Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Estabrooks, George Hoben and The FBI
Estabrooks, George Hoben and The FBI
Department of Justice
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ATIJEN'fliON
The following documents appearing in FBI files have been reviewed under the provisions of The Freedom of
Infom1ation Act (FOIA) (Title 5, United States Code, Section 552); Privacy Act of 1974 (PA) (TitleS, United States Code,
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THKS lFOJRM liS TO lBE MAll Al!NED AS THE TOJP' SEruAJL OJF THE JF'KJLE, UT NOT SEruAJLKZED.
SCANNED BY DocLa
ATTEN110N
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y gGGAR HOOVER
. . DIRECTOR
E. A. Tamm
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WHDL:BG December 10, 1935.
Re:
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Practical qypnotism
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Dr.
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much like to have him meet our Technical Laboratory experts and have a
confidential discussion with them.
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serious consideration as a lecturer on practical and applied psychology,
to appear before some of the subsequent Police Training Schools conducted
by the Bureau.
I feel that the Bureau has everything to gain and nothing to lose
by discussing with Dr. Estabrooks, through its technical experts, his theory
of applied hypnotism.
Respectfully,
JOHN EDGAR HOOVER
DIRECTOR
n rJJnla.e.st,...........
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Jj. of Wustic.e
JJE:LBS ;mnsqiu_stou, QJ:. January 10, 1936.
MEMORANDUM FOR THE DIRECTOR
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__..;.- The Conference was opposed to devoting any considerable time to a study
of this method, as it felt that'the BUI'eau should.be,very circumspect in any
action regarding the application of this technique.. It that it would
be very undesirable to any publicity inconnec"tion with this procedure,
but feels that it might be casually followed up by some representative of
the Bureau, and recommends that since Mr." Nathan will be in New York State
within the vicinity of the University ina shorttime that he be authorized to
tactfully contact Dr. Estabrooks with a.:view to obtaining information regard-
ing this subject.
Those present ..at the Conference were Messrs. Tolson, Nathan, Clegg,
Edwards, Tamm, Coffey, Tracy, Glavin and Quinn.
hn ,, 19)6.
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5 9q7 9-:3 ...
Proteaaor C. I.
Dtpartaeat ot Paycboll1t
tolaate
lu1lton hwlnk.
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1 aQ)at.bt to JIU.e bator the h.reae
/ Atau.ta oa ta ccenl appU'h tion ot ..,.ahQ.locr to
1' tntoroOMo.\ in 4l"1ao det.eo"-i.on. lhl.te you are 11t 1M
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able to you, I hOUld lite to le&rn about of
bJpnotita a.e aid ill aolving l&1f entoroeaat ,_. ab&11ld like
to arrMDC to with a..._r f ..re.ua
TeQba1eal and tet.-t&tic atatt the o! JUUr visi
too laht.actorl.
tar. Tracy
M:ias Gandy - -
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!ffiC :ECS
Jlfebtral of
;J. ;!Jtparlmmt Of :Jumtiu
May 29, 1936.
il Mr; '.'l-acy------------
The Executive conference considered a memorandUI!Ji.. ., .
dated Iviay 25, 1936, submi'\:!;ed by Nf.r. _Nathan relative to hf;s= ----- --
Nathan,
T. D. Q,uinn,
Secretary.
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My recommendation is as follows:
I 'am of the opinion that the Bureau, particularly the Laboratory,
should engage in every possible research activity along lines of modern
scientific .law enforcement interest. I am of the opinion that Professor
Estabrooks should be to come to Washington to address the next
Police Training School, but not along the line of hypnotism. His subject
is psychology and he coUld address the class on this subject. From what
I could observe, he could deliver as interesting a lecture as the other
outside scholars. He appeared to be much interested in young people and
is probably a good instructor. While here in Washington, the Bureau could
avail itself of his services for the purpose of taking a selected group
of say supervisors and Laboratory experts, the purpose of demonstrating
upon them and to them his hypnotic process. Possibly in.that group we
could find certain subjects who could be hypnotized and in that same group
certain subjects who, by reason of continued experiments on the individuals
hypnotized, could develop the technique.
It all seems a little visionary, but I am of the opinion that
proper research activity should be conducted. If this is accomplished,
however, and particularly if any success is attained therein, it is
highly desirable that the strictest secrecy be observed as to the Bureau's
work along this line, inasmuch as any publicity would have an undesirable
effect upon possible future criminal subjects, 4nasmuch as they would be
on their guard against hypnotic suggestions :
Professor Estabrooks was of the opinion that through the Bureau
he could obtain access to criminals in jails. This would undoubtedly be
a splendid idea, but I pointed out to him that the Jails, Federal or
otherwise, were not under the control of the Bureau and that the Bureau's
influence with jail officers might be harmful to him rather than helRful.
I
H. Nathan.
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62-37750
August 4, 1936 I
REOoR.Dllln ...... 3'/'/79- 0
Professor G. H. Estabrooks,
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Department of Psychology,
Colgate University,
Hamilton, New York.
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ur - La, dear Professor:
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Mr. Edwards ......
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Mr. Glavin .......... .
August J, 1936
Mr. J]mbo
Mr. Jogeph ...
Mr. L.QGter ......... ..
. Mr. N!chols ...
MEMORANDUM FOR MR. EDWARDS. Mr. ........... .
Mr. ....... ..
Rez_;, _ n___ on
7:, hyp!l(j-ic. by Dr.
G. H. Estabrooks.
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time both of the above-named subjects again went into a hypnotic state under
the sole influence of the victrola record. This record is one of Dr. Esta-
brooks 1 voice and was made in the Laboratory. It runs for seven minutes.
any definite program for this, however, except to keep in touch and on
friendly terms with Dr. Estabrooks and keep up to date on his experiments
and as opportunity might present itself in connection with the actual
work of the Bureau where everything is not oply ideal from the subject
standpoint, but absolutely safe from the Bureau's ps
enlist the aid of Dr. Estabrooks. .
Saturday afternoon Mr. Acers took Dr. Estabrooks on a
of the Bureau at which time he was fingerprinted. I am attaching a
letter for the Director's signature .tbanking the Doctor for his visit
here and the card.
Respectfully,
COLG"''I.TE u1:UVER3ITY
Hamilton, N. Y.
I assure you that both Dr. Cutten and myself are extremely
interested in the nature of these problems and will do everything we can
to their solution.
Sincerely yours,
C)
G. H. Estabrooks.
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UOORDFm 6;(...39979-6 J,ugust 24, 1936
.J Dr. G. H. Estabrooks,
u Colgate
H$milton. New York.
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August 21, 19.36.
with the experiments.
We have previously made inquiries into the use of truth
serums and have observed some experiments and have conferred with
various doctors but we have always stopped short of the actual
conduct of experiments ourselves or where our name was connected
due to the remQte but always present danger of injury or death to a
subject of the experiment, as well as the danger of adverse press
criticism for doing work of this kind.
It"might be well for me to go up there and try to straighten
these gentlemen out and perhaps the Executive Conference would wish
to consider the whole subject.
Respectfully,
Erlt1fr-t
E. P. Coffey. 1""
Addendum:
,I
Through the good offices of Dr. Steckel and Dr. Dooley of the
University Medical School, I in interesting Dr. Buettner,
acknowledged as the best anaesthetist in Syracuse. He is
particularly interested in the possibilities presented by nitrous ,. '
oxide and also by the various other drugs which might be used in
such cases. I saw him this morning and am quite convinced that . .' .
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AUG:n
CCLG.&,TE -l,INIVERSITY
.. N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
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GHE:w G. H. Estabrooks
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RECORDED
Dr. o. B. Estabrook
Colgate Uni.-eraity,
Hamilton, New York.
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LGATE UNIVER
HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
August
GH:C:::w
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JOHN EDGAR HOOVER
r,_i' ,.QIRECTOR
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All INfORMATION
HEREIN IS
!JOHN EDGAR HOOVER
DIRECTOR
of Jlustiu
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MEMORANDUM FOR THE DIRECTOR
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Respectfully . 1
For the Co erence,
---
t JOHN EDGAR HOOVER
DIRECTOR
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it
Jtfwcral :of
EAT:TMF of IDm;fir.e
lEI(!.!. Mr. Foxworth .
Mr. Gla...tn
Mr. Barbo
August 6, 1936
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Mr. Joseph
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1.. . Mr. Le8ter
Mr. Nichols .
FOR THE DIRECTOR Mr. Quinn .
Mr. Schilder..... --
Mr. Tamm J.......
Mr. Tracy------
I have observed with a great deal of interest the
conducted by Professor the Bureau relative to the us
hypnosis in criminal investigations. Admitting that but l/5th of
adults are susceptible to hypnosis I believe that this subject
very definite possibilities for the Bureau within a limited field. In
every gang and mob there are weaklings and through these
weaklings we may obtain a great deal of valuable information. In the
Bremer case, Bolton, of course, talked voluntarily. If he had not, I
feel that through the use of hypnosis we might have obtained valuable
information from Volney Davis, Edna Murray and the minor members of the
gang, particularly the women associates. We are confronted, of course,
with a practical difficulty in developing both a technique and a skilled
operator to handle this type of work. I believe Dr. Estabrook's sug-
gestion that the lie detector be utilized as a mechanical means o( inducing
the subject to relax, etc. has decided possibilities as does the fUrther
suggested use of the prete)rt of the hypnotic operator to be a doctor, who
is to prescribe for the subject. I believe that the Laboratory should
give serious, immediate and continual attention to the development of
a proper expert in this field and suggest that some person be designated,
preferably with some educational background in normal and abnormal
psychology, to spend some time at Colgate with Dr. Estabrook, in order that
he may be qualified as a hypnotist. In the selection of personnel for
this assignment it is of course not necessary that the person chosen have
an academic knowledge of psychology at the time of his selection, because
by study,a person could acquire all that is incorporated in
legitimate text books upon this subject in a period of three or four weeks.
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U OF INVESTIGATION
ARTMENT OF JUSTICE
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COLGATE uNIVERSITY
fi.AMILTON, N. Y.
G. H. Estabrooks
GHE:w
OCT 2 91936
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Mr. Nathan/
Mr. Tolson ...
Mr. Ba.gbm.an .
Mr. Clegg ...
Mr. Coffey .......
Mr. Dawsey .
Oct. 23, 1936 Mr. Eg.m .....
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_.., Ootte1 bee info.ned we ot the con-
terence hicb ale ctter.td$d with you, Dr. ii&n"J' 1.
itecltcl, lh",. l. I. Buettnel"f .Prof&s.sw G. tl.
' and. part1oularl1 of -sow interut 1n
the poiible of var:toas 4ruga on the
interNptioa ot orimiw eut>Jeeta. .. .
I .fe-el that ititl.Cb good can cob of the
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Dear Sir:
HAS:HP Director
HECORDED
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.NO'V 5 l936
I P. M.
U.s. DEPARl fJIEI'lT OF JiJSTtCE
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. \ October 30:. 1936.
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JOHN EDGAR HOOVER
EPC:ON
November 19, 1936.
oZ:!_ ;t;;,:
that the Bu.i-eau is fully apprised of developments as they occur.
\li
. DEC -"'
"':1
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--.....";
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. .....
Respectfully,
For'the Conference.
Clyde Tolson,
Chairman.
T. D. Quinn,
Secretary.
JOHN ED_GAR HOOVER
oIRECTOR
of
n :1Jm;ti.cc
QI.
EPC:EAM November 17, 1936.
I was ot the opinion that if' the Bureau could arrange in some
way that these people could be employed locally though not necessarily
with the Bureau, they would be ver-y willing to take up their residence
in Washington. As indicated inmy memorandum, two male subjects are
presently enrolled in CCC personnel and the third is a young lady with
secretari&:l training now tEtinporarily employed in New York City. Dr.
Estabrooks then was ot the opinion he could come to Washington tp spend
a week or two during his Christmas vacation and teaQh the principles o:f
hypnotism to anyone desigaated by the Bureau, utilizing these three sub-
jects, and that that person, so trained, could continue his experiments
alone on the subjects a.fter Dr. Estabrooks left. \:,J.- ._. ,.\ ""
The feasibility and any such might
1
be considered by the Conference. J _
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- A..J
FEDERAL
1936
.. ...
...,,, ==
=.
_ _ _ Director Schilder -
;...__ _. Mr. Tolson Coffey
_ _ _ Mr. Clegg McNulty
_ _ _ Mr. "Egan ___ Mr. Whelan
_ _ _ Mr. Tamm. _ _ _ Mr. Harbo
_ _ _ Mr. Quinn _ _ _ Miss Power
_ _ _ 11iss Gandy ----Recording
.,...--- Mr . Tracy ---- :!?osting
_ _ _ Mr. Glavin ____ Card Ind.ex
Joseph _ _ _ Tecjmical
_ _ Mr. Henneberger ___ .
_ _ _ Mr. Donegan ______ Mrs. Hammack
-,..---Files Section ---.---Single Fingerprint
_ _ _ Personnel Files
___ M
_ _ _ Secretary
.
,Re-write
-v_..,L..;.--..See me
_ _ _ Send file
- - - Note and return
f+vvJ
-..;....-
....
" -----
TO
__j;lri.rector _ _Files Section
_ VMMrr.
_ Nathan _ _Personnel Files
Mr. Tolson ___ Chief Clerk's Office
_ _Mr. Quinn _ _ Identification Division
_ _Mr. Clegg _ _ Technical Labor a tory
__Mr. Foxworth _ _Mechanical Section
_ _Division Two
SUPERVISORS
* * *
_ _Miss Gandy _ _See Me
_ _Mrs. Fisher _ _ send File
_ _Mr. Ward _ _ Call me regardmg this
_ _ Mr. Parsons _ _Correct
___Miss Conlon _ _Note and Return
_ _ Typists - 5230 ___ Search, serialize and route
__M ---:=------
E. A. TAMM - 5742.
- -'-.JOHN EDGAR HOOVER
DIRECTOR
EPC:ON
October 29,
Re:
/1
.RECORDED
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statements that the Bureau could not initiate and sponsor the project,
and secondly, in spite of the eminence and efficiency of these gentle-
men, the first experiment or two is not likely to result in immediate
success inasmuch as I have no doubt but that a number of trials w.ill
be necessary before the relationship of the drugs used to-their intoxi-
cation of the brain will be smoothly established. I do think, however,
that it would be very desirable for me to witness a subsequent experiment.
During the conference items of expense were assumed b,y the
doctors with a single exception, namely that of the gas, drugs, and other
supplies necessary for the administration of the anaesthetics. In this
respect it will be noted that Dr. Steckel and Dr. Dooley are both employed
in what might be termed quasi public service, that is, they do not depend
on a private practice for their livelihood. On the other hand, Dr.
Buettner is a private practitioner, and whereas he indicated his enthusiasm
and desire to work on the project, he did point out that he would be put
to considerable expense for supplies and that at times his practice might
suffer from the time which he.would have to devote to the experiments.
think it would be very desirable if the Bureau could in some
I
way compensate at least Buettner for some of his work and expenditures
in this respect. This research work is really an exact continuation of the
inquiry into the use of the so-called truth serums which we attempted to
get under way a year and a half or so ago. You will recall that we carried
it to the point of experimentation and there stopped for the reason that
it was not believed desirable to attempt experiments sponsored by the Bureau
on subjects in view of the possible, though remote, danger of injury to the
subject, unless such subjects were furnished b,y an institution and the work
done b,y properly qualified physicians. At that time the Director was of
the opinion that wherever legally possible, those who devoted professional
time to the experiments should be compensated in part at least. I think it
might be possible to work out some plan whereby Dr. Buettner could be com-
pensated on a professional service basis. In other words, he might be paid
from time to time on a No. 5l DC form for information and professional advice
f"urnished to the Bureau on the results and outcome of his experience and
experiments in this particular field. It is quite possible that such
arrangements with him could be effected b,y a representative of the Buffalo
Office, or even by correspondence, or should I have the opportunity to again
go up there to witness the experiments, I might make some preliminary arrange-
ments with him at that time.
..
We visited CCC
subjects. One is
hardly
more than a snap of the finger Dr. Estabrooks was able to successfully
induce hypnosis in each of these subjects and put them through various
interesting demonstrations, following which they had complete amnesia
as to the events which had transpired.
The third sub ect which he recommends for the
states
__she--s a very efficient young lady who has secfetaria1 and is b6
an excellent hypnotic subject. He thinks that_ J would make
a desirable employee in the Bureau and with regard to the two CCC boys,
I lhe seems to think it might be possible for the Bureau
to be of some assistance in placing them in some minor position somewhere
around Washington, appreciating that they do not have qualifications which
would them elegible for in the Bureau.
Frankly, I do not get overly enthusiastic about this suggestive
procedure of Dr. Estabrooks. There would seem to be too many complications
in relation to the results which might be expected. I submit consideration
of the same to the Executive Conference and suggest,that a final reply
regarding it be addressed by mail to Dr. Estabrooks. I do not think he
has any personal interest in the placement of any of these three people with
' the Bureau, with the possible exception ofl Fho seems to be
a family friend and who seems to be desirous of obtaining a position with
the Bureau. In view of this I. see no harm in forwarding to him the usual
application form for transmittal by him tol lwith the comment
at this time as to the Bureau's position with regard to his other suggestions
in this regard. I am, accordingly, transmitting such a letter to Dr.
' Estabrooks.
Memo for Mr. Nathan -6-
Respectfully,
..
. '
'.
-..
.. -'
c. .,
t be;ve given BOlle tntidJw
between )'OU &l1d Mr.. Coffey ill ,-.,-
laet cont.-ece 'dt.h regard to t...':le ot
lutnet1ag an empl.Otefl of" th& SatU.U'I! la.tJQS':tttcn"t
1D 80lle of tbe tundalllet-.l. pd.nc1ple.a or
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EPC:MM
62-39979-19
December 3, 1936.
....
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Sincerely
.... 'V
-
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t'......
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COLGATE UNIVERSITY_
HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
November 27, 1936 Mr. E;r..n .. ------
Mr. c:::..,:::>.-----
Mr. J. Edgar Hoover ])'.r. _c-, '><> -----
Department of Justice
Washington, D.C.
I wish to thank you for your last letter. As usual, I have a str
suspicion that you are right, but I hope I have found an alternat
answer which may be satisfactory. At any rate, Mrs. Estabrooks arid
myself are motoring towards Florida during the Christmas vacation
and will look-forward with pleasUre to stopping over a day or two
in Washington. At time, I will make another suggestion which
I hope will meet the situation. Needless to say, should you have
any other plans while I am in Washington, I would be only too glad
to aid and abet the same.
We have had two very interesting meetings of the Syracuse group.- .{My
only worry now is forty miles of very bad road. They are an. excellent
bunch and gtve wonderful cooperation. I wish to heaven_ that either._.):
or- they were down here,- but no doubt -
will be able to do a certain amount of work. If they j:u,st had.
in the Psychology Department at Syracuse University with an interest
along these lines, it might help, but they ha,ren 't. The whole thing
is purely a matter of transportation; not cost, but difficulty. Our
usual meeting time is Thursday afternoons.
Should we meet this Thursday; namely, December 3 1 I will send you a
telegram on Monday in the odd hope that Mr. Coffey may be able to
arrive at the Psychopathic Hospital by Thursday 2- P.M. Should this be
impossible, we will simply proceed in his absence.
/I
Do please give my very sincerest regards-to those individuals in the
Bureau whom I met during my summer visit.
(
Most cordially yours )
/
GHE:w 'o.
G. H.
/ '
l
Olnllege nf illle"trine nf
Rntuerstty
302'-311 &nutlf Srilrtlle &treer
&yrarnli.r, . N.rnt lork
Brpartmmt nf tJqarmarulngg
December 4, 1936
MSD/ch
RE<Jo.rtn.m.o
.,. &
, lNDEXEll
. OERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
: DEG 7 1936 . A. M.
DEC 8- 19J6 : U. S, DEPARl MENT OF JUSTICE
\\-\ FILE
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., . Dear Dr . Estabrooks:
'
1 in receipt or yGur letters or December 6th
and 7th, 1936, &ncl f'orwari to your rlait in Washington
durtilg the Cl:t.rit:rt.Jllaa- l:u:>li.da,-s.
Witb regari to your {Suggestion that a eon.ferenee
with Mr. Coffey on the subJeet of h7Pnotiam es.n await that
ti:me, 1 am in agreeaent with you.. Therefore, unless experi-
ments are oonduote<t prior tG that time in Syracuse,. which
bacau$e they in'\'olve the actual use
you reel he
or
drugs or anaesthetics
attettd them, he td..ll awf.a.it further e()n-
ferences with you here.
1 -
nu. Nathan
1\>lr. TqlsGll -------
Mr. Bnul.llunJUI ---
Mr. Glei!ll -----.------
Mr. Coffey .......... .
Mr. DawoeY . !... , \
Mr.!Egan ... ... . ..... .
Mr. Forworth ..... .
Mr. Glavlti .. , ... . . ..
Mr. J. Edgar
Federal Bureau of . Investigation
Department _of Justice
Washington, . D.C.
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. .
Dear Mr. Hoover: . ,.fi .. . .... _.,..._
:...
... ' . . .. ... .
'
I wish to thank you for your telegram and will let you ....
very shortly as t9 the_ next date that this gl'oup meets.
Cordially yours
.
o -
w G. H. Estabrooks
; .
, - - - - , - - - - - - -'
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WESTERN UNION t:t:. ............... ..
DEC 1 1936 _ ,- 1 1.::r. I.<ichob.
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HAMILTON NY 30
J EDGAR HOOVER FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
DEPT OF JUSTICE
'
I AM NOT CERTAIN OF THURSDAY APPOINTMENT AT SYRACUSE SO
DO NOT HAVE MR COFFEY COME FOR THIS THURSDAY CORDIALLY YOURS
D
G H ESTABROOKS.
611AM
BI R 1
DEC9
I
.L
.. JOHN EDGAR HOOVER
DIRECTOR
: ."'
...\ ResPonding to the instructions
,. ,
Conference, which were subsequently approved by the- Director, I
'' . have -selected Mr. Q. Tamm or the laboratory to study and receive.
instruction in the various principles of hypnotism.
I am having Mr. Tamm .review some text books on the
subject and beginning inquiries to determine local sources of
instruction.
Respectfully,
'..;_.,
.';!!,t;J!; .. .
!
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1
!LOGAR HOOVER .
DIRECTOR
. r"'\ .
.
uf c1Jnhesti:gafunt
u
.. ;.
EPC:ON
.January 8, 19.37.
Respectfully,
<
E. P.
'
'l;y
JOHN EDGAR HOOVER
.,..., DIRECTOR
IS:LCB
:Mr. Coffey did not feel tbat Shankwiler should be given any
special study if appointed. He advised Dr. Estabrooks tbat the Bureau
desired to lreep in touch with this matter and recommellded that Mr. Quinn
Tamm of the Bureau's Laboratory starr cODt'er With him for about a week
and stated that. efforts would be made to llave Mr. Tamm spend this period
e subject at hypnotism. Estabrooks wanted Mr. Coi"f'ey to
visit Dr. rikson at Eloise, Michigan. Mr. Coffey suggested that possibly
M:r. Tamm ;ould arrange this visit.
of
.of IDusti'.e
EPC:ON (!L
January 5, 19.37.
I can see no reason in the world why special instruction should be given
to Shankwiler who does not have a scientific background in psychology, merely on
the theory that he may later enter the employ of the Bureau. With this thought in
mind and in view of Estabrook's evident tendency to tie up this hypnotic work with
appointments to the Bureau's staff, and in view of the position which the Bureau
has previously taken, namely, that it could not employ persons for this study, I
undertook to inform Dr. Estabrooks rather definitely that the Bureau is not in a
position at this time to employ individuals for the conduct of this work in
hypnotism, and that there are presently no vacancies on the Bureau's laboratory
staff for a hypnotist.
I then told him that the Bureau was desirous of keeping in touch
with developments in this field and assisting where possible in research
work which disclose further possibilities, and that the Bureau felt
this be done by designating a present employee of the Technical
Laboratory to keep in touch with the subject, and that it would seem
desirable for this employee to receive some basic instruction in the
principles of hypnotism. Dr. Estabrooks apparently reconciled himself to
the fact that the Bureau could not now appoint any of his devotees on the
subject and was of the opinion that one of the laboratory staff could keep
in touch with the situation, particularly if he made a study of the
principles of hypnotism. He stated that he would be very glad to have the
de signa ted employee visit him in Hamilton for a week 1 s time, during which
Memo for Mr. Nathan -3- January 5, 1937.
lte:OB
62-..3\jW]9 28
la:n:us:ry lS, 19.37.
I>r. 0. a. Est,abroou,
Colgate University,
Hsmilton, Ne York.
'
,_..-o .. "'
. _ I aa to 'et
Jaauary 4 uti 5, l.9.37t relative te the o.f:'b.av:tilg
representatiY&S of tW.s Bureau Yis!t reu, a"t
with the ex,eriaents being eondueted by a.a5oeiates lu
the ,field of_ hyp11otia. .
In reply thereto, pla.se be adviaed that the date eot
forth in ya_., lette1 of' January 5tht naaely the \feek of Ja.nu&r)" 25th,
tll bt! qUite eatist'aetor; !or: lr .. QW.na Tau to spend at SaC:lton,
and 1D. view of tl;le present plans to '!'tlliiJli. instruction 1n the
basic pruciplea of tbia w.erk, it would not necessa.t>1 to glYe
llll7 instruction to Dr. Sb6.nlc:w1ler.
I'
I
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COLGATE" UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
.!
'"' 1'.11-. ........... _
!! l'd'r. Iil:ZOJ!l ____ _
PLACEMENT BUREAU
llHr. l'l'omvorth . -
-January I ;\lr.
Nr.
.nc.:>o
. coph .
I find that the following dates would be more suitable for the
visit of Mr. Coffey than the actual weekend of January 23-24. .I
discover that I have an unexpected examination on the 23rd at
which I should preside in person.
Would it be possible for Mr. Coffey to fit into one of the two
following sets of. dates: We could leave Syracuse the evening of
January 20 for Eloise, Michigan. Perhaps put in Thursday with
Dr. Erickson and' return to Colgate on Friday, January 22. In-
G:l.dentalJ.y, we mJgh:t l!?aye Tl}ursqay even:i,ng _gpd _ge_t
morning. We could then carry on here in Hamilton as long as
Mr.-Coffey desired and could a week to working with the
individual whom you send in the company of Mr. Coffey.
If this set of dates is not satisfactory, I would suggest that we
leave, say, the evening of Monday or Tuesday, January 25 or 26
and reckon on returning, say, January 27 o.r 28 . After which
period, we could do. whatever work Mr. Coffey wished in this particular
area. Colgate reopens February 2. I would be able more
time to this particular phase of' the project if it did not continue
over beyond this date. On the other hand, if it is necessary, we
can carry the work over February. '
0 .
Mostcordially yours I
w [J_.f.LJ. G.
....
.
.... :,
IWC:ON
Dear Sirt
Ia cou.eet1on wltb .tb. i'lll"eaa.a stay Yarlous
thode ue4 tQr tla& deteet1ell at deeept1oa. 1 t has been
,roporte4 te the Bureau tb4t Dr-. b1ek.soa1 now etat1Gned
at the .,..,ab1&ttQ" 1101tal e.t ltieb!gu, na= l"eentl,y
ud$ 80Jlle ex\entd. e atttdie& e.tud 1n field of
Aee&riing to the S!ea te the Bureau
by r. G. of eol.;:ate f:td...-4J-re1tr 'Bt". Erid$OU
wae
put
bl.
to cause a. totim ot te re.count his entire
1nelw!ug ld cr'iai.W. iet;1rtt1ee. all under
the lnfiU$0 o;tf>h.7Pnoti&ll
. ' 7 -
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18.1137 p,- M. -\ (
u($. JUSTICE !:'-
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'+-:/"
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UNIVER
O HAMILTON. N.Y.
)
.
PLACEMENT BUREAU January 18, 1937
;Mr. J. Edgar Hoover .
Federal Bureau of -Investigation
Department -of Justice
Washington, D.c. I
. ."}.
.
. \ ..._.
t';,:::>; _:
1 .. ... ... .. , . ... ... .
In view of the fact that you do not feel Coffey can visit
Eloise, Michigan, at the present moment, might it not be well fqit_ ::. .:-:" .
us to wait until Mr. TS.mm has been here and until the Syracuse .
group is putting on something quite de-finite( Since you
that he could come at very short .n oti9e, it might be well for
to await a good opportunity.
.
. . :.. .
..
.>. . '
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
b
w G. H. Estabrooks
_.,
:/" .y ./
EPC:ON FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION },
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
.eou
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62-39ffl-32
pt. G. H. Estabrooks,
Cplg11te University,
.S$JIIilton., Ne11
Dear Dr.
t 1n r0t.:e:1pt. ot your .let.ter of
(ill; 2'i, 1937,
8J:lc;{ I .. -to hear<that the proje.et up tnere aa.king
aome li&r. Quinn TaRtin pres entl,y :a s3igned out ot
the City,_ Whi-Ch precludes A%1 a.rly 'Visit om hie ,part to
Haa!lton, ud 1 .w iU advise you a$ soon a$ .he' is in a l:letter
p()iUon to _proceed.
regArd to the .poss:1b1U.ty .o f 'dot.ng work
this in conJunetio.n 1 tn tne lntelligence., I .-ould
to .gl.ve thia eome oafeful. tirat. .Afl yQu ;!ulo.w, du.e
to detim. te .UaiU;:t:J.qn:s in a.ppropriat.i<;>tis,. tb.ls wor:k
eondtfcted. 1;1.1Qre or. less :the current .
work of permits. vt,.sits you
in .Hs.,.lton,. aome deeits:i on .;!JS.y; Qe reached t
.-ot,Ud ,ugge,f4t that. the mere' ,orted
out &long .tn;ts l,ine 't:le- not. t>'!lY.
you eohs:ider
'
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Siueer.ely' .._,
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COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
January 27, I r................
H ..., Fo:cworth
'"--
Mr. J. Edgar Hoover . "'tf!r. Gl:;o."trin
j Ur.
Bureau of Investigation
) D. C.
r .u
I regret Mr. Tamm was not able to be with us. this week butrr6,r1fEe!<'.,..,
the other as I said. before, you folks have your busy
,
...... .
}J "'"""'... !'l:,_C.f .......
I can, move or less, adapt myself to anytime that meets with ......
convenience. . . !j----
Why not leave the matter this way? Any week tm t Mn. Tannn can 'visTt ----
us, I will call satisfactory and will give as much time as I can
which means that I can come close to giving full time. He should
avoid the period of March 25 .t.o April 5 which is spring vacation here.
Also any period after May 23 when final exams begin.
The work here is progressing in an extremely satisfactory manner and
I think he will be ve_r y much interested to see the various aspects
in whict1 it is P,eveloping. It takes time, but so does everything
else worth while.
Would you folks be interested in hav:lng me put in, say two weeks in
_____ .the o_f ..YVB:shi:I1gt9n summer. we_ are
- - not going t9 Europe and my wife seems iri favor of stayfrig in the -
East. mean a trip to Canada and would give us ample time
to spend a. of weeks in your vicinity provided such a move
would be worth while.
Might I suggest that if the Intelligence people would be sufficient',}.y
.interested to to put through: a series of Psych-
ological tests in one of their hospitals, I venture to say that I
could so disguise my technique I could demonstrate anything that
both of you might wish without the most ardent newspaper reporter
being able to pick up the trail.
Do please give my sincerest regards to Mr. Nathan, Mr.Coffey, Mr.
Tamm and my other friends at the bureau.
Most cordially your_s
o
G. H. Estabrooks
-
GHE/1
:RECORDED
l!l:r. No.tnan .
V.r. Tolson / _ __ _
JOHN &cGAR HOOVER Mr. Bnu:;hmnn/
QJRiiC:TOR Mr. VL
Respectfully,
. )
t)
Dr. G. H. Estabrooks,-
Colgate University,
Haruilton, New York.
...
Dear Estabrooks:
There i _s onolosed United States Treasury oheol<:
(/3 ,406,597 in the amount of $15.00 covering necessary
expenses by you during your stay in Washington,
D. c., on January 1 and 2, 193?. -
Sincerely,
.'
J'ohn Edgar Hoover,
Director.
.: 1 . ,
. . .
- :=---- ----
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February 20,1937.
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\W,. Special Agent in Charge,
New York, New York.
...
Dear Sir:
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Q.T':MM
62-39979-36
t-.
Doctor G. H.. Estabrooks,
Colgate Ull1Ters1ty,
He.milton,. New York.
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Februar,y 2, 1937
....
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rvm.10RANDUM FOR THE DIRECTOR
. /.
.. ' '. on February2nd, !VI,ssrs
Tolson, Clegg, Quinn, Foxworth 8nd Schilder being present,
.approved the attached suggestion by Mr. Coffey to the effect
that no encouragement should be given to Dr. G. H. Estabrooks to !
visit the Bureau in connection with current studies o:C tiYPnotism. t:l
!!;1
It was decided that it would be more desirable to 0
Tamm' s return to the city and a visit by him to Hamilton, New 8
York to see what is going on there along these lines before '"6
1-1(
formulating any definite additional plans in this connection.
R-espectfully, i;
i.tl
For the Conference,
..........._'
Clyde Tolson, \
Chairman.
t:
{};. '
T. D. Quinn,
Secretary. _ 1
REC:D>JD f$;zfL\.;L:1 .. ,
_.,.,.
ALL INFORMATION CONIAINE.D ""
HERE.lN !S UNCLASSIFIED
EDGAR HOOVER
"l:IIRI!:CTQR
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of
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EPC:ON
62-39979-32 ...
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he infers by this that he would also appreciate a honorarium.
'X
PLACEMENT BUREAU
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
.',_J
February 8, 1937
will
GHE/1
I .
HAMILTON. N.Y.
I wish to thank you for your last letter with reference to the
possibility of Mr. Tamm's spending theweek of February 28 on the
campus.
This is excellent. It just happens that I will be leaving early
Friday morning for Mount Hermon School and will not be back until
the morning of the 9th. On the other hand, perhaps Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday, and Thursday would be enough time for Mr. Ta.mm. I think
it probably would.
Unless I hear otherwise, I will be expecting him to arrive on the
campus as you -suggest Sunda-y- a-fternoon,- February 28 ..In so far as
I know, otherwise, the 9 O-l!-M-aP.e-l=.l:--:kff>=Will be equally
satisfactory. : . '"' ' _
RECCB;'D""U FEDERAL CUREtdJ GF H"-' 1':S11SATION
_ & Most, cordially yours
J[EB 23 1937
. s. \
---- .. ', i
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l_i ' ' 1.,. ' "
1
.._......,.._. - l
JOHN EDGAR HOOVER
DIRECTOR
Y!eberal f!aureau of lfnuestigation
lltniteb itates ilepartm.ent of !Justice
v,
/ /
1\!r.
Mr.
. . . .. --
.... .. - --- -
'
In line with the proposed trip of Mr. Q. Tamm of the Technical
.oLaboratory to Colgate University where he is contact !)<?otor G. H-. .
concerning the Bureau's research
that Mr. Tamm proceed to t)le New_York Field . Divfsion on 'the morning of
February ?8, 1937, where he can obtain one of the BureB,u oars and drive
from New York City to Hamilton.
. ' . {:/Jf/k'
E. P. Coffey. ) r
(0 1
. \ ,/
:RECORDED
----...
a:as ;; 7?
JOHN EDGAR HOOVER
DIRECTOR
nfJlnu.estigatinn Mr. Nathan . '
1\h-. Toison . ......
Time 11:15 A. M.
MEMORANDUM FOR MR.
. . \
Re: !isi or. Mr = ,
Qui amm
New York. -
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RECORDED
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Jiarch 10, 1937.
.. '
Dear Sir:
referlthe Bureau's letter of
15 1 1937, eoncern.ing l)r. ric. kson, a_t the
Psychiatry Hospital. at . o.j.se, lllchigan.
No reply has been received and your ee..rly
to this matter is
Very
'' For the Director,
'
lla.rold Nathan,
Assist..nt Director
.,:,.
RECORDED
"
.M*tt
QT:enh
62-399?9-43
RECORDED
March '23, 193'1.
l:Ctor 0. H .stabrook8 1
coJ.&ate Un1 'leraity 1
Ham1lton 1 uew York.
.
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COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
I hope that he feels that this was not wholly wasted time. I promised him the
- - - - -Capta-i-n--A.C. 1Jlfe1ch-,- C.-C.C. Camp, -S.- 103, De Ruyter, N.Y.- .., .---- - ----
- Mll
Little Falls, New York.
/
Professor S.J.Wrench, -Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, Hamilton, fJ. Y.
Once again I wish to thank you for the visit and assure you of our
c ontinued interest.
would like to place in:1.1':1bra:_ry work for the summer. Could' you furnish me the name
GHEjbp RE001,.u j
{ .:.
)
YEMORANDUM FOR MR.
J .
During the first evening of the visit at
Colgate University, Dr. Estabrooks demonstrated his
I
technique using two premedical students whom he had picked
from a group of ten students as being possible_hypnotic
subjeets. 11r. Tainm wasinforw.ed that Dr .. Estabrooks had.
never' worked with these two 'students b.efore.. During the
process/of the demonstration Dr.' Estabrooks was
successful in immediately inducing a deep state of somnabulism
simply bythe suggestion that the student relax and go
to sleep. During the cour.se ef the experiment lltir Tarrrr11
obser:yed Dr. Estabrooks' methbd in inducing hypnosis and
also ascertained from him that it is his belief that
approximately one-fifth of the people in this country
_wi11 -make good hypnotic subjects. Howeyer, the
consensus of opinion is that such a state of somnabulism
is mqst successfully produced in people of the higher
inteiligerice j!:evel . However, this correlation of _
intelligence. with the ability the person to. be .
. . _ _"
placed in. a state
the
hYJ>no. sl:s did not follOI'f
wh1ch w_ere conduc+.ued.
. &
.
. __ __
_ .. - llJL
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. . On the second day of. !.JJr. Tamm s vhe - ''"<:S-IGATt:
company of Dr. Estabrooks, he proceeded to Syracuse 1
University where various doctqrs of the psychopathi4\JiAR 1!3 , "I
clinic were contacted. The of these doctors
who Hr. TalTh1l -met was Dr. one o( the . . ., f(\ .
rec0gnized world's :3-uthor:i.ties on drugs. Dr. Boeley . ;; . Qf
du1;;ing the cours-e of conv?rsation which Mr. Tarmn had with ___;q'V (3. $
him. h.e Michigan -.--:?"' ;>. Jjc'-
Pol:r.ce ln the_1r work ln conJunct1on -vnth a Dr . Snyder it &' J
a.re m..aking eJ(tensive use of the so-called "tr11th . sera." t$ 'J,
In connection Dr. Dooley advised that Dr. Snyder is
successfully giving_injections of scopalamine, and, also,
sodium arrrytol.in large quantities have prev"i.ously
been thought to be fatal. Dr. Dooley advises that he
COPIES DESTROYED
83 OCT 7 h:L4
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Memorandum for Mr. Nathan. . . . 5- March 10, 1937
.;:;.
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B1
E. P. Coffey.
, . . ,, 'r
Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, D. C.
-2-
'(' j,'
anyone associated with lzypnosis has a dangerous tool and weapon
at his' command, he is necessarily to much rumor and
gossip concerning violations of medical ethics and practices
and of immoral
Jay c. Newman
RJZ:ERA, Special Agent in Charge
6.2 -875
7 Inglosures
- 5-
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q.r,or
...39979-46 . . ..'
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April 2, 1937.
Dr. 0. H. Estabrooks,
Colgate University,
H8Jililton, Neii York.
,,
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HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
March 26, 1937
Mr. J. Edgar Hoover
Bureau of .F ederal Investigation
Department of Justice
Washirlgton, D.c.
;....,-.. '.'"'""'
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. . . . . : . , . . : '.:
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G. H. Est
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liA Study of Hypnotically Induced Conwle :ms by Means of"the Luria Technique."
(Vfith Juston, Paul E., Sha.kow, David)
The Journal 9f General Psychology
1934, Vol. XXX. Pp .. 65-97
9. 1
'The Applications of Hypnosis to Psychiatry."
Accepted for publication. '.
Ontario Journal of
10. 11 T'.ae
Hypnotic Investigation of Specific Phobic and Obsessional :Beha.v/ior. 11
Experimental work in preparation for publication.
_.,111 r- t
llarch .311 19.37.
'\.
Rea hrchase addi tipnal, lie detector
and turther- inquiries into pos&JibiU.ties
ot &;vpnot.iem:-
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On one occasion wb,ep I was talking w1 th Father
/(/ .
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oumtners in New York, he sugges-t ed that the Neurologica.J., Institute
at l6Sth fUld Fort lfadsworth in New York City, mtght prove a
/ very helpful contact &.nd un.dou.btedly they would be a position
to give such information up there co.n cerning the voastble u.se
of hypn,otisa in fields.
E. P. Coffey.
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:.- ,.
April 7, 1937.
Dr. G. R. E::rwl>rooks,
Co.lgate University,
Ramilton, lew York.
/
. -.
EbGAR. HOOVER
DIRECTOR
t1
l , \ Mr. Baag
Mr. Clegg-----------
.
CONFIDENTIAL
MEMORANDUM FOR MR. v_ \
Mr. Tracy'-----------
Re: Experiments in'hypnosis in 1\fioa Gandy . ----
the detection of deception.
--- '" Last night Mr. Quinn,,Tamm ljlld I conducted the nrst of a .......... "' .. "' ....,
{,-"-"planned series of for tlie purpose of determining if
possible the value otJhypnotism in the detection of deception.
Although we given considerable study to the technique of the
applicationand hypnotism Mr. Tanun has spent a week
on this subject with have not_ had previous
practical experience in" inducing hYPnotism. The volunteer subject b
selected was Special _ lor the #3 training school 6
f) /1 \V and he proved to be a most 'ideal subject for the purpose. During b7C
i,; tl:f) the evening he was rather readily hypnotized on three separate --
occasions. It is not believed that he fully realized he was being
hypnotized.
The subject was _advised that we were conducting experiments
-I
in the detection of
phenomena. First,
utilizing various psychological
was attached to the subject and lD
several simple tests run. Subject showed an unusually well balanced
emotional make-up under the lie detector. At theend C>r these simple <>
tests subject was informed ttat he was too tense and that it was C>o
desired he relai completely. Mr. Tamm then instructed him to assume;
a comfortabie position and completely relax, at which time Mr. Tamm
made numerous verbal suggestions on relaxation and sleep. The subject
responded very nicely and a control test involving the stiffening of '-JI
"-<1
the arm was used to determine the extent of the hypnosis. Our <:to
experience in this respect is somewhat limited but we are both of the c..
opinion that he was in a light trance. The subject was then awakened 0
Q
and he was informed that he had been successful in relaxing to some 0
extent but that he was still tense and it was thought he could attain
more perfect relaxation. He then volunteered to assume a more 0
comfortable position and the technique was again applied. On this 0
It
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83 OCT 7 1S64
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Memo for Mr. Nathan -2- 3/30/37
. .
occasion I made the verbal suggestions of relaxation and we thought
it desirable to carry the suggestions further than the first time.
As aresult the subject went into a d&eper trance and control tests
involving the arm test and inability to open the eyelids con-
vinced us that he had gone into a deeper state of hypnotic sleep.
The second test was considerably longer,. taking about 12 minutes. ,
The subject was again awakened after thecontrol test,
at which time he was told tha:t his relaxation, efforts had been quite
successful on t}lat occa.sion and that the experiment would be continued
and this-time the questions Wliich he was previously asked the lie
detector would be repeated.
Again the subject relaxed and on this occasion Mr. Tamm
applied the the form of verbal suggestions of
Again the subject readily went into a hjpnotic_ trance. A simple card
test was given him and.he was told to truthfully reply to the
questions asked. As each card was presented and described to him, he
replied slowly and with the inarticu1ation of tpe hypnotized.
His responses were truthful in all.instances. At this time I was
doing 'the questioning after Mr. Tamm had informed.the hypnotized subject
that I would undertake the interrogation. Following the card test I
asked the subject two personal questions; (1) Whether he had practiced
law at Centerville, Alabama, pri.!m. t.p his .emplc:?yment with the Bureau, to
which he responded in the affirmative; and (2) Whether the compensation
received from his law practice at that, time had been satisfactory to him,
to which, he in the negative
..;,;\",.\\ !
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Memo for Mr. Nathan . -.3.:.. .3/30/.37
Respectfully,
BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
DEPARTMENT OF JUS
QTtON.
To: COMMUNICATI
&C
Transmit the _following message to:
tt
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8
Dr. G. H. Estabrooks,
Colgate University,
Hamilton, New York.
. .
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Mr. Tolson
I
CDLBATE UNIVERSrT;,' r.fr.
HAMILTON', N.Y. Cierrg .
1'.& Co'"y - .
Mr. Dnwfioy_
Mr. Egan ______ ,,_
PLACEMENT BUREAU
,April 9, 1937
i., '> Mr. Folroo-tb
j Mr. Glnvln
Mr. J. Edgar Hoover J Mlr.
Federal Bureau of Investigation 1Mr. Joo('oh ... _
of Justice ( :Ch'.
I
....
Washington, D.C.
I
Mr.
:olr. Qob:uo ___ ,,,.
j Mr. Sch!Ieo! __ ,.
I I\1::'. Temt:t ......
Dear Mr. Hoover:
II Tc.cy -----
'0. I
f
With reference to the possible dangers arising from the use of \
hypnotism, I do not think there is any doubt that-bad effects may j
1
result from hypnotism if it is improperly used. On the other hand, I
1 I think that the consensus of opinion in the entire field would bell\
' \ that results should only be beneficial when it is employed in the )'
hands of an expert. _
',Frankly, I have never seen anything which I have considered in any
way harmful resulting from my own experbnents and feel quite certain
other_ ?,t11:;ho_ri.. such M. Jt1'f ._
and would agree this general
statement.
I enclose a few rambling remarks which Iwish you would file under
., this general subject. I am sending a copy of these to Captain John
since the Navy people seem to be somewhat interested.
.
Q) '
G. H. Estabrooks.
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
.,
...
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PLACEMENT BUREAU
April 9, 1937
Mr. DawD
---- .
........ .
Mr. Ejpm.' ------------
DllaslJiugtou, il. C!!.
QT:AIM April 13, 1937.
";:'.
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The first demonstration which Doctor Erickson gave consisted
of calling into his office one of his patients in the hospital, a boy
who possibly has a queer mental quirk which throws him into the class
of persons known as an "exhibitionist", but who otherwise has about
the average mentality of the ordinary clerical employee. Before
starting the demonstration, Doctor Erickson advised that he has been
working with this boy for a period of approximately one hundred hours,
doing all sorts o:f research experiments with him and at the present time
' .conditioned to such an-extent that upon the command to go to
sleep the boy is placed in a deep state of somnambulism. When placed
J -in this deep state of hypnosis resembling very greatly an intense
trance, Doctor Erickson proceeds with a type of experiment which he
calls the "personalization" and changes the boy's personality from the
individual whom he actually is, first, to a fictitious character whom
...... he calls 11J ohnny Walker". As Johnny Walker the subject 'iV;aS a boy wi-th :
rh}t.-::5_9919-
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Page 2,
Memorandum for Mr. Nathan,
April 13, 1937.
'" . Q c
Page 3,
Memorandum_ for Mr. Na.than,
April i3,
l
encountered in working and getting information from criminal subjects.
In line withMr. Tamm's suggestion to you orally that he
believed it would be desirable for you to contact Doctor Erickson and
see the demonstrations of the work which he can do, it is suggested that
if the Bureau approves, you and Mr. Tamm could proceed to Eloise 1
Michigan sometime during the week of April 19, 1937, so that you j
-
.;fr ..-: -.,.i.,
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Page 5,
Memorandum for Mr. Nathan,
April 13, 1937.
personally could see the demonstrations and the technique which Doctor
- Erickson uses.
There are attached hereto two :reprints of publications. by
Doctor Erickson which were given to Mr. Tamm during the course of his
discussion with Doctor Erickson.
There is attached hereto for the Director's signature a
letter thanking Doctor Erickson for the demonstrations which he gave
Mr. Tamm.
f
I
ENCLQSlJR [
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. __._ ._, : _-: __- _._. ___: __ ._
.. _____ ..:-.__!.:
(REPRINTED FROM
THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY,
VoL. xv, PART I , 1935.] ./
[All right.! reserved]
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A STUDY OF AN EXPERIMENTAL NEUROSIS
HYPNOTICALLY INDUCED IN A CASE OF
EJACULATIO PRAECOX.
BY MILTON H. ERICKSON.
The patient was promptly awakened from the trance state and
within a few moments seemed completely awake. He appeared to have
a total amnesia, not only for the trance events and suggestions, but also
for the fact o having been hypnotized, the usual finding after deep
hypnosis. Particularly, he showed bewilderment in orienting himself
since darkness had allen during the time that he had been asleep. He
was engaged immediately in a casual conversation by two colleagues of
the author who were present, while the secretary made full notes of all
conversation together with a description of the patient's behaviour and
manner. It is not possible to present this material in its entirety because
MIL'l'ON H. ERICKSON 39
of its length and because of the necessity of preserving the patient's
identity. The significant parts, however, have been abstracted for
presentation here.
Three genera1 types of phenomena occurred during the post-hypnotic
period. The first ofthese was the domination of every train of thought in
the patient by his implanted, now subconscious, complex. Although he
conversed fluently on a variety of topics, each one was soon noted to be
related to the complex, but in a manner apparent only to an observer who
knew the whole situation. Care was taken not to suggest topics related to
the complex, and the patient himself made no reference to the content of
the complex story itself, nor did any of his utterances suggest any con-
scious awareness of it. Neither was he given any suggestions which would
serve to influence the trend of his behaviour. Indeed, the colleague of the
author who bore the burden of conducting the procedure was kept un-
informed of the author's purposes as a means of insuring undirected
responses from the patient. When the patient was asked about a certain
friend of his, he told of that friend's small children breaking bric-a-brac.
As the conversation continued, he told of the travels abroad of another ../
friend who had visited art galleries and museums containing ancient
painted vases; he spoke of the author's library and the advisability of
insurance for personal property; and he laughingly told of an instance of
careless smoking by a friend which had nearly resulted in a serious fire.
Any topic of conversation introduced by the others present was soon
developed by the patient in such fashion that. a bearing upon the content
of the complex became apparent to the observers. Furthermore, each
conversational topic rapidly appeared to become unpleasant to the
patient and he would change the subject repeatedly only to return com-
pulsively to some remark which could be related easily to the complex.
Secondly, there occurred disturbances in the form of his stream of
speech. Irrelevancies, stammering, blocking, loss of train of thought,
repetitions, persistence of certain ideas, undue urgency and sudden
strong emphases were all noted frequently. Thus, upon awakening, he
began smoking and talking untill1e suddenly observed a painted earthen
ash-tray at his elbow, whereupon he twisted uncomfortably in his seat,
stammered, lost his train of thought, but gradually recovered his poise as
the author's colleague assumed the burden of the conversation. Later,
while talking about travelling abroad, he interjected remarks about the
irreparable loss to art occasioned by the breaking of ancient vases and
then continued the main topic of conversation without apparent realiza-
tion of his digression. Again, in mentioning the author's library, he
40 An Experimental Neurosis Hypnotically Induced
became unduly solicitous and urgent about insurance. In none of these
instances did the patient seem to sense anYthing unusual in his behaviour,
despite their frequent occurrence. Observation at the time and considera-
tion of the record later indicated that these behaviour disturbances of the
patient arose not in response to external stimuli but rather from his own
intra-psychic state.
The type of phenomena noted during this period was phobia-
like obsessive behaviour in regard to ash-trays, as judged by his previous
known behaviour. When casually handed a substantial, though orna-
mental, tray he received it in a gingerly, fearful manner and appeared to
be afraid to use it. Instead, after many hesitant, abortive and apparently
compulsive attempts to flick ashes into it, he put them into the cuff of his
trousers in an embarrassed manner. Now and then he would succeed in
dusting them into the tray, whereupon he would crush them repeatedly
and uneasily with his finger tips as if to reassure himself about sparks. He
held his cigarette butt until it burned his fingers, glanced at the floor and
lifted his foot as if to dispose of it in that fashion, attempted to extinguish
it in the cuff of his trousers but seemed too embarrassed to do so, made ./
repeated abortive attempts to extinguish it in the ash-tray in :!'ront of him
by tapping the cigarette gently against the tray, and finally searched the
room casually until he found a metal dish wherein he extinguished the
butt methodically, over-carefully, examining and re-examining it as if to
be sure that it was not still burning. Whenever anyone dropped a used
match into a tray he seemed compelled to retrieve it immediately and to
cool it between his finger and thumb before replacing it carefully on top
of the ashes. While conversing he examined and re-examined his ash-
tray in a detached manner, moved it unnecessarily away from the edge
of the table, and finally put a soft mat under it. Despite all this difficulty
in smoking, he accepted unconcernedly a cigarette whenever proffered or
helped himself to his own supply, only to repeat his phobia-like behaviour
as he smoked.
Having noted this much of the patient's behaviour-of which the
above is only a brief summary-it was felt that he had 'accepted' the
complex, and had possibly developed in consequence an artificially in-
duced neurosis. He was then questioned directly and urged to give an
account of what had occurred since he entered the office. Despite in-
sistent questioning, he was able to state only that he had spent the time
smoking and conversing with the author's colleagues. No information
was obtained suggesting that he had any conscious realization of the fact
that he had been hypnotized or subjected to an unusual procedure.
MILTON H. ERICKSON 41
Accordingly he was re-hypnotized, and in this trance he was instructed to
recall completely upon awakening the entire experimental situation and
to discuss freely his reactions, speech, behaviour and conduct. It was
assumed that by means of this procedure a 'removal' of the complex
could be effected, since the patient could thus relive it at a conscious
level and thereby might gain an insight into his reactions. As he
awakened, a casual conversation was initiated which he soon interrupted
to ask if he had told the author of arecent unhappy experience of his. He
proceeded to relate the story of the complex as the recollection of an
actual event, doing so with appropriate emotional responses, even identi-
fying the father as a man who actually could have played such a role. As
he concluded he started, looked bewildered, showed intense amazement,
then smiled with relief and understanding, and declared, "Why, that was
just a suggestion you gave me-in a hypnotic trance, too,!"
After this realization, he began to discuss fully the various details of
his conversation and conduct, progressing in chronological sequence,
each item serving to awaken its successor as a fresh memory. Meanwhile,
,'1 the secretary made full notes of his discussion and manner and of the
;
questions and remarks addressed to him. He explained that, as the
complex was narrated to him, he had displaced, elaborated and falsified
true memories, weaving them into the fabricated account, thereby giving
the complex story the reality of an actual event. This transformation of
the fabrication into a reality for him had been achieved readily upon his
identification of the father with a gentleman whom he knew slightly and
whom he had wished might play such a role. It was aided further by a
strong resentment which he had developed immediately toward the
author for having pried into. his affairs and having learned about the
unhappy incident. Upon awakening, he had felt at ease and comfortable
but impelled to talk. As he talked, however, he had become aware of a
constantly growing sense of discomfort, augmented by each topic of
conversation and by his own remarks and by those of others despite the
casual, appropriate nature of such comments. He had been astonished to
discover his fear of an ash-tray, and he had tried to conceal this terror and
to overcome it by sheer force of will. At the same time, the tray had
fascinated and distracted him repeatedly. Although he had tried, he had
not been able to reach any understanding of his reactions. He had become
even more distressed when he found that the same feeling of terror had
attached itself to other ash-trays and even to used matches. "I was just
terribly afraid," he declared, "afraid of anything with heat in it."
When asked to describe his emotional reactions in their sequence, the
42 An Experimental Neurosis Hypnotically Induced
patient stated that, when the complex had been given to him in the
trance state, he had reacted to it "just as any normal person would to
such a situation. It was a miserable thing to have happen." Upon
awakening from the trance, he had not experienced any particular
emotions but, as be had begun to talk, he had developed the same sort of .
an emotional state as he recalled having experienced in the hypnotic
trance during the administration of the complex. However, as he con-
tinued to talk and had experienced blackings of speech, the periods of
stammering, and had become aware of his intense fear of ash-trays, his
emotional discomfort had increased markedly and he had become
'wretched', 'miserable', 'depressed', 'unhappy', 'anxious', and 'fearful'.
He described these changes naively by saying that the familiar and
pleasant surroundings in which he had found himself had made his
emotional distress seem 'silly', 'foolish', 'inadequate', and 'reasonless'
and that this feeling had impelled him to 'reach into past experiences'
and to seize upon 'embarrassed affects' taken from 'past embarrassing
experiences' and to 'add ' these new and stronger emotions to those
already existing. This had given him a sense of having improved the . / '
situation immeasurably in some undefinable way but it had made him
'feel terrible, awful then'. (It had been noted during the latter part of
the time in which the patient had the complex that he had become
laboured and strained in behaviour, speaking with effort, sighing deeply,
and perspiring profusely-an observation which had led immediately to
re-hypnotizing him and 'removing' the complex.)
The patient was questioned about the 'past embarrassing affects'
-\vhich he had 'added' to the original affects. However, without any
apparent effort to evade the question, he launched into an academic dis-
cussion conceniing the possibility of transference of learning as applied to
emotional responses, which did not appear to yield any pertinent infor-
mation. Neither did he seem to grasp the significance of the question.
Accordingly, he was asked how he felt about the whole situation as he
recalled it. He replied, "Well, I'm glad to know that it was just a lot of
suggestion and that it didn't really happen." He added that his hesitant,
fearful manner of trying to use the ash-tray must have appeared ridicu-
lous, saying, "Let me show you how I did it." He proceeded to imitate
his previous conduct in great detail, suddenly interrupting himself to say,
"Now, I'll show you how I do it now." Lighting another cigarette, he
tossed the match into the tray, smoked with evident pleasure, :flicked his
ashes casually in the tray as he talked and finally extinguished his
cigarette by crushing the tip against the bottom of the tray and shoving it
MILTON H. ERICKSON 43
back and forth through the ashes, remarking with a smile, "Now, I can
feel satisfied about it."
Following this the patient was thanked for his services and dismissed
with the understanding that the experiment had been concluded.
Three days later the patient returned to the author's office in a
. jubilant frame of mind, declaring excitedly, "I can do it." When asked to
explain what he meant he stated that on the previous evening he had
been in the company of a girl who had responded warmly to his advances.
As usual, upon kissing her, he had experienced an ejaculation but, instead
of reacting with his customary sense of shame and depression, his erotic
desire had increased, there had been no loss of his erection, and he had
been able to consummate the sexual act, prolonging his pleasure greatly
and repeating the act during the night. He was permitted to tell about
this experience in detail after which he began to question the author as to
the origin and validity of his 'cure'. Non-committal replies were made,
and he was reminded that in the past he had succeeded after a prelimi-
nary ejaculation. He protested that no comparison could be drawn
between past successes and that of the previous evening which had given
him his first sense of genuine sexual satisfaction. Also his whole psychic
attitude and react:lon had been entirely new, since he had not experienced
any of his customary feelings of fear, shame and inferiority, but on the
contrary he had felt confident, secure and free. Nevertheless, the
author's disbelieving manner caused him to leave the office in a dis-
couraged, doubtful frame of mind.
Several days later he returned, again jubilant, declaring, "You're
wrong, doctor, I am cured." His story very briefly was that, after
leaving the office, he had been much depressed by the author's doubts
and for two days he had continued in a wretched frame of mind. Finally,
in order to know the truth, he had secured a girl and had spent the night
with her in his apartment. He had begun his love-making cautiously,
and as his partner responded, he had become increasingly ardent. Since
no untoward event had occurred, he had lost all doubts and had pro-
ceeded to the overt sexual act. During the act, a neurotic fear had
developed that he might be unable to have an ejaculation, but this
had been promptly dispelled by an orgasm. After a rest he had repeated
his performance satisfactorily. The next night he had obtained another
girl and had confirmed his 'cure'. (Subsequent investigation into the
truth of the patient's story confirmed his report.)
At the close of this acconnt, the patierJ-t was asked what explanation
of the change in him l{e could offer. He declared that he had no explana-
44 An Experimental Neurosis Hypnotically Induced
tion, that apparently he had spontaneously resolved his conflicts, and
that he was satisfied to let things remain as they were. The author
suggested that he sit quietly and think hard, letting his mind wander at
will, and as he did so, to recall all the various emotions he had so often
experienced in conjunction with his precocious ejaculations. After a few
moments he flushed, moved uneasily, then soon in a low monotonous
tone of voice said," I see it now-I put my cigarette in the ash-tray anrl it
broke-spoiled everything-! felt terrible-just the same way-I see it
now-I was afraid to use the ash-tray-I'd try to-I'd pat the ashes to be
sure there were no sparks-I'd use my trousers." An expression of
amusement and understanding appeared on his face. "But I showed you
I could do it. Remember? First, I showed you how I acted when I was
afraid and then I showed you when I wasn't afraid. Remember how I put
it out by rubbing it around?" He paused, his reminiscent manner
disappeared, and in a puzzled tone of voice, "Say, that was that complex
you suggested to me-say, that explains a hell of a lot to me-l see
through a lot of things now-now I know what I meant when I said I
could be satisfied." As an amused afterthought be added, "No wonder
my feelings were so awful."
An attempt was made to secure an elaboration of these utterances
and to elicit. an explanation of his apparent identification of the emotions
of his neurosis with those aroused by the fabricated story, but he became
so ill at ease and appeared to. develop such repressive mechanisms against
further conscious insight that it was considered unwise to press questions.
The only information obtained was the inadequate statement that "the
emotions were just the same", for his ejaculatio praecox and the situation
of the suggested conflict.
Several months later the patient was asked to read and check the
accuracy of this account of his problem. When he reached the paragraph
! :!
containing his 'explanation' he put the page aside, saying, "Do you
know, doctor, I can't remember what my explanation was. Let me
j think." Within a few moments he repeated in toto the scene described
I above, uttering almost exactly the same words. As he concluded he
I picked up the page, read it eagerly, exclaiming repeatedly, "That's it,
I.I that's it." Again he seemed 1mwilling or unable to elaborate further,
.'1
protesting that he bad explained the whole matter previously on the
1
basis of the similarity of emotions.
i More than a year has elapsed since this experimental procedure.
During the first few months the patient indulged freely in sex relations
whenever the opportunity offered, with no recurrence of his symptom.
MILTON H. ERICKSON 45
Then, after a period of abstinence, he again developed precocious
ejaculation, but without the previous emotional concomitants and with-
out loss of his erection, and in each instance he was able to consummate
the sexual act satisfactorily. During the last few months he has dis-
covered that a mere recollection of the experimental procedure will
suffice to inhibit a precocious ejaculation, and he is able to function
normally. He does not feel handicapped in any way and is well satisfied
with his sexual life, and he has not developed any other neurotic symptoms.
DISCUSSION.
t experiences, gave his utterances a new significance for him, enabling him
to declare, "Why, that was the complex-that explains a lot of things to
me-now, I know what I meant when I said I could be satisfied!"
The author is well aware that, however valid the results are in this one
instance, no general conclusions concerning the neurosis of ejaculatio
praecox or its therapy can be drawn from a single case subjected to a new
experimental approach. Nor has this account been offered as a possible
solution to such a problem. Rather, the purpose of this report is to direct
attention to the practicability of the use of hypnotism as a possibly
fertile tec)mique for the laboratory study of the dynamics of human
behaviour. Any therapeutic aspects of such study are of secondary value
until a better understanding of the processes involved is achieved.
Although used profitably in experimental academic work, there has
been a tendency to overlook the feasibility of hypnosis as an investi-
gatory agent in the study of psychodynamic problems. This investigation
indicates that hypnotic measures can be used in a significantly
fashion to elicit dynamic responses and to manipulate psychological
processes. Although no absolute conclusions can be drawn from the
findings above, certain inferences and hypotheses, previously discussed,
l
1
I
of elucidating the experimental results. By means .of this procedure, a
more comprehensive appreciation of the interrelationships of conflicts
and the influence of one complex upon another might conceivably be
reached. ../
A second problem is the possibility of studying the concept of abre-
action. An improved technique similar to that used above, but controlled
by continuous observation of the subject and by the centring of his
behaviour around activities less heavily endowed with affective values and
social implications, might offer a good approach to an experimental
investigation of the nature, mechanisms, and methods of induction of
abreactive processes. A counterpart of experimentally induced abre-
action may be found in the 'living-out' of fantasies in the psycho-
analytic procedure, the clinical results of which also suggest the feasibility
of studying abreaction in a laboratory setting.
Another investigatory aspect would be that of devising a technique
whereby the subject could be induced to select from a communication the
I
1naterial requisite to form a complex. The present experiment indicates
that such a selection was made in this study, since the fabricated story
symbolized also an Oedipus complex and a sister-incest situation to
which the patient apparently did not react. Such a t echnique might
serve materially to disclose natural complexes and to reveal personality
I
trends and types. Huston et al., referred to above, found suggestive
evidence that the hypnotic induction of complexes served to reveal 1
natural complexes. Malamud and Linder1 have also made an approach to
1 Malamud, W. and Linder, F. E., "Dreams and their relationship to recent impres- t
sions", Arch. Neural. Psych. Feb. 1931, xxv, 1081-99.
Mn.TON H. ERICKSON 49
this problem from another angle by showing pictures to patients and then
obtaining reports of their subsequent dreams.
The patient's emotional behaviour during the experiment gives rise
to the conjecture that a:ffective responses may be' conditioned' somewhat
like the conditioning of neuromuscular responses. This might conceivably
be accomplished by arousing deep affects upon which, as a direct sequence,
a second emotional situation could be created. An illustration of this is to
be found above in the establishment of an affectively significant hetero-
sexual situation out of which arose a special emotional state. From such
experimentation, by noting sequences, direction, methods of e1q>ression,
and purposes served, information regarding the genesis, attachment, -
and inter-relationships of emotional reactions might possibly be
obtained.
An approach to some of the problems of symbolization is also sug-
gested by this report. The role of similarity of affects in producing sym-
bolic values may be inferred from the patient's account of his recovery.
Experimentation designed to attach similar affective tones to dissimilar
objects or concepts might conceivably yield information regarding the
development of symbolic equivalents. To illustrate, the present experi-
ment might be repeated by arousing the affects of the Oedipus complex,
followed by a second emotional situation centred around a fabricated
role of authority exercised by the subject. Verbalization of the one
situation in terms of the other would possibly indicate the establishment
of symbolic values. Or, if the patient's symbolization resulted from the
connotations and the relationships of the ideas communicated to him,
experimental procedures based on temporal contiguity and association of
ideas might give pertinent results.
Another problem is concerned with the question of the development of
insight, the factors controlling its growth, its influence upon mental
structures, and its function in the psychic economy. The patient studied
apparently acquired insights, some complete, others partial, presumably
as a result both of the sequences and the nature of his behaviour. The
same technique, but with continuous observation of the subject and
an adequate objective record of his behaviour before, during, and
after the experiment, might serve to give an appreciation of any
progressive manifestations of insight. Or, the omission of certain
parts of the procedure, the changing of sequences in the expen-
mental behaviour, or the introduction of new measures, might
determine the relative importance of the various experimental steps.
For example, what would have been the ultimate result in this case
,.
50 An Experimental Neurosis Hypnotically Induced
i
had the patient failed to demonstrate, "how I do it now", or had
he been informed of the experimental procedure by the author instead
of recalling it
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! the forgotten material. She was advised to continue for another week,
which she did without success, reaching the conclusion that she would
have to write a letter of enquiry to her friend. The significance of this
conclusion will become apparent later. Having failed in her efforts she
now wished the author to take charge of the problem.
Free association was the first technique employed; but her conscious
I
I
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.'I
Fig. l.
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Fig. 3.
with great interest and recalled for the first time that she had contem-
plated giving a cigarette case but had changed her mind. All associations
became blocked at this point and she was insistent that the experiment
be discontinued as hopeless. However, her insight into thew hole situation
soon rendered her attitude more favourable.
Because of the subject's affective state, another change in technique
was made by asking her to attempt crystal-gazing. In the crystal she saw
herself walking down the street, entering a jewellery store in which she
inspected cigarette cases, and then continuing down the street and en-
tering a department store, whereupon she immediately lost sight of herself
in the crowd. She saw herself next leaving the store with a small package
under her arm which she took to her room and placed in a bureau drawer.
l
In response to further suggestions she watched herself prepare the gift \
?
for mailing, but each time that she was about to catch sight of the gift,
her crystal image would turn in such fashion as to occlude her line of
1 The" subject n,ppen.red to haven. rn.thcr limited understanding of the whole situation
when in the trance state. ,.
MILTON H. ERICKSON 147
VISIOn. All suggestions to the contrary were without effect other than that
she was able to give the rough dimensions of tl1e article, which had not
been possible previously. Further variations of the crystal-gazing were
without results. Finally she was re-hypnotized deeply and given post-
hypnotic suggestions to the effect that she would dream that night about
the gift but would not verbally identify it in her dream. The next
morning, however, she could recall the dream and in so doing would recall
the name of the gift.
Early the next day, with a complete amnesia for the post-hypnotic
suggestions, she related that she had awakened during the night in the
midst of a dream about the forgotten article. She bad recounted this i
{
dream to herself on the possibility that the author might be interested. 1
In the morning, however, she recalled dremning but not the dream content.
Instead she suddenly recalled having a letter in her strong box thanking
her for the present, and she felt herself forcibly impelled to read the letter.
She did this, and discovered that the object was a box of paints. She was
I
shown the automatic writing illustrated above, and she exclaimed, "How
different it looks now!" ../
The discovery of the identity of the gift did not end the problem, but
gave rise to new and interesting aspects. A week later the subject com-
plained that she was unable to recall her dream and that she felt a strong
desire to know what it was. She asked that hypnosis be utilized in the
securing of this second lost memory. Much the same procedure was
followed in this regard as had been used in attempting to recover the
nature of the gift. All attempts, however, were failures until she was
given suggestions disorienting her temporally. When these suggestions had
been accepted she was told that it was the night of the dream and that
she was actually in the midst of her dream. As she re-lived tlie dream,
she was instructed to give an account of it to the author, and thus a
verbatim report was obtained. The dream was: "There was a group of
people in a place. It takes place in a hospital-hospital people. I'm
telling them about the procedure, telling them about the results, telling
them we got the name of the gift, but I don't tell them what the gift was."
She was awakened with instructions to remember the dream. This she
did, and expressed her pleasure, until suddenly she declared in great
surprise, "I've forgotten the name of the gift now." She was urged to try
to recall the gift, but after much effort and numerous attempts at free
association she failed. She repeated the dream content in an effort to
re-awaken her associations, but even this failed. A trance state was
induced and she was told to recall the name of the gift after awakening.
148 The Investigation of a Specific Amnesia
When aroused from the trance she promptly declared, "Why, I remember
it now. It's a box of paints." After a general conversation she was
casually questioned about her dream content, and to her profound
amazement she discovered that again she had forgotten the dream com-
pletely. Repeated investigations disclosed that she could not keep the
identity of the gift and the dream content in her mind simultaneously.
Finally, in the waking state, in which she could recall the name of the
gift, she was casually informed of the dream content. Following this she
was able to remember both.
Four days later she complained to the author that she had been
trying daily to write a letter to her friend in accordance with her regular
custom, but that she could not do so. She had forced herself repeatedly
to sit at her desk and begin the letter, but found herself unable to write
more than a line or two before her thought processes became blocked and
she felt emotionally disturbed and compelled to do something else. She
was given the plausible explanation that the affect originally causing the
repression had not been dissipated but had subsequently attached itself
to the dream content, later to the identity of the gift, and finally, when ../
both of these repressions had been circumvented, the affect had attached
itself to the idea of a letter to her friend. After listening to this explana-
tion the subject declared, "I understand it now. Now I can write my
letter."
Contact was maintained with the subject following this experience,
but no unusual occurrence came either to her or the author's attention.
Because of the clinical interest aroused, attention may be called here
to a consideration of the automatic writing. The word' box' was markedly
displaced in the first sentence, which is suggestive of some unrecognized
purpose. A similar displacement of the significant words in the second
sentence enhances the possibility that this measure is a purposeful
though unconscious means of self-betrayal. This conclusion is substan-
tiated further by noting the relatively smaller size of the letters 'e' and
'd' in the word' painted.' The scrawling of the word' cigarette' appears
superficially to be a clever method of distracting attention, but the
account of the motivation suggests a deep and significant symbolism for
it as well as for the other two words.
The peculiar behaviour of the affect at the termination of the experi-
ment resulting in the alternate repression of the identity of the gift and
of the dream content, with subsequent attachment to the related concept
of the letter, suggests a strong conflict and an unwillingness or an
unreadiness to accept the symbolic significance of the ideas concerned.
' '
MILTON H. ERICKSON 149
Not until after the above report had been drafted into its final form
for publication and submitted to the experimental subject for criticism
was it possible to secure an account of the motivations for her repression.
Fortunately she had kept a daily journal of her thoughts during the entire
time of the amnesia, and from this and her elaborations of this journal
the motivations were obtained. Minor and incidental points as well as
elaborations of the symbolism are omitted for personal reasons.
For five years the subject, 8., had been in love with M., a man be-
longing to another race and culture, artistic in nature and extremely
idealistic, puritanical, and conventional in attitude. She had planned to
marry him at the expiration of another year. Her own philosopl1y of life
at the time was very similar to his. In the month of September preceding
the amnesia she met C., a man of her own race and culture and whose
personal philosophy was the antithesis of M. 's. A warm friendship rapidly
j
developed between S. and C., with the consequence that she felt strongly
I inclined to relinquish her former teachings and ideals and to accept C.'s
I
i
I
broader and freer ideals of life. Yet to do so would be essentially a
negation of what she had considered to be the finer principles of personal
life and a destruction of her worthiness in the eyes of M., whom she loved.
As she considered this problem she realized that any independence for
herself could evolve only from a deliberate choice on her part between
these opposing personal philosophies. Yet she dared not choose C.,
although critical thinking suggested such a choice, because to do so
would be to overthrow the conventional and idealistic precepts of her
past teaching. To choose M. would mean the hampering of her intellectual
and emotional nature. She hoped that something would happen which
would force her to recognize her fundamental inclinations, because she
knew that she lacked the courage to face the decision deliberately. It
was then that the amnesia developed as one of the indications of her
conflict. At first she considered the amnesia inconsequential, but soon
she began to feel that it symbolized her choice and she felt a compulsive
need of discovering the nature of this amnesia in order to know its
meaning, and yet she feared to know its meaning. Upon the recovery of
the memory she immediately understood the rationale for the selection
of the forgotten object. In purchasing the Christmas gift she had first
inspected cigarette cases, thereby establishing an associative value.
C. possessed a beautiful antique pa.inted box which he used as a cigarette
container. The one man, artistic and idealistic, was easily symbolized
by the box of paints, while the other man possessed a painted box of
practical personal use. With the recovery of the forgotten identity s.he
150 The lnvest,igation of a Specific Amnesia
sensed its import but dared not recognize it. To rob it of its meaning a
second problem had to be created, namely, the amnesia of the dream.
When this problem was solved she still had the fundamental question to
face, but could not do it, and so a second amnesia of the gift occurred.
When finally forced to remember both the dream and the gift she realized
that she had made her choice and sat down to write a letter toM., thereby
formulating her ideas and definitely committing herself. However, she
could not do this until, with the aid of the author, she forced herself to
recognize the affective features of the whole situation.
In summary, the problem in._;.estigated was an attempt to recover the
content of a specific amnesia of the identity of a Christmas gift without
the aid of supplementary information. Techniques of free association
alone, free association and direct questioning in hypnosis, automatic
writing, and crystal-gazing were tried without success. Finally, by means
of a specious argument concerning the existence of a third level of
consciousness and the permission to use disguise mechanisms, the for-
gotten material was actually obtained, but in such guise that its true
significance was not recognized. Then by means of dream activity a ,/
situation was created whereby the subject, without assuming the re-
sponsibility, could circumvent the repression. Following this a conflict
state developed, characterized by the alternate repression of two ideas,
1
and ultimately resolved by the attachment of the affect to a related
subject, from which it was eventually dispelled. The motivation of the
11
amnesia was not learned until months later, when the subject disclosed
its origin to lie in an emotional conflict concerning two men.
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PLACEMENT BUREAU
.. ArtQYr, \J:<>nnes s
--....... DURING
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SLEEP AND HYPNOSIS by Jenness and Wible
... .,..,... ...... ... ""' ..... -,.-... ..
__,,..-.-.
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Mr. Nathan
l'tlr. Tel&on ..
COLGATE UNIVE
HAMILTON, N . Y.
\;'{}'/
PLACEMENT BUREAU
April 26, 193
Hr. Glavin . ...
Mr. J. Edgar . Hoover Mr. H:ubo ------
Department of Justice Mr. ,Jooep h ..
Federal Bureau of Investigation l 1 r. r. .
Washington, D.c. llil::c. Ni.;,hole .
r.sr. Qllf..... .. .
I wish to thank you very much for the two latest pamphlets
you have sent me; namely, PROBLEMS IN'MODERN LAW ENFORCEMENT, and
LAW ENFORCEMENT AND THE PUBLISHER. It seems to me that these are
very excellent articles. I have glanced through them, but I am
going to digest them at leisure just as soon as this very hectic
college year is finished.
I have the situation sized up wrong, but, in my opinion,
the most important piece of research yet to te done on this matter
of hypnotism now centers up around the problem of some sort of
disguised test for the determining of susceptibility. I am convinced
that this is quite practical and simply needs a little hard work.
It --just happens that- i-t--fall-s -into a prob-lem which-iriterests me-, --
that I am hoping to get some real ideas along these lines before the
summer is over. At any rate, in the course of my wanderings, which
may include Was hington, I should meet some people who can help me.
Do please give my very best regards to my friends in the Bureau.
0 __ 0
w G.
1
....JO.t'N EDGAR HOOVER
.... _DIRECTOR
7- - /7::(, . . .:: ,. ___ .. !:
.eau of ..z- ::-.: . . . __ ,.. _,. __ ':
/
/ No further research or experimentation is being
made intraYPnotic practices and none will be made
pending thorization.
/ ' .
. Very truly yours,
.,
.
HOOVER
DIRECTOR
.
B!'.eb.eral tsureuu of lluuestigutiou
11tuiteb i!lepurtmetd of iJustir.e
EPO:ON
i!l. .
lllay 7, 1937.
FOR MR.
Dr. Stout did state that he doubted whether worth while results
would be obtained. I outlined to him in general what has been suggested
to the Bureau so far by both Dr. Estabrooks and Dr. Erickson and he was ot.
the opinion that it would be interesting. to find out how far these men
could go and receive instruction from them, but he nevertheless reserved
his opinion that in the end nothing much would come o it. He stated that
this opinion of his was based on the presently accepted tenet of hypnotism
that a person under hypnotism will not furnish information or commit acta
injurious to himself or opposed to his moral or ethical code.
. ?
"2... 9, ::
/.tC (p Mias
'RECORDED
H.
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Dr. G. H. Estabrooks.
Pl.aeement Bureau.
Colgate University1
Hamil ton, New York.
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i COLGATE UNIVERSITY
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HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
June 8, .1937
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From: La
Date 193
I I
Mr. Nathan Mr. McClintock
Mr. Appel Mr. Miller
Mr. Baughman Mr. Parsons
Mr. Beach Mr. Pfafman
Mr. Blackburn Mr. Pickering
Mr. Burgess Mr. Renne berger
Mr. H. M. Clegg Mr. Schilder
Mr. Clark Mr. Q. Tamm
Mr. Conrad
Mr. Dingle l 1les
Mr. Donaldson __ Labor a tory
Mr. Engert __ Stenographer
Mr. Lovett I __ Messenger
Mr . Major Mail Room
Mr. McCarthy Mr.
See Me _ _ _ __
p
E. P .. COFFEY
Please Handle _ _ __
Bring File ______.;...____;__
Mr. . .....
Mr. ......... ,
{Nfi:
Mr. Baughman ... .,.
Mr.Cleg!'! ... 7
Mr. Cofl'e:r . , '""'"
l\1r .. .. ,.,..
:::
ll'lr. Tracy ...
IW.os ..........
\ WASH. NEJV\TS
JUN 9 = 1937
'!f
.. " r:: Nr.th:m
Mr;
::-
Mr. Bnu;;}JmRn ...... li
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: M:-. Clegg ...... /
M Coffey . / ....
i D.cwse.y _.... ----
1 1'-llr. Egan ____ . .... ..... '
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Mr.
Mr. '!'racy ........... .
1Vlis" Gcudy . . ....... .
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Fiist hypnotic 'truth test" ever given in the Ohio State Penitentiary .
at Columbus .was this administered above to convicted payroll
n. banclit John Cardin', 38.. Placed under. the h_YPn?tic by Dr.
Kanter, seated, center, Cardin mamtained his innocence.
A. l
1. A few minutes later Sol Ackerman, another prisoner, admitted he
committed the .for which Car(lin was sentenced. Police said
the .evidence would not be considered as conclusive.
\
62-J9977
Dr. G. aP
Colgate University,
Hamilton, New York.
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JHM:DLS
62-39979-:-56
July 12, 19')7.
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GOMMUNICA TIOHS TIOK
M A 1_1... !':1
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J I had a conf'erence wi th Dr '/Thi te 'at
. .1 . . ard' s __ _St-._
----It___seenisto me that he is doing perhaps the best work
Most cordially,
0
G. H. Estabrooks.
,..
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.; . . ' .
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['HM:DLS / '
'!l:i!lOOl!J)lllD 62-39'Jf79-56 / Jtlly 23, l9Y/.
Deal." Dr .. Ests.brooks:
Receipt is acknowlfldged of your 0
in
whiot> yeu so kimdly ativise me of t 11;o books, -Pre-
diction ()i' .Hypaotic Su.seeptibility troa a
of S.SJeets !ttit$'lesc0 ed trTwo 'I'J:Pe>S oi' Hypnoti:c
TraBce a.md Their by Robel"t
w.
I appreciate interest in advising .me
of.these tiro. booka> arad rour in s\!lgge.aturg
t.ut a vit4t would b.e profit.b;l.e to Dr. Buds
Roe.gb.nd, Bepartmant of' Biology, Clarke UliliVersity,
Worce3ter,
Witn best wishes end kind
Sincerely yours,
' ..
' '!''"",. ; . "":"' ........... ..
.. '--. ... .
.. ..................... '
.. .......... ;. ... ,
: ... . .,.,
.. 4'.
.J'tlltral rsurtau nf llnut.attgatton
lllnitrll irpartmrnt nf lu.atirr
J. Qt.
July 12, 1937.
Dr. G. H. Estabrooks,
c/o Mrs. L. Estabrooks,
147 Union Street,
Saint John, North Dakota.
Sincerely yours,
\
DIRECTOR ,
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF }USTICF.:
f WASHINGTON, D. C.
. OFFICIAL BUSINESS
Dr. G, H. Estabrook-s,
c/o Mrs L. .
147 Union Street,
Saint John, North
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July Z1, 19.37.
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John Hoover,
Inclosure #1060949 Director.
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MANUFACTURERS' AGENTS
{11
Briefly herein are sali:ent data: concerning myself: __
B. s., Colo1ado State College '\"
-Postgraduate work: REQORDED&INDEXED
One full year at the University of Kentucky
A. M. in Psychology at University
At present I am employed as manager of the
this letterhead, but I am unhappy in this work. I I wou11:1
welcome very much an opportunity in some way to 1931-- A. \n
affiliated with your department, putting to some
my experierrce and knowledge of the psychology of hypnoJ?.\ft.rp;,l:\
If your department is not interested in such res
I shall appreciate it very much if you could ref
organization that may be interested in a
had considerable experience with hypnotism.
' """''
M. Robert
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PLACEMENT BUREAU
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Copy
,
Harvard University . Clinic Hours
Psychological Clinic 9-12 A.M.
64 Plympton St.
Cambridge, Mass. July 9; 1937
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from T.HE AMERICAN SJ:>ECTATOR
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E. ]Joyd Ph./).
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T rs thirty years since the it. And today hypnotism is
I _writer made his first contact winning its come-back. \ Russian
with hypnotism. He was obstetricians have revived it for
rambling through a side-street in accoui:hements. Ev .e ryw,heu I.
Bristol (England) when he . no- psychologists-though often. m \:\ '
ticed an announcement Exhibi- skillfu)ly...:._haverecourse to hyp- -. i
tion of M eimerism over the notism ca.ses of an: nesia. 1 \ . '
entrance to a three-penny variety Psychologists mterested m bor- ..
booth. He entered in time to see derline mental states look to
a "professor" in a shabby frock hypnotism as a possible ':' master:
coat and shiny silk hat making -key to the mind of man." Julian I
I. passes before the . face of a tall . Huxley, to take one example, at
I
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Negro. Presently a. stupor came the recent meeting of the British
over the Negro: his arms sagged; As soda tion for the Ad vance- I
his head sunk on his chest. The mc,nt of science, declared that
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','professor" then ran a needle_. "the hope of further human i:;_::::::::::: ..
through his flesh, but the is based on the develop-
;
elicited no reaction. Next the ment of extra-sensory activities '._{
'' . hypnotist pushed the Negro off about which little is known." L
the platform. . The poor chap Of these activ-
fell on his head and rolled over ities there is none that is so
like a log. An assistant forthwith securely founded upon indisput-
co_ffined him and the spectators able facts . as hypnotism. But
moved . aro'und the coffin pinch- though the facts of hypnotism are
ing and punching the corpse-like generally conceded. by scientists,
figl) re. the two main claims made by its
It was in terms of such revolt- early votaries,-namely; that hyp- I
ing phenomena that hypnotism . notism is (I) a power anc-l (2) an
was introduced to the public fail to win assent. Hypno- .!
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mind. tism is no inore a power than is a };
But though the general public dream: it is no more an elixir '
came to look-uport hypnotism as than is chloroform.
'
a- somewhat nasty fake--and had Normal hypnotism as applied
recourse to hypnotists only sur- to more or _less normal people, ' I
HYPNOTISM 69
drowsiness during which con- the soothing drone of the human
sciousness persists. The drowsi- voice- are employed while the.
ness may deepen, in the case of suggestion that he is g'rowing
highly suggestible subjects, into more and more drowsy is con,.
sleep. If the sleep is light, con- veyed Jo the subject. These
sciousness still least methods would legitimately be
intermittently. If the sleep is regarded as silly were i"t not that
. deep, the consciousness becomes_ t,hey are actually effective in in-
that of a sleep-walker or som- clueing hypnosis.
nambulist. Normally everyone The length of time that it
can: be hypnotized into drowsi- takes to produce the
ness-granted that one consents . varies from subject to
and co-operates- while under subject. ,Generally it is true that
methods so Jar discovered only a the length .,of tim'e diminishes
co_mparatively few canbe hypnp- with eacH' -application. When
tized into somnambulism. the. Jj.{pnotic s(ate is pr:esent, or
The methods of inducing hyp- appears to be present, for
nosis are var-ied. All begin by hypnotist can rarely be sure of
inviting the patient to be calm, this, the subject is told:
to relax, and to make the mip.d eyes are.' You cantJ.ot
as blank as possible. The sub- open tlyem !" or "You are glJ}.ed:
ject should avoid tension and . to you(' chair! :You'. cannot rise
effort. Most. methods proceed . 'up!" If:'the pat.ieil.t is reallynyp-
to bring about a sense of fatigue . notized he will be "conscious" of .r--_
inthe eyes or ears and to rely on an to open his eyes or
the in the sub- to:rise,Hom''nis chair.
. ect as for suggesting is hi ore important to our
l leaviness, numbness, forgetful- than a description of .
ness and sleepiness. One hypno- me ' of hypnotizing is the
tist will hold' up two fingers of ana of the state itself. The
one hand at a distance of about -state is characterized by three
. twelve inches from the eye"s of main featu'res. Fi'fst, the 'attert-
the subject at an angle tion is caught and immobilized.
to strain the eyes. Another will there is a dissociation
bid the subject gaze str;J.ight: '<jr.pm normal thinking and feeling.
into his hypnotist's) ey7s .. there is mentalj?ertia.
for a half mmute or more. Still .l)r. 1'-/E..Ivers draws,. attentiOn to
. another may use an artifiCial 'eye .
with a blue iris and medium- ed sensibility. "A hypnotized
sized pupil. If the room be dark person," -he writes, "may become
a green or blue light is made. to aware of and utilize indications
shine upon the eye. The subjec.t -giyeif... by organs of sense which
must gaze at the pupil until he no effect whatever upon
sees it enlarge and <,:ontract. :his consciousness in the normal
Bright lights, fixed or moving;. state."
monotonous sounds; and lastly: The of hypnotic sugges-
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tion are various and at times as- group of friends were chatting of
tounding. It is hard a-:hyp- mahy things, and the subject of
notist to write soberly and dis- hypnotism was raised. I was .
passionately in view of the pecu- challenged and A girl
liar experiences that are his lot. offered herself as a subject.
Indeed certain results of hypnotic She had never been hypnotized
suggestion and certain phenom- before.
ena that have popularly been I made her sit in a comfortable .
regarded as miracles in the past, armchair and -compose herself.
(stigmata, for example, and in- The others present retired to .the
stantaneous healings) are re- far end of the room. They
similar. watched in silence with nerves a
A man hard of hearing comes little on edge.
for a treatment. I succeed in in- Mrs. B.-for so I will call my
ducing a light hypnotic sleep. I soon calm and . re-
tell him that he can hear well. I laxed. I used a flashlight to
arouse him. I find th at now he fatigue her eyes and she expe-
hears everything without diffi- rienced the usual feeling of drow-
culty. His improved condition . siness. A light sleep came with-
endures for a number of hours. in a few minutes and deepened.
A college girl who stammers Her chin fell on her breast; her
badly comes along. For a while arms sagged; her breathing be-
after hypnotic , ' she came troubled; the color and
speaks clearly and w1thout any complexion of her face changed.
nervous hesitation. A young Unexpectedly a kind of lethargy
man, apparently paralyzed, is came over her but it was riot
helped into my office and slumps the kind described ih text-books,
in a chair. His story is that he for as soon as I spoke to her she
cannot use his legs; He has answered. Her voice was hollow
been helpless for a year and and unnaturaL I asked for her
more. I invite him to submit to ring and she gave it to me. I
hypnotism. He proves a good bade her get up and open and
subject. I him and tell close the door. She did so in a
him to walk. He walks. I tell . dull dreamy way.
him to_run. He runs around the None of these facts however
room. Apparently he is cured? proved anything. Were she a
Well, no! On his return to his clever act'ress she could still be
accustomed environment of a playing with us all.. I needed
doting mother who does every- something more convincing. I
_thing for him, his paralysis decided to hazard a telepathic
returns. test. I approached one of the
For what it is worth I record onlookers, a close friend of Mrs.
the .following from my case-book. B., and whispered to her, asking
It happened at an afternoon-:- her to mention a. number, a
five o'clock_:_ tea in a very old color, an animal, a shop where
house m a very old city. A she dealt, and a few like matters. f
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HYPNOTISM. 71
Dr. G, H, Estabrooks,
Colgate Ua1vers1ty,
Hamilton, New York,
Dear Dr Estabrooks a
.. '
I am plee.sed to acknowledge receipt of your
letters of September 28th and October 1st, 19.37, tranamtttins
of a letter and a report furnished you by Dr. R, w.
White 1n connection with research on hypnotic susceptibility.
' I have read these with interest and have turned them over to
the Bureau's Laboratory for further consideration,
I
In accordance with your request I am transmittinl
a copy ot each or the papers forwarded b.1 you to Rear
R. S,.. Holmes, Director of BaYal Inteliigence, Navy Department,
Washingtan, D -0 1
Your courtesy and interest in submitting this infor-
Mt, Nathrul ..... mation to the Bureau are appreciated.
Mr, ifois<hL .....
M'r. Baughmnn .. Sincerely yours,
j}E
l\1r. E-:l'an
. John Edgar Hoover,
rIr, Director.
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PLACEMENT BUREAU
October 1, 1937
October s. 19.:37.
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Nathan . ..... .. ..
r,{r. To loon .. ....
Mr. B,.ughman .... ..
John ldtar Heovar,
Hr. .. . ....... ..
Dlractor.
Mr. Cof.e)l ...........
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:_,- ------
fl,{r. G1s v:n ----------
Enclosures.
l'."fr. [:la:+:') '---::---:"'"
I\1r. -- ----- - ---
QTtON
6239979-60
Dr. o. H. Estabrooks,
Colgate University,
HamUton, New York.
Mr. Nicho-.1.8
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Mr. l>enningtoli .. :...
Mr. ..... ..
l\fr. ........
Mr. Tracy VJ-.:....
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COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEME"!T BUREAU
October 13, 1937
_./
washington, D.c.
0
!.lr. Hoover:
-G.,f't-ld-
w G. HPEstabrooks
copy to Mr. R.S.Holmes
R.EOORDEB
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HEADQUARTERS
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FOIPA # t
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1'lfHS IFOJRM llS 1'0 JBJE MAllN1' Al!NJEJD AS 1'JH[JE 1'0JP! SJEllUAIL OIF 1'JH[JE lFJIJLJE, JBU1' N01' lEllUAJLllZJED.
('
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DEB;P.EK
b/ October ld, 1937.
RECORDED
Dr. G. H. Estabrooks,
Bureau,
Colgate
HBJn.ilton, New York.
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Aolr. Nichols'
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Mr._Tracy ., .........
Mise GandY-------.-- ;
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/ COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
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!l Tolacn.-----
Mr. 3au'J'Iomnn.
1\Ir. Cle!!''i . ---- .
-..ir, !Coffey ...
PLACEMENT BUREAU
t/ 1: r,::r. Crow! .
T\11"'.
October 9, 19
l\ I
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Department of Justice
Federal Bureau of Investigation )
Washington, D.C. :/Ir.
".; I!lr. Tr-ey
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l'L!oa 0-..;::.dy"
:1 ------------ --.
Dear Mr. Hoover:.
Rli:OORDED
:, ;...
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Dr. G. B. Estabrooks,.
Colgate tJniyersity
HaaUton., New York
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Sincerely Jours,
i .J r.
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' Ir. NaugbteJ1 . . .
' '.r. Nichols ....
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' :,Ir. Schilder
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, HAMILTON, N.Y.
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' .. ) P;;;;ALTY FOR I"RIVATE USE TO AYOlD
DIVISION OF' INVI::STIGATl?N ''' ,. /
OF PO&TAGE, $30Cl,
U.' 5. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE:
WASHINGTON. 0. C.
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OFFICI.P\L Ei1USINES9
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CLARK UNIVERSITY
WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS
As ever,
COLGATE UNIVERSITY . .
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HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
I would like you to add the enclosed to my records. They have been
doing excellent work at the University of Illinois on this
matter in the magnetic field. From the reports I have
gathered if s-eems to me that the resulting condi'tions in animals
was something closely animal pypnotism. I was, also,
. told that they were doi'P.g work on a machine to use on the human
) ,.,./. . being.. P. rofessor at Yale, is strongly of the opinion
;....
:; __ this so-called, nimalG.hypnotism would have nothing to do
''I.'" A th . . tism. even if such a machine works. I am inclined
him. However, I think you should know the individuals
nsible for this at the University of Illinois.
he king pin.is Dr. W. University of Illinois,
He appears tobe out of town quite a lot, and I
)\\!Ould suggest that perhaps it would be easier to contact Mr. P.
if you wish to do so, on this matter. ,
Cordially yours
. ,L..
w G. H. Estabrooks
copy for R.S.Holmes
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COPIES DESTROYED
830C1 7 1964
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Dr. G. R. lstabrooka,
Colgate Ua!Yersit71
Hullton, lew York.
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Mr": ,Crowl
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Mr. Egan ............ .
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DEB:JDiF
,
17, 1937.
Dr. G. H. rrstsbrooics,
Plecement Bureeu,
Colgate University,
&milton, New York.
-
... . . . I in receipt of ;rour letter d.::ted
December 10, 1937,with reference to :r.y address
entitled .Publi.e Duty in Ls-= :;:JforccmP.r;tn .,,:ticb. 'It::: s
111
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Mr. Nathan ..
l\lr. Tolson . .
Mr. Baughmq
Mr. Clegg .
Mr: Cotrey ---------
Mr. Crowl .......... .
ll!r. Egan ............ .
Mr. Foxworth ..... ..
Mr.
r Hal'bo ...........
Hottel ....
Mr. Lester ........... I
M Mcintire ........ .
1\ir. Naughten ...... .
Mr. Nichols ......... .
Mr. Pennington .... .
Mr. Rosen ............... ..
1\lr. Schildel' "-
Mr. T1Un121 .......... .
Ml'. ...
Misa Gandy ......... .
. - -----' ----------
...
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
. . . . -.
.1/
-. ' .... .. -
. . .. . , . .. ... ;
; J-.- - .J - -- . s. __
Dear Mr. Hoover: --. -. ............. . . . I'
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Cordially yours
0
w G. H. Estabrooks
._,....: ___ _
,..,. -- - -- -----
QT:ON
62-39979-65
' I
laauar.r 171 1938.
...
!)ll. 1\tHau.ia 1a rewpt ot a OM8Rieatiou troll
Dr. O. H. or O&lp;te UDiYe:raitoJ, S..UtoB, law
tort, - 1o wld.dl he fttl.iaes oerata taetora perietn.inc to
lkhroNa requ.ested tat JOU be h.rr:t1Jthed.
'With a G&f et lriter u.d, I aM trull1tt1q
eow bel"fMFl\h.
I
S1aetmtl.7 ;vonra,
.'
J o!m r.a,ar Roover 1
,}' Director.
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I wiah to acknowledge receipt or JOur letter or
.Januaf7 10, 19)8,. 1ra 1th1eh you outliae certain iaportaat
proble-e dealiag with the subJect et bypaotin.
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UNIVERSITY.
HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
Cordially yours
w G. H. <;tstabrooks
-.:iiiii''M
- ---- ----,- - -.-r --
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/
LBitDSS '
Placeme11t Bureau,
Colg&te University,
17 a
Haadlton, New York.
Dear Dr.
-' Clyde A. Tolson, fJY .Assistant, haa Jast
refe1red. to :.ae a copy of your letter datted March 11,
1938 1. o.nd I did walilt to take this opportunity of ex....
;>resaing illY a.vpreciation for your coat1nued interest .tn
the Federal Dure&.u - of Inves-tigation aad m.,y adainistr&tion
of it.
'
Sincerely yours,
;.: ,-.
.- -- -- ---
C:Jw1 . . :: . . --
. '
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COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILT9N, N.Y.
PLACEMENT SUREAU
March 11, 1938
Mr. C. A. Tolson
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Department of Justice
Wasbington, D.C.
Dear Mr. Tolson:
I wish to thank you for the copy of your letter to Mr. Gault; also,
for the law enforcement bulletin.
Permit me to congratulate you on the accuracy with which you state the
as
13reatest admiration for Mr. Hqover and I am
the
fmpressed
with the support .he gets from ,Cummings 1!" ,\,J\.s_ ::a. of fact that
particular combination does a good in govern-
ment at a t lme when frankly I disagree portion
of the administration 1 s program.. ___ - -n.-ti':--r-
;;n
:gtP'"' .
Please keep me on the;::Jcail ng list for,. your ticles,
1/3 fi . dially yours_
7{ !YLf{ . Y' (!;.. "')"
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HAMILTON, N.Y.
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PLACEMENT BUREAU
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I was a article the other day, dealing
with the alay disease latah."
' I - .
There can be no doubt that people suffering from this disease develop
an abnormally high suggestibility. So much so that they are unable
to resist imitating the movements of those near them even if those
movements involve great physical danger such as thrusting their
hands in fire.
I hope to have the time to do a little more reading on this subject
and look up the best literature. If caused by some article of
diet or some deficiency in the diet, which would seem highly
probable, then it might be possible that the isolation of the
drug or diet in question might be extremely useful.
Cordially yours
w [)1>- 0
G. H. Estabrooks
.', ....
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Dr. :G e H.
Col($a.te VQtvera1ty
Jlew !ork
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<.t&.t$(1 4, 1938, $.U..i .Mvo cazefu.l.l.y
y -::ur in r:;--. .. ;.-...
the lnYeet.tgati::n ot :(tdDAping ..... _, J
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.
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PLACEMENT BUREAU
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAM I LTON, N.Y.
. ur. Tolco -- -- --- - -
il 'it. r. N a t .tn _______ __
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Department of Justice . i( -- - . -- -- j
Washington, D.c. f
Mr. ______ -. ---
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YpoLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
I am hoping that I will have the opportunity of varifying this claim. The
work with insulin at Marcy and Utica has stopped for the sunnner, but I will
be looking forward to an opportunity of testing this suggestability in the
fall. It seems to me a most interesting lead.
Cordially yours
0
w G. H. Estabrooks
- -.
Dr. G. H. Estabrooks
Placellent Bureau
Colgate University
HUlilton, New York
Sincerely yours,
.- . ' ..
-_,;:_ - . - - - -- -7
. ' '
i :_':;:::::=::
- _:.. . -: : .:: . -----
E'"
PLACE:MENT BURE:AU
\ . \
Dear Att. Hoover:
I a conditioner
a reprint from. t;rickson at
is very important. I have just received
Cordially yours
0Estabrooks
w
enc. --=--
G. H. . - _..,
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Dr. G. H. Estabrooea
Colgate Uaiversity
Haail ton, New York
Mr. I:Oflelf - - -
111181 G a n d y - - -
PLACEMENT BUREAU
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y. '-:: l
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September ? , 1938 li
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Cordially yours
"'-,..
'
w G.
ttECORDED
e$p>
COPIES DESTRpyp;p
83 OCT 15 1964
. '"' ..
!PCOtf
.
September 22, 19)8.
Dr. o. H. Jatabrook
Colcateh.l..-it.J
Haail ton, Jew York
.'
8ineerel7 ,-ours,
Yor the Director,
Harold Kathan
Assiatant Director
.. ,...... --...--
-
Mr. Notllan _ __
Mrl E. A. Tamm
Mr. Coli.,. _ __
Mr. Crowl _ __
Mr.Epn _ _ __ /IV]
Mr. roxworth _ __
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Mr.Ha _ _ _...._
Mr.LMt.. _ __
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Mr. Mcintire
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Mr. _ __ . .. - I
Mr.Traq _ __
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Mill Gand)r _ __
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PLACEMENT BUREAU
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
8
8 ocr 7 1964 6 . ,. ;,,
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTCN, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
waking individual can take ten volts, few can stand fifteen, a subject
in hypnotic trance can easily take sixty without any visible effect,
and T-have used as much as one hundred twenty. In either case, sixty
or one hundred twenty, the torture inflicted would be such that no
ordtnary human being could possibly stand it in the waking state.
I should think that it would be pretty simple to hitch up such an
arrangement--perhaps in connection with the lie detector or the psycho-
galvanic reflex--and then 1 simply as part of the technique 1 after induc-
ing anaesthesia in the hand proceed to test it by this means.
In my own opinion and I know that Dr. Cutten agrees with me here,
this-trial by torture, so to speak, is the only effective we
have for hypnosis. Babinski years ago asserted that hypnotism could
be faked and that no one could tell the difference. He comes pretty
close being correct, but I don't think anyone can fake anaesthesia
to sixty or one hundred twenty volts going through the palm of his
hand with perfect contacts. If so, he is just plain good.
Cordially yours
-$1-f:li:('
w
a
G. H. Estabrooks
---.....--,-- - - --
' ' ..
' EPC:ON
62-39979; 1:J
r. o. H. . .tabl'Oda
Col-pte Vft1"Mr-11
H.-l.t..1 . . . Iel?k
Mr. Nathan
Mr. Ctasc _ __
Mr. Coller _ __
. ,.
Miss Gandy _ __
--- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - -- -
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BIISa1Al Octobor 7
62-399"79-73
l)xt. G. H.
Colgat Uft1Yr&it7
n..,JNilton, New York
Harold Iathan
Director
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PLACEMENT BUREAU
Cordially yours
8
0
G. H. Estabrooks
-
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EPC:MTG /
62-39979-74
II. I
o. :a. Ba\a,roeu
Colpta Uatratt7
Haailtea, . .. .. YJ'k
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Mt. Tamm
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Mr. Lester _ __
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HAMILTON, N. Y, :j Wfl' 'c. : , . .:;
,:
PLACEMENT aUREAU
' .. . '
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(6) From here on, it would seem to me that you would have to be
guided pretty well by the reactions of the subject, but I think
there is one pretty obvious attack. The hypnotic subject loves
show an excellent memory for past events and is always
to display it. Vii thout touching on the actual crime and so
arousing any latent powers of resistance, a great deal of inf
tion might be picked up about the criminal and his associates
simply by having him stage a memory exhi'bitio'ri as to where he
or what he was doing last July 4, hl.st Washington's Birthday,
or last Cl1ristmas day.
Cordially yours
'0
G. H. Estabrooks
------
-- m&S:IAL
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w . .tloa a...U.blt
Illtl...... and. I jMt. wnt.S to
that. I cSo &ppNOia'tt your ldtW tMa
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JO'lf'tt
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DEC 1-1939
Ni:) '
. .
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
4.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
November 28, 1938
'1
has pretty 1nell been discarded. As a matter of fact, I am
quite certain it is of no use.
Cordially yours
.. -
VI G.
EEOORDED
INVESTIGATION
' L-6
From: Laboratory
-- __t P.
Please ,ffandle - - - -
Route to #l Examiner ________
FEDERAL U
OF
INVESTIGATION
------------b6
b7C
See Me - - - - -
Please
Route to #1 Examiner----
11-25-38
L. B. Nichols.
tJ L-6
-
INVESTIGATION
From: Laboratory
----..--------
E. P. COFFEY
Route to #l _____
- , .
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
Room 42:36
,.J 19:38.
Phone 245
256
TO: Director
___ Mr. Tolson
___ Mr. Nathan _ _ _ Mr.
___ Mr. Clegg _ _ Mr.
_____ Mr. E. A. Tamm _ _Mr.
_____ Mr. Foxworth Henneberger
___ Mr. Egan ___Mr. Quinn Tamm
____ Mr. Glavin ___ Mr. Tracy
_ _ _ Miss Gandy ___ Files Section
___.Mr. ___Mail Room
_____ --=Supply Room
RECORDS SECTION
Holloman ME
___.Mr. Mathis _____Miss Cunningham
___Mr. McCabe ___Miss Lurz
_____ Mr. McGuire _____.NOTE & RETURN
_____.Mr. Suttler _____.FOR APPROPRIATE
___M.r. ACTION
--A-........xEND FILE
--L-.-B-.-N-i_c_h_o_l_s_.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N, Y,
. . -:.:.1 . ______ __
( Mr. J. Edgar Hoover
Fede r al Bureau of Investigation :
l . -: :!
: .... ,_ .... .
- ...
Department of Justice
Ylashington, D.c. ; .-......-. . .
'
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VI G. H. Estabrooks
.,
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Jc.nw: ry ::.939
..
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SinceriHy your.s,
For the [..:..rector
Clyde Tolson
Assistant Director.
c 0 p y (gmr)
AMERICAN
New York
Dear Hoover:
AGI:g
PLACEMENT BUREAU
" ,
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
February 6, 1939
- -
iPClOif
ob-YR'!?-79
Dr. G. a.
Xstabrook.s
Placement Bur&au
Colgate t1n1Tel"sity
Haailton, Mew York
' '
Mr. ctesc - - - -
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Mr. eJaYin - - -
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PLACEMENT BUREAU
February 13, 1939
Mr. J. Edgar Hoover
Department of Justice
Washington, D.C.
/ Dear Mr. Hoover:
w G.
.,_,_ fEB 14 '1939 \
&
lNDE"KEU
;J, l. 11 l' o:::r oF Jli'JI,._.r- .
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EPC:ON
62-39979-80
Dr. o. 18'H.brocMcl
Ooli&te tm1vri
Haa.il'kn, lw lork
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Mr.T,_. _ __
"''- ---
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
'
PLACEMENT BUREAU
February 24, 1939
Cordially yours
w G. H.VEstabrooks
RlllCORDED
&
..
-+ -
StJill Becli, Newsgor of "The
'1 uver V . ;o uve r, n
.: / of. h ef of pos s1- b d ty
people mentaily.
"'/ r;:1!})erime_._nts .and
C9nV7-nce
:istem would be invaluable adjunct
ih investigative work. Sets forth
j a ri 01!s on which he ha s"
..,xp e r men tea
'
THE 'VANCOUVER
SuN
"BRITISH COLUMBIA'S HOME NEWSPAPER"
VANCOUVER CANADA
April 2 '3
I
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,/
'-(' EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT STRICTLY PERSONAL
\
X"\
'-'Mr. J.
F.B.I., Washington, D.C.
.RECORDED
Dear Mr. Hoover: &
INDEXED
May I suggest that you lay this letter aside,
at leisure later. It deals with a phase of inves
far untried by police departments. I prefer, the
you digest it when unharassed by routine duties.
The fact that I am (and have been for many
of a newspaper of nearly 100,000 circulation should indicate
that I am quite sane. Yet I claim that it is (without
leaving the room) to "shadown a person, to re-trace vents that
have transpired at distant ynmmtuD places, and to draw,, onfessions
from the minds of people miles away without the confessors being
aware that they are divulging secrets.
Periodically (in the very limited time at my disposal) I have
conducted experiments along these lines for the past three years.
It is upon these actual experiments that I have reached the con-
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT
- --
an easily identifiable piece of bush at the junction of two roads.
Amato was to be on the spot at 4 p.m., then return to Vancouver
and visit a theatre at ? p.m., keeping his mind on the film in an
effort to avoid telepathy.
At ?.30 p.m. I hypnotised a subject (a young man) and "sent" him
to the piece of bush referred to, giving him landmarks to guide him.
He reached the spot (without, of course, leaving the room.) I then
said: "Go back to 4 o'clock this afternoon.u He replied: 1JI am there;
it is 4 o'clock." He then described .Amato, said he dug a hole on
the north side tree (giving type of tree and distance from road);
tore three strips of' bark perpendicularly off another tree (giving
type of tree, south side, etc.); tied a rag around the lower branch
of another tree (with details of tree); buried a tin can (location
of burial given), etc. He also draw a map.
I later contacted Amata who gave me a written statement of his
actions. They tallied with the statement given by this subject ex-
cept that the "rag" was a handkerchief. The subject also stated
that wmmmm the hole dug by Amato was filled with water. Amato said
no water seeped into the hole when he dug it.We- visited the spot and
found it full of water. And so forth.
4.--Discussing the subject with a member of parliament he said:
"You have never been in my home. Here's the address. See if you can
describe the interior of my house tomorrow." Next day I gave him
sufficient information that thoroughly convinced him, such as: nThere
are three watermarks on the ceiling of the front room; the chesterfie
runs diagonally towards the front window; the toilet upstairs is sep-
frate from the bathroom; there is also a toilet in the basement; the
are two long strips of glass down the side of the inner front door;
at 5 o'clock your wife was in the kitchen preparing dinner, etc. etc.
(The subject I used for this test was a poor one.)
These are random results of many, but sufficient to indicate the
possibilities if one had time to select proper subjects and time to
develop them. I have not the time, sometimes letting three months
elapse before I have an opportunity renewing the
However, if you are interested, shall be glad to outline the process
more fully or answer any questions. 1
Yours faithfully
. EPO:EG
..Q@" SJU!44!!i 6
i,: \ .\ '1,. April 28, 1939
... . ... . .
o. !T.
Colgate Un1Yero1ty
Ran1lion, New York
''
-
.'
ao, 1939
J. Edgar HooYer
Federal ot Investigation
Department ot Juat1oe
Wa_shingtoj":\ Dllc.
EPC:MTG
62-39979-82
Dr. G. B. lletabl'O&k
Deparbent ot .Parchology
Colga\e Un1'fetr
Hamil ton. llaw Yol'k
.,........
Mr. Cl - - - -
.,.....,. ___
c.u.,. - - -
Mr.o,.. t _ __
____
Mr P'exwertft _ __
........"---
......
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Mr. Melntlre _ __
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Mr. T"--
, ---
IIIIIa-d _ __
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
May 1, 1939
cordially yours
J) b6
b7C
\'--W G. H. Estabrooks
;/
//
/!
1\c .,f''' ._-/'
"'
!' J
COPIES DESTROY'BD \)
83 OCT 7 1964
------
....
May 1, 1939
Dear Wells:
.,, .
, .
' '
.; .
EPC:ON
6.2-39979-83
UECORDED.
June l, 1939.
Dr. G. H. lstabroolr:a
Colgate Un1vera1ty
H&lliltoo, New York
''
lit. Tolson
I
Mr. E. A. Tmm
Mr. Clesa ,.,.. _______ _
i"""
Mr. Coffey - - ...
srr.'f7:T''
Mr. Crowl -------
Mr. -------------
Mr. F'oxworth JUt.J 1 - 1939
Mr. HartJe
Mr. Lester --
Mr. Mcintire
Mr. Nichol
Miss Gandr - - - - - - - - -
' COLGATE UNIVERSITYr.
HAMILTON, N. V,
PLACEMENT BUREAU
May 22, 1939
Mr. J. Edgar Hoover
Department of Justice
0 Washington, D.C.
Dear Mr. Hoover:
I enclose two copies of a letter I am sending to Dr. M.HtRrickson,
Eloise State Hospital, Eloise, Michigan. He has just subbitted to
\ me a manuscript listing 31 oases or, shall we say, unethical
t suggestions to various people. All his results are at sharp
variance with those of Rowland. As soon as he publishes this, I
t\
will take care that you either get a reprint -
....
-...::
'
w
enc. G.
.!
I
I
I
(.(j
./
--==.
22. 1939
Dr. M. H. H.r1okaon
State Hoap1ial
Ti!ld.H; :: iohSan
Denr
! am Nburn1ng your -.naor1pt. !be work 11 11y the moat a1gnl
t1oant tbat baa been 4oae 1n thi :t114. ln 1 op1n!.on
write it up nota.- .. " 1a without rouraelt too.
ahoul4
to. tbe a1gn1t1&110e ot' t':acta In -other wo:ra 1 I would get a good
t
anobo.J' '" ' to 1-.a
I baYe a nrr atrong auap1o1on that
marq or tM: re1ulta an really eoatingent on the peraonality ot
t11e operatott
For '.l
.. . oont..-t ve,.,.. a..f1nltel7 1f'1tb .tho ot Rn.1. and.
Another to mo: --17 the reaul ta on tbe ergograpb .
obtained b7. 111........ 1114 'ftll.._.. t tb1nk I ba\te tba two
The sharp oon-..t obk1M4 b7 tbtft'bo 11rftst1gatora it aeeme to
me, H.n pPo'bably beat be explained the baa1a ot mot1Yat1on. S1d1a,
I reoell, malDta tb1a rnt1on 1D ot h1a boob, pointing
that 1ritb tbe ._. ubj he oulcl Main Wl'J' degreea ot
cu.'
aoqu1eaoen.. nl7 bJ' -.nging bla, . . . \f4 V01M
Of' cour a 1 ltaft pOlDHcl eut: my sul)4r1or 11 Dr. Cuttt
the teohtilque 7ou uae S.a abow ill tbe tohniqu.e I would aYo14
1n the part1oulal" 1r1pe ot orbtinal in wbicb. you happen to
be moat 1nt.,..at.4. Wben teN 1ilto oont11ct witb the will
ot tbe aubJeot I would alwaya lbat Hotlulte would be :more or
leas. l1ke yaup owa. Pol' that reaaon I wa.a .-..h aurpr1aed with Row
land
either to ban aU.ntd. illne41atel7 w .. ,.tiaft
Frankl1 I WOQ.ld hve 18cte4 b1a,,e:ttb.Seota
beha,...cl.l'lore lib your
own. nut t'aota at-e taota. I will be .Uob 1nterestod.tto aee h1a
further work. y
'
,.o.;, .
-:. \\
. I
..
I
I
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
'f'-, .. '
_,_,... Mr. J. Edgar Hoover
Department of Justice
Federal Bureau of Investigation
VJashington, D.C.
I am a little afraid you will feel that abnormal psychology has finally
gone to my head when you read this. Please do realize that I don't take
' myself too seriously with this particular proposition. I merely submit
it for what it is worth. Your knowledge of the actual situation will
decide whether it is worth anything or absolutely nothing. I suspect it
is the latter.
/
You probabl recall the details of the experiment b Rowland in the January
issue of the ournal of Abnormal and Social Psycholo y. Startling sort of
thing wherein using Invisible glass, he demonstrated that the subject would
reach for an gry rattle snake or would throw sulphuric acid in the experi-
menter's face. Evidently an uncontrolled impulse which he simply cannot re-
sist. Frankly I would not have thought it possible had not an experimenter
of Rowland's.ability obtained such results.
Please don't think that I take this subject too seriously, but, if there
could be any basis of fact in it, and I see no reason why it is impossible,
then obviously the further implications are pretty serious. If a man could
do this with a submarine, he might do the same with a battle ship.
Cordially yours
w G.
' Of
JUN 21 193g
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y. -
June 2?, 1939
On second thoueht, 1.Ii th your perrn.ission, I will follotr un my former letter with
a more Cietailed analysis of the situation. Of course, rdo not for one r1.oment
imae;iu.e this is what happened to the three submarines, but it is something nhicb.
)Jj<:;ht very easily have happened.
In my fermer notes I have pointed out the fact that it is very easy to introduce
hypnosis by a discuised method, under the front of the psycho-ralvanic
reflex cr a.'\7 othGr piece of !JSycholocical a:!)paratuc. m-m lie detector nould
the V!)ry best possible smoke screen behind r:rhich to carr:,r 0::1. It is then
easy to all knowledt;e of ever havinc; been hy-pnotized and rna::-e it i:m-
po:ssitl;:; for anyone else to hypnotize that particular suuject.
let us suppose that I have :::;uch a subject a:J.d 1narl: you thsy c.re very easy to
t;et. 'I'he rate 5.s about one in five of the average population, and hy;::;notis.-c is
simple in th3 ha..'1ds of an expert, so will tlill.'l'i ':TG hs.ve m;}r
)_ .. In this case it -v.ras an b:tnerican seahan. -
j:
,.,
I -'(ihen inpress upon him that he is aidint:; .11e in some very il'li>O:rtant experi:.len-'Gs
for the Intellic;ence Depa1tr:.ent and thr::.t I need his fullost cooperation. I nould
\..J)
N further expla::l.n that I aLl tryinc; to impress upon you folks the real danger vrhich
HJ.ic;ht arise from hypnotism in warfa:re and that his cooperation will be absolutely
'--.L. .
necessa:cy in the experiment which I am novr about to propose.
J
{
I then tall him in the post-hypnotic suggestion thsi; fou:c minutes after the sub-
uarine su.br,lere;es on June 1 he vJi.ll suddenly have an irresistable i:.roulse to thro-n
$vri tch A. I Rnow nothine about submarines but Svri tch A THill of course be something
nhich v,rill produce a serious accident.
D'"'
I have my assistant present and ex-plain to him that of course I am no fool. 31'Ji tch .A
will have been disconnected, shnrt circuited, orsomethine;, so that nhe.n he does
throw Switch A nothing v:hatave:r :nill happen. He is simply demonstrating an experi-
ment. It vlill be actuated by t1Je mcst rs.t;:ri.oti.c1 of .. ....,_..-..,
Switch b question. Rl1JCO:aDEDtJ.illll'fl!' ' {?Z,39f. a-}5
Under these I a:m. 9-uite that the :.,-!
the operator vrh1.ch seems to go 1.n the hypnot1.c state Yrould do JU!:liti!:as:J.:-suggested . !: !
.At any rate, I nould certainly not like to be aboard the submarine :
ft . 0.
;f'
. ----- .
w G. H.
- --- ., ....!
,.
EPC:ON
62-39979-
J\Jl.y 1.2, 1939
..
-'!J,!I$. ,,. I
J)r 11 G laut>J!'OOU
flaoaent BUl"e&U
Colp.te UnivJ'ait7
H..Uton, JIH JOI'!t
SECTION
*, tv\ AILED
JUL 1 2 1939 *
! COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N, Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
- Federal
Mr. J. Edgar Hoover
:Mttf
FEDERAL BUREAU Of
1 Department
Bureau of Investigation
of Justice
I
JUL 10
Washington., D.C.
U. S. OF JJSTICE
w G. HPEstabrook;'
-------
WGB:MTG:ON
62-39979-87
Dr. G. H. ll.ttt.brooka
Oolpte Vnj.Yftl"Ltr
. H..Uton, liM York
' '
Nathtoll ___.__ _
Mr E. A. Tamm
i
Mr. ctesa _ _ __
Mr. COlley - - - - -
Mr. c r o w - -
I SECTION
Mr.Eaan _ _ _
I
Mr. Foxworth _ _
(*
I ...
2 4 1939 * \
......... ---
Mr. Lester _ __
t
' i'>.M.
ilUI!fAU UF INVEST!fiATION. .-
\' \ \ '
\..
Mr. Mcintire U, S, ClEI'ARTMOn Of IUS liCE
\ ._/
. 1
Mr. Traq
Miss Gand)l
--------------------
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
Most yours,
!1 .
G. H. Estabrooks.
GHE:J
.::::. ;;
'WGB:ON
62-39979-88
nr. G. He lttt&roota
Colsate
H..U tea, ifew Ion
' '
Mr. Tol.on - - - -
Mr. Clell - - - - -
Mr. Coftev - - - - -
Mr.Crowr _ _ COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
Mr. Epn - - - - - - - MAfLED
*
Mr. roxwortll _ __
Mr. Olavln _ __
Mr. Harbo _ _ _
Mr.Leoter _ __
l*
I
I
P.UG - :j iS39
Mr. Mcintire _ _
\
Mr. N i c h O l l - - -
Mr. Trac)' - - - - - - -
MISS ---
' '
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(}
G. H. Estabrooks.
GHE:J
JUL 31 193'9
_;u. s;. __
...
WC:NVID
bi-)9979-89
Dr. o. H. zatabrooklt
Plac8111Clt Buru
Co)&ata Urli.....,..it;r
Jtailton, ...., fork
'' yours,
t hn>. .... j
: ,, ;:.
'
o o ,,poo
:
. .
S. A.. TnmiL ....
: '
1 'Sr. Clc1!1':" . . ...
t
1 -.: .
;.J.:. c;;urr,-,y .. . . .. .. . . .
t J{x.l. - - - -- - ----
t: Glavin-- - ------- -
'f Crowl.. : ...... ..
! Nic. Ha!bo .... ..... ..
iI ?.Ir. Lester ........ .. . * AUG 1 7 1939 *
.i'tlr . Lawlor
}lllr. Nichols .. .. . ... ..
----
""""
F01\At IWI!F.AU 1Jf lHVfSfliUTIO'I
I .Mr. Rosen .......... . lJ S.. OtPAIII MHIT (II
I Mr. S cars .... .. . .... .
t Mr. Quinn T a mm .. ..
i 1\ir. Tracy .......... ..
c :-no s Ga>P.Y- .... .... .
[;...... ............ .... ..
--r
,, COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
PLACEMENT BUREAU
August 2, 1939
Dear I/ r. Hoover:
Results seem to be very good but frankly I would think it a much more clumsy
piece of appara tus than the lie detector which you folks .........
RECORDED & 'fld t /_ Q.OO ?4'--- ----: --
Cordially yours : _ _/ _- 31,.-
rYv k f :._,p! ._.. : .
w C1q_, ; ,'' If.' H. 0
Estabrooks AJ& ' .,..;
\) I' - ..-
. .....-. _.__
l-)Y . ...,, -- '
EPC:ON
62-)9979-90
Deoeaber 5, 19)9.
Dr. G. H. latabrooka
Placeaent Bureau
Colgate
H.U\on, New Ion
Sincerely yours,
''
....
..... Ntltflall - - -
Mr.c---
llr. Ladd _ _ _
' -"'
Mr. _ __
Mr.I!Pn _ _ __
11121'. eualn ._ __
Mr. crvwt _ __
COMMUNICATIONS -SECTIOI\
IV'. t- ff r '.: .-,
l
. t::: .- H
*f
/ Mr. Hartle _ __
Mr. L..ter _ __
* DEC -5 1939
I
I
............ __
Mr. Mendon _ __
M. f \
_;,_..
FEDERAl CF f \
Mr. R o s e n - - - - l. u. s. Dc:'t.nH1ENT oF ,
.,
;'
Mr. &ears_;___ _
___
. ,.. _...,--&....-
lllr. 'fracp
PLACEMENT BUREAU
- -----
the P1'obl$ilt to see ff it is !)OSsible for a prior hypn6t1st to keep infer..,.
mat1on fr01tt. later hypnotist, tHe subject being the Se>me for
E a;nd tt)
rurther 1. f the retrdnec ern then be :re :.ayed toa. th1ra
\\pOrt a cue lndl.crted t!Jo ;rior 1ypuotist..
A. tul)jeo.t* known to fall easily into .:lee;, hypnosis Wl::.S into the ...
. ... r!"f
...'.. .CI.. of
t.pp!'oaeh !. t. ens. 1.bly toTnis done \andl"'.wEae.
tn my hlm. a,t
ofhaste todt.f.fe.re
develop s.t.
.. f1.1t them ..o. f.
,.)tOiled the negati.ve and e.ll. ;.1ictures in connection .t'fith tb.e e:xperip:tettt , ..- ....._.,
l.o.st);. the canv,.ra was in and .thf: subject even helped to arrange t.be
n:" t"or the ictures.
R1{mrt
While the subjflitet wes aslee;; the prior hypnotist (Roll+land.) first
-t:i 1)S al:)ou t tha. r s finger 15. He bites .tJtem 2 s have nis fr: tiler
,mother him. He dies ntYt remember ever having seen ,is uother and
rather 'l-ith. nails.that.were long enough to be trimraed. kest pr
l(ypnot1 st i:n the him raateri&lly t:o rid 'u J,mself of th. e ha
<.tf bi'ttng 1.1s natLs, bUt the case ts a stubborn _s.Qd at LO tirre <ltd t,e
l,Qnger than siY we<elts without biting them back to tlie"soft of the
.fingers
. I rt,r these s.uggestions about the billill.g, the follow.ing
tKtok flece:
do you.Kk:now ma.ilf ai:r;craft the different ne-
tinns havet -
...
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.
n$"';rio:r;: hypp'.t i:st f'o:r.gptt .to
."l. ' ,.. ; . . ;.. :.. .' . , .: . : ., ;. r:. ' -.. . . ,.'$:
". . , . . . .
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; :_: ./ . ne:ver the . ..undE
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, .. :-:'';-: Ailother. c $:\ltiol.'l. to: .. .th.e .:iatter.: .. :: . .
.--': ' lt,y'J?n0ti .s t .,
hypnotist t,o: .. effort. to
arid
.. . .:f or- s w:e \ WC.Ul:\.l .c.a:u ?e . 't;hc.:, .9:Ub:j e.c.t : forget . '
,. ... tP.at h<;td_, ,a;;-.td. .the kincr or:
.-110.. t1ight: rr.om the hynnotist. .:> :.'. .. .. .., . .
:. . , . < . : : ' . ..,,. \.:::, <,.. ..,,, .. ..... ..,. : .\, . . .. ,_ ,. . ..
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.,
Mr. a. H. iatabrooka
Placeaent .Bureau
. Colgate U'n1 Tersi ty
Hamil ton, In tork
corud.derat.ion.
' ' Sincerely yours,
Mr.
"P"---
Mr. Gta\fln _ __
Mr. NlohOIO - - -
Mr. Hondon _ __
Mr,Traey _ __
Mlooaandl> _ __
Jl
PLACEMENT BUREAU
Dear Mr.Hoover:
May I again trouble you on my old thing? I make the following statement fully
aware of the serious implications which it contains. I myself am quite con-
vinced that the explosion at the Hercules Powder Plant could have been arranged
by a good hypnotic subject, properly placed vnth the proper orders. I
believe there is good evidence that such a subject could commit such a crime
even if it resulted in his own death as it very probably would.
Cordially yours
w G.
Please note an article in PSYilliOLOGY, 1941, XI, 63-102 by W.R.Wells,
Syracuse Univ., "Experiments in the Hypnotic Production of Crime." If this isA.
not at hand, it can be obtained as a separate publications from Professor Wells.
\
(Reprinted from
'i"
"J.,. was then asked to write his name. In doing this he omitted the
"-:-.,; \ vowels and substituted the numeral '10' for the letter ']',
i declaring emphatically as he completed this task that something
was wrong.
Assuming in the interpretation of hypnotic productions as in
the interpretation of dreams, that every trivial detail has mean-
ing, the assistant sought to secure from the subject an
!)I
NO:r RECORDED
/
r
52
- MILTON H. ERICKSON AND LAWRENCE S. KUBIE
explanation both of his use of the numeral ten, and of his
comment that something was wrong. The subject wrote the
letters 'N' and 'F' and the numerals '7', '7', '8' and 'g' auto-
matically in his effort to explain these phenomena, apparently
Offering them as an adequate explanation of everything. Dis-
satisfied, the assistant demanded a more understandable written
explanation. This resulted in still more abbreviated and
cryptic automatic writing; and further requests produced
merely a repetition of that writing, despite the assistant's efforts
to compel some alteration of the written characters by active
physical interference.
External circumstances then terminated the interview at this
point but not before the subject had demonstrated his com-
plete lack of any conscious understanding of what his written
'explanation' meant, or of what the 'mistake' had been, and
whether it was the substitution of a '10' for the 'J' in his written
name.
After the subject left, the investigator came into the labora-
tory and while he and his assistant were puzzling over the
cryptic writing, a second subject, Alice, entered the laboratory
.and showed an immediate interest in the problem. This sub-
ject has the rare capacity to develop spontaneous hypnotic
trances during which she functions adequately in whatever
situation she finds herself. Upon awakening from them she
has .no awareness of her trance activities. Because of her
interest in the problem, she was given an outline of the essential
facts and the writing was shown to her by the assistant who
then departed leaving this second subject, Alice, to puzzle over
the writing with the investigator.
Thereupon Alice developed a series of spontaneous trance
states interspersed with ordinary waking states. In the trance
states she interpreted the writing item by item and explained it
step by step to the investigator who maintained essentially a pas-
sive, receptive role. This passive role was forced upon the investi-
gator by the brevity of the spontaneous trances, the difficulty
of trying to carry on a conversation with her at all, and the
necessity constantly to meet her at two different levels of
..
54
MILTON H. ERICKSON AND LAWRENCE S. KUBIE
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
f
FIGURE 3
\/tp, r
\
": FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5
\
RROTOCOL I
\ First Week
Subject T. L. was told while in a hypnotic trance to forget the
vowels of the alphabet but not the fact of their existence.
Second Week
2 Subject T. L. was again hypnotized and told this time to
replace the seventh, eighth and ninth letters of the alphabet
(g, h, and i) with their respective numerals.
3 T. L. was then told that his name was 'Jack Young' and he
was asked to write it.
4 T. L. 'Wrote his name '10 ck Yng' (cf. Figure 1).
56
5
MILTON H. ERICKSON AND LAWRENCE S. KUBIE
Upon inspection of his writing, T. L. declared it to be incor-
rect, that the T was a mistake, and he became disputatious
when the assistant suggested that it might be correct.
6 The assistant asked, 'Is what you wrote correct?'.
7 T. L. wrote automatically the character 'N', which was inter-
preted by the assistant as a 'No', but this T. L. did not confirm
(cf. Figure 2).
8 The assistant asked if the writing was apparently incorrect.
9 T. L. wrote automatically the character 'F' which the assistant
interpreted as a 'Yes', but this again was neither confirmed nor
corrected (cf. Figure 3)
IO The assistant then asked why the writing was only apparently
incorrect.
11 T. L. wrote automatically the construction, '7 7 8 g', very
faintly and somewhat illegibly (cf. Figure 4).
,u The assistant asked that the explanation be rewritten plainly
and clearly and in a fashion understandable to both of them.
13 T. L. then added to the 'N' and the 'F' already written a
peculiar group of letters (cf. Figure 5). .
14 The assistant, after scrutiny of this writing, asked T. L. to
rewrite on another sheet of paper his explanation in a more
clearly understandable and readable fashion.
15 T. L. complied with this request by producing a second
graphic construction, essentially a repetition of the previous
one, ignoring and resisting as he did so the assistant's attempts
to compel an alteration of the writing by forcibly moving the
paper while T. L. was engaged in his task (cf. Figure 6).
16 No further verbal explanation of the writing was obtained at
this time except an argumentative repetition of his previous
declaration that the written name contained a mistake namely,
the use of 10 for J. External circumstances then brought the
interview to an end.
PROTOCOL II
Entrance of Alice
1 The written name was exhibited to Alice by the assistant,
and a rapid explanation was given of the posthypnotic sug-
..
9
MILTON H. ERICKSON AND LAWRENCE S. KUBIE
The investigator accepted this reading unquestioningly, but
asked what the 'th' meant, since it appeared in both ofT. L.'s
written explanations.
10 Alice first explained with the single word 'sign', but finally
declared that it was connected 'by the sign', which she identi-
fied by gesture as the line underneath the 'th', with the second
character of the written explanation and that it 'explained'
the 'mistake'.
11 Alice's explanation: The second character reads 'T', 'F', '4',
and 'for', but in relation to the 'th' it also reads '7' 'G'
is the seventh letter of the alphabet. 'G' should be written
as '7' 'G' is written 'G' in the name, hence, 'G' is a mistake.
12 The investigator then asked Alice to read aloud the written
explanation, which she did as follows: 'Not letters; numbers
for letters; not 7; seventh letter; 7 in place of letter', and as
this explanation was read, Alice declared that there was a
concealed '7' in the word 'lttrs', an item which had been con-
sistently overlooked by the investigator.
13 As an additional explanation, Alice added, ' "7'' should be in
the place of the letter "G" in the name, but a mistake was
made and "G" was written. So to explain what he meant
by "a mistake", "7'' is written here [pointing to the concealed
"7" in the character "lttrs"] so that you can see that there is
really a "7'' in the place of "letters" where you should read it,
but where you really read just "lttrs".'
14 The investigator asked if there were any further explanation
of the 'th' since 'H' is the eighth letter.
15 Alice explained, 'It is a sign. You read "7-th" not 7-t-h.' To
this was added, 'Not mistake like "G". It [th] is a sign.'
16 The investigator then raised the question of 'G' becoming the
fifth letter of the alphabet with the vowels omitted. Alice
explained that 'G' could not be the fifth letter because the
difficulty about the T had definitely established 'G' as the
seventh letter.
17 Alice was then asked about the letter 'K'. Again she explained
that the establishment of the letter T as number '10' pro\'ided
a point of orientation for all of the letters in the alphabet,
TRANSLATION OF CRYPTIC AUTOMATIC WRITING 59
PROTOCOL Ill
The next day
Subject T. L. reported to the investigator an 'amusing hyp-
nagogic experience' in which 'I remembered the whole situ-
ation. I had a complete conscious explanation at the time.
I was so sure of it, too; I wanted to argue. I said there was a
mistake. I remembered every little detail of that whole situ-
ation, and, at the same time, in that hypnagogic state I could
see the whole thing in an entirely different way. Half asleep
there, I could see my conscious understanding of that whole
situation and at the same time I could see my subconscious
understanding. The two were so different and I had been so
sure of my conscious understanding, but it really was all
wrong. I didn't have anything right in my conscious under-
standing at all, and yet I wanted to argue; I was looking for
an argument.'
_,.
-----, .. - ..Jit
60
MILTON H. ERICKSON AND LAWRENCE S. KUBIE
and that would make "G" the seventh letter just as "J"
was, so I just wrote the correct number for the letter "J".'
(d) Identification of the 'F' (Figure 2) as a 'T', an 'F', a '4'
and as 'for' followed by its identification as a '7' as
described in Item 5, and by relating this explanation to
the clarification of the 'mistake' contained in the letter 'G'.
(e), Declaration that there should be a '7' in addition to the
one contained in the second character of the written
explanation, to be read with the 'th' as 'seventh letter'.
(f) Discovery of the concealed '7' and the reading of the
message as 'Not letters, numbers for letters, not 7, seventh
letter, 7 in place of letter'.
(g) Clarification of the question of the 'K' and the 'H' in the
same fashion as Alice had done.
(h) Discovery of the pun on '4' and 'F' contained in the second
charaCter of the written explanation, since previously he
had regarded the 'F' as a simple abbreviation for 'for'.
7 Declaration that the four digits, illustrated in Figure 4, con-
stituted a similar but less satisfactory explanation than the
writing in Figure 6.
8 Explanation that Figure 6 differed from Figure 5 only because
of the assistant's interference. Alice had declared them to be
identical in meaning.
Discussion
I. The main event of this unplanned and unexpected experi-
ence is in itself worthy of record for it is an arresting fact that
one human being while in a dissociated trance-like condition
can accurately decipher the automatic writing of another-
writing which neither of the two subjects was able to decipher
while in states of normal consciousness. The observation
stresses from a new angle a fact that has often been emphasized
by those who have studied unconscious processes but which
remains none the less mysterious-namely, that underneath the
diversified nature of the consciously organized aspects of the
personality, the unconscious talks in a language which has a
62
MILTON H. ERICKSON AND LAWRENCE S. KUBIE
Young'. .
It is possible that a highly charged rebellion against the
implantation under hypnosis of this alternative personality,
struggling with a coexistent attitude of passive submission
to the authority of the hypnotist may account for several
things: the exaggerated tempest, the curiously evasive quality
of some of the replies; the ambiguities (as if he did not
know whether to correct the error or not) the elements of
malicious humor, the literal-mindedness, the hiding. All. of
this seems to indicate that, both in the automatic writing and
in the subsequent efforts to translate it, the subject is struggling
simultaneously to explain and to hide his meaning. In sup-
port of this hypothesis there is one possible explanation of the
writing, which neither subject offered although it is a rather
obvious alternative: if N equals 'not'; and if F is also a 'T',
and if we consider that the first letter of the following group
of letters is L ,then the first three letters would read 'not T. L.'-
in other words, not the subject's own initials.
It may well be that if we knew enough about the sub-
ject, T. L., and the identifications which must make up the
basis of the structure of his whole personality, that this
otherwise mysterious little episode would then become quite
understandable.
. a L87
OF INVESTIGATION
__Director
_ _Mr.La.dd
_ _Mr. H. H. Clegg
__ Mr. Na. than
_ _Mr. E. A. Tamm
_ _ Mr. Tols 1n
_ _Mr. Gla in
_ _Mr. H don
_ _Mr. nne berger
Tamm
_ _ Si gle Fingerprint
ief Clerk
tenographer
__Files
_Mr.
fR, :,__
__wn, E. P. COFFEY
--'-
/
/
... ........5
!h' G. H .. Es ta'll7:oo.k3
.. '
I iif.i.ah tc thank yo\l for f\.u:nishing ma,
-vdt.b you:r letter of .30, 1940, a copy
of the by D:t. Y
f. R. Wells of Syracuse
Univf.JriSity.
Yom.. views and tha m. ticle have been
l't;l{d with u.uch
'' ..,.
lllr,To""'"---
J 1.1hn Edgar Hoover
lJill!ctox
lllr, _ __
Mr, E, A, T8111DI-
.
..
lilr. c:lea - - - - . ,.
Mr. Ladd - - - -
Nr, C l i f f - - - -
lllr, ICID - - - -
rer.a....,tn _ __
.... J._____ r-:---
COMMUN/Cir
Lqter _ _ __ M . IONS SEcrt()Nl
Mr. Mcintire _ __
41
L.o I
ocr -117 ...: ,
i
____
Mr, Nlcbels - - -
R . . 940
..........
Mr. Pe.11111en _
fEDERAL 81 '11< P
u '
1\1,
,, trv
.
s. DfPAHrfrf , '' AT/QII
FN. ,, 1 J . !!!f
:.__.''ICE
.... . ;.; .,
. . .. ., COLGATE UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, N.Y.
-/
..-' "' , ... Mr. J. Edgar Hoover
...
Department of Justice
:.,;.. Washington, D.C
..;.,
... Dear Mr. Hoover:
v
I take the liberty of forwarding you an article by Dr. W.
It seems to me that this article is extremely significant.
,._ & lN:OEXIiYOa../
I suggest that iA. you and our military people are
/ .:tmethical process as\Jrtypnotism and insist on modern war as a c
J . ., .........._
. .r". don't think we have any right to presume that the totalitarian
, \V' . ,:: worried over any such scruples. In this case it would seem to
our anti-air craft defences in order, so to speak.
I '
Cordially yours
G. :HPEstabroolCS
'
, , ,.. '
: ..
Illeberal i.Gureau nf llnuestigatinn
lltniteb tales ilepartment nf .Yusti.ce '
San Diego, California
December 27, 1941
Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, D. C. 'I
/.
RE= G.
Military Use
Dear Sir:
Attached hereto are copies of a communication
received from Mr. G. H. Estabrooks of Colgate University,
whom the Bureau knows in connection with experiments in
hypnotism.
H. NATHAN
Special Agent in Charge
-t'i
Enclosure .: .
..
..
., , .... '
HN:mb "
-
: ;
' . .
SECT\ON
' I ,M A .'l L E D .
'JAN- 28 1942 *
1- BUR::U INVESTIGATION
U. S. 'DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
COPY/wmb
COLGATE UNIVERSITY
Hamilton, N.Y.
Placement Bureau
..
... '
Mr. Harold Nathan
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, D . c.
Dear Mr. Nathan:
Cordially yours,
/s/ G. H. Estabrooks.
G. H. Estabrooks
COPl.CS .OES-fltOyq
\
ocr ',..
---------------
-"' 'f> 1\ tl,,
G2/CI
FilM
I
WAR DEPARTMENT
M.l. D.
febrnard'E ] 4. ]942
. ' . . ( .ate)
Subj act: l'eaUt.l etteet Gn eaplo;r
Summary of Information:
'
..
Tlle t-ollowiq letter forward.e4.' to this office from a con-
fidential aouree ia que'ied tor your intenu.tion:
Previous Distribution:
IJ:t:;)/:J ((j/11
,.,U source
'
-o'f information
AG, Congrell -------'-Reliable_____________
-------rCredible_____________
Distribution : ------+-Questionable__________
lr:lt 1JDC X ___.x__
owx
. / ft14t
1(:0UFI9EPITI 0 L
16-17097-1 GPO
: ,\
.' ,. 1 .r
Possible effect
Soae werk of 1II ft!l along this line havi:ag been encouraged
by the e.,_emrealth Club, I shall .greatly appreciate your sug-
geations for pre-Tailiug upon the GeTeraent to tive inforaation
to enable the Ameriean Publie better to preteet itaelf againat
aueh aboTe aeatlo:m:ed peufble attaeic:1. For reuona unnecessary
to atate ht:, I nee aueh suggestions.
Thank you for many paat favors.
...
- 2 -
. ., I
FPC:EUK
,,
b6
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...
I 'Wif!l1t to t.hank. rou for your l.t.ter o! Oc:toher t.,
194?, trantimit.tinc to me a treatiee which yt>U on the
or hypaotua with relation to delinqu.ency. This item
bu been tran9l.ated and r.d 'by our Laboratory e\at.f. It ie
blilll& plaoed in tbe .filee of t.he 'wuu tor poeaibl.e future
reference. I
._. ...
Address: b7C
\
I.
I
, ........... - ' -
-391lt.=r6::_,
. OLa." c 'lo . 0 ', ,. t
COPIES DESTROYED I
!
83 OCT 7 1964
.....
..
1. -PERSONAL MAGNETISM
2. - CONCEPT OF HYPNOTISM
6. - DIFFICULTIES IN PROCESS
7. - CAPACITY AND SAGACITY OF INVESTIGATORS AND AGENTS
ENCLOSURE
-PROLOGUE-
We have not forgotten the difficulties that may arise in the use
of hypnotism in police measures, but we give little importance to that
because in all times, police agents have come across and will come across
multiple difficulties in their investigation, for several known reasons:
interest created from society, fear, collective incompetence, distrust,
inequity, complicity, concealment, etc. and that is why we do not hesitate
or retrograde in solving the problem just as we expose it.
And finally, venerating the memory of the illusterous predecessors
of Cuba as well as of heroic France, we have followed in our studies the
footsteps of Richet, Guyay, and Foulle and the inspirations of the famous
criminolist Dr. Jose Antonio Gonzales Lunuza and other Cubans and contem-
poraries to whom we express immense gratitude.
Havana - September 1942.-
Signed: b6
b7C
.
PERSONAL MAGNETISM - Psychic phenomena has existed always through the ages.
EXPERIMENTS, AND RESULTS - From the start, the process has given magnificent
results, however not always with a chronometric exactness because this
element of investigation is auxilary and is used in connection with
others, therefore, the declaration of the hypnotized subject may later
be proven, by thorough investigations, witnesses, secret information
etc. in accordance with the police systems now used.
Hypnotism as a part of the general psychology, to the point that
it exists, has been applied in the development of medicine, and surgery
with great benefit.
The great achievements in'medical surgery at the present time
cannot be ignored, for example: in psychiatry as a cure for the insane,
abnormal, and partly insane; in legal medicine in application for the
';),
prevention of delinquency, and in criminal law all the contributions
that general psychology and medicine have given the juries, especially
to the preconizers of the positive school of Penal Right, for the
present codification of criminal matter that has .had so many advances
in the world at the present time. In our country, the Code of Social
Defense is an evident demonstration of our ascertaining.
There is something more in the matter of teaching; the infants
or the psychology of the child, or general psychology as
applied to the development of the childs mentality, known among
educators as pedagogical psychology, also it demonstrates the concate-
nation of these sciences, that all of them agree on this specific
point.
However we haveproposed only to put into practice
hypnotism, which, as we have said, is used in Paris, and has become
current in other parts of Europe and is practiced at present in
different Police districts of the cities of the United States of
North .America.
The problem in itself is very siple because its object is solely
to obtain through hypnotising a presumed delinquent or an effective
the narration of the acts be preformed during the hypnotic
dream produced by the police agent in charge of that effect.
SCIENTIFIC BASES - Vfe base our work not only on the laboratory experience
we have realized, but also on the opinion of a distinguished professor,
member of the school of Psychological studies of Paris, (Dr. Fulle)
who at the time we have referred previously, maintained the present
criteria; In accord with the means that place a subject in the state
of somnambulism, during the night without remembering the next day
the acts preformed by him and their consequences that is, following
the same psycho-physiological laws, inversely, in the dealing with
provoked which is nothing more than artificial somnambulism,
a subject under its effects can narrate while dreaming the events that
occured and the acts he has realized during a determined period of
time.
? ;.,
gain the confidence of those who may not see in the police agent an
enemy, but simple a guard of order, not capable of harming the moral
of one without a justified cause.
They say this supposing that in many cases the most rebellious
will refuse as is natural, as they did in France at the time of
administering the medicine, or the substance which is to serve as a
basis for the development of the investigation, and in
these cases i t is necessar.y to order them, with ability, to drink in
some way the stimulant, removing thusly apparent difficulties, which
are really of little importance because if that had been important it
would be impossible to put to practice the process; and the truth is
that the process is successfully practiced in certain parts of the
United States.
FRENCH SCHOOL IN LAW AND MEDICINE - Because of our Latin condition and
because of always having been inspired by the Cubans, since remote
times in French culture for the development of our scientific
activities specially in law and medicine, we wish to briefly signify
that in multiply treaties published in that country since the middle
of last century to the present, about the organization of Police
Forces, their functions, activities, structure etc. as much in what
is related to the agents of public order, as in what is related to the
commissioners and Secret Service agents or Special agents, we have
read with interest the processes employed in the persecution of
delinquency, in which scientific aspect from the Medical legal point
of view has always prevailed.
Habana, September, 1942
Signed: b6
b7C
Translated by:
Marie L. Carrasco
Oct. 27, 1942
je
) .. 'i'
.r
r ,
A_G{y lA R '36T
\_
_,.,- BABANA
EXPTE, NO. ---------------------
REPUBLICA DE CUBA
Distinguido sefior:-
Por la presente tengo elgusto de re-
.r;nitir a usted un estudio cientffico que acabo de reali--
zarsobre acerca de la Hipnosis y sus
tos en persecucion de la delincuencia", rogmdole me de
a conocer su opinion al respecto.-
Al propio tiempo quiero 1nteresar de
usted que -si lo tiene a bien y le es posible- me informe
los ultimos adelantos y sistemas en uso por esa Policia -
de Washil}gton,-para ver si es posible su 1mplantaci6n en
la Polic!a de este pais.-
- Sin tJ;lerito para-mas, y en,espera de-
sus noticias, quedo con mi mayor . ion/, y muy.-
atentamente,
-
Direcci6n:-
Edificio Banco Canada Depto.205,
Aguiar y Obrapia,
' 't
Habana.-
p !' ..
{
t.
ENCLOSURE
... -
3t?f 11-
...:.--.-'-:;,.,_:...-
-- ........
--- -- -- - ---- - - - -------
..
..,.
-
ENCLUSt]}u..
eefttl;r:-soa a las
'
. "' .
..
por alto lo10 hedlo:a J>Gr . . . .r, aut.or d.e
la teor1a del an1ml, y sus r uyeegur, Ds
leut'E;, Pot." :t Riche'- 7 l.oit contes
euyaa. t.;;oras cons&gr&Gas 1rvtm d6 11 la aet.ual
,.
dos en det.el'"i.oadas
?.;:;-,
moment.o 1 lugar, por los a
jetos soaart.ido r. este ,;H-oee<J...iento.
.::J'LICACIOB Y RKSgt:rt.oos,. Desde luego, el pl"()cediltidto he.
dado .-gniricos resultados, a11n--lue con ana
tud ci"'n-'trica, porque est.e eleaent.o 4' es de
auxilio 7 se pleG en relaci6n ccm oV'Oat de au:;nera que lo
cl... ao por. el aujeto hipnotizado,
por IU.eet.igae1ones acueiosse, testt.cOa, COII1'j4eneias, de
aeuerdo COD
,_., :
los si stema.a polieiacos en usa,.- < o;.-f
. - )
punto 4e .viata Mdico-legal:-
--- .La Sept 1enf):)re de
'
B08II
r. L. PBICB
tJND'OIH SUB.l'ICr J
JLIOI .I.RCHIE1 V1c\1.aJ
ORDS 01 GOVI8!fllllft IISDVATIOK -
!bl Yiot.ia, a 1.4 ;rear old IM:Saa girl, . . tOUDd dead on the
Flatblad. Indian .....,.u., aear Pema, Uontlaaa on 151 1941. Couiderabl.e
cliacualion u4 euuecl be._ U. u.s .ltt.orzMv'1 the Depart.n\1
the Jlont&na Stat. Autborit1u1 tM lndiau Reael'ftt.loa Au\bor1t11 and the BurNu
u to wbltMJo Juri.U.ot!a tor tbe proaecuttoa ot t;b1e oue wu Uladar r.dttral. law
or Stat. Stat.ut.. 1'ba oont:nmtNT ...._ ll _ . r waa on t..-
patat.d lAa4 with:t.o t'- ot u I'ldtm RaMnatioD.
Alter GOD-
aidera\Wt imutig&tionf tt. .laaiata\ U. s .lttonla'T at BUUqa, Montana deol1De4. I
proMOU.tica becauae ot 1Diutt1cict evideDoe to
.
proMout:l.oth 2
v
r .-
.
BIOOIIII!I'DA!IOJI
(1) Tbat tht attaoblcl letter be aent to the Butt. Pield
ottio. a&tvilinc thea not to go thftNcb with tba propoaecl
ute ot a
iJrftHrttcattw
itt 1
1zl .W.Uoa
1ne c ill>t'OPitl'
1t 1a DOted
that \Ill 1e 11\a'Uclnecl in Jilootana aDd
1 t 1I01Ild be DeOIN&I')" to tran.port. ld.a to Spokau.e1 lruh-
ingtcm, n the IJU.8Pitcta ua located. rurt.bel!"ml"e, it
is d1tt1cn.ilt 'to bow a auoo.-tul inter-
new oould rewlt wbln it s. neouaA17 to "" an 1zlwrpreter
in a nonaal
(2) t!Ws nrDrKttia l torwant.d to tbe feotmical Leborator.r in
ont.r tbal tlwy ad.ght be WorMd ot the allepcl oapab1llt.1e
ot Corporal. Bat711 1lbo Glai the abU1tq to }Vpaotia
indi.Yicm' without ....,. kDowJ.edce u4 \blreby .troa
tn. OOnfeMiOM 1n Cll'bd na] 0 ......
-
' -
INIJEYD - {p ..
ur. E. .
Route 1. Box 470
Delano, Oalitornia
Dear Vr. Kelley:
Your letter dated Deceal'ber 15, 19481 has been received
and I appreciate your calling t.o my at-tention ;rour thoughts on
the subject 70U I would like to point out, however,
that the function of the FBI .ia an investiative one only and a
policy of long standing precludeS Jq OOIII'Ienti.ng upon matters
intended .for legislative consideration. It is suggested t hat you
may wish to di8CU85 with your l()cal aut.l:lorities the desirability
of legislation such as you described.
Sincerely youra,
t>f
-
i.: .
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t
:ilr.
l.!r.
Tolson FRY:mrh
Wr .. Gl a v
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llr. Lad<! - - / ) ' y\ ;j.
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Wr. Nicno!s
Wr. Rosen - -
llr .
ournea
llarbO - -
llohr--
Pennington
Qulnn T8l!l!ll
Room_ _
b6
b7C
J. Edgar Hoover
Director
Bureau of Investigation
Washington, D. Co
Dear :Mr. Hoover: Personal
__ _ __ . This letter is to call to your attention the most
urgent need :fo,Oetter prevention and supression of the practice
and teaching in this country.
This evil practice appears -to be spreading alarmingly
as a result of the favorable publicity that has been foisted on the
public in recent years, its apparently wide use in psychiatry in
the arl!led etc. Af? one who'has during the past 2} years
seen b1s w1fe nearly die, and perhaps her whole life and the life
oFher family blighted by this dread thing, I would like to urge ,
upon you the need for as re.. ar total suppression of this form of crime
as is possible.
Since this horrible thing has come into my family
I have studied everything I could find on the subject and quietly
made inquiry into the matter wherever possible, and basing my opinions
not upon my home experience, but solely upon competent authors and '----,__ _
others interested, find the following:
'
1. A great many medical schools, dental schools, chiropractic
schools, etc. teach it as a subject . This is told by men
who instruct in it themselves, and I have been told by two
members of the chiropractic school at Los Angeles that there
is a doctor there who _teaches it. One of them had taken it
--h imsel. f - --- - ---- --
- 2
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.
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TRUE COPY
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Th i r.ty Yf?ars of Fingerp I den tificati oh: .
P;rsonnel . and Seru.ices.: of the FBI Labo ratory.. ..
'The s t o ry of the Federal Bureau . of Inves-t iga.t ion .
Services of t .he FBI. .. .
NbTEr does
Boardman __ ;refiect her :.J<.m arital status; therefore, thf]
Mr. was us '
: . . ......:..-----
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Mr.
)lr. Ha1bo __: .. l
Mr. Mohr ....----
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Mr. H?Hflmaa........:
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ta JAN: 18 1955
-
10-29-57)
-- "-..._
-
Crackup o.f Patients i yton - - - -
e. Room _ _
Holloman' - - -
JV
Gandy
l 'anxiety
he reac.tionsin
had difficulty ... swallo
ng. After third trance, s .
bought her mind was bei
controlled by radar from a
becau. . -
Wash. Star - - - - -
N. Y. Herald - - - -
Tribune
N. Y. Journal----
American
3ttJ!_?-fl N. Y. Mirror - - - -
N.Y. Daily News
N.Y. Times----
RECORDED
Daily Worker - - - -
<G4 MAY 21 1958
=---- . '_
<
The Worker ---'----
__j New Leader
1 ! 1958
-
6 7 MAY 21
,.
Police Trap Liars
With Hypnosis Use
By HELENAJpLLOCK Another police use of hypnosis,
A new use foP'hypnosis-as a he said, is .in cracking amnesia
lie detector-was described here cases. Several amnesia victims
. this week by a man who for 24 have had their memories restored
years has taught doctors and dent- under hypnosis.
ists the art of inducing trances. Medical hypnosis is now used .
, :Har'( Arons of Newark, N.J., in surgery, childbirth,. 'alcohol.ism
.
. said can be used either -to ease pain. to stop smoking.
. with the polygraph lie detector to lose weight. Dentists fise it
i1 or independently to help law en- to relax rigidly fearful patients
' fercement officers put the finger and to gentle the gag reflex.
on fibs. 1 { '/..u '-;. Arons has just completed an "
Here's how works:.. 18-hour course in, hypnosis for .
'The suspect IS hypnotized, and Dallas doctors, dentists and psy.
while he is in trance an "auto- chologists at Southern Methodist
response" is planted in his University. The course was spon-
Sl.!bconscious mind. sored by the recently chartered
That is, he is conditioned so Southwest' Research Institute of
that, after he wakes up, he will Hypnosis, Inc., located at 6617
react with a specific mannerism Snider Plaza.
eyery time he tells a lie: His A similar course was started
1 will twit.ch and wil.l scratch in Fort Worth this week.
tt, or he wtll pull h1s right ear, . . .
or he will rub the back of his Arons director .of
"
head. the to Advance EthiC
The spellbinding technique for al Hypnosis. It.s goals are to ad
, 'finding falsehoods is primarily an van.ce the serious uses of hyp-
d to lawmen in developing. nos1s and remove the art . from
i es, Arons said, since lies de the realm of stage stunts and
ted by either hypnosis or poly- c;tuackery.
h are nof admissible court He
evl(fence.
,school m hypnosis m New J er- .
. sey, attended in the past four
:years by students from -46 s_1
.
a resident
Hypnotist Ar'AJ1r:.c
I f;:J:-391Jj:/;f-
f:t/01 NoT RECORDEJ1,-
191 MAR27 1959
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62 MAR 30 1959
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" Dear Mr. Lutter:
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Your letter of August 15, 1959, baa been received,
and I certainly appreciate the interest which prompted you to
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records of this nature are maintained by the FBI. - CD
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Sincerely yours, :D
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COMMFBI' z II
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1 - Boston - Enclosure
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HARVARD LAW SCHOOL
()
I am doing a paper which
in order to aid the medical, police and legal prof'88-
sions. It is being done he:re at Harvard .Law School as
a part of the program of research. and writing.
The paper deals with the use of hypnosis by
a criminal for criminal purposes. In my medical and
legal research I have uncovered some grave facts which
ultimately should be of great interest to your bureau
and the police profession. In order to insure that
this work will not merely repeat work that has been
done, but will be new, conclusive and correct, I find
that I need the cooperation of your bureau.
I have discussed the criminal use of hypnosis
with your agents in Philadelphia and Boston. They
both suggested that the washington Office and it's
Department of Criminal Statistics would be of great
help. Will you send me reports and a list of the names
eases --(which have -oeen orou:gbt to ;court-r-u-r;;---
volving the use of hypnosis for criminal purposes,any
information you may have concerning the misuse of
hypnosis.
May I again lassU:re you that the information
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you may send will be usedin designed to aid .
the police, legal and profess).ons. The wo
is not being drafted for. popUlar t-22
RtC-
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GOVERNMENT
< PJlOM
aua}KT:
B. J.
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HERMAN J. LICHTY, President
RICHARD EATON, Vice-President 1
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Sept 21,1959
Ron. J. E. Hoover
Federal Bureau of Inve6tigation
Department of Justice
City
Dear Mr. Hoover:
l
like meetings connected with 'crime in general and this
is why our President has asked me '-t.9 invite you to our
meeting the 29th of this month.
I would de:em it a
.
greQ. t
I
1959
The Washington Hypnotic Guild1 Incorporated
will meet in the Community Room of the Washington Post
1515 L Street, N. W. at 8 o'clock on
The big news to report is that our first meeting will be an important
night for the Guild. At this meeting we will have the rare privilege of
hearing Mr. Joseph Edelman, Director of Hypnotism Center, Inc., of
New York City. Not only''is Mr. Edelman a hypnotist but a lecturer and
an authority on crime. His subject will be-
AND CRIME"
AND
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The objective[bf the Washington Hypnotic shall be
.. ' .tc>- promote th'e research, understanding,! use and
prac;tice of in the _Wasnington, o.' C.,
the purpose of., physical, intellectual and moral,;i.mprove-
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menFwithin tJje limits of non-medical_ :_ ;
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Dear Mr. Owens:
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G;:;'ndy !'. OOM CJ TELETYPE UNIT c::::=J
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HERMAN J. LICHTY, President
";'; ,..,
RICHARD EATON, Vice-President
Wa!ibington Jnc.
of
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/ Hon. J. E. Hoover, Director,
Fed. Bureau of Investigation,
Department of Justice,
City. 6
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Hoover: .fi"'.
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;re of the Guild are indeed sorry that you were unable to
at':.end our lass mee.ting which proved to be an interesting
and enlightening one for all in attendance.
OCT 3@
Ovrens,
;:
The Washington Hypnotic Guild, Incorporated
-.
Ll E DETECTOR DEMONSTRATION
Mr . .John Leon, Director of the National Lie Detection Labo-
ratory of Washington, D. C., and one of the oldest authorities on lie
detection will discuss-
Don't miss next month's meeting. We plan to give Mr. Harry Arons
an appropriate plaque for his o1,1tstanding contribution to hypnosis. His
untiring efforts to advance hypnosis, and thereby exposing the stage .
hypnotist for entertaining purposes, has made him a national figure.
His ability to conduct classes, lecture and write has made him an organ-
izer and leader for our cause. It is men like Mr. Arons that have worked
with-the medical profession with respect and honor to publicize the use
and for hYI>J1osis.
* * *
DUES! DUES! DUES!
Dues are $5.00 per single membership or $7.50 per couple (man and wife) .
"Tom" Morrare has application blanks for those who care to become
new members. (See "Tom" after the meeting.)
LEONARD K. OWENS, Secretary
5112 Mac Arthur Blvd., W a shington, D. C .
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The objective'of the Washington Hypnotic shall be
to research, study, _gnd
practice of hypnosis
.
in the Washi'ngton,_
--
p;_ C.i- '"-'brea-,-Jor:
the purl?ose of physical, intellectual and morO'Il,improve-
ment within tpe limits of traininQ(. __
- .
; - :t To m;b;
4. Never
of emotional
to
or attempt to remove -pain, illness or
unless within capacity of understanding or
while working doctor. ____ I
5.. Never to attJmpt hypnosis with persons who are feebie-minqed,
epileptic or possessed, of a weak heart. _-,,.
_. 6. Never to engage in any form bf hypn_osis or _--:
t? it for the sole purpose of entertainment! .t... .J _ . _ : - _ , _:
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PllOM W.
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INFORMATION CONCERNING (CENTRAL RESEARCH R)
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WCS:lmmV
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1 - Mr. Belmont
1 - Section tickler
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4 NOV 30 1959
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?d }le.3r Mii Owens:
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ot';;:. I have received your letter of April 8, with .
;/.; an invitation for me to attend the .
_>; os18f1! bemg sponsored by your organization on Apr1l 17.
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1
.) c;: While I do wish I could give yo'u a favorable
to advise you that it will not be. possible for me
:.: to a previous official commitment that date.
a Pkmse my tQanks for your thoughtfulness and for your
and good wishes.
0
Sincerely yours, rT1
N;
J... Edgar Hoover
z
.,:,. MAJI!ED. 3ll H :<:;)
APR 14196\ il
COMMFBI II
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April 8, 1961.
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Hon J. Edgar Hoover, Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Department of Justice
City
0
Dear Mr. Hoover:
p U.S
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/ lJOPlES
DESTROYED
sa ocr 7 1964
WASHINGTON HYPNOTIC GUILD, INC.
cordially invites you to attend a
Symposium on Extrasensory Perception by
DR F REG's RISENMAN ; .
ST. ELIZABETH$ HOSPlTAL
, , W"-SHINGTON, , D., C.
ON
April 4, 1963 -
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. Dear Sir,
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. ' Sihce 1958 I have done research on, f!Y.J?.JlQ!ism. Books
on this matter can be purchased anywhere in the U. S. There has been
a great raise in crime, connected to this.
. .If you will recall. Those two men .from the National
Security Agency. were using it. The ones that defected to Russia.
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December 24, 1963 ...
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::-:? I have receiv'ed your letter of December 18th and 0
:i.want to thank you for bringing proposal to my attention. 0
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You may be assured that you be contacted in the event anything
ts desired of you in the future
. ,... :. ... . '
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Trotte r _ _
T ale . Ro om -
Holmes _ _
Gan dy _ __ MAIL ROOM D TE L ETYP E UNIT D
December 18, 1963 :652 BOYD
GRANDVlt:W HI::JGHT!':
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVE'S'f'IGAi'ION r-'O!Nl:S 17, IOWl.
Washing ton 25, D.C.
Att: J. Edgar Hoover
Dear Sir:
Our previous correspondence brought to uour attention the
utilization of the laser/maser concept for remote auditing.
:
'YQur Bu-reau
-.-<- . --- -- passed the 71:a.'t te r on -::tif ..,. ; :
Departm.ent of Defense (as touc(z.ed ui:>on by your agent , . .
rne tn th:e G entral -t-re.bster Omn"cun'ij;;g -tii7Th;=BTJ"hOIJ"l!;)-. 7 ' '""
some publicity was given to use of this or similat in
hearing . th-e ej> generators facr.t;or-4/e"s or
genJrating plants in Cuba. .
.. ,
letter touches upon a matter quite apart from our previous
correspondence
. W,hile working mith attitudinal irr,e gulars over the years, we have,
of course, considered hypnosis. Previously, we had discounted
this ;..ystern in-as-much as school children are much harder to put
undeflVn ypnos is , than are adults.
Recently, however, while doing some ground work for submission of
a report to the President's on Juvenile Delinquency, we
corresponded with producers ofAJ.ectronic devices whidh, by pulsing
charges around the eyes, place the individual in a condi.t.i'on of
df!rlrta2C!Y (electron_icallJJ-induced sleep).
Our CQr-respon.d.e.JJ..c.e_ind.icat(}s that dorTtwlcy and hypnosis are one
1 the same,. In other words, it
! i ' recal!]itrant individuat under a hypno.sis-like c.ondition. ,... '
.;--. _,. . . - . . . :.. : ., .. . . . . - . . . . ,_, ., . .:. c'Q7'7""
.; . ;;:.; our 6&rrespondence with lii r. Kennedy.,'s .O.tJices _have tn:fotmed : :
us that no Le{Jis'1a-ti't5tr curr'im.t"'J:trexists :re--lative -t. o
under dormalcy. / /
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Director of Research
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington 25, D. C.
Dear Sir:
Attached you will find ap art.icle I drafted as
a requirement for gra9-uation _at; '1Harva.rd Law School. It
deals with the use of0hypnosis for antisocial purposes. \
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encls.
14 OCT 22 1964
Dr. George B. Estabrooks
Apartment 3, Vnlt G:
Sylvan Glen .,,.
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State University College m
Oswego, New York 18126
. "
! received your letter of March 16th, with
enclosure, anc.t I want to thank you for thinking of this Bureau
In connecUon with the thSrd SymposlUJn on Bypn.Gsis.
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Sincerely yourst
J Edgar n
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_. correspondent came to the _poke to a
,: ' Laboratory relative to the use of hypnosis ,fu juvenile
He" planned to hypnotize a number of juvenile. .poys par'ental
consent give them posthypnotic suggestions in an efforCto assist them .
.l In to medical men who were joining him in the project, he wanted
Vf' a representative of the FBI to "give prestige to his project." He was very
straightforward and sincere. It was pahted out to him that this concerned
V' .Qt.' / men in the medical field rather than in law enforcement. Subsequent to
his departure, it was recommended and approved that a letter be directed
___b/}'-"'?.::. ), to him declining to furnish an FBI representative as a consultant.
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Mr. J. Edgar Hoover
Bureau of Investigation
Miss H)nnes-
Tele. Roon,__
Washington, D.c.
Dear Mr. Hoover: -&J: ,_(.
I publicity material covering the third -:/
o:rlJ'Hypnosis which I have organized. While you dJ.d not
see. your way clear to have a representative at the first
two gatherings, may I point out that much has happened
in recent years which may have made representation more
advisable in your opinion.
For example, there has been considerable work :crone in the S..
I
Th.e faculty are .all widely expeilie.need teachers, and wiJl include Donald Coulton, M.D., Bangor, Maine; Milton Erick-
son, M.D., Phoenix, Arizona; George Estabrookis, Ph.D., State University College, Oswego, N. Y., Seymour Hersch-
man, M.D., University of Illinois; Rev. J. J. Higgins, A.B., A.M., S.T.L. (East St. Louis, Ill.); Lewis Jacobs, M.D.,
Mt. Vernon, N. Y.; Robert E. Pearson, M.D., Boyne City, Michigan; Berthat Rodger, M.D., Ridgewood, N. J.;
Irving Sector, D.M.D., University Chicago; Henry Spiegel, M.D.; Lawrence M. Staples, D.M.D., Boston, Mass.;
Kay Thompson, D.D.S., Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander Yanovski, M.D., Philadelphia.
Register 'below or for -further information write: -
Diorector: Hypnosis
State UniversitY College, Oswego, New York 13126
July 10, 11 (Sat., Sun.) Hypnosis Symposium III "Motivation of Human Potentials"
The following are currently scheduled to present papers, which will be followed by ..
W. E. Edmonston, Jr., Ph.D. (Colgate University) Robert E. Pearson, M.D. (Boyne City, Michigan)
Milton H. Erickson, M.D. (Phoenix, Arizona) Herbert Spiegel, M.D. (New York, New York)
G. H. Estabrooks, Ph.D. (State University College, Kay Thompson, D.D.S. (Pittsburgh, Penn.)
Oswego, New York)
Alexander Yanovski, M.D.D.Sc. (Philadelphia, Penn.)
Fredericka F. Freytag, M.D. (Dayton, Ohio)
Hudson Hoagland, Ph.D. (Shrewsbury, Mass.)
Rev. J. J. Higgins, AD. Am. S.T.L. (East St. Louis, Ill.)
Symposium opens Friday Evening, July 9, 8:00p.m. with an address by Hudson Hoagland, "Potentialities in the Con-
trol of Behaior."
REGISTRATION -
Date ------------------------------------------------
Director: Hypnosis Symposium- July 10, 11
S.U.C.O., Oswego, New York
Registration for both workshop' and symposium- $75.00. to physicians, dentists, and /
/
./
ogists. Please reserve accommodations for ( ) . Interested, keep 'informed ( ) . Make checks payable to College
Development Association, S.U.C.O., Oswego, New York. /
/
For more detailed information, see reverse side of folder.
'/
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' Motivation of Human Potentialities 'i
-
< Colgate University, Hamiiton, New York. The direc
tor, G. H. Estabrooks, has retired from Colgate under
the age limitation and is now visiting professor at the
State University College at Oswego. Hence, the
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change in Iocat>ion. This present Symposium, "Moti-
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vation of Human Potentialities," will be preceded by
z a workshop and both will be sponsored by the Amer-
< ican Society of Clinicail. Hypnosis as well as by State
z University Coilege at Oswego. Drs. G. H.
l
0 $ <U
"'0d brooks and Frederick Ratzeburg, Psychology Depart-
ment, are acting as Co-directors.
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not include room or board. ' [ ' A
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on the registration form. 'Uiil:les of papers, details on '
,j'
0 housing, travel, faciilities, recreation; etc. will be \!
P-4 -;
furnished on a personal basis to all registrants and to
those interested in the workshop, the symposium, or
en both. '
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10-10-66
Gentlemen:
C/) I am currently reading George H. Estabrooks'
"Hypnotism" and reference is made to the F. B. I. regarding
your excellent knowledge of hypnosis. As a student at the
University I am composing a term paper on
this and would appreciate your cooperation
by sending me any pertinent literature on the subject,
sp;ecifically your role with regard to hypnosis, cases dealing
with hypnosis where you were obliged to investigate, etc.
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4 OCT 18 196o
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NEWMA:N
333 Stanwich Road
i Greenwich, Connecticut
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NOTE: The above reply was with the Laboratory.' f?f'.an '
outgoing letter in October of 'i-.
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3/15/74
Director, FBI
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Regardmg the-story, "Russo Hypnotized" __,_
(March 17) ' i l'
May I, as the result of over 35 years of
ex pet 1ence with hypnosis, emphasize that al
's s.::ta=t;:::e;:m=e::n::t::s;;;;m;;;;a;;;d;;;;e='w=h=-I-=le=h==y
ve no than those m;de
-called nonhypnotlc levels.
trt
(Indicate page, name of
In other words, the cred1b1hty of an newspaper, city and state.)
individual's testimony under hypnos1s can 1
be challenged masmuch as a person can
d1stort the t1 uth under hypnosis. Thus, an 1 II-4 Los Angeles Ttmes
md1v1dual may develop "screen" memones 1
where he "m1sremembers" t
However, hypnos1s often can result in I
better 1ecall of mnemomc material because
of the assoc1ated rela:xaiwn, concentratiOn
and greater ob]ect1v1ty
Experts can tell whether a person IS lymg
wh1le under hypnos1s only through a more 1
sophisticated method such as a polygraph
wh1ch measures psychological
and physwlog1cal
WILLIAM S "ROGER, M D t
ecutlve director
Institute for Comprehensive Med1cme
\
"" "' Beverry mns
Date 3/22/67
Ed1hon Home
Author
Editor Nick B Williams
Title
Character
or
Classification
Submitting omceLos Angeles
0 Being Investigated
.APR 6 -
_. :}'r-
\.... "':-:: _,
.,._
May 6, 1976
R:tc-:uz
(,' "
,_
P Mrs. Beryl
Executive Direqtor
for
_,2 18
/ Boonton, _liew 0700? _ . .
Silver.man:
Thank you for your letter of April 28th, with.
enclo.s ures, and for your kind offer of assistance.
The FBI has previously utiliz.e d
investigative aid and we will. certainly keep
. in mind in the future. w !l... '
.
c... M. Kelley
Clarence M. Kel.ley
FBI
Director
---- -.--
---- .
;.
< NOTE: Based on available information, correspondent and her
__ :1 organization were not identifiable in Bufiles. Response was
coordinated with General Investigative Division.
Assoc. Oir. _
Dep. AD Adm . _JMG: amnt . ( 5)
Dep. AD lnv. _ Cvi'-:''--11-u
Asst. Dir. :
Admin, _ _
Comp. Syst, _
. ----
/}.d Jntelh_...................
. -
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'-:.
Assoc. i:)'ir:_-"-
.
I
-
Dep. AD lnv. _
Asst. Dir.:
Dear Sir:
,rl
I -
.::J N"o
ARNMENT
Memorandum
STATES
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION -
Oep. AD lny: __,.
...
Crim. lnv.
ldent. _ __
Intel!. _ __
Laboratory _ _
To THE DIRECTOR DATE: 6/20/78 Legal Coun. _
Plan. & Insp.
Rec. Mgnt.
Tech. Se vs. "'
II
FROM : J. B. ADAM
Director's Sec'y _
O,F)I (.?
]NY.-ESXIGA':t-IE=A:II>==='
JBA:ams
(4)
1 -Mr. McDermott
1 - Mr. Joseph
... .. .
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Date
11!ff FJOSt:S
(Do not wr:te in this space- for Bureau use only) aS needed,
.. .
. . . . _-
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SUGGESTION BY SAN DIVISION TO PURCHASE VIDEO DATE TIME
MICROPHONE AND FACIAL IDENTIFICATION KIT
FOR UTILIZATI.ON IN HYPNOSIS SESSIONS.
..
Assoc. Dir.
Dep. AD Adm. _ 1 - Field personnel file lli3 AUG 23 1979
Dep. AD l n v . -
Asst. Dir.:
1 - Suggestion file
Adm.Servs._ . , \C tiL: , :!
- .- 1 - Technical b ' \: :J,
LegaiCoun. .:nJW.,
file o(SAj
" b7C
h b6 , .;: ,_:
Plan. & Insp.-
Rec. Mgnt. _ ._
(7) .
.
..-_... {Suggestiqn #390-78) ,
Tech. Servs. _ . Continued - Over
cf?!J.
FBI/ DOJ
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7
San Antonio, Texas
'
NOTE: Suggests the Bureau purchase and have in each field office
the following items for use in hypnotic interviews: (1) Video Date
Time Generator, cost unknown; (2) Microphone Mixer, cost unknown; and
(3) Identi Kit II, cost $625 or available on lease. The Training Division
advises the Technical Services Division presently has in excess of 50
Date Time Generators and a similar amount of Microphone Mixers which are
available to the field on a need basis for specified periods of time. Due to the
extensive prior planning necessary to conduct a hypnotic session under the
present Bureau policy, field offices have adequate time to request above-
described equipment from Technical Services. At the present time, Training
Division is experimenting with the Automatic Gain Circuit and the Multiple
Microphone Input on the video cassette recorder in an effort to achieve the
optimum level of sound in the recording. If successful, this could alleviate
the necessity to utilize a Microphone Mixer in future recordings. The
Bureau is presently in possession of three Identification Kits, Model #2.
Two of these were leased by the San Francisco Office where a 90-day evaluation
is being conducted. Upon completion of the evaluation, the Bureau will be in
a position to determine if it is cost effective to purchase additional kits
and distribute same to the field. Based on the above factors, it is recom-
mended that this suggestion not be adopted. Views attached.
-2-
..
STATES GOVERNMENT
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
Asso c. Dir.
Dep . AD Adm . _
Dep . AD lnv. _
Asst. Dir.:
Adm . Servs. _ _
=-=
ssoc. Dir. 2.nt. _ _ _ Tech. Scrvs:--.- - -
Training
ep. AD
Public Affs.Cfll7t7
---
DETAILS: The referenced memorandum sets forth the guidelines
for use of hypnosis in interro?ation of willing witnesses or
victims of crimes. The Bureati s policy is in keeping with
the Department's. However, itis noted that oh page three (3),
paragraph three (3), the fourth item mentions that the inter-
view made when thew. i_tness. is under should be ,J'
;"recordeCV#d 10
Since 1968, the of cases wherein hypnosis
utilized has increased. Further, the Bureau's policy sets ,
forth that all be taped, with the preferred
method to be video tape. Most hypnosis sessions are several
Enclosure vf. -. ' ,_,__
1!! _
(5)
CONTINUED - OVER
J ,(\f\ . .
V 9 '< U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan FBI / OOJ
Memorandum to Mr. McDermott
Re: LAW ENFORCEMENT USE OF HYPNOSIS
- 2 -
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,,__....,.
-
Assistant.Atto1.mey General October 4, 1978
Crimitlal Division .. GOVEiRNI},Qf
Director, FBI- .
p LAW ENFORCEMENT USE. OF HYPNOSlS
ii'
- .
- -- - --- - :- -_--::- ------ -- -- ----
..
Washington, D. c. 20530
5?/7:? --Ill
ENCLOSU
defendant became angry prosecutrix for her refusal to
and eventually shot her. Defendant
forced the other man to e---to an
isolated area vrhere the
- defendant dumpedtrre Homan on the side of the road. The .
next morning the woman was found lying t-..m or three. miles from
the spot Hhere she had been left. She "'tras in a state of shock.
At the time of initial questioning, the woman was not able to say
vmat had happened to her after she had been shot. \-1hile 'J.nder
however, and without prompting, she was able to
recall that the defendant had returned to the scene and
assaulted her. After she was brought out of hypnosis, she
continued to remember the events, and was able to testify
about them at trial. The court upheld the admission of her
testimony, even though her memory had been through
the use of hypnosis.
., .
..
-- -
:
____;..:_:-::...
.._. . . ---- ---------- - - - - ---- ....,. ____---- ----- - .- ----- ---,- :-- . - - -------- ------ ---- . - - --
--
- - Second, with regard hypnosis
CJ)not be err.ployed unless there isa additior.al
and i t appears that hypnosis can_ be j.lseful ::r. . -.
aiding the '1-.i .tri"ess. to recall sue!-. ir.fo::nation, as in 1-iar::li:-lt .
state. A vri tness should never hypnotized unless he gives his
Q co!1s ent and should always be given an explanation of the ').i
hypnosis before he is hypnotized.
..
I . .
..
Assistant Attorney General oi' ili e Criminal Di '{is ion. To obtain
such authorization, a written request should be submitted to
---------------------w.... of- the Criminal Division stating
thP. reasons why use of hypnosis is desired.
Summary
"'
OPTIONAL FORM NO. to
'
_.....;..,.
Memorandum
William H. Webster, Director
TO : Federal Bureau of Investigation TE: November 2 9. 1978,
B. Heymann
F.ROM Assistant Attorney General
Criminal Division
SUBJECT:
,J/
J'
This is in response to your memorandum dated October 4,
which recommended that the requirement of transcribing
with witnesses who are ....be eliminated.
Division is in the process of updating the
ntal policy on the Use of Hypnosis in the Interroga ....
of Witnesses. In those cases where the interview session
is video-tqped there would appear to be no valid reason to
require that the interview be transcribed. In those cases,
however, a copy of the video-tape should be made to guard-:
against the loss of or damage to the original tape.
In the future, any time a witness under hypnosis is
interviewed, the interview should be video-taped whenever
possible. In those cases where video-taping the interview
is impossible, a transcript should be prepared in addition
to ahy sound recording. Even in those cases where the
. interview is video-taped it may of course be necessary
subsequent legal proceedings to provide a transcript,
[ example, so that a court or the jurors may follow alo
they are viewing the interrogation proceedings.
- Tr; b6
ATTENTION
The following documents appearing in FBI files have been reviewed under the provisions of The Freedom of
Infom1ation Act (FOIA) (Title 5, United States Code, Section 552); Privacy Act of 1974 (PA) (Title S, United States Code,
Section 552a); and/or Litigation.
Requester:
Subject:
Computer or Case Identification Number:
Title of Case: Section ____________
*File
Serials Reviewed:
This file section has been scanned into the FOIP A Document Processing System (FDPS) prior to National Security
Classification review. Please see the documents located in the FDPS for current classification action, if warranted. Direct
inquires about the FDPS to RIDS Service Request Unit, 202-324-3773.
FOIPA Requester:
FOIPA Subject:
FOIPA Computer Number:
FOIPA Requester:
FOIP A Subject:
FOIP A Computer Number:
FOIP A Requester:
FOIP A Subject:
FOIPA Computer Number:
THIS FORM IS TO BE MAINTAINED AS THE TOP SERIAL OF THE FILE, BUT NOT SERIALIZED.
ev.
P: T
""' i.:'!, o. .e
Date
b6
79
To: Division of
Director, FBI CINCINNATI
SUGGESTION
Obviously Police-Departments and qthers, both within and
outsidethe United States are increasingly employing the general
use of in criminal investigations 1 which include the
participation of the police artistwho has received instruction
in the use of hypnosis. .- D
Conversation', trade publicatfo1.ts, and rerat.-e'd literature
reflect the accomplishments being realized as.a direct result of
the contributions of such artists and there appears to be a general
consensus of opinion that the artis.t trained in the use of hypnosis
can be more effective in the hypnotic interview than his counterpart
who is not. Recognizing the special problems which must be dealt
with which occur in the hypnotic state c9uld well determine the
Current practice or rule (Include manual citation as well as fact.s)
.
Disadvantages of suggestion
none apparent
(ThE\ use by the United States of my suggestio,n shall not form the basis eirs, or
assigns upon the United States. I understand that I will be considered is adopted
within two years after submission,) i( :
. DMrs . DMiss
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Recently the Special Projects Section has
had requests from Field Offices in Dallas, Cleveland, Cincinnati
Milwaukee and Pittsburgh for artist to attend Bureau approved
hypnotic interviews with witnesses in order to prepare drawings
of Unsubs.
RECOMMENDATION:
APPRC'-'2::3: f, '
... _
Director
Assoc. Dir- ---
lf':--1'>. Ao
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S:ggestion
ADDENDUM TRAINING DIVISION
Aprtlll, 1979
PEI1.SONAL
.
nearjL..-_ _ _ ____.
' /
'
Tllank you for JOUl' per8011liet 'flho
prepare eoncepttoa dra.witJP. ln conaection .. ic interviews
be alfQ_tdM.Iut:rvctiODa ill bJpDotic theory padlee. You may be
intereated to bow tbat the Behavioral Scieace Ualt of the Training
Divisioo is eoordiaattng with the Laboratory Dh1810D an exchange of
tnformatloa. coaeera!Dg the arttsts' role in aeh intervlewa, and it is
atieipated that Bureau artteta will be invited to attead any advanced
seminars conducted by the Tralntag DirislOil duiag Fi8eal Year 1979.
Therefore, n.o aettOD is being taken oa your propoal since it has already f.
upon. V-50 ltP
IIJ.M /_ 3/'f?7/"- /) fj;;;
. ' ltEC- 12tAlthough prior beeli taken oa you:rft"a, li;
interest you. expressed by submtttm, it to me ta tadeed appreetated. t5'
Sincerely yours, fj
William H. Webster Z4 fJ :
William H. w ebster ....... Li
& ./ Director
Assoc. Dir. _ _
Dep. AD Adm . _
2_ M
IIIII APPROVED:
Dl<lo
;::----
Adm. Serv.
Crim . 1!'1 1.
Ide -
J
l'egal Coun.
Pl2n . ,q, I n s p . - - -
'-- '" ,n
Dep. AD l n v . - 1 - Fiel rsonnel file Assoc. Dir. --- - - - - S
Asst. Dir.:
Adm. Servs. _ 1 _ Suggestion file Dep. AD Ad.-n. - - -
Dep. AD lnv. --"--;- ."'o=tr.--
- Personnel f"le
0f
Crim , lnv. - - 1
ldent. 1 b6
lntell . (6) (SuggE!stion #2 dTor_...,,'1"1'9T")_ _ _ _ _ ___.
laboratory _ _ !'
Legal Coun. _ \.'
b7C
Plan. & Insp.-
Rec, Mgnt. _ _
NOTE: Suggestion set out in above letter ' and as noted ' prior action has been
Tech. s.,. _ taken on this idea. ':fhe views of Training and Laboratory Divisions are
. - I
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LABORATOhY
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OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10
.. ,;
MAY 11G2 EDITION
G<JVERNMENT
Memorandum . ,; .'
f
TO :ASSISTANT DIRECTOR DATE: 6/11/79
ATTN: OFFICE OF INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH,
TRAINING DIVISION, QUANTICO
JACKSONVILLE (70-3004)
.
-----
SUBJECT:HYPNOSIS AS AN INVESTIGATIVE AID
'5010lOS
To: From: (Sugqester's nqme)
Director, FBI
SUGGESTION
. 0. .
Medical professionals for hypnotic interviews are now hired from private
sector or off duty military personnel.
Advantages of suggestion and annual savings (include basis for estimate)
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Suggestion #22-81
INTELLIGENCE DIVISION 11/24/80 MAH:ckr
==
Dirtor _ _ __
Exee. AOM:n.
Exec, AOInv
HltCO. AO.O..ES _ __
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SAVANNAH
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Suggestion #22-81 .
ADDENDUM: TRAINING DIVISION, .11/26/80, R.LA:khm
There are currently individuals on active duty .in the military who have
assisted the FBI in hypnosis and research has shown that posse comitatus
presents no problem in this regard as long as these military mental health
professionals are presenU only to hypnotize and not to participate in the
interview.
e
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Institutional Research And Development
llniL
FBI Academy
Quantico, Virginia
October 1980
' .
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTJON
- 2 -
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-':
. .
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... .
.-.;.:
4 .
.HETilODOLOGY
- .1 -
" .
FINDINGS
Prinwry Applicalion
llypnosis \vc::ts used ln Dn 0tLempt to oGLtd.n .-tddi Lion.:ll
cl.:1ta in a total o[ 65 cases between August 1975 and n:uch 1980.
These cases represent a fairly \vide variety of offense
categories.
7 KIDNAPING 5
29 BANK fH/\UD /\ND 1 ( '
4
174 EXPLOSIVES AND INCENDIARY 6
DEVICES
183 R/\CKETEER TNFUH:NCI:n /\ND 8
CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS
192 HOBBS ACT - FINANCIAL 3
INSTITUTIONS
206 FAG - DEPARHIENT OF 1
DEFENSE; AGRICULTURE;
COf'IHERCE; CONMUNITY
SERVICES ADMINISTRATION;
INTERIOR
Total 65
'
Number of Cases Status Total (
Hitness Victim .-
/
35 1 35 /
17 1 17
7 2 14
3 3 9
1 6 6
1 12 12
1 16 16
Totals 65 109
- 5 -
... . '
i'
Information Obtained
- 7 -
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CONCLUSIONS
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Admlat.strattn SeJYlcea .Dlrialca
2- Savanaah
1 - Field flle
1 ... SaggeSttoa file
r";;;.,.,
(l.J- For Your Information
1 - Personnel me o b6
LRG:tab ........... Continued - OVer
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Federal Bureau of Investiga1b 7 c
Savannah, Georgia
- 2-
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---- =--- _
Employee Suggestion
F"D-2'>2 (R.-v."9-ll-59)
a
BEST AVAILABLE
Dot.-
Disadvantages of suggestion
D"<'Ctcr - - --
Lx&t ;_. . : :.: ' -. .-.
- 2 -
... . .
i
Suggestion #22-81 \i .
ADDENDUM: TRAINING DIVISION, 11/26/80, HLA :khm
b6
b7C Attached is one copy of a report captioned, "Evaluation of the Forensic
Hypnosis Program". As the report indicates, use of forensic hypnosis is
currently cost effective. As also indicated in the report, the fees of the pro-
fessionals who do the hypnosis range from no charge to $1, 500 per session
plus expenses, with over 80o/c of the fees under $115 per session. The report
estimates that the total cost tor 109 hypnotic interviews amounted to under
$42. 000. With this background information in mind, the Training Division
concurs with the suggestion of SA I
that the FBI attempt to establish I
interag :-:-ncy support agreements in an effort to reduce the cost which the FBI
incurs 2ach hypnotic session.
There are currently individuals on active duty in the military who have
assisted the FBI in hypnosis and research has shown that posse comitatus
presents no problem in this regard as long as these military mental health
professionals are present only to hypnotize and not to participate in the
interview.
11ent ______ _
; -'Eli
-.,,.c ,t.D-I.::'.S _ _ Laooratory _ _
i'
SUGGESTION OF
SAVANNAH DIVISION
SUGGESTION #2.2-81
lAG' b6
ADDENDUM: LEGAL COUNSEL DIVISION, NEM:lad 12/23/80 ,
b7C
-4-
ADbENDUM TO SUGGESTION #22-81
APPROVED: />.<:!r-1. --
D:rector _____ _
E.-ec PJ-t-.d.rn ____
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EV t\LUt\T l
Of TilE
FOl\ENSIC IIYPNOSlS PIWGHM1
- ""': .
DATE :
7/2/79
(jAC,
REPLY TO
ATTN OF:
SAN DIEGO (66-1804)
SUBJECT:
HYPNOSIS AS AN INVESTIGATIVE AID
TO :
ASSISTANT D)RECTOR,
TRAINING DIVISION -
FBI ACADEMY
(ATTENTION: OFFICE OF INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH)
2 JUL 13 1979
@- Quantico (Encls-2)
1 - San Diego (66-1804)
WJF:jj
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(3)
66JUL231 Z, . _
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1 Buy U.S. the Payroll Savings Plan
..,_-- ... ,. .. .
OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10
(REV. 7-76)
GSA FPMR ( 41 CFR) 101-11.6
5010-112
.I
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SUBJECT: UNSUB;
I b6
E>'.EC. Labcratcry _ _
t/J::...?i!I.
above-captioned case. This request was subsequently requested in written
form in Buffalo's teletype dated 10/23/80.
Enclosure 1-/ '.
.NOV 18 1900 . ;
1 -Mr. Revell
1 - Mr. Monroe
1 - Legal Research Unit
1 - Mr. McNally
TAK:pdh {5)
F'Bt ! DOJ
HYPNOSIS AS AN INVESTIG AID
To counter any problem that might arise during the hypnosis examina-
tion the court proposed in Note 12 at p. 199 that:
Cf71-
A New
N.Y.S.2d. 643, 6
precedent stated:
.k county. court case, Peo.eA v.
c ( 1979) following Kline, w::;'\"'ler an
417
Aaams as
Exec AD lnv. _
Exec AD i'"dm' _
Exec AD _ :
Asst. Dir.:
. Adm. Servs.7_
Crim.lnv._
ldent. _ _
lntell. _ _
Laboratory_
Legal Coun. _
Date Plan. & Insp. _
Rec.Mgnt. _
Trainin ""
From J. D. Public AI s. Off _
Telephone Rm. -
Director's Sec'y _
I
Attached for the Legal Counsel Division are the following:
l:
"'0
!MAY 8 0
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FB 1/ OOJ 1:::.
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Memorandum to Mr. Mintz from Mr. McKenzie
Re: THE USE OF MILITARY IN
FBI HYPNOSIS PROGRAM
DETAILS: For information of the Legal Counsel Division, the Bureau has
been using militar doctors for a roximatel four ears in its h nosis
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PERSONAL
I I
Federal Bureau of Investigation
b6 Savannah, Georgia
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YOW' suggestion to establish lDterageney support agreement
between tbe Bureau. and other military senlcea to obtain tbe service of
medleal profesaloaala for use la hJPDOtie IDterriewa bu been received.
Yoar augestlou was ca.refully reriewed 1a several dl-vJslODS at Bead-
--- quarters. 1be Lepl Couuel Division adrised tbat after research of the
--ease-law taat-aulclresses-u.e-Poaae comUatus-Act,-Tltle-18,-UDlted_S_tates___ _. _
Code, seetlOD.1S85, 1lt was determlDed that mUltary med1cal peraoanel
should DOt be ued in Bureau toltiated hypnotle llltervlews. Decisions
lllvob1.ag tbe Aet bave stated that at tbe present time tbey would not
lllvote the uelualoaary rule for riolattoas of 'fWe 18, USC, Section
1385. However, future cases lnvolYiag military persooael in ctvWan
law eaforcement lDvestlgatlons would be subject to close sc:natlny.
Legal Couaael Dlriatonls of the oplDloa that-any potential cost aarlags
aspects of your 1dea are outwelgbet1 bJ the possible loss of testimony its
1mplementatiol1 may cause. Therefore, ao a.ctlon ts being taken on your
proposal.
Tbe lDterest )'OU expressed by submitting your Idea ls most cer-
ta.I.Bly appreciated. -.
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Federal Bureau of Investigation b 7 c
Sctvannah, Georgia
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cc: FILES Gauf
RETRIEVAL
Lawton
Civiletti (CPJ!)
..,_-Birschhorn
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, ,-
MAR 2 4 1978
b6
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This is
I
in respaosa to your that Office
of Legal. ccnsic.:r the restrictio!l.S t--hich the
a n. -'-" u .:Jv
r ,!.....;;..'-""""'
en
J .,._'"""""
of uersonn.el to the of Justice
tha snd cf
-oy ......_ ..l.ll t.n.a
"' ..
course or ,.. ,___ D
w=nt of I:;.afen.ss.
tie tnat the Division of the
of bas t:b..at the existing
'Hz-dJrandu:r:t of Und.e=st.=:ld.ing tb.e t-=:o
b "" _
,...O">M ....... ,.; to
_ .,_..,;.._... _....._ __ '- .L...:.. F.:-ce c!:L:.:_.,. ...... .....
-.....::'"""' -:--.,o-"-i
.. OS):
gat:ion3 Army Criminal Di-vision C. I D
to assist the h:!!ndling of case3 after
" to this
. for
tion. ha.,.-e expertise procure:nent
net otherwise avai 1 able to the Denartn:ent
of e..'"ld they Ca:l ba expected to be faa:tllir with
c22es tha
Th: Division. L"1trod.s to these talents in
qt!2stic::J.ing 'trltne..sse.s, organizing and providing
It: co.es not intend to t:se CSI CIJ? per-
scnr-...el to a....:ests, se:rve or perzonn -
searches. The i=::!oediate is sua is the to
the Posse Act restricts the use of cilitary
personnel in fraud
..
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., to perior3ine net.
....b.. .
tne use ,_
. as
-
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acts, arrests,
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mEn . io= the occasicn , the lc=21
to overco-:J.e or resistance in of
his 2_/ It: is le3s clear seant: by "other-
;,;ise to e::::!.crc:: the lo::1s. 11 Prop-on.e!lts of tile Act in both
Pauses alluded to tha use of trOO?S to collect ta:-:es,
. t aJ...!l
':'"'1-:lJ.D
. ..l d-u..r!..ng
. s t .. .c,
rm:l . .... ,;nee e_ec t . ,
by in.t:b..itiation of \;-oters. the o-.:1ly approach
to a g.:ne:ral definition of e::-:ecutio:=. of the laws was made
by Senat?r Rill of
Senator E.:!.ll cont:e!l.d.2d that: the .:0-use to be avoided
-was the use of pe=sons subject to lz--.; e..n.d dis-
ciplio::.a to e.zec..!te the l<J.-ws. uEzecuti::.g tha 11
he
-v;as the actual or poten+--i ::i applicat:io:1 of
force by a civil a process,or
other la-;.,--ful cc.,..,.,..,end of the govel ent. H? stated that
the only P=C?er role for the A.::....lJ t.o S"...Z?press
force too great for the ci7i.l po1-iar to ove=co!:l.e,
end he co::J.clu.d.eQ.:
I t-nere . t-1.--
na t
t .
.cur ...
o:c,.
a
tc2t the nevar
be called b to execute a civil r.,cy, to enforce
a civil process. As I say,
opposit.ic:1. to it:, the courts a.lon..e sd t'ne
civil officers alone ought to the pro-
cess.
* *
I care n:>t by agency it is brought about,
the fact b"ill -ra:nai...'1. you
the ci.lita_ry a.._"""!:l h.abitu.ally, or
you thzt it is right t.o use tbe Aray
to execu.t:e civil process, to
duties
balong
,
to 't.-.civil and "to
..
the c1.tu:e.ns, you Llave gJ..-:;-e:t up C;."lar-
scter of your C-ovel."r' ..,ont:; it fs z:.o lon.g=r a
gove.L. ".:.-nt: ormd.zd in the con..saut of
- 4 -
-----
In he believed that the Act: przve:.1t the use
of to as the
bsili:ind cC'!::"'k>-r-.4s lo.-n; cb directed to t..ha ord.; citi- n:)ry
ze::l. 11
'I'his gC""'e,..al analysis and the spccu2.c casas men-
tic!led by odla= of the Act h..a-va a
ele:Je:lt: ..-;j pe.rson.n.el applyi":"!g force to the ci...ril-
cu:::L:r\.mity b 't1l; nor::.al course of go'l7:rment.
t;;1e.::t
Cc'"'egress .. .... d t.ae
use o=.. the.
J:':J.....""-cy
/.- to execute
the la-..."S, it: appears to had in ..,.,i,..,d actual or
W.'l-.,..reaten..ed coercion by persons suhj ect. to dis-
. 1::l.:!l.e on 't..-
C:l:o . , 1
U<:O a1. ..,.- o:::- Cl.v:I._ a,..,
-
<>n""oree::J:::nt" o.r ... l.Cers. It
..
7.cs not: orese!l.ted -o;rl.t!:l instances or aevice or technical
to tb...e civil a;.zth..orit-1 did :::ot consider
this practice. 3/
- 5
7! .
\;as a
. ___ ,_,_ <::tat:ooo- v
of a civil i
;;._;) .. 1___ _..,.
ro:n
T.j-...
:::;.. ,..,
!-CO F ........
2ri - .
(L:.th r 197,.)
or s2llL"'lg
. - .-
f; to . in==ligi.ble puzcb.asers. the co;.J.Zse cf
- ..... e-::--::-: ,._...,
st:<3d
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- - . ---. \:.3Po
- ""5
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-
,
i'"'ol-i,.,fb1:::.
....,.,...'1.;,....:;- .,.,
c;o,.,.,;J. -&.....
-f-i.,..o-:.-:--os.
..... .;;;.
T."'le
-- ----- .... - - - -..
10/ 200
11/ 490 F.2d 372 (4th Cir 1974).
17./ United St:ztes v. 541 F .2d 1275 (8th C'tr.
1975); U:::ri.t:ed v. !f::..-irt:hur, 419 F .SL7? lSG (D.
N.D. 1976); Ucit:zd States v. Red 'Fa::th:r, 392 F.St.."';??
915 (D. S.D. 1915); United States v. 333 F.Supp.
368 (D. S.D. 1974); States v. 330 F.
.. p. 1375 (D. l9l4), :ap")e:J.l 510 F .2d
803 (8th Cir. 1975).
.
13/ -r t.-: .J . .-. . . :.... . r:!-"J..)
s lJ;,.J.: J .;.!.T. Sf;::../ J :. '}). _
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-with a
,...-{.,.._an;-s ;.,...
..............
t-ho
---
p::onibits inte!:'-
k-.:1 enforcement office= i."l the lc:..
,...,,...,...,, .... 1"1.,..,
---
...
.... _ l ; ;
t:i
----
for vi o-
- - -
.L: _, . 1 . . ... - .
e:l.:..o:::-ceo..ent o:r: !:U.s cn.lties a cr.or:.._ c:::.::;oraer a.J:Iect:-
ing a feder-..,1 ft::lction. All of the courts ir1volvea held
that to estiblish rhat the FBI were
.....::
":.::
14/ See 7 Co=g. R2c. 3581 (Cong. 4243
q- .
;:_2.rr1!:la.n ) ...... u /. .c.
...
15/ Aut-ho=it:y fo= t:heir use have been 10 U.S.C.
_332-34.
16/ See United States v. Hc.Artbu=,. 419 F.S'.!?? 185, 192-
9 ..J"J (D !,( D i.:Jf")) v:.-...'-C..,. $+-..,"'"-'"" r "Ci....L
t ' ._._....,,
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,.. 91'
_;;)) -.L (D c v ... ) '-''-1... ;:; ..............
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330.. F.Supp. 1375_, 1577-78 (D. 1974)
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v.:;Casper, 541 F.2d 1275 (Sth Ci.r. 1975). ];i/ \;"nile the
cou.:-t the finding of i:l '!:C...!.='thur the
hsd uot violated, it did 4ot the legal
st2:1da.rds used by the district cet=ts. J:QI
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1 .a.. .
t h. . _nt: p,ct c.oes r..ot .. to
ci-:.rilian la.:J" b.;at does L:.volve the !
tary in tbe e:re:::-cise o aut.."l,.ority ov2r civili;:u;.s. Con- I
gress did not 2dvic= or
to civilian aud th2se do not I
t
c=eata the of oilitary cf civilians i
'\..1-li.ch it did fear.
fl
l
23/ s cilit:ary _status is c.entb::!..e!cl in suora I
l
at 722 n. 109. The article is
L
not2
of b.'1 e cLc:.c is i.o ..
It should also be noted
contrarv to walden v. United States,-490 F .2d 324.,
Cir. 19'74). 'Ina \'1ald::n court: Cl.d. cite the ea(lie:-
L:e, as is
h
decisicn.
24/ See Laird v. T2tun, 408 U.So 1) 17-24 (1972)
(Douglas, J. aissent2.ng); United v. 490
m
r!
'd
F.2d 372, 373-75 (4th Cir. Ve
HcArtblr, 419 F.Supp. 137r 193-94 (D. lLD. l9i6); 7 Cong.
Rec. 3379 (Rep. 4243 (Seno (1878).
- 11 -
"
...
Thirdly, Con;ress to keep military
c= civilian is no indication
that it to tbe
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Sincerely,
.. H.ary C. L&.,;ton
Diputy Assistant-At-torn2y General
Office o Legal Cou..:.."'lsel
..,..
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16 -
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DO NOT U54t this form as ,j;. RECORD- of approvab, disposals, ,
.. . :I.
' .. and similar actions .
.
... - Zi!e)h,-=r.;y . -v.
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5041-102 ....
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Oi'TIONAL FORM 41 (R!"'. 7-76)
try GSA .
GOVI!'ItN .. PW I"RINTIHC 0"11:11: F?Mit (41 c:.r;u 101-11..206 . - -: ... -.. " .
.. ..... ..
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-
Exec AD lnv. _ ..
..
- ; , .: Exec AD Adm. _
Exec.,AD LES _
Aut . Oir .:
.Ad11 . Sorvs . _
Crim. lnv . - -
.
ldenf. _ __
l n t e i L - -
fPi.;'1cJ
l Tech.
Training
s. L _ .
From Legal Telephono Rm, -
Oiroctoi's Sec'y-_
Subject :
o - .
tfrJgSIJ /
;
1 - Mr. McKenzie
Attn: Mr. R. L. Ault
.. . -Gt
..
r
LI:.A'>egal Research Unit , p
.
I ''
' ........
D: lad ( 3) 1.',
8 1981
,
FBI / OOJ i C1J
' :=;l
Memo to AD - TD
.;- .
-2-
. .
Memo to AD - TD
RE: THE USEOF MILITARY
MEDICAL PERSONNEL IN
HYPNOSIS INTERVIEWS
-3- ..
FD-;'36 5-22-78)
-.
FBI
-.
TRANSMIT VIA: PRECEDENCE: CLASSIFICATION:
D Teletype D Immediate D TOP SECRET
D Facsimile D Priority 0 SECRET
IXJ Airtel D Routine D CONFIDENTIAL
D UNCLAS E F T 0
D UNCLAS
Date 4/3/Sl
-
Re telephone conversation on 3/3/8l between SAl
Behavioral Science Unit, L...------1
Quantico, Va.
serv1ces ava1 a e to e
Bureau requirements and
be $60.00 per hour plus
b6 However, it is antici-
b7C pated that all future interviews will be conducted at the
University of Rochester Medical Center facilities that are
all ready set up with one-way windows and video equipment at
no extra expense to the Bur"f.IJ1 ?jCjq _
1 o Division, Iry}?lnos:is. is SA
I I
At this time it is anticipated that all
hypnotic sessions ill be conducted under the team concept
with both Dr. Goig, .t, :t-r{ and SA I I conducting 1
All interviews \t1 '-be video taped.
. \, UltiJISUIIII] . 1!2 APR I
Q- Bureau (Encs. -t) "----
( 1 - Quantico) -
1 - Buffalo
WDV;ph
(4)
-2-
'
CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME:
HOME ADDRESS:
PSYCHOLGIST
POSITIONS:
'\\ !\fay 28, 1911
PERSONAL
I I
Pede rat Bureau of Investigation b6
Savannah, Georgia
b7C
16 .
/ . ,. ,.v..
, ,. '_t:? /.,::
' ,.
1'
1 ..........
(}Jiv
1
- ,_ -Assistant Director W\1
- Savannah "':':" .
f1 2 APPROVED: Adm.
1 - Field personnel file crim.tnv. Rec. Mgm:
'i Director Tech. Serva. _ __
Exec AD lnv. _ 1 - Suggestion file Exec. ADAdm._ tdent.
Exec AD Adm, - ec ADInv - InspectiOn Off. ol Cong.
Exec AD LES _ I f t \ 6 PUbliC Affl_,_ _.
Asst 0 , 1 - Training :Qirv!sion For Your n orma 10 c.AD..U:S _ rntell. _ __
Ad .. Servs- fife o b6 ' ' l'
Cro11 lnv _ """ <r ) 1
ldent :taq.v ... 'lt'i rr I'_, Sugg stion b C
7
r->--..................................a.....;;;..........,........,
lntell _ _
Laboratory _
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"
Legal Coun - dt (),. { 1
Plan & lnsp _ ' l D b6
Rec Mgnt -""" j\ 1"\'\ .c (" i((O
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<()
Tech Srvs ',.,
Tra1n1ng _
b7C
Ails Off _ J ''
Rm _
r' s Sec'y _ MAIL ROO
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Federal :Bureau of Investigati1b7C
Savannah, Georgia
NOTE: Suggests to establish interagency support agreement between the
Bureau and the U. S. Army and other military services to obtain
services of medical professionals for use in hypnotic interviews. Intelli-
gence Division defers decision to Training Division. Training Division
concurs with suggestion that the FBI attempt to establish interagency sup-
port agreements in an effort to reduce the cost which the FBI incurs each
hypnotic session. CID advised suggestion appears to have merit, however,
due to the fact that to implement the suggestion military personnel would
be utilized in criminal-type investigations, the proposal should be forwarded
to LCD for review and opinion. LCD recommends against adoption since
research of the case law that addresses the Posse Comitatus Act, Title
18, United States Code (USC), Section 13 85 has led LCD to the conclusion
that military medical personnel should not be used in Bureau initiated
hypnotic interviews. Decisions involving the Act have stated in dicta that
at the present time they would not invoke the exclusionary rule for
violations of Title 18, USC, Section 13 85, however future cases involving
military personnel in civilian law enforcement investigations would be
subject to close scrutiny. LCD believes that any potential cost saving
aspects of this suggestion are outweighed by the possible loss of testimony
its implementation may cause. Views attached.
-2-
.
. FBI Academy ..
r>
.-
' c;ir!J.Inv." .. , :. &
ldent.: .
.. :. Rec . Mgnt. . _...,..--. .
. Intel I..- .. _._ .. 5) .. a.ai I
.. ' " . '
s"rvs
. Laborotary _._. . .
'Exec. l\iJ.t\dm:__ !'ient. _.--. ,.,:,
:I
Legal Coun. _.
an. & ln., ..
-.-
. Tech. Servs. _
',
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..
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Exec. AOinv._. _ int.,iL
E.,. AD ,;;s
. "ac .. L.... Laboratory _ _
-- . ..
,f..{'ii.!ll:g
Off. of'-' r.g:
...
Director FBI
I
I I
REQUEST F.Di:.l INFORMATION
:If r y THE id:U
b6
Re San Diego letter to the Director dated 4/15/81.
b7C
.------=E=ne=l=os.:.;ed for San Diego is one copy of a letter which was sent to
L...-_ _ _ __.jby the Behavioral Science Unit.
;;
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--
t- ai
&&.
C'-l
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MINNEAPOLIS (6 6-3848)
1
Bureau (Enc.)
- Minneapolis
CL:cjp
( 4)
ij,,. e rht%
CJ')
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4-528
/ --:::? o a . ;. , c,
(#c./.- 0 7 / /7' -/d-}
)2
- - / 0 C)
CHANGED TO
FBI/00.1
I
4-528
,
-"
titAR 16 ![J83
(/Y;J{/i; tnt/-.
FBI/DO.I
4-528
CHANGED TO
1- Jo-b 5<1- 3X' I
rt;Ak 16 1983
FBI/DOJ
; E.ec AD Adm. J
' ',
Memorandum AD lnv. ----2:_
E...., AD LES'_:__
Dlr. :
'\.
- Serva. :-
lnv. _ _
lden i. __ _
lntoli, _ _
Laboratory_
Legal Coun. _
Date
Assistant Director ll61,...; 11/22/82 Pion. & Inap._
Rec. Mgnt._
Criminal . Division Tech. Serva. _
DETAILS:
I. Background
On 8/23/82, SAl I Criminal Investigative
Division (CID) contacted s4 I Unit Chief, [-z,
Legal Research Unit (LRU), concerning the legal issues :-- i
involved in the use of hypnosis to enhance the recollection
of a potential government witness/victim in the "Army of
God" kidnapping investigation being conducted by the
Springfield Division. On 8/25/82, SAl lorally furnished
a summary of the information set fo,th SAl I On b6
8/26/82, at the request of b7C
furnished the same information to Special Agent in Charge
(SAC) Joseph E. Ondrula, Springfield Division. The results
of LRU's research are fully set forth below for record
purposes and for the future information of CID.
1
1
1 I
Mr. Ault (Quantico)
b6
.) ..
"
II. Issues
Four primary issues appear to be present when a
witness/victiml/ who has previously undergone hypnosis to
enhance his recollection offers oral evidence at a trial:
1. Will the previous hypnosis render the witness
incompetent to testify? That is, will the court bar the
witness from testifying regarding any matters, whether the
offered testimony relates to events occurring before, during
or after the witness was hypnotized?
2. Assuming that the witness is not totally
barred from testifying as a result of the hypnosis, will the
court permit the witness to testify as to facts that were
recalled while the witness was under hypnosis? That is,
will the court permit the witness to testify as to facts
that were elicited from him only as the result of the
hypnosis technique?
3. What is the proper role of expert testimony at
a trial where a witness who has previously been hypnotized
will be testifying?
4. In the event that a decision is made in an FBI
investigation to hypnotize an individual who may be called
as a witness in a subsequent criminal trial, what procedures
should be followed?
III. Current Case Law in the Ninth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth
Circuit2./ (the Ninth Circuit) appears to be the only Federal
appellate court which has developed a reasonably complete and
systematic approach to issues involving the admissibility
3
. . . ... , .. .,...
.f
Memorandum from Legal Counsel to Assistant Director,
Criminal Investigative Division
RE: ARMY OF GOD; USE OF HYPNOSIS
TECHNIQUE ON WITNESSES/VICTIMS
4
Memorandum from Legal Counsel to Assistant Director,
Criminal Investigative Division
RE: ARMY OF GOD: USE OF HYPNOSIS
TECHNIQUE ON WITNESSES/VICTIMS
6
Memorandum from Legal Counsel to Assistant Director,
Criminal Investigative Division
RE: ARMY OF GOD; USE OF HYPNOSIS
TECHNIQUE ON WITNESSES/VICTIMS
noted that the issue was settled in the Ninth Circuit that
such evidence was admissible. Hence the testimony of the
doctor performing the hypnosis, elicited by the government
prior to any challenge to the witness's credibility, was
improper:
7
Memorandum from Legal Counsel to Assistant Director,
Criminal Investigative Division
RE: ARMY OF GOD; USE OF HYPNOSIS
TECHNIQUE ON WITNESSES/VICTIMS
9
Memorandum from Legal Counsel to Assistant Director,
Criminal Investigative Division
RE: ARMY OF GOD: USE OF HYPNOSIS
TECHNIQUE ON WITNESSES/VICTIMS
10
Memorandum from Legal Counsel to Assistant Director,
Criminal Investigative Division
RE: ARMY OF GOD; USE OF HYPNOSIS
TECHNIQUE ON WITNESSES/VICTIMS
11
Memorandum from Legal Counsel to Assistant Director,
Criminal Investigative Division
RE: ARMY OF. GOD; USE OF HYPNOSIS
TECHNIQUE ON WITNESSES/VICTIMS
12
Memorandum from Legal Counsel to Assistant Director,
Criminal Investigative Division
RE: ARMY OF USE OF HYPNOSIS
TECHNIQUE ON WITNESSES/VICTIMS
13
....
14
Memorandum from Legal Counsel to Assistant Director,
Criminal Investigative Division
RE: ARMY OF GOD; USE OF HYPNOSIS
TECHNIQUE ON WITNESSES/VICTIMS
15
!f$
16
....
FD-36 (Rev. 82682)
FBI
--
TRANSMIT VIA: PRECEDENCE: CLASSIFICATION:
0 Teletype 0 Immediate 0 TOP SECRET
0 Facsimile 0 Priority 0 SECRET
lil airtel 0 Routine 0 CONFIDENTIAL
0 UNCLAS E F T 0
0 UNCLAS
Date 2 20 8 5
b6
b 7C ReBuairtel 1/30/85.
instant
I lis the coordinator for
Division. It is recom-
mended that he attend captioned seminar inasmuch as he
has been inactive. 7
c.cJ...;.ir d
- Bureau
- New Orleans
EJP:sam
(3)
, __.
FBI .>
TRANSMIT VIA: PRECEDENCE: CLASSIFICATION:
0 Teletype 0 Immediate 0 TOP SECRET
0 Facsimile 0 Priority 0 SECRET
1KJ AIRTEL 0 Routine 0 CONFIDENTIAL
0 UNCLAS E F T 0
0 UNCLAS
Date 6/27/91
1 TO : DIRECTOR, FBI
(ATTENTION: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE UNIT)
2
FROM /_{ r.SAC, KANSAS CITY (66-4238) (SQ4) (P)
3
SUBJECTf';uHYPNOTIC INTERVIEW MATTERS;
4
s
00: KANSAS CITY :fJ fi),
t/f ?/
(Ol..f\.. <v.
1/,) :; \!) "c!J
s'
UNSUB(S);
6 ESBON STATE BANK,
BURR OAK BRANCH,
7 BURR OAK KANSAS;
5/31/91;
8 BB;
OO:KANSAS CITY
9
10
11
b6
12
recall mak1ng a ..
mental note of the license plates, but did not have a b7C
13
available and never got the number written down. I ]recalls ...
14 only the last three numbers being either 286 or 268, and
cannot recall any letters preceding the numbers. On 6/4/91,
15 the Resident Agent in Salina, Kansas, requested a hypnotic
interview o1 I
in order to determine if he could recall i5.
16 more information relating to the Missouri license number. on
18
1 - Dallas (Info)
19 2 - Kansas City
(1 - 66-4238)
20 (1 - 91BJKC-68663)
21
{-< b6
b7C
Approved: Transmitted
(Number) (Time)
Per
----------------
\
r,.,
,.:...
.. f!
,- ., .....
66-4238
2*
FD-36 (Rev. 8-29-85)
FBI
1 TO I ECTOR, FBI
TENTION: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE UNIT)
2
FRO SAC, KANSAS CITY (66-4238) (SQ4)
3
SUB 'HYPNOTIC INTERVIEW
4
oo =KANSAS CITY a> If r/j rtJ 0 5
5
UNSUB(S);
6 ESBON STATE BANK,
BURR OAK BRANCH,
7 BURR OAK I KANSAS;
5/31/91;
8 BB;
OO:KANSAS CITY
9
12
13
14 conducted 1n an effort
15
P+ior to the interview, indicated that he could b6
16 remember consciously noting the license as being a Missouri
license with the last three numbers of 286 or 268, but could b7C
17 not recall the letters preceding the numbers.
interview under hypnosis, I lwas able to
18 \1
i@ AUG 19 1991
19 Bureau
j - Kansas City (2 - 91B-KC-68663)
20
21
Approved: Transmitted
(Number) (Time)
.,
''..
.,
KC 66-4238
2*
-
err. .
.-' . f..:Jr.l- - .
,400 ----.
:, o,;.a .
: i
REC EIVED a Ctir.l. tr... -
.;'!..... - -
-- ,:
TELETYPE I \ .::: ._-,,j t. - .- .. -
j(, - - - - . :
: ;, ,; :1!. -- -- - .. '
1::;,'! : -: ::. /
0415 MRI 01585
.: Ct; ....:.:.. : . .- -
RR RUCNFB ,
DE FBIOE #0007 . 3252113 \'.
_. __.____....;..:- .
ZNY EEEEE
R 202113Z NOV 92
FM FBI DETROIT tl94-0) (C-8)
TO OIRECTOR
...._
BT
UNCLAS E F T 0
CITE: .//3220//
b6
PASS: BSSU,
b7C
SUBJECT:
}.FEDERAL FORENSIC
Q SEMINAR; fBI ACADEMYJ -
DECEMBER
----------------=----
14, , 1992- DECEMBER 18, 1992; BUDEO NOVEMBER 27,
1992.
NNNN