4 34 = 81
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
x
2. logb x logb y = logb
y
Example:
3x 5
log3 (3x -5) log3 5x = log3
5x
3. logb xn = nlogb x
Example:
log2 x3 = 3 log2 x
To solve a logarithmic equation means to find the value of the unknown quantity in the given equation.
x 2
log log(x 2)
x
Since the logarithmic of both sides of the equation are equal, then we have
x 2
x 2
x
x(x + 2) = x + 2
x2 + x - 2 = 0
(x + 2) (x-1) = 0
x = -2 x = 1
Thus, x = 1
Example 2
Solve for x in log(x 4) + log(x 3) = log 30
Solution
Rewriting the given equation, we obtain
log(x 4)(x 3) = log 30
(x 4) (x 3) = 30
x2 - 7x + 12 = 30
x2 - 7x -18 = 0
4
| Mathematics Major [4]
(x 9) (x + 2) = 0
x = 9 x= -2
Thus, x = 9.
INEQUALITIES
Any relation expressed using the symbols <, >, > or < is called an inequality.
An absolute inequality is an inequality which is always true. A conditional inequality is one which is true only for
certain values of the variable involved.
1. 4 > 3 is an absolute inequality
2. x > 3 is a conditional inequality
PROPERTIES OF INEQUALITIES
4. Transitivity
5. Addition Property
6. Multiplication Property
SOLVING INEQUALITIES
To solve an inequality means to find the value of the unknown that will make the inequality true.
Examples:
1. Solve the inequality 4x + 3 < x + 8
Solution:
4x + 3 < x + 8
4x x < 8 3
3x < 5
5
x<
3
5
| Mathematics Major [4]
Case I
x > 0 and 3x 5 < 0
x > 0 and 3x < 5
5
x > 0 and x <
3
5
Thus, 0 < x <
3
Case II
x < 0 and 3x 5 . 0
x < 0 and 3x > 5
5
x < 0 and x >
3
Thus, the solution is a null set.
5
Therefore the general solution is 0 < x <
3
4. Solve the inequality 3x2 4 < 3x
Solution:
x2 4 < 3 x
x2 + 3 x 4 < 0
(x + 4) ( x 1) < 0
Case I
x + 4 < 0 and x 1 > 0
x < 4 and x > 1
Case II
Thus, x = ( -4, 1)
Example:
For the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, , the first term is 1, the second term is 3, and so on and so forth.
Example:
The sum of the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, denoted by 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + is a series.
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
A sequence in which a constant d is added to the previous term to get the next is called an arithmetic sequence.
The constant d is called the common difference.
Examples:
Example 1
Find the 20th term of the sequence 4, 14, 24, 34,
Solution:
Here t1 = 4, n = 20, d = 10
Thus,
t20 = t1 + (20 1) (10)
= 4 + (19) (10)
= 4 + (190)
t20 = 194
Example 2
Find the 50th term of the sequence 13, 10, 7, 4,
Solution:
Here t1 = 13, n = 50, d = -3
Thus,
t50 = t1 + (n 1) (d)
= 13 + (50 1) (-3)
= 13 + (49) (-3)
t50 = 134
ARITHMETIC SERIES
n
Sn= ( t 1 t 2 ) or
2
n
Sn = [(2t1 + (n 1)d]
2
Example 2:
How many multiples of 4 are there between 15 and 94?
Solution:
7
| Mathematics Major [4]
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
A sequence in which a constant r is multiplied by the previous term to get the next term is called a geometric
sequence. The constant r is called the common ratio.
Example:
1. The sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, is a geometric sequence whose constant ratio is 2.
8 1
2. The sequence 24, 8, , is a geometric sequence whose constant ratio is .
3 3
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
The function defined by the equation
f(x) = a0xn +a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 + . . .+ an-2x2 + an-1x + an
where n is a nonnegative integer and a0, a1, . . ., an are constants, a0, 0 is a polynomial function in x of degree n.
The zeros or roots of f(x) are the numbers x such that f(x) = 0.
8
| Mathematics Major [5]
WHAT TO EXPECT
CONCENTRATION: MATHEMATICS
Focus: Trigonometry
LET Competencies:
1. Show mastery of the basic terms, concepts and operations in Trigonometry involving
Angles
Trigonometric ratios
Conversion (degree to radian and vice-versa)
Pythagorean Theorem
2. Solve, evaluate and manipulate symbolic and numerical problems in Trigonometry by applying
fundamental principles and processes.
1. Angles In General
An angle is formed by two rays with the same endpoint. The common endpoint is called the
vertex of the angle and the rays are called the sides of the angle.
O
A
Figure 1
In Figure 1, the vertex of the angle (read as theta) is labeled O. A and B are points on each
side of . Angle can also be denoted by AOB, where the letter associated with the vertex is written
between the letters associated with the points on each side.
We can think of as having been formed by rotating side OA about the vertex to side OB. In
this case, we shall call side OA the initial side of and side OB the terminal side of .
When the rotation from the initial side takes place in a counterclockwise direction, the angle
formed is considered a positive angle. If the rotation is in clockwise direction, the angle formed is a
negative angle.
2. Degree Measure
One way to measure the size of an angle is with degree measure. The angle formed by rotating
a ray through one complete rotation has a measure of 360 degrees, written as 360.
1
| Mathematics Major [8]
1
One degree (1), then, is of a full rotation. Likewise, 180 is one-half of a full rotation, and 90 is
360
half of that (or a quarter of a rotation). Angles that measure 90 are called right angles, while angles that
measure 180 are called straight angles. Angles that measure between 0 and 90 are called acute angles,
while angles that measure between 90 and 180 are called obtuse angles.
A central angle in a circle is an angle with its vertex at the center of the circle. In a circle, a central
angle that cuts off an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle has a measure of 1 radian (rad).
s
O
r
Figure 2
3. Conversions
To convert degrees to radians, we consider the fact that 1 rad
180
180
To convert radians to degrees, we consider the fact that 1 rad =
We note the following:
1. If the unit of measure of an angle is not indicated, then it is understood to be in radians.
2. 1 rad is approximately 57, thus, 1 rad is much larger than 1 degree.
Example 1.
1.1 Convert 60 to radians.
Solution: Note that 1 rad, so to convert from degrees to radians, we multiply by . Thus, we have
180 180
60 60 rad rad
180 3
When our answer is in terms of , we are writing an exact value. If we wanted an approximation, we
would replace with 3.1416.
3.1416
Exact value 0.7854 Approximate value
4 4
z
x
X
Z y
Figure 3
Right triangle XZY (symbolized as right XZY) with right angle Z is drawn in Figure 3. Its hypotenuse is z
while its legs are x and y.
We now state the Pythagorean Theorem.
Pythagorean Theorem: In any right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum
of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides (called legs).
B
If C = 90, then
c c2 = a2 + b2
a
A
C b
Figure 4
Example 3. Solve for x in the right triangle in Figure 4.
x
9
C A
12
Figure 4
x 13
C A
x+7
Solution: By applying the Pythagorean Theorem, we have
Figure 5
( x 7) 2 x 2 132
3
| Mathematics Major [8]
x 2 14x 49 x 2 169
2 x 2 14x 120 0
x 2 7 x 60 0
( x 12)(x 5) 0
x + 12 = 0 or x - 5 = 0
x = -12 or x=5
Our only solution is x = 5. We do not accept x = -12 because x is the length of a side of triangle ACB and
therefore, its value cannot be negative.
5. Trigonometric Functions
If is an angle in standard position, and the point (x, y) is any point on the terminal side of other than
the origin, then the six trigonometric functions of are defined as follows:
y
The sine of : sin
r
x
The cosine of : cos
r
y
The tangent of : tan ; x 0
x
x
The cotangent of : cot ; y 0
y
r
The secant of : sec ; x 0
x
r
The cosecant of : csc ; y 0
y
where r2 = x2 + y2 or r x 2 y 2 . That is, r is the distance of the point (x, y) from the origin.
Example 5. Find the six trigonometric functions of if is in standard position and the point (2, -3) is on
the terminal side of .
(-2,3)
Figure 6
Solution: Using the values x = -2 and y = 3, we solve for r.
r x 2 y 2 13
Applying the definition for the six trigonometric functions, we have
y 3
sin x
cot
13
r 13 y 3
x 2
cos r
sec
13
r 13 x 2
y 3 x 2
tan csc
x 2 y 3
6. Solving Right Triangles
To solve a right triangle is to know the measurement or to approximate the sizes of its acute angles
and sides when the measurements of at least one leg and an angle or of two of its sides are given.
We now define the six trigonometric ratios as follows:
side opposite hypotenuse
sin csc
hypotenuse side opposite
4
| Mathematics Major [8]
side adjacent to hypotenuse
cos sec
hypotenuse side adjacent to
c = 6 cm
b = 3 cm
B C
a = 3 3 cm
side opposite B
Solution: The sine ratio is . The length of the side opposite B
hypotenuse
is 3 cm., and the hypotenuse is 6 cm. Therefore, we have
side opposite B 3
sin B 0 .5
hypotenuse 6
Example 7. In right XYZ with right angle Z, mX = 25 and y = 10 units. Solve the triangle.
Solutions: First, we draw the triangle.
X
z=?
y = 10 units
Y Z
x=?
mY = 90 - 25 = 65.
x x
Now, tan X . By substitution, we have tan 250
y 10
x 10 tan 250
x 4.66
y 10
Similarly, sin Y . Thus, sin 650
z z
10
z
sin 650
10
z
0.906
z 11.04
5
| Mathematics Major [6]
WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP: MATHEMATICS
Focus: Analytic Geometry
LET Competencies:
6. Segment division
Given segment AB with A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2).
B. The Circle
1. Definition. A circle is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point on the plane.
The fixed point is called the center, and the distance from the center to any point of the circle is called
the radius.
2. Equation of a circle
a) general form: x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
b) center-radius form: (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 where the center is at (h,k) and the radius is equal to r.
3. Line tangent to a circle
A line tangent to a circle touches the circle at exactly one point called the point of tangency. The
tangent line is perpendicular to the radius of the circle, at the point of tangency.
C. Conic Section
A conic section or simply conic, is defined as the graph of a second-degree equation in x and y.
In terms of locus of points, a conic is defined as the path of a point, which moves so that its distance
from a fixed point is in constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line. The fixed point is called the focus of the
conic, the fixed line is called the directrix of the conic, and the constant ratio is called the eccentricity, usually
denoted by e.
D. The Parabola
1. Definition. A parabola is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a
fixed point and a fixed line of the plane. The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line is the
directrix.
2. Equation and Graph of a Parabola
a) The equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and focus at (a,0) is y2 = 4ax. The parabola
opens to the right if a > 0 and opens to the left if a < 0.
b) The equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and focus at (0,a) is x2 = 4ay. The parabola
opens upward if a > 0 and opens downward if a < 0.
c) The equation of a parabola with vertex at (h , k) and focus at (h + a, k) is (y k)2 = 4a(x h).
The parabola opens to the right if a > 0 and opens to the left if a < 0.
d) The equation of a parabola with vertex at (h , k) and focus at (h, k + a) is (x h)2 = 4a(y k).
e) The parabola opens upward if a > 0 and opens downward if a < 0.
f) Standard form: (y k)2 = 4a(x h) or (x h)2 = 4a(y k)
g) General form: y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0, or x2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
3. Parts of a Parabola
a) The vertex is the point, midway between the focus and the directrix.
b) The axis of the parabola is the line containing the focus and perpendicular to the directrix. The
parabola is symmetric with respect to its axis.
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://www.slreviewcenter.com | https://www.facebook.com/SLRCspc 2
(049)562-2239 | 0917-584-8106
| Mathematics Major [6]
c) The latus rectum is the chord drawn through the focus and parallel to the directrix (and therefore
perpendicular to the axis) of the parabola.
d) In the parabola y2=4ax, the length of latus rectum is 4a, and the endpoints of the latus rectum are
(a, -2a) and (a, 2a).
y
L
M P(x, y)
In the figure at the right, the vertex of the C
parabola is the origin, the focus is F(a,o),
the directrix is the line containing LL' ,
the axis is the x-axis, the latus rectum is
O F(a, 0) x
the line containing CC ' .
L'
y y 4/3 = 0 L
y
x1=0
O
x y2=0
P(x,y) V(3,2)
F(0,-4/3) F(5,2)
O x
L
16
The graph of x 2 y.
3
The graph of (y-2)2 = 8 (x-3).
E. Ellipse
1. Definition. An ellipse is the set of all points P on a plane such that the sum of the distances of P from two
fixed points F and F on the plane is constant. Each fixed point is called focus (plural: foci).
2. Equation of an Ellipse
a) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at ( a, 0), the foci are at ( c,0), the endpoints of the
x2 y2
minor axis are at (0, b) and b 2 a 2 c 2 , then the equation is 1.
a 2 b2
b) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at (0, a), the foci are at (0, c), the endpoints of the
x2 y2
minor axis are at ( b, 0) and b 2 a 2 c 2 , then the equation is 1.
b2 a 2
c) If the center is at (h, k), at (h a, k), the foci are at (h c,k), the endpoints of the minor axis are at
d) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, (h, k a), the foci are at (h, k c),
the endpoints of the minor axis are at (h b, k),the principal axis is vertical and b 2 a 2 c 2 , then
( y k ) 2 ( x h) 2
the equation is 1.
a2 b2
3. Parts of an Ellipse.
For the terms described below, refer to the ellipse shown with center at O, vertices at V(-a,0) and
V(a,0), foci at F(-c,0) and F(c,0), endpoints of the minor axis at B(0,-b) and B(0,b), endpoints of one latus
b2 b2
rectum at G (-c, ) and G(-c, )
a a
b2 b2
and the other at H (c, ) and G(c, ).
a a
B(0,b)
2 2
(c, ba ) (c, ba )
2
(c, ba )
2
(c, ba )
B(0,-b)
a) The center of an ellipse is the midpoint of the segment joining the two foci. It is the intersection of
the axes of the ellipse. In the figure above, point O is the center.
b) The principal axis of the ellipse is the line containing the foci and intersecting the ellipse at its
vertices. The major axis is a segment of the principal axis whose endpoints are the vertices of the
ellipse. In the figure, V 'V is the major axis and has length of 2a units.
c) The minor axis is the perpendicular bisector of the major axis and whose endpoints are both on the
ellipse. In the figure, B' B is the minor axis and has length 2b units.
d) The latus rectum is the chord through a focus and perpendicular to the major axis. G' G and H ' H
2b 2
are the latus rectum, each with a length of .
y a
(0, 3)
(-4, 9 )
(2,6)
5 (4, 9 )
5 (8,5)
(-6,4)
(-5,0) (-4,0) (4,0) (5,0)
O x (2,1)
(-8,1) (12,1)
(-4,- 9 ) (4,- 9 ) O x
5 5
(0, -3)
(8,3)
(2,-4)
4. Kinds of Ellipses
a) Horizontal ellipse. An ellipse is horizontal if its principal axis is horizontal. The graphs above are both
horizontal ellipses.
b) Vertical ellipse. An ellipse is vertical if its principal axis is vertical.
F. The Hyperbola
1. Definition. A hyperbola is the set of points on a plane such that the difference of the distances of each point
on the set from two fixed points on the plane is constant. Each of the fixed points is called focus.
2. Equation of a hyperbola
a) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at ( a, 0), the foci are at ( c,0), the endpoints of the minor
x2 y2
axis are at (0, b) and b 2 c 2 a 2 , then the equation is 1.
a 2 b2
b) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at (0, a), the foci are at (0, c), the endpoints of the minor
y2 x2
axis are at ( b, 0) and b 2 c 2 a 2 , then the equation is 1.
a 2 b2
c) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the vertices are at (h a, k), the foci are
at (h c,k), the endpoints of the minor axis are at (h,k b),the principal axis is horizontal and
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
b c a , then the equation is
2 2 2
1.
a2 b2
d) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the vertices are at (h, k a), the foci are
at (h,k c), the endpoints of the minor axis are at (h b, k),the principal axis is vertical and b 2 c 2 a 2 ,
( y k ) 2 ( x h) 2
then the equation is 1
a2 b2
2. Parts of a hyperbola.
For the terms described below, refer to the hyperbola shown which has its center at O, vertices at V(-
b2
a,0) and V(a,0), foci at F(-c,0) and F(c,0) and endpoints of one latus rectum at G (-c, ) and G(-c,
a
b2 b2 b2
) and the other at H (c, ) and H(c, ).
a a a
y
2 2
(c, ba ) B(0,b) (c, ba )
V(-a,0)
x
F(-c,0) O V(a,0) F(c,0)
2
(c, ba )
2
(c, ba ) B(0,-b)
y
b b
y x y x
a a
(0,b) P
x
(-a,0) O (a,0)
(0,-b)
These two diagonal lines are said to be the asymptotes of the curve, and are helpful in sketching the graph of a
x2 y2 b b
hyperbola. The equations of the asymptotes associated with 2
2 1 are y x and y x . Similarly,
a b a a
y2 x2 a a
the equations of the asymptotes associated with 2 2 1 are y x and y x .
a b b b
y y
(6,9)
3y x 0
(0,3)
F(-6,0) (-3,0) O (3,0) F(6,0) x
O x
(0,-3)
3y x 0
(6,-9) F(0,-6)
CALCULUS
4. lim x a
xa
f ( x) L1
5.3 lim
x a g ( x)
provided L2 0
L2
1 r , odd
8.2 lim r
x 0 x
r , even
1
8.3 lim r
x 0 x
g ( x)
9.1 If c 0 and if f (x) approaches 0 through positive values of f (x) , then lim
x a f ( x)
g ( x)
9.2 If c 0 and if f (x) approaches 0 through negative values of f (x) , then lim
x a f ( x)
g ( x)
9.3 If c 0 and if f (x) approaches 0 through positive values of f (x) , then lim
x a f ( x)
g ( x)
9.4 If c 0 and if f (x) approaches 0 through negative values of f (x) , then lim
x a f ( x)
10. Let lim f ( x) , lim g ( x) and lim h( x) c where c is any
xa xa xa
constant, then
1
| Mathematics Major [7]
10.1 lim[ f ( x) h( x)]
xa
c c
11. If p Z , c R then lim p
0 and lim p 0
x x x x
x n 1
c, n 1
4. If n is a rational number , x n dx n 1
ln x c, n 1
5. sin udu cos u c
6. cos udu sin u c
7. sec udu tan u c
2
2
| Mathematics Major [7]
13. sec udu ln sec u tan u c
14. csc udu ln csc u cot u c
u n 1
c, n 1
15. u du n 1
n
ln u c, n 1
16. eu du eu c
1 u
17. a u du a c
ln a
A f ( x )dx
a
2. Area (A) bounded by the two curves y f1( x) and y f2 ( x) for all
x [a , b]
A [ f2 ( x ) f2 ( x )]dx
a
V [ f ( x )]2 dx
a
2. Ring Method
The region bounded by the two curves y f1( x) and y f2 ( x) ,
where f1(x) > f2(x) for all x [a , b], is revolved about the x-axis
b
V [f1( x )]2 [ f2 ( x )]2 dx
a
3. Shell Method
3.1 The region bounded by the curve y f ( x) , the x-axis and
the lines x a and x b , is revolved about the y-axis.
b
V 2 xf ( x )dx
a
3.2 The region bounded by the two curves y f1( x) and y f2 ( x) , where f1(x) > f2(x) for
all x [a , b], is revolved about the y-axis
V 2 x[ f1( x ) f2 ( x )]dx
a
3
Geometry
Basic
and
Measurement Algebra
Arithmetic
and Advanced
Mathematics Major Business
Mathematics
Algebra
COMPLEX NUMBERS
25
RADICALS ALGEBRA
ALGEBRA ALGEBRA
1 4
If x is Number
an odd number
Theory and y The green neon lights
NUMBER flash every 4
THEORY
is an even number, which of seconds; the blue, every 5
the ff. is/are TRUE ? seconds; the red, every 6 seconds.
I. x - y is an even number If all the lights flash together at 8:00
II. x + y is an odd number PM, at what time will they flash
III. x y is an even number together again?
IV. x - y + 1 is an odd number
Answer: 840
301
A farmer has enough feeds for In how many years will P50,000
72 ducks for 14 days. If he grow to P60,000. If it is
sells 16 ducks, how long will invested at 6% compounded
the feeds last? monthly?
FRACTION FRACTION
A water tank is 5/6 full. If 1/3 of
the water was used for cleaning
If 2/5 of x is 20, what is 1/2 of x? the car, what part of the tank
has water?
25 5/9
210 84
Answer: 32 Answer: 70
PERCENT
An employee spends about The original price of a pair
PERCENT
P3,332 a month. This sum is of jogging pants was
70% of his monthly salary. P300. What was the rate
How much does he receive a of discount after paying
month? P195?
P4,760 35%
2080 2400 L
PERCENT
There are 1400 pupils in Kaiba FRACTION/ PERCENT
Central School. Of these
students, 12.5% are in Grade VI If the length of the rectangle is
and 20% of the rest are in reduced by 1/5 and width is also
Grade V. How many pupils are reduced by 1/5, what percent of
there in Grade V? the original area is the new area
of the rectangle?
64%
245
Plane and Solid Geometry
Arithmetic and Business Mathematics
Measurement
In the Education Dept., 3/5 are
BSED students and the rest are A mile is about 1.609 km. How
BEED students. Of these BSED many meters is a mile longer
students, 1/3 are Math majors. If than a kilometer?
there are 20 Math majors, how
many BEED students are there?
Answer: 40 Answer: 609
Answer: cm Answer: 21 cm
Answer: 25 or
Answer: 135 78.54 sq.m.
Plane and Solid Geometry Plane and Solid Geometry
Measurement Measurement
Answer: 64 Answer: 20
Answer: 4 Answer: 12
Algebra Algebra
Algebra Algebra
Algebra Algebra
If Maria can address a box envelopes Mario sold five pigs and four goats for
in 5 hours and Jane can address P21,000. Selling the animals at the
the same box of envelopes in 10 same , Ben sold three pigs and 2
hours, how many minutes will it take goats for P12,000. What is the
Maria and Jane working together to selling price of each animal?
address all envelopes in the box?
Algebra Algebra
In the expansion of (x + 3y)7 If f(x) = - 2x2 - 3x, then f(-5) =
the fourth term is: ____.
Algebra Algebra
At an amusement park, Leo bought
If y = 3x and 2x + 3y = 22,
3 hamburgers and 4 sodas for a
then y = ____. total of P150. While paying the
same prices Kaye bought 2
hamburgers and 3 sodas for
P105. What is the total cost of 1
hamburger and 1 soda?
Answer: 6 Answer: P45
Algebra Algebra
Answer: 3 Answer: 3
Basic Trigonometry Trigonometry
What is the value of sin 75? Determine the length of the
arc cut by a central angle of
60 in a circle with radius of 2
cm.
Trigonometry Trigonometry
An angle of one revolution is A ladder 18 feet long leans
equal to an angle whose against a building forming
measure in terms of radians angle 60 with the ground.
as: How high up the side of the
building?
Answer: 2 Answer:
Trigonometry Trigonometry
From a point level with 1000 ft. away If in ABC, sin A = 3/5, then what is
from the base of a monument, the the value of sin B?
angle of elevation to the top of the
monument is 35. Determine the
height in the nearest feet.
Trigonometry Trigonometry
In ABC, C s a right triangle and If the ratio of sec x to csc x is
tan A = 1. What is the value of sin A 1:4 then the ratio of tan x to
+ cos A?
cot x is
Answer: 1 Answer: 2x - y = -4
Basic Calculus Basic Calculus
Answer: Answer:
Evaluate Evaluate
Answer: Answer:
Mathematics | Prof. R. Diaz
LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Refresher Course for Year 2012
Area: Mathematics
DAY 1
2. A blue neon light blinks every 4 seconds. A red one blinks every 5 seconds while a
green one blinks every 6 seconds. How many times will they blink together in one
hour?
A. once C. 20 times
B. 10 times D. 60 times
Solution:
To find the number of seconds it takes for the neon lights to blink together, look for the least common multiple of 4, 5 and
6. Find the LCM using the prime factorization method.
LCM 4: 2 x 2 = 22 4: 22
5: 5 = 5 5: 5
6: 2x3=2x3 6: 2 x 3
22 x 3 x 5 = 60
Multiply all the prime factors in each column with the highest exponent.
22 x 5 x 3 = 60
The LCM is 60. It means that the three neon lights blink together every 60 seconds or every minute. Since there are 60 minutes in
one hour, the neon lights will blink together 60 times in one hour (Option D).
Options A, C and D are multiples of 3 and 9. Options B is a multiple of 3 but not of 9. The answer is B.
4. The distance between two towns on a given map is 2 cm. If cm in the map is
equal to 6km, find the actual distance between the two towns.
A. 18 km C. 36 km
B. 33 km D. 42 km
Solution A: cm: 6 km = 2 cm : N
Product of means = Product of extremes
2 cm x 6 km = cm x N
11 cm x 6 km = cm x N
4
33 cm km = cm x N
2
33 2km = N
2
33 km = N
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://stlouisreviewcenter-slrc.blogspot.com 1
(049)562-2239 | 0905-914-6145
Mathematics | Prof. R. Diaz
Solution B:
2 cm = cm + cm + cm + cm
cm = cm + cm
5. Margo paid P400 for a blouse. If the blouse was sold at 20% discount, what was its
original price?
A. P80 C. P500
B. P480 D. P540
Solution:
Sale price = Original price (N) discount
P400 = N 0.20 N
P400 = 0.80 N
400
=N
0.80
P500 = N The answer is option C.
2
6. The area of a rectangle is 117 cm . Find its perimeter if its length is 13 cm.
A. 9 cm C. 44 cm
B. 30 cm D. 54 cm
Solution:
Area of a rectangle = length x width.
Since the length is 13 cm and the area is 117 sq. cm.
W = A = 117 = 9 cm
L 13
Now, we solve for the perimeter.
P = 21 + 2w
= 2 (13cm) + 2 (9cm)
= 26 cm + 18 cm
= 44 cm
The answer is option C.
8. In a sequence of starts and stops, an elevator travels from the first floor to the fifth
floor and then to the second floor. From there, the elevator travels to the fourth floor
and then to the third floor. If the floors are 3 meters apart, how far has the elevator
traveled?
A. 18 m C. 30 m
B. 27 m D. 45 m
9. 14.3 is equal to
A. 0.143 x 100 C. 143 100
B. 14.3 x 100 D. 0.143 x 1000
10. Which of the following has the greatest value?
A. 0.351 C. 3/10
B. 35/100 D. 3/9
11. Which of the following numbers is greater than -3/2?
A. -4/3 C. -7/4
B. -3 D. -2
12. Simplify 1/3 + 2/5 2/6.
A. 1/14 C. 2/3
B. 1/5 D. 2/5
13. Find the product: (2 ) (5/7) (2/5)
A. 0 C. 1
B. 5/14 D. 5/7
14. Simplify: 2(-3)2 (-4) (5) - 2
A. -4 C. 28
B. 14 D. 10
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://stlouisreviewcenter-slrc.blogspot.com 2
(049)562-2239 | 0905-914-6145
Mathematics | Prof. R. Diaz
15. Dante is working on a hill 78 meters above the sea level, while directly underneath.
Mark is working in a tunnel 38 meters below the sea level. What is the distance
between Dante and Mark?
A. 116 cm C. -42 m
B. 42m D. -116m
16. How much would 215 boxes of paper clips cost if each box costs P6.75?
A. P1,250.75 C. P1,451.25
B. P1,355,25 D. P1,455.75
17. What is the least common multiple of 9.8 and 18?
A. 36 C. 72
B. 54 D. 144
18. A group of young people from four countries gathered together for an international
workshop: 60 from Manila, 48 from Jakarta, 54 from Kuala Lumpur and 42 from
Bangkok. The participants will form discussion groups with equal number of
members from each country in each group. What is the greatest number of discussion
groups that can be formed?
A. 6 C. 18
B. 12 D. 24
19. What are the two digits which when inserted in the blank spaces will make 934__ __
divisible by 8?
A. 3 and 4 C. 5 and 0
B. 3 and 0 D. 0 and 0
20. Which of the following is NOT true about the sum of two consecutive odd integers?
A. it is even C. it is only divisible by 12
B. it is divisible by 4 D. it is always divisible by 1
21. The ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls in a class is 2:3. If there 40
students in the class, how many boys are there?
A. 8 C. 18
B. 16 D. 24
22. Mrs. Jimenez paid P94.50 for 3 dozens of eggs. How much would 2 dozens of
such eggs cost?
A. 50.50 C. 55.00
B. 54.00 D. 56.00
23. Arthur divides his day into leisure, sleep and work in the ratio 1:2:3. How many
hours does he spend working?
A. 4 hr C. 10 hr
B. 8 hr D. 12 hr
24. It takes 20 men to build a house for 60 days. How many men will needed to build it
in 15 days?
A. 5 C. 100
B. 80 D. 120
25. Which of these is a correct proportion?
A. 3: 5 = 5: 10 C. 11/2 : 2 = 5:7
B. 7:10 = 15:18 D. 4:9 = 2: 4
26. Express 24% in fraction form.
A. C. 12/51
B. 5/8 D. 6/25
27. How much larger than 20% of 950 is 40% of 600?
A. 50 C. 60
B. 54 D. 68
28. Which of the following is true?
A. 12% < 0.8 C. 40% > 0.4
B. 30% = 0.03 D. 25% = 0.5
29. In a class of 40 students, 40% are boys. How many are girls?
A. 16 C. 22
B. 18 D. 24
30. John took two hours to construct a model boat. He spend 75% of that time reading
the instructions. How much time did he actually spend on the construction of the
boat?
A. 25 min C. 60 min
B. 30 min D. 75 min
31. In a examination, 24% of the students failed in math and 33% in Science. If 9% of
the students failed in both subjects, find the percent of students who passed in both
subjects.
A. 43% C. 52%
B. 48% D. 81%
33. The introductory price of a certain item was P12. What is the percent increase in the
price of the item if two years later its price is P42?
A. 150% C. 250%
B. 200% D. 300%
34. The outer diameter of a metal pipe is 3 cm and the inner diameter is 2 cm. Find
the thickness of the pipe.
A. cm C. 1/8 cm
B. cm D. cm
35. How many pieces of ribbon, each 75 cm long, could be cut from a roll containing 18
meters of ribbon?
A. 12 C. 18
B. 16 D. 24
36. Laura jogs at least 1500 meters everyday on a circular track. If the track has a
diameter of 80 meters, about how many rounds does Laura jog everyday?
A. 15 C. 9
B. 12 D. 6
37. If a peso coin weighs 15 grams, about how much money will you have if you have a
kilogram of 1-peso coins?
A. P6 C. P660
B. P66 D. P6, 600
38. A right cylindrical can is to hold exactly 3 liters of water. What should the height of
the can be if the radius is 10cm?
A. 3.25 cm C. 9.55 cm
B. 6.4 cm D. 12.35 cm
40. Apo weighs one third as much as her mother Angela. If Apo weights 43.5 lbs., how
much does Angela weight?
A. 62.5 lbs. C. 130.5 lbs.
B. 95.7 lbs. D. 150 lbs.
41. If the perimeter of a rectangle is 72 cm and its length is 6cm longer than its width.
What is its length?
A. 14 cm C. 19 cm
B. 17 cm D. 21 cm
42. Two numbers are in the ratio 4:3. What are the numbers if their sum is 84?
A. 36 and 48 C. 24 and 63
B. 36 and 24 D. 12 and 36
43. A boat travels 8 kph in still water. If it can travel a given distance upstream in 5
hours and the same distance downstream in 3 hours, what is the rate of the current?
A. 2 kph C. 6 kph
B. 5 kph D. 9 kph
45. Lucille is 4 times as old as Nicole. Six years from now, she will be twice as old as
Nicole. How old are they now?
A.. Lucille 12; Nicole -3 C. Lucille 3, Nicole 12
B. Lucille 16; Nicole 4 D. Lucille -4l Nicole 16
A
C D
11. Bebot buys a refrigerator for P7 920. She pays 1/3 of the price in cash and the
balance in 12 equal monthly installments. How much will she pay each month?
A. P300 C. P400
B. P350 D. P440
12. Mang Oskar delivers 210 kg of vegetables to two distributors. If 2/5 of the vegetables goes to Manang Linda, how many
kilograms of vegetables does the other distributor receive?
A. 84 C. 126
B. 116 D. 132
13. A 210-cm stick is cut so that one part is of the other. How long is the shorter segment?
A. 120 C. 80
B. 90 D. 70
14. For the rest of the day, Bus A passes by Station 3 every 45 minutes, while Bus B passes by Station 3 every 1 hour and 15 minutes.
What time will both bells ring at the same time again?
A. 9.15 C. 10:45
B. 10:30 D. 11:45
15. Find the GCF of 12, 32 and 56.
A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 56
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://stlouisreviewcenter-slrc.blogspot.com 5
(049)562-2239 | 0905-914-6145
Mathematics | Prof. R. Diaz
16. Two bells ring at 8 A.M. For the rest of the day, one bell rings every half hour
whereas the other rings every 45 minutes. What time will both bells ring at the same
time again?
A. 9:00 AM C. 9:30 AM
B. 9:45 AM D. 10:00 AM
17. Which of the following numbers give a remainder of 2 when divided by 5 and a remainder of 1 when divided by 4?
A. 7 C. 17
B. 12 D. 31
18. What number can be inserted in the blank space so that 59___172 is divisible by 6?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 7
19. Jeff had fewer than 100 blocks. When he made four equal rows, he had three left over, and with nine equal rows, he had none
left over. How many blocks did Jeff have?
A. 54 C. 72
B. 63 D. 91
20. How many prime numbers are less than 31?
A. 9 C. 12
B. 10 D. 13
21. If one prime factor of 42 is 3, what are the other prime factors?
A. 2 and 3 C. 2 and 7
B. 3 and 5 D. 3 and 7
22. A kilogram of dried squid costs P240. Jigs wants to buy 400 grams only. How much will it cost?
A. P96 C. P120
B. P105 D. P130
23. If there are 18 mangoes and 45 bananas in a fruit basket, what is the ratio of the mangoes to the bananas?
A. 2:5 C. 2:3
B. 4:7 D. 3:7
24. A 3 meter ribbon is cut into four pieces in the ratio 1:2:3:4. Find the length of the longest piece.
A. 35 cm C. 100 cm
B. 70 cm D. 140 cm
25. What one number can replace x in 1: x = x:64?
A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8
26. In a certain municipality the real estate tax is P5.00 for every P1,000 of the assessed valuation of the property. Find the assessed
valuation on property if a tax of P1250 is levied on it.
A. P62.50 C. P250.000
B. P6,250 D. P500,000
27. A tank of water supplies the needs of 5 children for 6 days. How long will the water last if there were only 3 children?
A. 3.6 days C. 8 days
B. 5 days D. 10 days
28. A man gives 10% of his monthly earnings to the church. Another 70% is spent on food, electricity, water and other bills. After
paying all these, he still ahs P2,000. How much does he earn in a month?
A. P5,000 C. P10,000
B. P8,000 D. P12,000
29. Jake deposited P10,000 at 5% annual interest. How much will it gain in 2 years?
A. P1,250 C. P1,500
B. P1,350 D. P1,750
30. In a candy jar, there are 15 lemons, 12 chocolates, and 3 mints. What percent of the candies are mints?
A. 10% C. 12.5%
B. 12% D. 15%
31. The cellphone model 5110 sold for P4,000 in 2001. Two years later, the same
cellphone model sold for P2,800. What was the percent decrease of the price?
A. 15% C. 30%
B. 20% D. 35%
32. Based on the graph, how much of the P12,500 monthly income of the Margate family goes to food?
A. P3,125 C. P5,025
B. P5,625 D. P6,225 rent 25% bills 30%
food 45%
33. The perimeter of a rectangular lawn is 37 meters. If it is 8 meters wide, how long is the lawn?
A. 9 m C. 10 m
B. 10 m D. 11 m
2
34. The area of a square is 225 cm What is its perimeter in centimeters?
A. 15 C. 56
St. Louis Review Center, Inc San Pablo City Branch
http://stlouisreviewcenter-slrc.blogspot.com 6
(049)562-2239 | 0905-914-6145
Mathematics | Prof. R. Diaz
B. 44 D. 60
35. A pail contains 5 liters of water. If this will be placed in bottles that should contain 450 milliliters each, how many bottles are
needed?
A. 10 C. 12
B. 11 D. 13
36. If the volume of a cube with side 6 is equal to the volume of a rectangular solid with length 12 and width 9, then the height of
the rectangular solid is
A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8
37. The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula V = r2h. The approximate volume of a cylinder with radius 5 cm and
perpendicular height 8 cm is:
A. 62.8 cm3 C. 628 cm3
3
B. 125.6 cm D. 714 cm3
38. Dave cuts out the largest circle possible from a square whose edge is 10cm. What is
the area of the circle?
A. 15.7 cm2 C. 78 cm2
B. 31.4 cm2 D. 94.2 cm2
39. At the beginning of the month, the school tank was 8/9 full. After 1 week, it was 2/9
full. If the tanks capacity is 27 cubic meters, how much water was used in 1 week?
A. 24 cu.M C. 20 cu.M
B. 22cu.M D. 18 cu.M
40. When a certain number is subtracted from 176, the result is the same as when 21 is
added to 4 times the number. What is the number?
A. 11 C. 31
B. 22 D. 52
41. Suppose we write fractions as ordered pairs. Then 3/5 would be written as (3,5), and
5/7 as (5,7). Following the same rule, what then would be the sum of (6,11) and
(2,11)?
A. (4,11) C. (4,22)
B. (8,11) D. (8,22)
42. If the width of a rectangle is denoted by y and the length is 4 times the width, what is
the perimeter of the rectangle?
A. 5y C. 15y
B. 10y D. 20y
43. If x = y2, how would x change if y is doubled?
A. treble C. quadrupled
B. double D. get squared
44. Arman is 5 years older than An. Three years ago, he was twice as old as An.
How old is An now?
A. 6 C. 13
B. 8 D. 15
45. If Justine can run 3 km in an hour, how far can she run in 45 mins?
A. 1.75 km C. 2.5 km.
B. 2.15 km D. 2.25 km.
Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices given. Write the corresponding letter of your choice.
1. Which of the following has a definite length?
A. ray B. line C. point D. line segment
2. Which of these triangles cannot be isosceles?
A. Acute B. scalene C. obtuse D. right
3. A diameter of a circle is also a ________.
A. Radius B. secant C. chord D. tangent
4. In angle TOY, what is the vertex?
A. T B. O C. Y D. cannot be
determined
5. Refer to the figure. Given: m 2 = 55 and m 3 = 80. Find m 4.
4 1 2 5
t 1 4 5 8
2 3 6 7
8. If lines r and s are parallel, which of the following pairs of angles are congruent?
A. 4 and 5 B. 4 and 3 C. 1 and 8 D. 3 and 5
9. Three different triangles are placed side by side as shown. What is the sum of the angles of the polygon formed?
A. 300 B. 360 C. 540 D. 720
10. The supplement of an angle is three times its measure. What is the supplement?
A. 22.5 B. 45 C. 67.5 D. 135
11. What is the measure of each interior angle of a regular pentagon?
A. 108 B140 C. 180 D. 540
12. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2: 3: 5. What is the largest angle?
A. 36 B. 54 C. 90 D. 99
13. The graph shows the number of socks, belts, handkerchiefs, and neckties sold by a store in one week.
150
Number of items
100
50
20. Mario had three test scores of 78, 76, and 74, while Kristyn had scores of 72, 82, and 74. How did Marios average (mean)
score compared with Kristyns average score.
A. Marios was 1 point higher. C. Both averages were the same.
B. Marios was 1 point lower. D. Marios was 2 points lower.
For items 21-23
Mr. Macho gave a mathematics test to a group of students. The distribution of the scores is as follows:
SCORES FREQUENCY
21-25 2
16 - 20 5
11 - 15 12
6 - 10 4
1- 5 1
21. How many pupils took the test?
A. 25 B. 24 C. 22 D. 12
22. What is the size of the interval of the frequency distribution?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
23. What is the computed mean value?
A. 13.6 B. 14.1 C. 12 D. 15.4
24. Which of the following classes performed best and with the least variability in the test?
Classes Mean Standard Deviation
I-Hope 35.7 3.16
I - Sincerity 36.4 3.53
I - Love 35.7 3.87
I - Charity 36.4 3.72
Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices given. Write the corresponding letter of your choice.
1. Which of these angles is closest to 45?
A. B. C. D.
E F G
A. B. C. C.
5. Which refers to a pair of lines that meet at a right angle?
A. Parallel B. perpendicular C. intersecting D. concentric
6. Which of the following is a convex polygon?
A. B. C. D.
t 1 4 5 8
2 3 6 7
8. If lines r and s are parallel, which of the following pairs of angles are supplementary?
A. 1 and 5 B. 5 and 7 C . 3 and 6 D. 3 and 7
9. If lines r and s are parallel and m 2 = 38, what is the measure of 6?
A. 38 B. 52 C. 68 D. 142
10. If ABC is an isosceles triangle with a right angle at B, then
A. is the hypotenuse. C. AC = BC
B. BCA = 45. D. AB = AC
11. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Every square is a rectangle.
B. Every square is a rhombus.
C. Every rhombus is a square.
D. Every rhombus is a parallelogram.
12. What is the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a regular heptagon?
A. 1260 B. 1080 C. 900 D. 112.5
13. The figure below shows a spinner with 12 sectors. When someone spins the arrow, it is equally likely to stop on any sector.
20. In how many ways can 5 people be seated in a row of 5 vacant chairs if they can sit anywhere?
A. 120 B. 90 C. 64 D. 25
21. The following polygon shows a shops monthly sales of umbrellas for the year.
4 1 2 5
A. 30 B. 50 C. 80 D. 130
42. RODA is a parallelogram. If m O = 68, then m D = _____.
A. 68 B. 12 C. 112 D. 22
43. The supplement of an angle is three times its measure. What is the supplement?
A. 22.5 B. 45 C. 67.5 D. 135
44. Jose is 5 years older than Tess. Three years ago, he was twice as old as Tess. How old is Tess now?
A. 15 B. 13 C. 8 D. 6
45. If x + y = 2a and x y = 2b, what is the value of xy?
A. ab B. a2 + b2 C. (a b)2 D. a2 b2
46. In a political science survey, voters are classified into six income categories and five education categories. In how many different
ways can a voter be classified?
A. 11 B. 25 C. 30 D. 45
47. The number of permutations of the word probabilities is
A. 13 B. 2!3! C. 13! D. 13!/(2!3!)
48. The number of ways seven visitors can be seated on a round table is
A. 6! B. 7! C. 6!7! D. 6!/2
49. In a certain town, 40% of the people have brown hair, 25% have brown eyes, and 15% have both brown hair and brown eyes. A
person is selected at random from the town. If he has brown eyes, what is the probability that he does not have brown hair?
A. 3/8 B. 2/5 C. D. none of these
50. A die is tossed. If the number is odd, what is the probability that it is prime?
2 3 2 1
A. B. C. D.
3 4 5 3
1. A student finishes the first half of the exam in 2/3 of the times it takes him to finish
the second half. If the entire exam takes him an hour, how many minutes does he
spend on the first half of the exam?
A. 20 B. 24 C. 30 D. 36
3. Steve, Karen and John want to buy a Php 1 350 stereo. If Karen agrees to pay twice
as much as John, and Steve agrees to pay three times as much as Karen, how
much must Karen pay?
A. Php 300 B. Php 400 C. Php 500 D. Php 600
4. If a and b are integers and the sum of ab and b is odd, which of the following could
be true?
I. a and b are both odd
II. a is even and b is odd
III. a is odd and b is even
A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and II
5. Simplify : { 7 + [ 5 x ( 8 + 4 22 ) 3 ] 5 }
A. 6 B. 12 C. 17 D. 21
9. It takes 27 women to clean the building in 15 days. At this rate, how many women
will be needed to clean the same buildings in 9 days?
A. 32 B. 45 C. 55 D. 60
10. Henry divides his 5 hours to study Math, English, and Science in the ratio 5 : 2 : 3.
How many minutes does he spend studying Math?
A. 1 hour B. 1.5 hour C. 2 hour D. 2.5 hour
12. Which of the following is equal to ?
A. B. C. D. -
13. Which of the following sets of ordered pairs defines relation as a function?
A. {(2,4), (3,4), (4,5)} C. {(-2, 4), (-2, 6), (3,6)}
B. {(2, -5), (2, 5), (3, 10)} D. {(, -1), ( , 1) (-1, 1)}
2013 REVIEW MATERIALS FOR MATH MAJOR
16. If n is a perfect square number, what is the next larger perfect square number?
A. n2 + 2n + 1 B. n2 + n + 1 C. n2 + 1 D. n + 2
17. A man, 32 years old, has a son 8 years of age. In how many years so that the man
will be twice as old as his son?
A. 16 years B. 24 years C. 32 years D. 48 years
18. How many gallons of milk with 5% butterfat must be mixed with 90 gallons of milk
with 1% butterfat to obtain the mixture of milk 2% butterfat?
A. 10 gallons B. 20 gallons C. 30 gallons D. 40 gallons
19. The length of a rectangle is two times its width. If the length is decreased by 5 cm
and the width is increased by 5 cm, the area is increased by 75 sq. cm. Find the
dimensions of the original rectangle.
A. 28 cm & 56 cm B. 25 cm & 50 cm C. 22 cm & 44 cm D. 20 cm & 40 cm
22. One of the diagonal of the rectangle is 10 cm long. The rectangles length is 8 cm.
What is the area of the rectangle?
A. 24 cm2 B. 36 cm2 C. 48 cm2 D. 80 cm2
26. The 7th term of the geometric sequence is 405 and 10th term is 10935. What is the
common ratio of the sequence?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
28. Find the measure of an angle if the measure of its supplement is 39 more than twice
the measure of its complemnent .
A. 38 B. 39 C. 60 D. 120
2013 REVIEW MATERIALS FOR MATH MAJOR
30. In an Isosceles triangle, the vertex angle is half the measure of base angle. What is
the measure of the angle?
A. 72 B. 60 C. 36 D. 30
31. A 10 m long steel pipe shrank 0.05% when exposed to below freezing temperature.
By how many centimeters did the pipe shrank?
A. 5 B. 0.005 C. 0.5 D. 0.05
A. B. C. D.
33. Which of the following times gives approximately 90 angle between the two hands
of a clock?
A. 11:40 B. 9:00 C. 7:20 D. 6:15
34. One thousand two hundred(1200) boys enrolled in a school year this year. Four
years ago 1500 boys enrolled. What is the percent of decrease in enrolment?
A. 10% B. 8% C. 25% D. 20%
35. It takes a teacher 20 minutes to check 25 papers and take a rest of 5 minutes after
25 papers before starting another set. At this rate, how many minutes will it takes the
teacher to correct 75 test papers?
A. 75 B. 60 C. 70 D. 80
A. B. C. D. -4
39. If 2x + 13 represents an odd number, what must be the next consecutive odd
number?
A. 3x + 15 B. 2x + 15 C. 2x + 14 D. 3x + 13
41. What term will make 36x2 25y4 a perfect square trinomial?
A. 5 + y2 B. 12xy C. 60xy2 D. 30xy
42. What is the 20th term of the arithmetic series 7, 10, 13....?
A. 46 B. 23 C. 64 D. 32
43. Which of the following is the remainder when 3x3 6x2 + 5x + 7 is divided by
x 2?
A. 12 B. 21 C. 3 D. 17
44. In the standard plane (x,y), coordinate plane, the y-coordinate of every point on the
line is the same as its corresponding x-coordinate. What is the slope of the line?
A. -2 B. 1 C. 3 D. 2
45. On a circle with center C, CDAB = 24 and CD = 5. Find the radius of the circle
A. 19 C. 17 A D B
B. 7 D. 13
C
46. The measure of each interior angle of a regular polygon is 160 deg. How many sides
does it have?
A. 29 B. 24 C. 12 D. 15
48. The sum of the measures of the 3 angles of a triangle is 180 degree. If the angles
are in the ratio 1:2:3, what is the measure of the largest angle?
A. 90 B. 60 C. 30 D. 45
49. Determine the foci of the ellipse whose equation is 16x 2 + 9y2 144 = 0.
A. (4,3) B. (0,0) C. (0, + ) D. (+ ,0)
50. Find the equation of a line with slope 2 that passes through the midpoint
(3,-2) and (4,7).
A. 4x + 2y - 9 = 0 B. 4x 2y 9 = 0 C. 4x 2y + 9 = 0 D. 4x + 2y + 9 = 0
51. Which of the following has a graph which is a circle with center at (0,0) and having a
radius of 4?
A. x2 + y2 = 4 B. y+ x2 = 4 C. x2/2 + y2/2 = 4 D. (x+ y)2 = 16
52. There are 4 different designs of wrapping paper and 4 colors of ribbon. In how many
different ways can a gift be wrapped?
A. 14 B. 12 C. 8 D. 16
2013 REVIEW MATERIALS FOR MATH MAJOR
53. Suppose tan is in third quadrant. What is the numerical value of cos ?
A. -3/5 B. -4/5 C. 4/5 D. 5/4
57. Evaluate
A. +C B. +C C. 2 +C D. +C
58. What is the range of the scores 73, 89, 81, 95 and 87?
A. 23 B. 4.4 C. 12 D. 22
59. John borrowed P25,000 from Robert at an interest rate of 12%. How much interest
should John pay after 2 years?
A. P7,000 B. P6,400 C. P2,400 D. P6,000
60. A collection agency was able to collect 7/8 of P20800 account from a client and
charged 10% for the services which includes expenses. How much commission did
the agency receive?
A. P2080 B. P182 C. P18,200 D. P1820
67. In a circle, a central angle measures 70. What is the measure of the intercepted
arc?
A. 140 B. 70 C. 90 D. 35
69. The base of a cylinder is a circular region of diameter 8. If the altitude is 8, what is its
volume?
A. 128 B. 64 C. 16 D. None of these
70. A drainage tile is a cylindrical shell 21 cm long. The inside and outside diameters are
4.5 and 5.1 cm. Find the volume of clay needed to make tile. ( Use for )
3 3 3
A. 95 cm B. 72.1 cm C. 31 cm D. 22.95 cm3
A
2013 REVIEW MATERIALS FOR MATH MAJOR
80. Refer to the given in problem 79. What is the value of 1 + sec 2 Z?
A. B. 2 C. 4 D. 3
88. Find the equation of a parabola with focus at (-1, 4) and directrix x = 7.
A. (x 4)2 = -16(y 3) C. (y 3)2 = -16(x 4)
B. (y 4)2 = -16(x 3) D. (x 3)2 = -16(y 4)
91. Find the value of x that will satisfy the following expression:
A. x = 3/2 B. 18/6 C. 9/4 D. 4/9
94. If the ratio of sec x to csc x is 1:4, then the ratio of tan x to cot x is ___________
A. 1 : 4 B. 1 : 1 C. 4 : 1 D. 1 : 16
95. Mario sold five pigs and four goats for 21,000 pesos. Selling the animals at the same
price, Ben sold three pigs and two goats for 12, 000 pesos. What is e selling price of
each animal?
A. Pig = P 4,000; goat = P1,000 C. Pig = P 3,500; goat = P2,500
B. Pig = P 3,000; goat = P1,500 D. Pig = P 2,500; goat = P2,000
96. The product of two numbers is 60. If the sum of their reciprocals is 4/15, what are
the numbers?
A. 12 and 5 B. 10 and 6 C. 15 and 4 D. 20 and 3
97. Find the equation of the line whose slope is 4 and passing through the point (2, -3).
A. 4x y 11 = 0 B. 4x y + 11 = 0 C. 4x + y 11 = 0 D. 4x + y + 11 = 0
98. What is the equation of the line passing through the points (3,1) and (-5, 4)?
A. 3x + 8y + 17 = 0 B. 3x 8y + 17 = 0 C. 3x 8y 17 = 0 D. 3x + 8y 17 = 0
99. Let sin A = 3/5 and sin B = -4/5 where A and B have terminal sides in QII and QIII,
respectively. What is sin (A-B) equal to?
A. 7/25 B. 1 C. 1 D. 7/25
100. A rectangular lot is 5 meters wide and 12 meters long. How long is a path that
cuts diagonally across the lot?
A. 5 m B. 13 m C. 15 m D. 17 m
101. Jose sold five pigs and four goats for Php 21,000. Selling the animals at the
same price, Pedro sold three pigs and two goats for Php 12, 000. What is e selling
price of each animal?
A. P = 4000 & G = 1000 C. P = 2500 & G = 2000
B. P = 3000 & G = 1500 D. P = 2000 & G = 2500
102. A dog trainer sets 5 bones 2 meters apart in a straight line starting from where he
stands. He trains the dog to pick up the 1st bone and bring it back to him, then go for
the 2nd bone and bring it back to him, and so on till he gets back all the 5 bones. By
the time the dog returns the 5th bone to the trainer, how many meters will the dog
have walked?
A. 30 m B. 40 m C. 60 m D. 80 m
104. What must be the value of x in the ratio (2x3): (x+1) is equal to 4:7?
A. 1.5 B. 2.5 C. 4 D. 7
110. In a farm of cows and chickens, the head count is 25, but the leg count is 70.How
many chickens are there in the farm?
A. 10 B. 11 C. 12 D. 15
114. What is midpoint of the segment joining (3, 8) and (-5, 4)?
A. (8,4) B. (2, 4) C. (2, 12) D. ( -1, 6)
116. Find an equation of the line through (2, 3) and the point common to x + y = 1 and
2x + y = 5 ?
A. 3x + y 9 = 0 B. 3x + y+ 9 = 0 C. x + y 1 = 0 D. x y+1 = 0
A. (+ 4, 0) B. (+ 5, 0) C. (0, + 3) D. (+ 3, 0)
32. Determine the vertices of the hyperbola in the equation 9x2 4y2 = 36.
A. (+ 4, 0) B. (+ 5, 0) C. (0, + 3) D. (+ 3, 0)
2 2
33. Find the center of the hyperbola in the equation x 4y + 4x + 24y = 28.
A. ( 2, 3) B. ( 2, 3) C. (2, 3) D. (2, 3)
34. Which of the following represents a parabola?
2 2
A. 5x + y = 10 C. 3y + 8y = 5x + 2
2 2 2
B. x 2xy = y + y + 3 D. y xy = 4x + 9
35. Determine which of these equations represents a circle?
2 2 2
A. x 4y = 10 C. 2x + 4x + 4 = 10 6y 2y
2 2 2 2
B. 3x = 8 4y + 4y D. 4x = 4 + 4y
36. Which of these set notations represents the half-open interval notation?
A. { xI a < x < b } C. { xI a < x < b }
B. { xI a < x < b } D. { xI x > a or x > b }
37. In the following set of ordered pairs, identify which set is a function.
A. { (x,y), (x,z), (y,z)} C. { (1,2), (2,3), (3,4)}
B. {(3,1), (3,2), (3,3)} D. {(0,-1), (-1,3), (-1,4)
2
38. If f(x) = x 2 and g(x) = x + 1, find (f o g)(x)
2 2 2 2
A. x + 1 B. x 1 C. x 2x + 1 D. x + 2x 1
39. Given the function f(x) = x2 5x + 4, find f(-2/3).
A. B. C. D.
( 2 4)
40. Evaluate lim 2 .
+2
A. 4 B. -4 C. 2 D. 0
3 4 12 12
A. 12x B. 12x C. 3 D. 4
43. Find the first derivative of y = 2 .
1 1 2 2
A. B. C. D.
2 2 2 2 2
2
44. Determine the first derivative of f(x) = (5x + 6)(2x).
2 2 2 2
A. 10x + 12 B. 20x + 12 C. 30x + 12 D. 12x + 10
35
45. What is the first derivative of f(x) = ?
24
12 12 14 14
A. B. C. D. 2
(24)2 (24)2 (24)2 (24)
4
46. Evaluate the integral of .
2
4 4 3
A. +C B. 8x + C C. +C D. 4x
47. What is the integral of (2 2 + 3 4) ?
3 2 2
A. 2x + 3x 4x + C C. 4x + 3 + C
2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
B. x + x 4x + C D. x + x 4x + C
3 2 2 3
1
48. Evaluate .
2
1 1 1
A. +C B. 2 + C C. + C D. 2x + C
3
4
49. Find the integrals of 3 9 2 .
A. 12 B. 15 C. 18 D. 21
2
50. Evaluate the integrals of 1 ( 2 + 1).
3
1. Rationalize and simplify .
4 2
3
A. 2x B. a 12 C. 4a D.
2
2. Half the product of 16 and a number is increased by 3 is 27. Find the number.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 8
3. What is the value of x in the equation (7 5i) + x = 4i 6?
A. 1/8 B. 1 + 9i C. 3 I D. 13 + 19i
4. Lito can mow the lawn in 5 hours, while Ronie can mow same lawn in 4 hours. Working
together, how long will it take them to mow the lawn?
A. 4 hrs. B. 5 hrs. C. 2 2/9 hrs. D. 4 hrs.
5. A chemist needs to mix 20 liters of 40% salt solution with some 70% solution to get a mixture
that is 50% salt. How many liters of the 70% solution should be used?
A. 10 B. 15 C. 20 D. 25
6. Ken is 2 years older than Ben, In 8 years, Ben will be 4/3 as old as Ken is now. Find the age of
Ben?
A. 15 B. 16 C. 18 D. 20
7. If y varies directly as x, and y = 15 when x = 30. Find y when x = 8.
A. B. 2 C. 4 D. 8
8. The ratio of 4 less than a number to 26 more than that of a number is 1 is to 3. What is the
number?
A. 15 B. 19 C. 21 D. 24
9. Which trigonometric function has a graph which intersects neither the y-axis nor the x-axis?
A. sec x B. csc x C. tan x D. cot x
10. Solve for x in log (x 4) + log (x 3) = log 30
A. 9 B. 9 C. 7 D. 12
11. A quadrantal angle is an angle in standard position whose terminal side coincides with either x-
axis or the y-axis. Which of these is a quadrantal angle?
A. 8/3 B. 2 /5 C. 225 D. 630
7! 6!
12. How much is ?
5! 5!
A. 7 B. 14 C. 35 D. 42
2+3
13. The inverse function of y = is
4
3+2 2+4 34 43
A. y = B. y = C. y = D. y =
4 3 2 2
14. Which of the following is the asymptote in the graph of y = tan x?
A. x = B. x = 2 C. x = 3 D. x = /2
15. A circle has a radius of 18 cm. Find the arc length cut by a central angle equal to 3/8 radians.
A. 6.75 cm B. 21.20 cm C. 54 cm. D. 56.55 cm
16. Determine the length of an arc cut by a central angle of 60 in a circle with a radius of 2 cm.
A. /2 B. 2/3 C. 3/2 D. 2
17. A wheel of radius 80 cm rolls along the ground without slipping and rotates through an angle of
45. How far does the wheel move?
A. 20 cm B. 18 cm C. 15 cm D. 12 cm
18. Which of the following is equal to sin 60 deg?
A. sin ( 420) B. sin /6 C. sin 780 D. sin ( 30)
19. An angle of one revolution is equal to an angle whose measure in terms of radians as:
A. /2 B. C. 2 D. 3
20. In what quadrant do secant and cosecant of an angle have the same algebraic sign?
A. III and IV B. II and IV C. I and III D. I and II
2 6 3 6 3 2 6+ 2
A. B. C. D.
4 4 4 4
3
22. Solve for x: 2 5 = 5
A. 25 B. 40 C. 50 D. 65
2
23. What will be the solutions for the quadratic equations 2x + 3x + 3 = 0?
A. 1 + 2i B. 1 2i C. 2 + 2i D. 2 2i
A. 5 B. 13 C. 1 D. 3
36. A ladder 18 feet long leans against a building, forming of 60 with the ground. How high up the
side of the building?
A. 9 2 B. 3 C. 3 3 D. 9 3
37. From a point level with 1000 ft. away from the base of a monument, the angle of elevation to
the top of the monument is 35. Determine the height of the monument in the nearest feet.
A. 350 ft. B. 500 ft. C. 700 ft D. 750 ft.
38. In a restaurant, a person can choose from 7 viands, plain, garlic or java rice, 2 kinds of
beverages and 3 kinds of dessert. In how many ways can this person choose what to have if
he is to order one from each group?
A. 52 B. 126 C. 104 D. 252
39. In how many ways can you arrange the letters of the word Statistics?
A. 2100 B. 4200 C. 8400 D. 16800
40. Find the number of license plates possible in a city using only 3 letters, if none of the letters
can be repeated.
A. 512 B. 729 C. 15600 D. 17576
41. In how many ways can 7 children be seated in around in a circular table?
A. 5040 B. 720 C. 360 D. 120
42. Find the odds in favor of and against rolling a sum of 6 with a pair of dice.
A. 5/36 B. 31/36 C. 31/5 D. 5/31
43. A marble is chosen at random from a bag containing 6 white marbles, 4 black marbles and 12
red marbles. What is the probability that it will be red marble or white marble?
A. 9/11 B. 6/11 C. 11/9 D. 3/11
44. The muddy river has a current of 3 kph. A motorboat takes as long to go 12 kilometers
downstream as to go 8 kilometers upstream. Find the speed of boat in still waters.
A. 12 B. 15 C. 18 D. 21
45. If the same number is added to both the numerator and denominator of a fraction , the result
is 5/6. Find the number.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
46. Find the 15th term of an arithmetic sequence with a1 = 7 and a9 = 19.
A. 3 B. 5 C. 32 D. 37
47. A university had an enrolment of 8500 students in the year 2008. Each year the enrolment
increased by 350 students. What was the enrolment in the year 2013?
A. 10600 B. 10350 C. 10000 D. 6350
48. What is r for the geometric sequence with a2 = 24 and a5 = 64?
A. 3 B. 1/3 C. 2 D.
49. A certain substance decomposes and loses 20% of its weight each hour, If the original quantity
of the substance is 500 grams, how much remains after 8 hours?
A. 17.12 g B. 20 g C. 80 g D. 83.37 g
4
50. Find the 3rd term of (5a 2b) .
2 2 3 3 2 2
A. 600a b B. 1000a b C. 600a b D. 100a b
MATHEMATICS 1
12. Simplify the expression 5! 4!
MULTIPLE CHOICE 6!
A. 2/3 C. 7
1. If 16 feet equals 1 rod, how many inches are B. 2/15 D. 4
there in 4 rods? 13. A detective ruler was found to be 11.5 inches
a. 2376 c. 198 long. Using this ruler, Lourdes was found to be 4 ft.
b. 792 d. 66 tall. What is the actual height of Lourdes?
2. A 10 cm long steel pipe shrank 0.05% when A. 4 ft. 12 in C. 4 ft. 11.5 in
exposed to below freezing temperature. By how B. 3 ft. 4 in D. 3 ft. 10 in.
many centimeters did the pipe shrink? 14. The equation y = x4 5x2 + 4 has
A. 5 C. 0.5 A. Three (3) real roots and one imaginary
B. 0.005 D. 0.05 root
3. Which of these numbers is greater than ? B. one (1) real root and three imaginary
A. 1 C. 1/8 roots.
B. .04 D. 1/ 0.04 C. two (2) real roots and two imaginary
4. What is 30% of 25/18? roots
A. 5/108 C. 25/54 D. four (4) real roots
B. 5/12 D. 25/6 15. If x > 1, which of the following decreases as x
decreases?
5. A meter stick was cut into 2 at the 25 cm. mark. I. x + x2 II. 2 x2 - x III __1___
What is the ratio of the smaller piece to be larger x+1
piece? A. III only C. II only
A. 3:4 C. 1:3 B. I only D. I and II only
B. 2:5 D. 4:5 16. If 16 is 4 more than 3x, then what is the value of
6. Which of the following times gives approximately 2x 5?
a 900 angle between the two hands of a clock? A. 4 C. 2
A. 11:40 C. 7:20 B. 5 D. 3
B. 9:00 D. 6:15 17. If m and n are integers and mn - 10, which of
7. A package of food can feed 3 children of 2 adults. the following CANNOT be a value of m + n?
If in a home there are 5 packages of this food, and A. 25 C. 50
there are 12 children to feed, how many adults can B. 29 D. 52
be fed? 18. If 2x + 13 represents an odd number, what must
A. 8% C. 10% be the next consecutive odd number?
B. 12% D. 6% A. 3X + 15 C. 2X + 14
8. One thousand two hundred (1200) boys enrolled B. 2X + 15 D. 3X + 13
2
in a school this year. Four years ago there were 1, 19. Let G (x) = 1 - x . What is G (- 7 )?
500 boys enrolled. What is the percent decrease in A. 6 C. 48
enrollment? B. 8 D. 50
A. 10% C. 8% 20. How much is 7!/ 5! Divided by 6!/5!
B. 20% D. 25% A. 35 C. 42
9. What is the ratio of 3/10 to 5/8? B. 7 D. 14
A. 37/40 C. 25/12 21. What term will make 36 x2 + 25 y4 a perfect
B. 3/16 D. 12/25 square trinomial?
A. 5 + y2 C. 60xy2
10. It takes a teacher 20 minutes to check 25 papers
B. 12xy D. 30xy
and to take a rest of 5 minutes after 25 papers
before starting another set. At this rates, how many
22. What must be multiplied to 32 2 to
minutes will it take the teacher to correct 75 test
make it rational?
papers?
A. C.
A. 75 C. 70
2 2 3+2 2
B. 60 D. 80
11. An arithmetic teacher is putting together her
final examination of the 50 problems 46% are on
fractions, 20% are on decimals, 18% are on B. 2 2 D. 3 + 2 2
percent, and 16% are on basic computation.
Totally, how many problems are on fractions and 23. What is the 20th term of the arithmetic series 7,
percent? 10, 13.?
A. 18 C. 32 A. 46 C. 64
B. 45 D. 64 B. 23 D. 32
24. Which of the following is the remainder when
3x3 6x2 + 5x + 7 is divided by x 2?
A. 12 C. 3
B. 21 D. 17
25. Let matrix A = 3 5 and matrix B = 2 - 1 30. On a circle with center C, CD AB, AB= 24 and
-4 7 6 8 CD= 5. Find the radius of the circle
A. 19 C. 17
Which of the following matrices shows A + B? B. 7 D. 13 A D B
A. 5 6 C. -5 9
-2 1 48 -29 C
{
B. 5 4 D. 1 6
2 15 -10 -1 31. The measure of each interior angle of a regular
polygon is 165 deg. How many sides does it have?
26. Two numbers have a sum of 53. Three times the A. 29 C. 12
smaller number is equal to 19 more than the large B. 24 D. 15
number. What are the numbers? 32. If two points of a line in a plane, then
A. 19 and 34
I. all points of the line in the plane.
C. 18 and 35
II. The line pierces the plane in exactly two
B. 17 and 36
points
D. 16 and 37
III. The plane contains all the points of the
27. In the standard (x, y), coordinate plane, the y line
coordinate of every point on a line is the same as its IV. The intersection contains only two
corresponding x coordinate. What is the slope of points.
the line? a. I only c. II only
A. -2 B. 1 C. 3 D. 2 b. II and IV d. I and II
28. In ACB shown below, sin A= and BC 33. In circle O , xy is a diameter
= 20 meters O X = 8.5, and YZ = 15. What is the area of
Which of the following are the measures of B, XYZ in square unit?
AB and AC
___ ___ A. 127.5 C. 120
0
A. m angle B = 30 , AB = 40, AC = 34.6 B. 60 D. 40
B __ ___ 34. What is the measure of angle x if is formed by a
0
B. m angle B = 60 , AB = 40, AC = 34.6 chords and a tangent and a major arc intercepted is
___ ___ 280 deg?
0
C. m angle B = 45 , AB = 50, AC = 24.8 A. 140 degrees C. 100 degrees
___ ___ B. 20 degrees D. 40 degrees
0
D. m angle B = 60 , AB = 30, AC = 36.6
C A
29. Given the marked figure at the right DB = EC. 35. The surface area of a cube is 72 sq.cm. how
We can prove that ABC = AED by many times as much is the volume whose surface
______________. area is 144 sq.cm?
A. 12 C. 8
A. SAA C. ASA B. 9 D. 4
B. SSS A D. SAS
36. An equilateral triangle 8 cm. on each side is
divided into smaller equilateral triangle 2 cm. on
each side. What is the maximum number of such
triangles that can be formed?
A. 16 C. 24
B. 20 D. 36
B C D E
45. Which of the following has a graph which is a
37. ABD and CBD are right angles, AB = circle with center at (0,0) and having a radius of 4?
2 2