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The Nature of Atom
The Nature of Atom
Thursday, April 26
9:00 - 12:00
x-rays
The laser
Geiger+Marsden: Fall of the plum pudding
Alpha () particles nuclei of
4He atom, emitted by some
(charge +Ze)
Problem with a Planetary Model of the Atom
The electrons should lose energy and spiral into the nucleus in very
little time.
30.1
Fraunhofer absorption lines
from the sun
http://www.harmsy.freeuk.com/fraunhofer.html
1 (Angstrom) = 0.1 nm
Fraunhofer lines due to absorption of
sunlight
by elements in the atmosphere of the sun
chemical elements emit and absorb light at
the same wavelengths
Models of the atom need to explain this
n=2 n=4
n=6
n=3 n=5 n=4
For n = :
! "
1 1 1 m=1
= 1.097 10 7
2
= 1.097 10 m1
7
1
= 91.2 nm (series
(serieslimit)
limit, shortest wavelength in Lyman series)
For n = 2:
! "
1 1 1
= 1.097 107 2 2 = 0.823 107 m1
1 2
= 121.5 nm (longest wavelength in Lyman series)
Bohr model of the hydrogen atom
Now superseded by more modern
quantum mechanical ideas, but gives
the correct answers. E = hf
= Ei Ef
Assume:
A planetary model with electron
in orbit around the nucleus.
There are certain electron orbits Stationary
states
that are stable (stationary states).
This is contrary to classical theory
and is not explained in this model.
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron changes state.
Energy is conserved, so the energy of the photon is the difference in
energy between the initial and final states:
The energy of the photon is the difference in energy of the two states
of the atom.
Emission of a photon
Ei = E f + h f
E = hf
Absorption of a photon
E f + h f = Ei
E = hf
= Ei Ef
nf
Z2
Energy levels: En = 13.6 2 eV Z = 1 for hydrogen
n
! "
hc 1 1
Energy of photons: E = Ei Ef = = 13.6Z 2 eV
n2f n2i
Energy
Energy
Ground state
Free electron
Prob. 30.-/7: It is possible to use
electromagnetic radiation to ionize atoms.
To do so, the atoms must absorb the
radiation, the photons of which must have
enough energy to remove an electron from
an atom.
Energy
What is the longest radiation wavelength
that can be used to ionize the ground state
of the hydrogen atom?
Ground state,
n=1
Free electron
Ground state
Prob. 30.12/14: A hydrogen atom is in the ground state. It absorbs energy
and makes a transition to the n = 3 excited state. The atom returns to the
ground state emitting two photons. What are their wavelengths?
Justification of Bohrs condition on the angular
momentum
nh
Ln = mvr = n = 1, 2, 3...
2
Both are hydrogen-like atoms, with all electrons removed but one, so
Bohrs formula applies for energies of stationary states:
En = 13.6 Z2/n2 eV
An x-ray tube Spectrum of x-rays
Electrons:
KE = eV
Vacuum
KE = eV = hf = hc/0
hc
0 1/V
eV =
0 The Bremsstrahlung
component also shifts as the
voltage is changed.
Wavelength of K x-rays
Found that some elements were in the wrong place in the periodic table.
Identified other previously unknown elements.
30.34
Prob. 30.46/34: The atomic number of lead is Z = 82.
There is a trade-off
between penetrating power
of the x-rays and contrast
of the image.
Lung tumour
CT scans (Computerized Tomography) fire x-rays into the subject and
creates x-ray shadow pictures from many directions. Computer analysis is
able to reconstruct three-dimensional images from the many pictures. X-ray
detectors are used in place of film.
In CAT scans (Computerized Axial Tomography) a narrow fan of x-rays is
used to image a slice through the body.
CAT Scan
(movable)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Venesreconstruction.JPG
Then atoms in the metastable state stay there long enough for a photon of
the right energy to come along and cause stimulated emission.
The result is a build up of photons of the same wavelength that are in phase
coherent light.
The Laser
Low pressure He
(15%) - Ne (85%)
in a glass tube
} Population
inversion
Uses:
playback/recording of CDs, DVDs
checkout scanners
welding metal parts
accurate distance measurement
telecommunications
study of molecular structure
medicine
selective removal of tissue, example, shaping the cornea of the eye
removal of port wine stain birth marks
destroying tumours with light-activated drugs
reattaching detached retinas
Holography
A laser beam is split into two parts. The first, a
reference beam, travels directly to the film. The
second reflects from the object and recombines
with the reference beam at the film, generating
interference fringes there.
Hologram
(interference
fringes, not an
image)
Holography the
l0
interference fringes
For constructive lm
interference at P, the path
difference between the
reference beam and the P
beam that scatters from A
should be an integer
multiple of the wavelength
of the light.
For the bright fringe of order m: lm l0 = m
! !
rm = lm2 l02 = (l0 + m)2 l02
! !
rm = m(m + 2l0) ! 2ml0 m ! "
m
the fringes are close together for large m rm
2 m
Viewing the image by The fringes act as slits
shining laser light on d of varying spacing
the hologram
for first-order
sin = maximum
d
(the brightest)
d = spacing of the fringes
Summary of Chapter 30
The positive charge of the the atom is concentrated in a nucleus that is
~10-15 - 10-14 m in radius.