Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Article 13
Article 13
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1. Those mentioned in the preceding chapter, when all the requisites necessary to
justify the act or to exempt from criminal liability in the respective cases are not
attendant
Justifying circumstances
Example: Juan makes fun of Pedro. Pedro gets pissed off, gets a knife and tries to
stab Juan. Juan grabs his own knife and kills Pedro. Incomplete self-defense because
although there was unlawful aggression and reasonable means to repel was taken,
there was sufficient provocation on the part of Juan. But since 2 elements are
present, it considered as privileged mitigating.
How, if at all, may incomplete self-defense affect the criminal liability of the
offender?
First, to have incomplete self-defense, the offended party must be guilty of unlawful
aggression. Without this, there can be no incomplete self-defense, defense of
relative, or defense of stranger.
Second, if only the element of unlawful aggression is present, the other requisites
being absent, the offender shall be given only the benefit of an ordinary mitigating
circumstance.
Third, if aside from the element of unlawful aggression another requisite, but not all,
are present, the offender shall be given the benefit of a privileged mitigating
circumstance. In such a case, the imposable penalty shall be reduced by one or two
degrees depending upon how the court regards the importance of the requisites
present. Or absent.
Example: While driving his car, Juan sees Pedro carelessly crossing the street. Juan
swerves to avoid him, thus hitting a motorbike with 2 passengers, killing them
instantly. Not all requisites to justify act were present because harm done to avoid
injury is greater. Considered as mitigating.
Exempting circumstance
a. Minority over 9 and under 15 if minor acted with discernment, considered
Privilege mitigating
Example: 13 year old stole goods at nighttime. Acted with discernment as shown by
the manner in which the act was committed.
* If the offender is proven to have acted with discernment, this is where the court
may give him the benefit of a suspended sentence. He may be given the benefit of
a suspended sentence under the conditions mentioned earlier and only if he would
file an application therefor.
b. Causing injury by mere accident if 2nd requisite (due care) and 1st part of
4th requisite (without fault thus negligence only) are ABSENT, considered as
mitigating because the penalty is lower than that provided for intentional felony.
Example: Police officer tries to stop a fight between Juan and Pedro by firing his gun
in the air. Bullet ricocheted and killed Petra. Officer willfully discharged his gun but
was unmindful of the fact that area was populated.
Example: Under threat that their farm will be burned, Pedro and Juan took turns
guarding it at night. Pedro fired in the air when a person in the shadows refused to
reveal his identity. Juan was awakened and shot the unidentified person. Turned out
to be a neighbor looking for is pet. Juan may have acted under the influence of fear
but such fear was not entirely uncontrollable. Considered mitigating.
Applicable to:
a. Offender over 9, under 15 who acted with discernment
Age of accused which should be determined as his age at the date of commission of
crime, not date of trial
VARIOUS AGES AND THEIR LEGAL EFFECTS a. under 9 exemptive
circumstance
Can be used only when the facts prove to show that there is a notable and evident
disproportion between means employed to execute the criminal act and its
consequences
* Intent is an indispensable element of the crime. When the intent is less than the
actual act committed, reason and fair play dictate that a mitigated responsibility be
imposed upon the offender.
Judge by considering (1) the weapon used, (2) the injury inflicted and (3) the
attitude of mind when the accuser attacked the other.
Example: Pedro stabbed Tomas on the arm. Tomas did not have the wound treated,
so he died from loss of blood.
Example: Rapist choked victim. Brute force of choking contradicts claim that he
had nointention
to kill the girl.
Art 13, par 3 addresses itself to the intention of the offender at the
particular moment when he executes or commits the criminal act, not to
his intention during the planning stage.
In crimes against persons if victim does not die, the absence of the intent to kill
reduces the felony to mere physical injuries. It is not considered as mitigating.
Mitigating only when the victim dies.
Provocation any unjust or improper conduct or act of the offended party, capable
of exciting, inciting or irritating anyone.
Requisites:
a. Provocation must be sufficient.
1. Sufficient adequate enough to excite a person to commit the wrong and must
accordingly be proportionate to its gravity.
Why? Law says the provocation is on the part of the offended party
Example: Tomas mother insulted Petra. Petra kills Tomas because of the insults. No
Mitigating Circumstance because it was the mother who insulted her, not
Tomas.
Provocation by the deceased in the first stage of the fight is not Mitigating
Circumstance when the accused killed him after he had fled because the deceased
from the moment he fled did not give any provocation for the accused to pursue
and attack him.
c. Provocation must be immediate to the act., i.e., to the commission of the crime
by the person who is provoked
1. Why? If there was an interval of time, the conduct of the offended party could not
have excited the accused to the commission of the crime, he having had time to
regain his reason and to exercise self-control.
Threat should not be offensive and positively strong because if it was, the threat to
inflict real injury is an unlawful aggression which may give rise to self-defense and
thus no longer a Mitigating Circumstance
* This is the correct interpretation of paragraph 4, Article 13. As long as the offender
at the time he committed the felony was still under the influence of the outrage
caused by the provocation or threat, he is acting under a diminished self
control. This is the reason why it is mitigating.
(1) If from the element of time, there is a material lapse of time stated in the
problem and there is nothing stated in the problem that the effect of the threat or
provocation had prolonged and affected the offender at the time he committed the
crime, then you use the criterion based on the time element.
(2) However, if there is that time element and at the same time, facts are given
indicating that at the time the offender committed the crime, he is still suffering
from outrage of the threat or provocation done to him, then he will still get the
benefit of this mitigating circumstance.
* This has reference to the honor of a person. It concerns the good names and
reputation of the individual. (Pp vs. Anpar, 37 Phil. 201)
Requisites:
1. theres a grave offense done to the one committing the felony etc.
2. that the felony is committed in vindication of such grave offense.
* Lapse of time is allowed between the vindication and the one doing the
offense (proximate time, not just immediately after)
Example: Juan caught his wife and his friend in a compromising situation. Juan kills
his friend the next day still considered proximate.
* The word offense should not be taken as a crime. It is enough if what was
imputed or what was done was wrong. In considering whether the wrong is a grave
one upon the person who committed the crime, his age, education and social status
will be considered.
* Here, in vindication of a grave offense, the vindication need not be done by the
person upon whom the grave offense was committed. So, unlike in sufficient threat
or provocation where the crime should be inflicted upon the very person who made
the threat or provocation, here, it need not be the same person who committed the
grave offense or who was offended by the wrong done by the offended party.
* The word immediate here does not carry the same meaning as that under
paragraph 4. The word immediate here is an erroneous Spanish translation
because the Spanish word is proxima and not immediatementa. Therefore, it is
enough that the offender committed the crime with the grave offense done to him,
his spouse, his ascendant or descendant or to his brother or sister, whether natural,
adopted or legitimate and that is the proximate cause of the commission of the
crime.
* It would seem that the rule is that, the court must consider the lasting effect and
influence of the grave offense to the offender when he resorted to commit the crime
to vindicate such grave offense.
Made directly only to the person Grave offense may be also against the
committing the felony offenders relatives mentioned by law
Cause that brought about the provocation Offended party must have done a grave
need not be a grave offense offense to the offender or his relatives
Passion and obfuscation is mitigating: when there are causes naturally producing in
a person powerful excitement, he loses his reason and self-control. Thereby
dismissing the exercise of his will power.
b. That the act was committed not in the spirit of lawlessness or revenge
Example: Juan saw Tomas hitting his (Juan) son. Juan stabbed Tomas. Juan is entitled
to Mitigating Circumstance of P&O as his actuation arose from a natural instinct that
impels a father to rush to the rescue of his son.
The exercise of a right or a fulfillment of a duty is not the proper source of P&O.
Example: A policeman arrested Juan as he was making a public disturbance on the
streets. Juans anger and indignation resulting from the arrest cant be considered
passionate obfuscation because the policeman was doing a lawful act.
The act must be sufficient to produce a condition of mind. If the cause of the loss of
self- control was trivial and slight, the obfuscation is not mitigating.
Example: Juans boss punched him for not going to work the other day. Cause is
slight.
There could have been no Mitigating Circumstance of P&O when more than 24 hours
elapsed between the alleged insult and the commission of the felony, or several
hours have passed between the cause of the P&O and the commission of the crime,
or at least 12 hours intervened between the previous fight and subsequent killing of
deceased by accused.
The passion or obfuscation will be considered even if it is based only on the honest
belief of the offender, even if facts turn out to prove that his beliefs were wrong.
Passion and obfuscation cannot co-exist with treachery since that means the
offender has had time to ponder his course of action.
PASSION AND OBFUSCATION arising from one and the same cause should be treated
as only one mitigating circumstance
Mitigating Exempting
* there is a ruling to the effect that if the offender is given the benefit of paragraph
4, he cannot be given the benefit of paragraph 5 or 6, or vice-versa. Only one of the
three mitigating circumstances should be given in favor of the offender.
* If the case involves a series of facts, then you can predicate any one of these
circumstances on one fact and the other on another fact and so on.
a) voluntarily surrendered
* The law does not require that the accused surrender prior to the order of arrest,
what matters is the spontaneous surrender of the accused upon learning that a
warrant of arrest had been issued against him and that voluntary surrender is
obedience to the order of arrest is issued against him. (Pp vs. Cahilig, 68 Phil. 740)
RPC does not make distinction among the various moments when surrender may
occur.
Surrender must be by reason of the commission of the crime for which defendant is
charged
VOLUNTARY SURRENDER
The essence of voluntary surrender requires that the offender, after having
committed the crime, had evaded the law enforcers and the law enforcers do not
know of his whereabouts. In short, he continues to elude arrest. If, under this
circumstance, the offender would come out in the open and he gives himself up, his
act of doing so will be considered as indicative of repentance and he also saves the
government the time and the expense of looking for him.
As a general rule, if after committing the crime, the offender did not flee and he
went with the responding law enforcers meekly, voluntary surrender is not
applicable.
However, there is a ruling that if after committing the crime, the offender did not
flee and instead waited for the law enforcers to arrive and he surrendered the
weapon he used in killing the victim, the ruling was that voluntary surrender is
mitigating. In this case, the offender had the opportunity to go into hiding, the fact
that he did not flee is voluntary surrender.
However, if he comes out from hiding because he is seriously ill and he went to get
medical treatment, the surrender is not considered as indicative of remorse or
repentance. The surrender here is only done out of convenience to save his own
self. Hence, it is not mitigating.
Even if the offender may have gone into hiding, if the law enforcers had already
known where he is hiding and it is just a matter of time before he is flushed out of
that place, then even if the law enforcers do not know exactly where he was hiding
and he would come out, this is not voluntary surrender.
Whether or not a warrant of arrest had been issued against the offender is
immaterial and irrelevant. The criterion is whether or not the offender had gone into
hiding or had the opportunity to go into hiding and the law enforcers do not know of
his whereabouts. If he would give up, his act of surrendering under such
circumstance indicates that he is willing to accept the consequences of the wrong
he has done and also thereby saves the government the effort, the time and the
expenses to be incurred in looking for him.
A. The answer is yes, because he fled to the scene of a crime not to escape but to
seek legal advice.
Q. Supposing that after the accused met a vehicular accident causing multiple
homicide because of reckless imprudence, he surrenders to the authorities
immediately thereafter, will his surrender mitigate his criminal liability because of
Art. 13?
c) confession of guilt was made prior to the presentation of evidence for the
prosecution
To be mitigating, the plea of guilty must be without conditions. But conditional plea
of guilty may still be mitigating if the conditions imposed by the accused are found
to be meritorious.
plea made after arraignment and after trial has begun does not entitle
accused to have plea considered as Mitigating Circumstance
plea in the RTC in a case appealed from the MTC is not mitigating - must
make plea at the first opportunity plea during the preliminary investigation is
no plea at all even if during arraignment, accused pleaded not guilty, he is
entitled to Mitigating Circumstance as long as he withdraws his plea of not
guilty to the charge before the fiscal could present his evidence
plea to a lesser charge is not Mitigating Circumstance because to be
voluntary plea of guilty, must be to the offense charged
plea to the offense charged in the amended info, lesser than that charged in
the original info, is Mitigating Circumstance
present Rules of Court require that even if accused pleaded guilty to a capital
offense, its mandatory for court to require the prosecution to prove the guilt of the
accused being likewise entitled to present evidence to prove, inter alia, Mitigating
Circumstance
8. That the offender is deaf and dumb, blind or otherwise suffering from
some PHYSICAL DEFECT w/c thus restricts his means of action, defense or
communication w/ his fellow beings.
Basis: one suffering from physical defect which restricts him does not have
complete freedom of action and therefore, there is diminution of that element of
voluntariness.
* The law says that the offender is deaf and dumb, meaning not only deaf but also
dumb, or that he is blind, meaning in both eyes, but even if he is only deaf and not
dumb, or dumb only but not deaf, or blind only in one eye, he I still entitled to a
mitigating circumstance under this article as long as his physical defects restricts
his means of action, defense communication with his fellowmen. The restriction
however, must relate to the mode of committing the crime.
The physical defect of the offender should restrict his means of action, defense or
communication with fellow beings, this has been extended to cover cripples,
armless people even stutterers.
The circumstance assumes that with their physical defect, the offenders do not
have a complete freedom of action therefore diminishing the element of
voluntariness in the commission of a crime.
* The physical defect that a person may have must have a relation to the
commission of the crime. Not any physical defect will affect the crime. It will only do
so if it has some relation to the crime committed. This circumstance must also have
a bearing on the crime committed and must depend on how the crime was
committed.
9. Such ILLNESS of the offender as would diminish the exercise of the will-
power of the offender w/o depriving him of consciousness of his acts.
b) such illness should not deprive the offender of consciousness of his acts
* If the illness not only diminishes the exercise of the offenders will power but
deprives him of the consciousness of his acts, it becomes an exempting
circumstance to be classified as insanity or imbecility.
* Feeblemindedness of the accused who, in a fit of jealousy, stabbed his wife, then
carried her up to the house, laid her on the floor and then lay down beside her,
warrants the finding in his favor of this mitigating circumstance. (Pp vs. Formigones,
87 Phil. 658)
a) defendant who is 60 years old with failing eyesight is similar to a case of one
over 70 years old
Analogous cases
* The act of the offender of leading the law enforcers to the place where he buried
the instrument of the crime has been considered as equivalent to voluntary
surrender. The act of a thief in leading the authorities to the place where he
disposed of the loot has been considered as analogous or equivalent to voluntary
surrender.
NOT analogous:
Example: Juan stole his brothers watch. Juan sold it to Pedro, who knew it was
stolen. The circumstance of relation arose from private relation of Juan and the
brother. Does not mitigate Pedro.
Example: Minor, acting with discernment robbed Juan. Pedro, passing by, helped the
minor. Circumstance of minority, mitigates liability of minor only.
Shall serve to mitigate the liability of the principals, accomplices and accessories to
whom the circumstances are attendant.
mistake in the identity of the victim entrapment of the accused accused is over 18
years old
Note: Under the Rules of Court on plea bargaining, the accused is allowed
to negotiate with the prosecution during his arraignment, to enter a plea
for a lesser offense, or for the consideration of mitigating circumstances
under Art. 13; for the prosecution to forego or delete aggravating
circumstances, without regard to the rules and jurisprudence mentioned
above.
AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES
Definition Those circumstance which raise the penalty for a crime without
exceeding the maximum applicable to that crime.
d) the time
e) the personal circumstance of the offender
Kinds:
b) Specific apply only to specific crimes (ignominy for chastity crimes; treachery
c) Qualifying those that change the nature of the crime (evident premeditation
becomes murder)
May be compensated by M
Cant be offset by Mitigating Circumstance
Circumstance
Requisite:
The commission of the crime would not have been possible without the powers,
* A public officer is any person who, by (1) direct provision of the law, (2) popular
election or (3) appointment by competent authority shall take part in the
performance of public functions in the Government of the Philippine Islands or shall
perform in said Government or in any of its branches, public duties as an employee,
agent or subordinate official of any rank or class.
Essential - Public officer used the influence, prestige or ascendancy which his
office gives him as the means by which he realized his purpose.
* If the accused could have perpetrated the crime without occupying his position,
then there is no abuse of public position.
* When the public position is an element of the offense like Bribery (Direct Article
210, Indirect 211, or Qualified Bribery Sec. 4, R.A. 7659), this circumstance can
not be taken into consideration.
Wearing of uniform is immaterial what matters is the proof that he indeed took
advantage of his position
Article 62 was also amended by the Republic Act No. 7659. The legal import of this
amendment is that the subject circumstance has been made a qualifying or special
aggravating that shall not be offset or compensated by a mitigating circumstance. If
not alleged in the information, however, but proven during the trial, it is only
appreciated as a generic aggravating circumstance.
* Under Sec. 23, 1 (a) of R.A. 7659, when in the commission of the crime, advantage
was taken by the offender of his public position, the penalty to be imposed shall be
in its maximum regardless of mitigating circumstances.
The public authoritys presence did not prevent the criminal act
Example: Juan and Pedro are quarrelling and the municipal mayor, upon passing by,
attempts to stop them. Notwithstanding the intervention and the presence of the
mayor, Juan and Pedro continue to quarrel until Juan succeeds in killing Pedro.
Person in authority public authority who is directly vested with jurisdiction, has
the power to govern and execute the laws
1. Governor
2. Mayor
3. Barangay captain
4. Councilors
5. Government agents
6. Chief of Police
Agent subordinate public officer charged with the maintenance of public order
andprotection and security of life and property
(1) with insult or in disregard of the respect due to the offended party on account of
his (A) RANK, (B) AGE, (C) SEX or circumstances (rank, age, sex) may be taken into
account only in crimes against persons or honor, it cannot be invoked in crimes
against property
Rank refers to a high social position or standing by which to determine ones pay
and emoluments in any scale of comparison within a position
Age the circumstance of lack of respect due to age applies in case where the
victim is of tender age as well as of old age (age of the offended party)
Sex refers to the female sex, not to the male sex; not applicable when
There is deliberate intent to offend or insult the respect due to the victims rank,
age, orsex
(2) that it be committed in the DWELLING of the offended party, if the latter has not
given provocation.
Dwelling must be a building or structure exclusively used for rest and comfort
(combination house and store not included)
b. sufficient
* Dwelling need not be owned by the offended party. It is enough that he used the
place for his peace of mind, rest, comfort and privacy. The rule that dwelling, in
order to be aggravating must be owned by the offended party is no longer absolute.
Dwelling can be aggravating even if it is not owned by the offended party, provided
that the offended party is considered a member of the family who owns the dwelling
and equally enjoys peace of mind, privacy and comfort.
* Dwelling should not be understood in the concept of a domicile. A person has
more than one dwelling.
* Dwelling is not limited to the house proper. All the appurtenances necessary for
the peace and comfort, rest and peace of mind in the abode of the offended party is
considered a dwelling.
* The victim should be the owner, occupant or lessee of the house. However,
in People vs. Balansi, 187 SCRA 566, it was held that the victim need not be the
owner or occupant of the dwelling where he was shot, since, the stranger, as an
invited guest, is sheltered by the same roof and protected by the same intimacy of
life it affords. It may not be his house, but it is, even for a brief moment, home to
him.
* One-half of the house is used as a store and the other half is used for dwelling but
there is only one entrance. If the dwelling portion is attacked, dwelling is not
aggravating because whenever a store is open for business, it is a public place and
as such is not capable of being the subject of trespass. If the dwelling portion is
attacked where even if the store is open, there is another separate entrance to the
portion used for dwelling, the circumstance is aggravating. However, in case the
store is closed, dwelling is aggravating since here, the store is not a public place as
in the first case.
4. That the act be committed with (1) ABUSE OF CONFIDENCE or (2)
OBVIOUS UNGRATEFULNESS
Requisites of Abuse of
Requisite of Obvious Ungratefulness
Confidence
Example: A jealous lover, already determined to kill his sweetheart, invited her for a
ride and during that ride, he stabbed her
1. malversation
2. qualified theft
3. estafa by conversion
4. misappropriation
5. qualified seduction
* Do not confuse this with mere betrayal of trust. This is aggravating only when the
very offended party is the one who reposed the confidence. If the confidence is
reposed by another, the offended party is different from the fellow who reposed the
confidence and abuse of confidence in this case is not aggravating.
Nature of public office should be taken into account, like a police station which is on
duty 24hrs. a dayplace of the commission of the felony (par 5): if it was committed
in Malacanang palace or a church it is aggravating, regardless of whether State or
official; functions are being held.
* The President or Chief of Executive need not be in the Palace to aggravate the
liability of the offender.
as regards other places where public authorities are engaged in the discharge of
their duties, there must be some performance of public functions
* The accused must have the intention to commit the crime in such place so that if
the meeting of the offender and the victim was only casual, this circumstance
cannot be considered.
The crime occurred in a place dedicated to the worship of God regardless of religion
Offender must have decided to commit the crime when he entered the place of
worship
Committed in conte
Committed in the presence of the Chief Executive, in the of Public Authority
Presidential Palace or a place of worship(Par. 5, Art. 14)
(Par. 2, Art 14)
Public authority is n
Public authority may be the offended party
the offended party
Nighttime begins at the end of dusk and ending at dawn; from sunset to sunrise *
commission of the crime must begin and be accomplished in the nighttime
* when the place of the crime is illuminated by light, nighttime is not aggravating *
absorbed by Treachery
* Even if there was darkness but the nighttime was only an incident of a chance
meeting, there is no aggravating circumstance here. It must be shown that the
offender deliberately sought the cover of darkness and the offender purposely took
advantage of nighttime to facilitate the commission of the offense, to insure his
immunity from capture, or otherwise to facilitate his getaway.(pp vs. pareja, 265
scra 429)
Requisites:
* While there is no hard and fast rule on the matter , a place where there are no
people or houses within a distance of 200 meters or less is considered
uninhabited. (Pp vs. Egot, 130 SCRA 134)
What should be considered here is whether in the place of the commission of the
offense, there was a reasonable possibility of the victim receiving some help
6. (B) - Whenever more than 3 armed malefactors shall have acted together in the
commission of an offense, it shall be deemed to have been committed by a BAND.
Requisites:
* Where more than three armed malefactors participated in the commission of the
offense, if the aggrupation did not facilitate the commission of the crime, it will not
be considered as aggravating because of the language of the law which requires
that such circumstance must have facilitated the commission of the offense.
* When the two (2) groups are almost similarly armed, like where the group of the
offended party numbered five (5) but only three (3) were armed so that there is no
band, while the offenders were four (4) who were all armed and therefore
constituted a band, there is no band as aggravating circumstance as it did not
facilitate the commission of the crime. Likewise, if the meeting is casual, the
homicide committed by the killers comprising a band is not aggravated.
* Correlate this with Article 306 - Brigandage. The crime is the band itself. The mere
forming of a band even without the commission of a crime is already a crime so that
band is not aggravating in brigandage because the band itself is the way to commit
brigandage. However, where brigandage is actually committed, band becomes
aggravating.
Requisites:
1. Conflagration 2. Shipwreck
3. Epidemic
Offender took advantage of the state of confusion or chaotic condition from such
misfortune
Basis: Commission of the crime adds to the suffering by taking advantage of the
misfortune.
based on time
8. That the crime be committed with the AID OF (1) ARMED MEN OR (2)
PERSONS WHO INSURE OR AFFORD IMPUNITY
1. that armed men or persons took part in the commission of the crime, directly
or indirectly
2. that the accused availed himself of their aid or relied upon them when the
crime was committed
* If the accused relied on the presence of armed men, availing himself of the aid of
the latter, his liability is aggravated. However, where it appeared that appellants
were not merely present at the scene of the crime but were in conspiracy with the
assailant, shooting the victim and leaving the scene together after apparently
* There must be no unity of purpose between the offender and the armed men
present in the commission of the crime. The existence of conspiracy will make the
armed men liable as principals by direct participation.
Exceptions:
when both the attacking party and the party attacked were equally armed not
present when the accused as well as those who cooperated with him in the
commission of the crime acted under the same plan and for the same purpose.
Casual presence, or when the offender did not avail himself of any of their aid nor
did not knowingly count upon their assistance in the commission of the crime if
there are more than 3 armed men, aid of armed men is absorbed in the
employment of a band.
* If the accused, upom assurance of policemen A and B that they would not patrol
the area so that he could theft or robbery thereat, the commission of burglary in the
said area where no routine patrolling was done is aggravated by the aid of persons
who insure or afford impunity.
* It is important that the conviction which came earlier must refer to the crime
committed earlier than the subsequent conviction.
Requisites:
What is controlling is the time of the trial, not the time of the commission of the
offense. At the time of the trial means from the arraignment until after sentence is
announced by the judge in open court.
Present even if one of the offenders Requires more than 3 armed malefact
merely relied on their aid. Actual aid is who all acted together in the commiss
not necessary an offense
When does judgment become final? (Rules of Court)after the lapse of a period for
perfecting an appeal when the sentence has been partially or totally satisfied or
served defendant has expressly waived in writing his right to appeal the accused
has applied for probation
Q: The accused was prosecuted and tried for theft, robbery and estafa. Judgments
were read on the same day. Is he a recidivist?
A: No. Because the judgment in any of the first two offenses was not yet final when
he was tried for the third offense
Recidivism must be taken into account no matter how many years have intervened
between the first and second felonies
Pardon does not obliterate the fact that the accused was a recidivist,
but amnesty extinguishes the penalty and its effects
* If the offender has already served his sentence and he was extended an absolute
pardon, the pardon shall erase the conviction including recidivism because there is
no more penalty so it shall be understood as referring to the conviction or the
effects of the crime.
To prove recidivism, it must be alleged in the information and with attached certified
copies of the sentences rendered against the accused
Exceptions: if the accused does not object and when he admits in his confession
and on the witness stand
10. That the offender has been previously punished for an offense to
which the law attaches an equal or greater penalty or for two or more
crimes to which it attaches a lighter penalty
Par. 10 speaks of penalty attached to the offense, not the penalty actually imposed
* You will only consider the penalty in reiteracion if there is already a second
conviction. When there is a third conviction, you disregard whatever penalty for the
subsequent crimes committed. Even if the penalty for the subsequent crimes
committed are lighter than the ones already served, since there are already two of
them subsequently, the offender is already a repeater.
REITERACION RECIDIVISM
Necessary that offender shall have served out Enough that final judgment has
his sentence for the first sentence been rendered in the first offen
4 FORMS OF REPETITION
1. Recidivism generic
2. Reiteracion or Habituality generic
3. Multiple recidivism or Habitual delinquency extraordinary aggravating
4. Quasi-Recidivism special aggravating
In recidivism
(2) The crimes are not specified; it is enough that they may be embraced under the
same title of the Revised Penal Code.
(3) There is no time limit between the first conviction and the subsequent
conviction. Recidivism is imprescriptible.
In habitual delinquency
(2) The crimes are limited and specified to: (a) serious physical injuries, (b) less
serious physical injuries, (c) robbery, (d) theft, (e) estafa or swindling and (f)
falsification.
(3) There is a time limit of not more than 10 years between every convictions
computed from the first conviction or release from punishment thereof to conviction
computed from the second conviction or release therefrom to the third conviction
and so on . . .
(5) The circumstance must be alleged in the information; otherwise the court
cannot acquire jurisdiction to impose additional penalty.
* When the offender is a recidivist and at the same time a habitual delinquent, the
penalty for the crime for which he will be convicted will be increased to the
maximum period unless offset by a mitigating circumstance. After determining the
correct penalty for the last crime committed, an added penalty will be imposed in
accordance with Article 62.
QUASI-RECIDIVISM any person who shall commit a felony after having been
convicted by final judgment, before beginning to serve such sentence, or while
serving the same, shall be punished by the maximum period of the penalty
prescribed by law for the new felony * The emphasis here is on the crime
committed before sentence or while serving sentence which should be a felony, a
violation of the Revised Penal Code. In so far as the earlier crime is concerned, it is
necessary that it be a felony.
* The emphasis is on the nature of the crime committed while serving sentence or
before serving sentence. It should not be a violation of a special law.
Requisites:
At least 2 principals
* To consider this circumstance, the price, reward or promise must be the primary
reason or the primordial motive for the commission of the crime. Thus, if A
approached B and told the latter what he thought of X, and B answered he is a bad
man to which A retorted, you see I am going to kill him this afternoon, and so B
told him If you do that, Ill give you P5,000.00 and after killing X, A again
approached B, told him he had already killed X, and B in compliance with his
promise, delivered the P5,000.00, this aggravating circumstance is not present.
12. That the crime be committed by means of inundation, fire, poison, explosion,
stranding a vessel or intentional damage thereto, or derailment of a locomotive, or
by use of any other artifice involving GREAT WASTE OR RUIN.
* Whenever a killing is done with the use of fire, as when to kill someone, you burn
down his house while the latter is inside, this is murder.
* There is no such crime as murder with arson or arson with homicide. The crime
committed is only murder.
* If the victim is already dead and the house is burned, the crime is arson. It is
either arson or murder.
* If the intent is to destroy property, the crime is arson even if someone dies as a
consequence. If the intent is to kill, there is murder even if the house is burned in
the process.
* Under R.A. 8294 which amends P.D. 1866, when a person commits any crime
under the Revised Penal Code or special laws with the use of explosives including
but not limited to pillbox, motolov cocktail bombs, detonation agents or incendiary
devices resulting in the death of a person, the same is aggravating. (Section 2)
Requisites:
* There are cases however, when conspiracy is established because of the manner
the crime was committed by the offenders, which more often is manifested by their
acts before, during and after the commission of the crime. This is calledimplied
conspiracy. When such situation arises, the court cannot presume evident
premeditation. There is unity of purpose and they all took part in the commission of
the crime, but such is not evident premeditation. It only establishes conspiracy.
The premeditation must be based upon external facts, and must be evident, not
merely suspected indicating deliberate planning
* In People vs. Mojica, 10 SCRA 515, the lapse of one hour and forty-five minutes
(4:15 p.m. to 6 p.m.) was considered by the Supreme Court as sufficient. In People
vs. Cabodoc, 263 SCRA 187, where at 1:00 p.m., the accused opened his balisong
and uttered I will kill him (referring to the victim), at 4:30 p.m. of the said date
accused stabbed the victim, it was held that the lapse of three and a half hours (3
12 hours) from the inception of the plan to the execution of the crime satisfied the
last requisite of evident premeditation.
CRAFT involves intellectual trickery and cunning on the part of the accused.
It is employed as a scheme in the execution of the crime (e.g. accused pretended to
be members of the constabulary, accused in order to perpetrate rape, used
chocolates containing drugs)
* Craft is present since the accused and his cohorts pretended to be bonafide
passengers of the jeep in order not to arouse suspicion; when once inside the jeep,
they robbed the driver and other passengers (People vs. Lee, 204 SCRA 900)
as distinguished from craft which involves acts done in order not to arouse the
suspicion of the victim, fraud involves a direct inducement through entrapping or
beguiling language or machinations
* But the accused must be able to hide his identity during the initial stage, if not all
through out, the commission of the crime and his identity must have been
discovered only later on, to consider this aggravating circumstance. If despite the
mask worn by the accused, or his putting of charcoal over his body, the offended
party even before the initial stage knew him, he was not able to hide his identity
and this circumstance cannot be appreciated.
Requisite: The offender must have actually taken advantage of craft, fraud, or
disguise to facilitate the commission of the crime.
To purposely use excessive force out of the proportion to the means of defense
available to the person attacked.
* Superiority may arise from aggressors sex, weapon or number as compared to
that of the victim (e.g. accused attacked an unarmed girl with a knife; 3 men
stabbed to death the female victim).
* There must be evidence of notorious inequality of forces between the offender and
the offended party in their age, size and strength, and that the offender took
advantage of such superior strength in committing the crime. The mere fact that
there were two persons who attacked the victim does not per se constitute abuse of
superior strength (People v. Carpio, 191 SCRA 12).
* The fact known however that there were two persons who attacked the victim
does not perse establish that the crime was committed with abuse of superior
strength. To take advantage of superior strength means to purposely use excessive
force out of proportion to the means available to the person attacked to defend
himself. (People vs. Casingal, 243 SCRA 37)
* Had treachery or alevosia been proven, it would have absorbed abuse of superior
strength. (People vs. Panganiban, 241 SCRA 91)
Involves the use of intellectual Involves the use of direct Involves the u
trickery and cunning to arouse inducement by insidious words devise to con
suspicion of the victim or machinations identity
a. Means were purposely sought to weaken the defense of the victim to resist the
assault
b. The means used must not totally eliminate possible defense of the victim,
otherwise it will fall under treachery
To weaken the defense illustrated in the case where one struggling with another
suddenly throws a cloak over the head of his opponent and while in the said
situation, he wounds or kills him. Other means of weakening the defense would be
intoxication or disabling thru the senses (casting dirt of sand upon anothers eyes)
TREACHERY: when the offender commits any of the crime against the person,
employing means, methods or forms in the execution thereof which tend directly
and specially to insure its execution without risk to himself arising from the defense
which the offended party might make.
Requisites:
1. that at the time of the attack, the victim was not in the position to defend
himself
2. that the offender consciously adopted the particular means, method or form
of attack employed by him
* The essence of treachery is that by virtue of the means, method or form employed
by the offender, the offended party was not able to put up any defense. If the
offended party was able to put up a defense, even only a token one, there is no
treachery anymore. Instead some other aggravating circumstance may be present
but not treachery anymore.
* does not exist if the accused gave the deceased chance to prepare or there was
warning given or that it was preceded by a heated argument
* Treachery is out when the attack was merely incidental or accidental because in
the definition of treachery, the implication is that the offender had consciously and
deliberately adopted the method, means and form used or employed by him
But treachery may exist even if attack is face-to-face as long as victim was not
given any chance to prepare defense
Means, methods or forms are Offender does not employ Means are employe
employed by the offender to means, methods or forms but it only materia
make it impossible or hard for of attack, he only takes weakens the resist
the offended party to put any advantage of his superior power of the offend
sort of resistance strength party
* There must be evidenced on how the crime was committed. It is not enough to
show that the victim sustained treacherous wound. It must be shown that the victim
was totally defenseless.
* Suddenness of the attack does not by itself constitute treachery in the absence of
evidence that the manner of the attack was consciously adopted by the offender to
render the offended party defenseless (People v. Ilagan, 191 SCRA 643).
* Even if the person killed is different from the intended victim, treachery must be
considered against the offender because he is responsible either for the intended
victim or the actual victim.
* Applicable to crimes against chastity (rape included), less serious physical injuries,
light or grave coercion and murder
Requisites:
a. Crime must be against chastity, less serious physical injuries, light or grave
coercion, and
murder
b. The circumstance made the crime more humiliating and shameful for the victim
Examples: accused embraced and kissed the offended party not out of lust but out
of anger in front of many people, raped in front of the husband, raped successively
by five men tend to make the effects of the crime more humiliating
Ignominy not present where the victim was already dead when such acts were
committed against his body or person
* Cruelty and ignominy are circumstances brought about which are not necessary in
the commission of the crime.
Unlawful entry when an entrance is effected by a way not intended for the
purpose. Meant to effect entrance and NOT exit.
Why aggravating? One who acts, not respecting the walls erected by men to guard
their property and provide for their personal safety, shows greater perversity, a
greater audacity and hence the law punishes him with more severity
Inherent in: Trespass to dwelling, and robbery with force upon things.
* Unlawful entry is inherent in the crime of robbery with force upon things but
aggravating in the crime of robbery with violence against or intimidation of persons.
* Where the escape was done through the window, the crime is not attended by this
circumstance since there was no unlawful entry.
19. That as a means to the commission of the crime, A WALL, ROOF, DOOR
OR WINDOW BE BROKEN
Requisites:
1. A wall, roof, window, or door was broken
2. They were broken to effect entrance
Applicable only if such acts were done by the offender to effect entrance.
* The breaking of the parts of the house must be made as a means to commit the
offense. So, if A entered the door of his neighbor after killing him, escaped by
breaking the jalousies of the window or the door, this aggravating circumstance is
absent.
* The basis of this aggravating circumstance refers to means and ways employed to
commit the crime. It is not necessary that the offender should have entered the
building because the phrase as a means to the commission of the crime does not
require entry to the building. It is also inherent in the crime of robbery with force
upon things.
b. an officer if refused admittance may break open any door or window to execute
the search warrant or liberate himself,
20. That the crime be committed (1) with the AID OF PERSONS UNDER 15 YEARS of
age, or (2) by MEANS OF MOTOR VEHICLES, airships or other similar means.
Reason for #1: to repress, so far as possible, the frequent practice resorted to by
professional criminals to avail themselves of minors taking advantage of their
responsibility (remember that minors are given leniency when they commit a crime)
* The minors here could be accessories, accomplices or principals who aided the
accused in the commission of the crime.
Example: Juan instructed a 14-year old to climb up the fence and open the gate for
him so that he may rob the house
Reason for #2: to counteract the great facilities found by modern criminals in said
means to commit crime and flee and abscond once the same is committed.
Necessary that the motor vehicle be an important tool to the consummation of the
crime (bicycles not included)
Example: Juan and Pedro, in committing theft, used a truck to haul the appliances
from the mansion.
* This circumstance is aggravating only when used in the commission of the offense.
If motor vehicle is used only in the escape of the offender, motor vehicle is not
aggravating. To be aggravating, it must have been used to facilitate the commission
of the crime.
* The motor vehicle must have been sought by the offender to facilitate the
commission of the crime.
21. That the wrong done in the commission of the crime be deliberately augmented
by causing other wrong not necessary for its commission
CRUELTY: when the culprit enjoys and delights in making his victim suffer slowly
and gradually, causing him unnecessary physical pain in the consummation of the
criminal act. Cruelty cannot be presumed nor merely inferred from the body of the
deceased. Has to be proven.
* no cruelty when the other wrong was done after the victim was dead
Requisites:
a. that the injury caused be deliberately increased by causing other wrong
b. that the other wrong be unnecessary for the execution of the purpose of the
offender
* There is cruelty when the offender is deliberately and inhumanly augmented the
suffering of the victim.
* The essence of cruelty is that the culprit finds delight in prolonging the suffering of
the victim.
In the same amendment to Article 62 of the Revised Penal Code, paragraphs were
added which provide that the maximum penalty shall be imposed if the offense was
committed by any person who belongs to an organized or syndicated crime group.
IGNOMINY CRUELTY
the matter during trial and consequently, the said special aggravating circumstance
can be appreciated if proven.
Although the circumstance that human life was destroyed with the use of an
unlicensed firearm is not aggravating under Art. 14, RPC, it may still be taken into
consideration to increase the penalty because of the explicit provisions of the
Presidential Decree No. 1866 as amended by R.A. 8294. Section (1), 3 rd par. of said
law says that if homicide or murder is committed with the use of an unlicensed
firearm, such use of an unlicensed firearm shall be considered as an aggravating
circumstance. Further, under Sec. 3 thereof, when a person commits any of the
crimes defined in the Revised Penal Code or special laws with the use of explosives
like pill box, motolov cocktail bombs, firebombs or other incendiary devices which
result in the death of a person, such use shall be considered as an aggravating
circumstance.