Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Robatherm Medical Eng
Robatherm Medical Eng
for Medical
Applications
Applications | 1
The health care sector is marked by an or at least dilute the pathogen concentration
increasing cost pressure on medical facilities. at the wound site to an unobjectionable level, by AHUs provide a
Hospitals, in particular, must reconcile the task means of a flow of ultra-purified air. constant, comfor-
of cutting costs with the need for improving the table room climate.
quality of their services in the face of increasing Especially in aseptic interventions posing a very
competition. high risk of infection, as is the case in joint Faster patients
implantations and in trauma surgery, air handling
recovery.
Hygiene in a hospital is a self-evident prerequi- systems have to meet the highest demands. A
site to the quality of services. Avoiding hospital- hygienically impeccable and comfortable room
acquired, or so-called nosocomial infections, is climate creates a medically safe and undisturbed
Improved safety
top priority. treatment environment. Additionally, patients
for patients and
treatment times are reduced to the minimum doctors.
During surgical interventions, wound contamina- medically required, avoiding unnecessary long
tion is caused by the patients own flora (endo- hospital stays. At the same time, the hospitals Enhanced work
genous infection) or by pathogens from external operation costs can be reduced, and the staffs performance.
sources (exogenous infection), such as the work performance is maintained at a constant
surgical staff. high level.
Air handling systems are, therefore, indispensa- With regard to quicker recovery, enhanced com-
ble for reducing or avoiding the introduction of fort and a safe work environment, air handling
airborne pathogens into the wound. They are systems for medical applications should be given
designed to keep pathogens away from wounds, particular attention.
2 | General requirements
Highest Demands
on Air Handling
Technology.
A multitude of factors need to be considered
The main tasks of air handling systems derably: In hospitals, for instance, they range
Ensure comfort for include supplying a sufficient amount of oxygen, between 5,000 h/a and 8,760 h/a (non-stop
patients and staff. removing carbon dioxide and maintaining a operation). From the viewpoint of hygiene and
comfortable room climate that is unobjectio- energy consumption, but also for reasons of
Clean air thanks to nable from the viewpoint of climate-physiology. operational reliability, plug fans combined with
professional design In rooms having to meet special requirements, frequency converters and energy-efficient
such as operating theatres, the supply air has motors are particularly convenient here. This
and maintenance.
further functions. The air handling system must combination offers highest efficiencies along
also act as a barrier screening the specified with low operating costs.
Operating times protected area, reduce the concentration
between 5,000 h and of microorganisms, provide temperature and Integrated chillers
8,760 h per year. humidity control and remove odours and Air conditioning by means of air handling units
contaminants. (AHUs) is required to create a comfortable
Integration of room climate and a safe work environment.
compressors in Air cleanliness Ideally, the necessary refrigeration equipment
AHUs saves space, Air cleanliness is of particular importance in is integrated directly into the AHU, which
increases the COP hygiene applications. Air filters here fulfil a com- helps to save space in the engineering room.
and facilitates bination of several tasks: They protect patients No further external devices are required, and
and staff from infections, and air handling units considerably less sound is emitted to adjacent
maintenance.
(AHUs) and the ductwork from contamination. buildings. Also, the coefficient of performance
Scrupulous checking of filters for clogging pre- (COP) of the refrigeration system is more
Primary-energy
vents the ingress of dust and cuts the operating favourable as the condensation temperature
demand reduced, e. g. cost of the system as the pressure drop across of exhaust-air-cooled condensers is lower than
by using reversible filters is reduced. that of axial condensers installed outdoors.
heat pumps for heat Moreover, the entire equipment is accessible
recovery. Operation times for maintenance in one place, and its operation
Depending on the medical facility, the operating is more reliable compared to central external
hours of air handling systems may vary consi- chilling.
General requirements | 3
|1
Valid in Germany; deviating or additional national rules and regulation to be observed as well!
4 | Design requirements
Ensuring the protected area around the operating Constant pressurisation with respect to ancillary Air intake can be based on the overflow principle
table, surgical staff and medical instruments rooms. Air intake by non-unilateral or unilateral or on the air-mixing principle with a neutral air
table by means of a stable top-to-bottom unilateral air flow. Directed overflow of at least the volume balance. For these areas, provide an airflow pat-
air flow. of the minimum outdoor-air fraction. tern that ensures high ventilation effectiveness
Introduction of particles by humans or through and quick removal of any contaminants from the
Positive air balance. open doors cannot be prevented. emission source.
Higher velocities in unilateral air flow centre
improve protective effect. Positive air balance. For hygienically relevant areas, the
Supply-air temperature below indoor-air No separate protected area. requirements of VDI 6022 |1 apply.
temperature. 3-stage filtration (at least F5/F9/H13). 2-stage filtration (at least F5/F9).
3-stage filtration (at least F5/F9/H13).
|1
Valid in Germany; deviating or additional national rules and regulation to be observed as well!
6 | Practical implementation
Design.
Cornerstone ODA
of Success. EHA
RCA
Coordination of the initial, and all further, Localised emissions to be removed directly.
hygiene inspections by qualified specialists Prefer pressure regulation where constant
(VDI 6022, Category A). volume flows are ensured by volume flow
Updating of the standards list upon controllers.
finalisation of the design stage. Make sure that AHU allows access on both
sides (half a unit width at rear, full unit width
at front).
Practical implementation | 7
ETA
SUP
Summer:
Sound pressure level (TA-Lrm) |1
OP theatres (Classes Ia, Ib): 19 C to 26 C
Daytime (6h-22h):
Intervention rooms (Class II): 22 C to 26 C
Residential areas: 55 dB (A)
Intensive-care unit: 22 C to 26 C
Mixed-use areas: 60 dB (A)
Standard-care rooms: 26 C
Commercial areas: 65 dB (A)
Baby-care rooms: 26 C
Industrial areas: 70 dB (A)
Examination rooms: 26 C
Kitchenettes, corridors: 28 C
Sterilisation: 28 C
Night-time (22h-6h): Stores: depending on
Residential areas: 40 dB (A) goods stored
Mixed-use areas: 45 dB (A)
Commercial areas: 50 dB (A) Indoor humidity
Industrial areas: 70 dB (A) Intensive-care rooms: 30 % r. h. to
60 % r. h.
(mandatory year-round)
Minimum outdoor-air rate Other rooms:
Operating theatres: 1,200 m3/h Winter: 25 % r. h. |5
Intervention rooms: 40 m3/(hpers.) or Summer: 60 % r. h. |5 or
150 m3/(hpatient) max. 12 g/kg |5
where anaesthetic
gases are used Sound pressure level |4
Intensive-care area: 40 m3/(hpers.) or Operating theatres: 48 dB(A)
> 100 m3/(hpatient) Wards: 25 dB(A) to 35 dB(A)
Other rooms, corridors Bedrooms: 25 dB(A) to 35 dB(A)
(intensive care): 5 m3/(hm2) Corridors: 35 dB(A) to 45 dB(A)
|1
Valid in Germany; deviating or additional design parameters to be observed in accordance with the national requirements!
|2
For further information, also on the design of buildings and the use of air handling systems, see DIN EN 13779 and DIN 1946-4.
|3
Values correspond to the operative temperatures.
|4
Details concerning indoor-air temperatures and permissible sound pressure levels are to be found in the table issued by
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Krankenhaushygiene.
|5
Recommendation based on DIN EN 15251, Category II.
8 | Solutions made by robatherm
Safety and
Hygiene.
Solutions Made
by robatherm.
AHU concepts specifically optimised
Excellent hygiene charac- range from 1,000 m3/h to Proven mechanical stability
Custom-built teristics of the robatherm AHUs 320,000 m3/h, the robatherm The rugged and proven const-
and optimized for your were tested and certified by the product line meets a wide vari- ruction of the AHUs includes,
needs. Berlin Institute for Air Hygiene ety of customer requirements. among others, powder-coated
(Institut fr Lufthygiene, ILH). Restrictions in available space galvanised sheet as a standard.
High Proper operation and mainte- or particular installation condi- Stainless steel is available
hygiene standard and nance provided, our hygiene tions are taken into account at as well.
high product quality. AHUs will ensure hygienically the project design stage.
impeccable air quality. Moreo- Low heat losses
Certified ver, the operating costs of Excellent hygiene A panel construction with
energy efficiency in the optimally configured Periodic maintenance ensures thermal break guarantees very
AHUs have been reduced to hygienic conditions throughout high thermal insulation and
accordance with
a minimum. the life time. The maintenance- high air tightness. The energy
EUROVENT and
friendly robatherm AHUs ensure demand is minimised, as is
German AHU manu- High variability impeccable cleaning as all the tendency of condensation
facturers association. With its outstanding versatility components are arranged in the inside the casing.
and the broad throughput unit to be easily accessible.
Integrated
control- and refrigera-
tion technology.
Experimental operating theatre, Tbingen University Hospital.
Detailed Optimisation.
Controls and Cooling
Combined Logically.
Customized, factory-integrated control systems and chilling
The control system is optimally Particularly in AHUs for hygiene applications, the
Everything adjusted at the factory. The various thermo- maintenance management ensures increased
from a single source. dynamical requirements to be met by a operational reliability and hygienically impec-
central AHU can thus be fulfilled along with cable conditions.
On-site optimising the operating cost. For this reason,
installation work and robatherm has developed the DDC software Communicative and open
cost reduced. Smart Control. Various communication options are at your
disposal, such as:
No distribution Control technology
Instrumentation and control are integrated Cost-effective Remote Terminal:
and standstill losses.
into the AHUs at the robatherm factory. All Operating, monitoring and parameterising of up
that remains to be done is parameterising the to 15 AHUs via a dedicated local network.
Integrated function blocks of the control system. The
refrigeration without commissioning cost is, therefore, minimal. Comfortable Plant Visor:
external units. Additional plant visualisation as well as recor-
Integrated maintenance management ding of trends and alerts including alert transfer.
Reversible The maintenance management included in Integration into a companys network (Intranet)
heat pump. Smart Control records immobilisation and or the Internet is possible.
operating times of the components and
Central multifunc- automatically generates inspection reports Open communication:
tional AHUs which are displayed in plain text. Appropriate Communication with higher-level building
are ready for plug in. descriptions of the components are also automation systems via pLAN, Modbus, OPC,
given. BACnet or LON.
Integrated control and cooling | 11
Refrigeration equipment can be integ- the use of the heat carried by the extract air
rated at the robatherm factory. The AHU, the has additional synergistic effects. The chiller
control and cooling equipment will then form will then operate as a reversible heat pump.
an optimal unit. Central AHUs with integrated
compressors and exhaust-air condenser have Advantages
proven the ideal all-in-one solution for architec- Easy installation and fast commissioning are
tural reasons as well as in terms of operating vital in the health care sector, particularly whe-
cost and operational reliability. re existing buildings are concerned. Medical
facilities being subject to continual extension,
Integrated cooling technology conversion or renovation, intelligent all-in-one
AHUs with integrated cooling technology have solutions clearly have an edge here. In the
an edge over central water chillers because case of all-in-one solutions, commissioning is
of less space requirement and less distribu- performed by robatherm. A connection to a
tion losses. These cooling devices are overall higher-level DDC system can be established at
systems optimized in themselves, featuring the same time.
high coefficients of performance (COP). Also
from the viewpoint of redundancy, integrated robatherm supplies everything from a single
systems are advantageous where several AHUs source: central multifunctional AHUs, wea-
are used, for in the event of fault, it is never the therproof or for indoor installation, completely
entire cooling equipment that fails. assembled and parameterized in short: ready
Further savings ensue from less piping work for hook-up.
being required and from the fact that standstill
and distribution losses do not occur. In winter,
12 | Proven AHU concepts
Long-standing Experience.
Proven AHU Concepts.
Benefit from our know-how, also in the medical sector.
Equipment features
Cross-flow plate heat exchanger Reversible heat pump integrated into AHU
Optimisation features
AHU schematic
Front view
AHU description Favourable investment cost, most easy to Supply- and extract-air totally separated.
maintain.
Pleated filters (classes F7 + F9) ensure
Compact dimensions thanks to modular and long-term compliance with the required
stacked design. supply-air quality.
4 sections due to combined AHU design, plus Direct-drive fans allow trouble-free operation.
hydraulic set.
Frequency converters are factory-installed,
Suitable for room classes Ia, Ib and II. For room wired and parameterized.
class I, terminal filters of at least H13 quality are
to be provided by the customer.
Abbreviations for types of air (as specified in DIN EN 13779): ODA=outdoor air, SUP=supply air, ETA=extract air, EHA=exhaust air,
RCA=recirculation air
14 | Proven AHU concepts
Options Options
AHU schematic
ETA ETA SUP SUP
ODA ODA
EHA
EHA
Front view
AHU equipment Design: indoor installation Dampers: Aluminium with external linkage,
AHU inside: tightness class 2,
wall powder-coated / floor 1.4301 tightness class 4 towards room
Filters: Supply-air: F7 (biostatic) /F9 Humidifier: Steam lances including built-on
Extract-air: F7 electric steam humidifier
Heat recovery: Plate heat exchanger tE min = 22 C;
with integrated bypass damper xmax = 6 g/kg
Heater: tE 7C, tA = 26C, Control: AHU control in separate control
Fluid: PWW 70/50C cabinet incl. 5 m cable
Cooler: tE = 32 C, = 40 % r.h., Accessories: Filter differential pressure
hE=62.5 kJ/kg, indicator
tA = 17 C, 88 % r.h., (without sealing liquid)
media: PCW 7/13C + 30% glycol Frequency converter with
service switch
Lighting in all relevant areas
AHU description Favourable investment cost, easy to maintain. Reduced pressure losses allow efficient applica-
Compact dimensions thanks to modular and tion of free cooling of buildings (e. g. at night).
stacked design. Electric steam humidifier completely built onto
6 sections units due to combined AHU design, AHU and piped ready for connection.
plus control cabinet. Integrated control, separate control cabinet,
Only suitable where recirculation between rooms provided with cable.
is permissible, or where recirculated air is Plug fans allow trouble-free operation.
returned to the same room with functionally
Frequency converters are factory-installed,
related ancillary rooms (same room class).
wired and parameterized.
Abbreviations for types of air (as specified in DIN EN 13779): ODA=outdoor air, SUP=supply air, ETA=extract air, EHA=exhaust air,
RCA=recirculation air
Proven AHU concepts | 15
Options
Options
AHU schematic
Front view
AHU equipment Design: indoor installation Dampers: Aluminium with external linkage,
AHU inside: tightness class 2,
wall powder-coated / floor 1.4301 tightness class 4 towards room
Filters: Supply-air pre-filter: G4 (flat type) Humidifier: Empty chamber for customers
Supply-air main filter: F7+F9 steam humidifier
(pleated type) Option: steam lances with or
Extract-air main filter: F7 without electric steam humidifier
(pleated type) Accessories: Filter differential pressure
Heat recovery: Constant-volume heat recovery indicator (for main filters without
unit with built-in hydraulic set sealing liquid)
Heater: tE 0C, tA HE 1=26C, Frequency converter with
tA HE 2 = 26C, service switch
Fluid: PWW 70/50C Lights in all relevant areas
Cooler: tE=32 C, 40 % r.h.,
hE=62.8 kJ/kg,
tA= 13 C, 96 % r.h.,
media: PCW 6/12C + 30% glycol
AHU description Favourable investment cost, easy to maintain. Supply- and extract-air totally separated
Easy to assemble thanks to only 6 sections plus Pleated filters (classes F7 + F9) ensure long-
hydraulic set. term compliance with the required supply-air
quality.
Only suitable where recirculation between rooms
is permissible, or where recirculated air is Direct-drive fans allow trouble-free operation.
returned to the same room with functionally Frequency converters are factory-installed,
related ancillary rooms (same room class). wired and parameterized.
Abbreviations for types of air (as specified in DIN EN 13779): ODA=outdoor air, SUP=supply air, ETA=extract air, EHA=exhaust air,
RCA=recirculation air
16 | References
Best choice.
Best references.
Trust and confidence emerge from quality.
Automobile Industry Alfa Romeo, Audi, BMW, Electronic Industry Acer, Alcatel, Altis, AMP,
Automobile Bugatti, Citroen, DaimlerChrysler, Ford, General Bosch, BSH, Corning, Epcos, Hewlett Packard,
Industry Motors, Honda, Iveco, John Deere, KIA, Michelin, Hitachi, IBM, Intel, Max-Planck-Institut,
Opel, Peugeot, Porsche, Renault, Rover, Scania, Microchip, Motorola, NS Electronics, Osram,
Chemical and SEAT, Skoda, Suzuki, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Philips, Q-Sells, Radiall, Siemens, SIGMA, Soitec,
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industry 3M Sony, STMicroelectronics, Texas Instruments,
Pharmaceutical
sant, BASF, Bayer, Beiersdorf, Boehringer, BP, THAI CRT, Thales, Toshiba, Tower, TSMC
Industry
Degussa, Du Pont, Fraunhofer Institut, Fresenius, Hospital Beijing Hospital, Guangxi Hospital,
Glaxo Smithkline, Hchst, Institut Pasteur, Hpital Saint Joseph Paris, Isarklinik Mnchen,
Commercial
Krupp, Linde, LOral, Labo Piette, Merckle, Jilin Hospital, Klinika Moskau, Shanghai
Building Mrial, Osram, Pfizer, Procter + Gamble, Roche, Hospital, St. Louis Hospital, Universittsklinik
Sanofi, Schering, Solvay, Thomae, Urenco Essen, XinHua Hospital Shanghai, Zhengzhou
Electronic Industry Commercial Building Allianz, Commerzbank, Hospital Production Airbus, Arcelor, Carl Zeiss,
Crdit Agricole, Deutsche Bahn, Deutsche Coca Cola, Conergy, Continental, EADS, EON,
Hospital Bank, Disneyland, Dresdner Bank, ECE, H&M, Eurocopter, Ferrero, Hartmann, Hilti, Liebherr,
IKEA, Interspar, Mediamarkt, NATO, RWE, SAP, Mc Donalds, MAN, Nestl, Philip Morris,
Production Semperoper Dresden, Flughafen Tel-Aviv, Thyssen Krupp, Trumpf, Vaillant, Viessmann,
TU Dresden Voith, Wanzl.
robatherm accepts no responsibility or liability for the correctness or completeness of the contents of this document. Figures and descriptions to some degree
contain elements that exceed those in the standard product. Subject to technical modification and amendment. Edition 4/2009. Copyright by robatherm.
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