Professional Documents
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Monasticism
JOTIYA DHIRASEKERA
1
Buddhist Monastic Discipline
Jotiya Dhirasekera
2
Vinayo nma Buddhassanassa yu
vinaye hite ssanam hita hoti
3
Buddhist Monastic Discipline
Thesis submitted to the University of Ceylon for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
First Edition
4
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface
v
Preface to the Second Edition
1
Conventionalization and Assimilation in Religious Movements in
Social Psychology with special reference to the development of
Buddhism and Christianity, p. 24, Riddell Memorial Lectures, Twelfth
Series, O.U.P. London, 1940
vi
Preface to the Second Edition
Jotiya Dhirasekera
University Park, Peradeniya, Ceylon
1 October 1964
Jotiya Dhirasekera
Encyclopaedia of Buddhism
135, Dharmapala Mawatha
Colombo 7
5 November 1981
vii
Preface to the Second Edition
viii
Preface to the Second Edition
Bhikkhu Dhammavihari
International Buddhist Research and Information Center
380/ 9 Sarana Road, Off Bauddhaloka Mawatha
Colombo 7, Sri Lanka
5 November 2005
ix
Table Of Contents
Preface v
Table Of Contents x
Abbreviations xii
CHAPTER I Introduction 1
CHAPTER XIII Women and the Religious Order of the Buddha 460
APPENDIX III The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and Development 570
Bibliography 590
I. ORIGINAL SOURCES 590
II SECONDARY AUTHORITIES 596
Index 599
xi
Abbreviations
Abbreviations
A. Aguttara Nikya
AA. Aguttara Nikya Ahakath, i.e.
Manorathapra
AAS. nanda rama Series
Ap. Apadna
Brh. Bhadrayaka Upaniad
Chnd. Chndogya Upaniad
Comy. Commentary
D. Dgha Nikya
DA. Dgha Nikya Ahakath, i.e. Sumagalavilsin
Dhp. Dhammapada
DhA. Dhammapadahakath
DhsA. Dhammasaga Ahakath, i.e. Atthaslin
Gilgit MSS Gilgit Manuscripts
IHQ. Indian Historical Quarterly
Ind. Ant. Indian Antiquary
J. Jtaka
Kaha. Kaha Upaniad
Kkvt. Kakhvitara, i.e. Ptimokkha Ahakath
M. Majjhima Nikya
MA. Majjhima Nikya Ahakath, i.e. Papacasdan
xii
Abbreviations
M. Mkya Upaniad
Manu. Manusmti
Miln. Milindapaha
Mu. Muaka Upaniad
Prana. Prana Upaniad
PTS. Pali Text Society
Pts. Paisambhidmagga
S. Samyutta Nikya
SA. Samyutta Nikya Ahakath i.e.
Sratthappaksin
SBB. Sacred Books of the Buddhists
SBE. Sacred Books of the East
Sn. Suttanipta
SnA. Suttanipta Ahakath
Taisho Taisho Issaikyo
Tait. Taittirya Upaniad
Thag. Theragth
Thig. Thergth
Ud. Udna
UdA. Udna Ahakath, i.e. Paramatthadpan
Vibh. Vibhaga
Vimt. Vimativinodan Vinaya k
Vin. Vinaya Piaka
VinA. Vinaya Ahakath, i.e. Samantapsdik
xiii
Abbreviations
Vinvi. Vinayavinicchaya
Vism. Visuddhimagga
xiv
Chapter I - Introduction
Buddhist Monastic
Monastic Discipline
CHAPTER I
Introduction
1
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Monier Williams, Buddhism., p.75.
2
Chapter I - Introduction
1
A.III.224.
2
M.II.120.
3
Chapter I - Introduction
1
S.Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.85.
2
Ibid.p.72.
5
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Vism.I.3.
2
Vibh.245.
3
Ibid.245-46.
6
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Vin.I.103.
2
M.II.11. lists it under the four sammappadhna. Ibid.pp.95, 128 list it
under the five padhniyaga.
7
Chapter I - Introduction
8
Chapter I - Introduction
1
DA.II.479
9
Chapter I - Introduction
is the security of the life after death that is now sought. Yet
another thing strikes us here. Whatever may be the purpose for
which the Ptimokkha is used, the Commentator seems to be
aware of the fact that the primary idea associated with the
Ptimokkha is that of freeing, liberating and saving. It is as
though he knows that the verbal notion in the word Ptimokkha
is derived from the root/muc, giving such verb forms like
muccati, mucati, moceti which have the idea of free, release or
liberate.
They are:
10
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Monier Williams, Buddhism, pp.74-75.
2
M.I.80, 82, 237f; Ud.65.
3
Oldenberg, Buddha, pp.60-70.
11
Chapter I - Introduction
1
S.Dutt, Ealy Buddhist Monachism, pp.30-56.
2
Rhys Davids, Buddhism (Non-Christian Religious Systems) 1886,
p.152. Note: This is a revised edition and is the earliest edition
available to us.
12
Chapter I - Introduction
compatible with a retired life, in which all such contact with the
world as would tend to create earthly excitement and desires
should be reduced as much as possible; and accordingly, from
the first he not only adopted such a mode of life for himself, but
urged it on his more earnest disciples.'1
1
Even the reprint which was made 26 years afterwards of this learned
treatise has not witnessed a change of his view. See 1912 ed. p.152.
2
Mrs. Rhys Davids, Buddhism, (Home University Library) 1912
ed.p.204.
13
Chapter I - Introduction
1
See Mrs. Rhys Davids, Buddhism (Revised edition, 1934), p.198f.
2
Mrs. Rhys Davids, Outlines of Buddhism, p.63. See her Buddhism,
(1934 ed.) p.201.
14
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Ibid. p.75.
15
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Miss Horner, The Book of the Discipline, I. pp.xviii.
16
Chapter I - Introduction
He adds further:
1
Monier Williams, Buddhism, p.72.
2
Ibid.
17
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Vin.I.80f.
2
S. Dutt, Buddha And Five After-Centuries, p.61.
18
Chapter I - Introduction
personal preference, but this does not in any case imply any
general change of attitude in Buddhist monasticism.
1
S.Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.91. Rhys Davids and
Oldenberg too translate it as `Let not two of you go the same way' at
Vinaya Texts I, SBE. XIII (1881), p.112. But Mrs. Rhys Davids quotes
SBE.XIII (edition not given) as translating this statement as `Go not
singly but in pairs.' (See Outlines of Buddhism, p.74.). Neither the
grammar of this sentence nor the spirit in which it was made would
allow us to accept this latter translation.
19
Chapter I - Introduction
" These are the grandiloquent words which have come down
to us. It is more likely that Gotama said something like `Go out
now to the villages near by, and as there are so few of you, no
two of you should go by the same way. Speak of the new ideas
that I have just been telling you about to any one who will
listen'."1
1
Miss Horner, Women Under Primitive Buddhism, p.115.
2
S. Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.113.
20
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Ibid. p.110. n.84. and Buddha And Five After-Centuries, p.109. n.1.
2
S. Dutt, Buddha And Five After - Centuries, p.66.
21
Chapter I - Introduction
1
M.I.469f.
2
M.I.24f, 95f.
3
S.Dutt, Buddha And Five after-Centuries, p.69. The word nissaya is
used to refer to the minimum requirements of a Bhikkhu on which he
depends and subsists. They include food (piapta), clothing
(cvara), shelter (sensana) and medicaments (gilnapaccaya-
bhesajja-parikkhra) and are referred to as the Four Nissayas (cattro
nissay). See Vin.I.58.
22
Chapter I - Introduction
1
S. Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.92.
2
Vin.I.58.
23
Chapter I - Introduction
1
S.Dutt, Buddha And Five After-Centuries, p.96.
2
S. Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.96.
24
Chapter I - Introduction
put it, out of the sinister motive of discrediting the Buddha and
his Order in the eyes of the people because the Buddha
denounced severe austerities, is a different problem. As Dutt
himself points out, Devadatta's proposals accord more with
Jaina practices.1 In Buddhism, they strike a discordant note and
consequently Devadatta appears more a dissentient than a
revivalist. Dutt is apparently sorry that `Devadatta got no credit
for enjoining strictness with regard to some of them.'2 But for
very obvious reasons we are certainly not.
1
Ibid.p.95.n.23.
2
S.Dutt, Buddha And Five After-Centuries, p.70.
3
S. Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.13.
4
Ibid. p.67.
25
Chapter I - Introduction
26
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Ibid.pp.67-68.
27
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Ibid.p.68.
2
Ibid.p.69.
3
Vin.I.56.
28
Chapter I - Introduction
We shall now turn our attention to what has been said so far
about the organization and discipline of this early monastic
community. As early as 1880 Rhys Davids and Oldenberg
jointly expressed the following view: `It seems to us that
Gotama's disciples, from the very beginning, were much more
than a free and unformal union of men held together merely
through this common reverence for their Master, and through a
common spiritual aim. They formed rather, and from the first, an
organised Brotherhood.'3
1
See S. Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.13.
2
M.III.10.
3
Vinaya Texts I. SBE. XIII. xii.
29
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Oldenberg, Buddha, p.331.
2
S. Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.13.
30
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Ibid.p.29.
31
Chapter I - Introduction
We feel that his remarks here are mixed up with a bit of legal
jargon and they obviously miss the mark. As has been
explained in detail elsewhere under the origin of sla and
sikkhpada,2 the Buddha does not proceed as a law-maker,
without any provocation. This is clearly stated to be so by the
Buddha himself both in the Bhaddli Sutta3 and the
Suttavibhaga.4 Judgement on a single wrong act done by a
Bhikkhu marks the birth of a new rule. Nothing is further from
the truth than his remark that the Buddha does not profess to
prescribe general courses of conduct for the Bhikkhus. Here
Dutt seems to fail to assess correctly the role of the Vinaya
sikkhpada. They are unmistakably generalisations based on
specific instances. Collectively they determine the general
course of conduct for the monks.
1
Ibid.p.23.
2
See Ch.IV.
3
M.I.445.
4
Vin.III.9f.
32
Chapter I - Introduction
1
S.Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.36.
2
Ibid.p.65.
33
Chapter I - Introduction
1
D.II.100.
2
S.Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.65.
3
Evam eva pana udyi idh'ekacce moghapuris ida pajahath'ti
may vuccamn te evam hasu. Kim pan'imassa appamattakassa
oramattakassa. adhisallikhatev'ya samao'ti - M.I.449.
Ko nu kho bhante hetu ko paccayo yena pubbe appatarni c'eva
34
Chapter I - Introduction
Now we should point out that it is hardly fair that Dutt leaves
out of his quotation the word paatto which appears just after
desito in the above statement. This, in effect, would be a
distortion, for the word paatto has a specific ring of codified
law, and the word paatti is used throughout the Vinaya Piaka
with reference to the promulgation of rules of discipline. Further,
Dutt himself does not fail to menion the fact that these remarks
were made by the Buddha during his last missionary tour.1 In
36
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Ibid.p.66.
2
Ibid.p.67.
37
Chapter I - Introduction
38
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Vinaya Texts I, SBE.XIII, pp.ix-x.
39
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Vin.I.p.xvi.
2
Ibid.
3
Vinaya Texts I, SBE.XIII, p.xiv.
4
Witernitz, History of Indian Literature II, p.24.
40
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Vin.II.96. It is important to maintain the distinction between these
suttas (sutta) and the texts of the Sutta Piaka which are referred to as
Suttas or Suttantas, and are viewed as belonging to a sphere outside
the Vinaya and Abhidhamma Piakas. Note: Anpatti na
vivaetukmo igha tva suttante v gthyo v abhidhamma v
pariypuassu pacch vinaya pariypuissas'ti bhaati -
Vin.IV.144.
2
VinA.VI.1197.
42
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Vin.II.97.
2
Rhys Davids, Buddhism (American Lectures), p.54.
3
Ch.IX. See also Ch.VIII.
43
Chapter I - Introduction
Of these remarks, we shall say for the present that they are
characterised by their sobriety and moderation. Evidence in
support of the ideas expressed here, we shall furnish in due
course.
1
Vinaya Texts. I.SBE.XIII.p.xi.
2
S.Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, pp.81-84.
44
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Ibid.p.73.
45
Chapter I - Introduction
1
M.II.8; III.10; A.I.230; Vin.I.102; IV.143,144.
2
S. Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.81.
3
Ibid.p.74.
46
Chapter I - Introduction
1
M.I.33.
2
S.Dutt, op.cit.p.75.
3
Vin.IV.43,144.
4
S.Dutt, op.cit.p.85.
47
Chapter I - Introduction
Let us now turn our attention to the rest of the Vinaya Piaka
with which we are interested, viz. the Suttavibhaga and the
Khandhakas. Let us introduce the Suttavibhaga with the
following remarks of Miss Horner whose unsurpassed familiarity
with the Vinaya literature lends such maturity to her judgement
on problems of Buddhist monastic discipline:
48
Chapter I - Introduction
monks, with the Order as a whole, and with the laity are
concerned.'1
1
Miss Horner, The Book of the Discipline, I.p.ix.
2
Rhys Davids, Buddhism, (American Lectures) p.55.
49
Chapter I - Introduction
`It deals one after another with all those matters relating to
Order which are not stated in so many words in the Rules of the
Ptimokkha.'1
1
Ibid.p.56.
2
Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, II.p.24.
3
Vinaya Texts I.SBE.XIII.P.xx.
50
Chapter I - Introduction
1
E.J.Thomas, History of Buddhist Thought, p.21.
51
Chapter I - Introduction
It would be clear from what has been said so far that we are
on the whole in agreement with the views expressed by Rhys
Davids and Oldenberg, both jointly and severally, with regard to
monastic discipline and Vinaya literature. One notable
exception to this occurs in the ideas we hold regarding the text
of the Ptimokkha and its place in the Canon. We hope we
have succeeded in stating our position clearly in the light of
evidence we have examined. On the other hand, the greatest
disagreement is with the views expressed by Sukumar Dutt. We
were compelled to make a detailed and exhaustive analysis of
very many of his statements. After careful consideration we
have expressed our opinion about them. The present study is
therefore undertaken in the belief that we could make our
contribution to the elimination of such failings as the following
which vitiate a fair and unbiased examination and evaluation of
the subject:
1
Vin.I. p. xxii.
52
Chapter I - Introduction
53
Chapter I - Introduction
1
But it is our belief that these observations on the Dhamma and the
Vinaya do not justify the following remarks of B.C. Law with regard to
the relation of the Vinaya to the Sutta Piaka:
`The consideration of all these facts cannot but lead one to surmise
that the treatises of the Vinayapiaka point to a sutta background in
the Vinaya materials traceable in the nikyas particularly in the
Aguttara. The sutta background of the Vinaya texts is clearly hinted
at in the concluding words of the Patimokkha. Ettaka tassa
bhagavato suttgata suttapariypanna anvaddhamsa uddesa
gacchati. *
This is far from being true. The word sutta in this context has been
unfortunately misunderstood. What it means is that the contents of the
Ptimokkha recital exists as a collection of sutta or rules (note the
54
Chapter I - Introduction
name Suttavibhaga) which the Buddha has laid down. As for the
relation of the Aguttara to the Vinaya, it is the Aguttara which draws
freely and extensively from the Vinaya. In places, the Aguttara looks
like an anthology of Vinaya material. Law's own reference to A.I.98-
100 should prove a sufficient indication of this tendency. The Vinaya
contents of the Aguttara show more signs of development and
editing than in the Vinaya Piaka. The reasons for laying down
sikkhpada for the disciples as given at A.I. 98 total up to 12 while the
standard lists in the Vinaya Piaka have only 10. (See Vin.III.21) The
two additional items are: 1. Consideration for laymen - gihna
anukampya and 2. To break up the power of miscreant groups -
ppicchnam pakkhpacchedya. These evidently are additions to
the original list of the Vinaya Piaka.
56
Chapter I - Introduction
57
Chapter I - Introduction
1
W. Pachow, Comparative study of the Prtimoka, p.11.
58
Chapter I - Introduction
59
Chapter I - Introduction
1
See Vin.IV.126,143,152,153.
2
SA.III.230.
3
VinA.I.19; DA.I.17; DhsA.19
61
Chapter I - Introduction
1
Vin.I.p.xiii.
62
Chapter I - Introduction
63
Chapter I - Introduction
64
Chapter I - Introduction
65
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
CHAPTER II
Brahmacarya:
The Quest for Emancipation and Immortality
1
Belvalkar and Ranade, History of Indian Philosophy, vol.2.p.216.
66
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
Ibid.p.135.
67
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
See akara's comment on Chnd.6.1.1 He vetaketo'nurpa
gurum kulasya no gatv vasa brahmacarya. Na caitadyukta
yadasmatkulno he somyanancynadhtya brahmabandhuriva
bhavatti brhman bandhn vyapadisati na svaya brhmaavtta
iti.
68
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
Dvividho brahmacr prvatra pratipditah naithika upakurvna
ceti. Medhtithibhsya on Manu.3.1.
69
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
sampteh arrasya yastu ursate gurum sa gacchatyajas
vipro brahmaah sadma svata - Manu.2.244. The point of special
interest here is Medhtithi's comment on `brahmanah sadma
svata which reads as na punah samsra pratipadyata iti yvat -
Ibid.
2
Ibid. The commentary of Medhtithi countenances the possibility of
explaining Brahman here either as a personal god or as the
Paramtman. Brahmaabdena c'etihsadarane devaviesa
caturvaktrah tasya sadma sthnaviesah divi vidyate.
Vedtavdin tu brahma paramtm tasya sadma svarpam eva
tadbhvpattih.
70
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
Sattrisadbdika carya gurau traivedika vrata tadardhika
pdika v grahantikameva v - Manu.3.1.
2
Katha punartribhirvarsairvedah akyo grahtum. Bhavati kacin
medhvitamah. Medhtithi's comment on Manu.3.1.
3
Ahacattlsa vassni komrabrahmacariya carimsu te
71
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
Belvalkar and Ranade, History of Indian Philosophy, vol.2.p.125.
2
Satyena labhyas tapas hyesa tm samyagjnena
brahmacaryena nitya - Mud.3.1.5.
3
Belvalkar and Ranade, History of Indian Philosophy, vol.2.p.135.
4
Hume, The Thirteen Principal Upaniads, p.380. Tesmevaisa
brahmaloko yes tapo brahmacarya yesu satya pratihita.
Tesmasau virajo brahmaloko na yeu jihmamanta na my ceti -
Prana.1.15.16.
73
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
Hume. op.cit.p.224.
Sa enn brahma gamayatea devapatho brahmapatha etena
pratipadyamn ima mnavamvarta nvartante nvartante -
Chnd.4.15.5.
2
Tadya evaita brahmaloka brahmacaryenuvindanti tesmevaia
brahmalokah - Ibid.8.4.3.
74
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
Atha yadyaja itycakate brahmacaryameva tad... Ibid.8.5.1.-3.
2
Hume, op.cit. p.266.
3
Belvalkar and Ranade, History of Indian Philosophy, vol.2.p.135.
75
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
(b) That the practice of celibacy and renunciation of all desire for women
constitute the hallmark of this institution of brahmacarya. Commenting
on Chnd 8. 4. 3. akara says that brahmacarya is the renunciation of
desire for women.3 At Mu)*. 3. 1. 5 he defines brahmacarya as the
negation of the enjoyment of the company of women.4 In the wake of
this negative virtue comes the acquisition of instruction from ones
teacher to which we have already referred above. Rmnuja puts this
effectively as instruction and guidance from the teacher is preceded by
the life of brahmacarya, which in turn is characterised by the
renunciation of desire for women.5
1
Brahmacarya svdhyya grahaya he bhavati vivatycryakule.
akara on Chnd.4.4.1.
2
iyatvavtter brahmacaryasya prdhnycchisyh santo
brahmacaryamuruitavanta ityarthah. akara on Bh.5.2.1.
3
Tattatraiva satyeta brahmaloka brahmacaryea
strviayattygena .... pdayanti.
4
Sarvatra samyagjnena yathbhttmadaranena brahmacaryea
maithunsamacrea ....
5
Strviayattygarpabrahmacaryaprvakastrcryopadedin
....
76
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
(c) That brahmacarya is the initiation into true Brahminhood through which
every Brahmin must pass. It is clearly brought out in a)karas
comment on Chnd. 6.1.1.1
1
He svetaketo'nurpa gurum kulasya no gatv vasa brahmacarya.
Na caitadyukta yadasmatkulno he somynancynadhtya
brahmabandhuriva bhavatti brhman bandhn vyapadiati na
svaya brhmaavtta iti.
77
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
Vidyprptiprayojanagauravt tyaktargadveamoherydidoaveva
bhtvoatur brahmacarya prajpatau. akara on Chnd. 8.7.3.
2
Yo kho bhikkhave rgakkhayo dosakkhayo mohakkhayo ida
brahmacariyapariyosnan ti - S.V.8,16,26.
3
yassa kassaci bhikkhave bhikkhussa v bhikkhuniy v cakkhu -
vieyyesu rpesu uppajjeyya chando v rgo v doso v paigha
v'pi cetaso tato citta nivraye ..... Na tva arahas'ti tato citta
nivraye cakkhuvieyyehi rpehi ... pe - S.IV.195.
78
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
Bloomfield, The Atharva-veda, p.89.
2
Griffith, The Hymns of the Atharva-veda, vol.II.p.68. n.
3
Ibid.XI.V.1.
4
Ibid.
5
Ibid.XI.V.5.
79
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
him sprang the heavenly lore, the highest Brahma, and all the
Gods, with life that lasts for ever.'1 All life, both animate and
inanimate, sprang from him. `The plants, what is and what shall
be, day, night, the tall tree of the wood, the year with seasons of
the year, all from the Brahmacri sprang. All creatures of the
earth and heaven, tame animals and sylvan beasts, winged and
wingless creatures, from the Brahmacri sprang to life.'2 In him
lay the ultimate guardianship of all. `The Brahma that is stored
within the Brahmacri guards them all.'3 The contents of this
hymn seems to give an indication that the brahmacrin of the
Atharva-veda belongs to a different tradition. Religiously he
may be regarded as being more primitive in character, deriving
his power mainly through tapas and yaja. Nevertheless, it
shows the wide acceptance and unchallenged importance
which the institution of brahmacarya had acquired.
1
Ibid.
2
Ibid.XI.V.20,21.
3
Ibid.XI.V.22.
80
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
The term Bodhisatta is used throughout this thesis to refer only to
Buddha Gotama during the thirtyfive years of his early life, prior to his
enlightenment. This covers both the princely life of twentynine years
under the name of Siddhatta and the six years of mendicancy during
which he came to be called Samao Gotamo. Referring to this earlier
period prior to his enlightenment, the Buddha calls himself the
Bodhisatta: Pubbe'va me bhikkhave sambodh anabhisambuddhassa
bodhisattassa sato - M.I.24; S.II.10.
2
Icchm'aha vuso klma imasmi dhammavinaye
brahmacariya caritun'ti - M.I.163.
3
Atha kho tesa dvdasanahutna mgadhikna
brhmaagahapatikna etadahosi. Kinnukho mahsamao
uruvelakassape brahmacariya carati udhu uruvelakassapo
81
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1
Abhijnmi kho pan'ha sriputta caturagasamanngata
brahmacariya carit: tapass suda homi paramatapass
lkhassuda homi paramalkho jegucch suda homi
paramajegucch pavivitta'ssuda homi paramapavivitto - M.I.77.
83
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
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here is used in the following senses.'1 But one is not quite sure
whether Buddhaghosa refers to the use of the term only in
Buddhism. What is clear from the evidence of Buddhaghosa is
that brahmacariya in all these cases, not necessarily Buddhist,
meant virtuous living. But the concept and magnitude of virtue
apparently varied. Here are the different applications of the term
according to Buddhaghosa:
dna - charity.
veyyvacca - rendering a service or being dedicated to.
pacasikkhpadasla - observance of the five precepts.
appama - practice of brahmavihra.
methunavirati - celibacy.
sadrasantosa - chastity.
viriya - striving.
uposathaga - observance of the full-day of the fast.
ariyamagga - the noble path.
ssana - the complete Buddhist way of life.
1
Ettha pana aya brahmacariyasaddo... imesu atthesu dissati -
DA.I.177.
84
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
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1
Abhijnmi kho pan'ha sriputta caturagasamanngata
brahmacariya carit tapassi suda hom'ti lomahasanasutte
viriya brahmacariyan'ti vutta - DA.I.179.
2
J.I.390.
3
Lomahasana Sutta = Mahshanda Sutta - M.I.77.
85
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
Atthi nu kho ettha sro'ti bhirakamicchtapa vmasanto
caturagasamanngata brahmacariyavsa vasim - J.I.390
2
...bhirakatapa vmasissm'ti jvakapabbajja pabbajitv
acelako ahosi. Ibid.
3
Eva caturagasamanngata pana brahmacariya caritv
bodhisatto maraakle upahita nirayanimitta disv ida vata
samdna niratthakan'ti atv ta khaa'eva ta laddhi
bhinditv sammdihi gahetv devaloke nibbatti - Ibid.
4
See Supra p.22.n.3.
86
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
Bh.3.6; Tait.2.6; Chnd.6.3. See Hume, The Thirteen Principal
Upaniads. p.21f.
2
Chnd.3.14; Kaha.5.2; Mu.2.2.11; M.2.
87
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
S.I.169.
2
Ibid.180.
3
SA.I.265.
88
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
S.I.180.
2
Bhagavadgt.5.24.
89
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
Srmadbhagavadgtrthapraksik (Adyar Library ed.), p.168.
2
Ibid.446. See. Gt.18.53.
3
Brahmabhtamiti brahmhameva brahmeti brahmtmatvena siddho
brahmabhtah. Srimadbhagavadgtrthapraksik, 189.
4
Ahakra bala darpa kma krodha parigraha vimucya
nirmamah nto brahmabhyya kalpate Gt.18.53.
5
Addhvauso kaccna bhagav jna jnti passa passati
cakkhubhto abhto dhammabhto brahmabhto vatt pavatt
atthassa ninnet amatassa dt dhammassm tathgato - M.I.111;
III.195, 224; S.IV.94.
90
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
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1
Tathgatassa h'eta vsettha adhivacana dhammakyo iti'pi
brahmakyo iti'pi dhammabhto iti'pi brahmabhto iti'p'ti - D.III.84.
2
Iti dhammakyo ass'ti dhammakyo. Dhammakyatt eva
brahmakyo. Dhammo hi sehahena brahm'ti vuccati.
Dhammabhto hi dhammasabhvo. Brahmabhtatt eva
brahmabhto - DA.III.865.
91
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peace and perfection, is tranquil and blissful.1 Here too, the idea
does not seem to be far from what was stated above, for it
seems to emphasise the transcendent character of the Arahant
as compared with the rest of the worldlings.2 But neither in the
descriptions of the spiritual progress of one who aspires to
Arahantship nor in the accounts of the achievements and
attainments of the Arahant do we ever get any associations with
Brahma, personal or impersonal, as the highest and the
absolute.
1
Tassa eva jnato eva passato kmsav'pi citta vimuccati
bhavsav'pi citta vimuccati avijjsav'pi citta vimuccati
vimuttasmi vimuttan'ti a hoti kh jti vusita brahmacariya
kata karaya npara itthatty'ti pajnti. Aya vuccati
bhikkhave puggalo nev'attantapo nttaparitpannuyoga anuyutto
na parantapo na paraparitpannuyoga anuyutto. So anattantapo
aparantapo dih'eva dhamme nicchto nibbuto stibhto
sukhapaisamved brahmabhtena attan viharati - M.I.384. 413.
2
Loke anpalitt te brahmabht ansav - S.III.83.
92
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1
See Dhammapada, vv.397ff. Brhmaavagga.
Sabbasamyojana chetv yo ve na paritassati sagtiga
visamyutta tamaha brmi brhmaa, etc.etc.
2
Sn.p.50f.
3
Isayo pubbak su saatatt tapassino pacakmague hitv
attadattha acrisum - Sn.v.284.
4
Brahmacariya ca sla ca ajjava maddava tapa soracca
avihisa ca khanti cpi avaayu - Ibid.v.292.
93
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1
Na jacc brhmao hoti na jacc hoti abrhmao kamman
brhmao hoti kamman hoti abrhmao - Ibid.v.650.
2
Kamman vattat loko kamman vattat paj kammanibandhan
satt rathass'va yyato - Ibid.v.654.
Tapena brahmacariyena samyamena damena ca etena brhmao
hoti eta brhmaa uttama Ibid.v.655.
3
Yvat bhikkhave sahasslokadhtu mahbrahm tattha agga
akkhyati - A.V.59f.
94
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
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1
Mahbrahmuno'pi kho bhikkhave atth'eva aatatta atthi
viparimo. Eva passa bhikkhave sutav ariyasvako tasmim'pi
nibbindati tasmi nibbindanto agge virajjati pageva hnasmim - Ibid.
2
Dre ito brhma brahmaloko yasshuti paggahsi nicca -
S.I.141.
3
Ayameva ujumaggo ayam ajasyano niyyniko niyyti takkarassa
brahmasahavyatya. Sv'yam akkhto brhmaena pokkharastin'ti
- D.I.236.
4
Mayham kho bhante evam ahosi ime kho brhma
brahmalokdhimutt. Yannn'ha dhnajni brhmaa
95
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
M.II.195.
2
D.III.223.
3
Ayam pi kho dhnajni brahmna sahavyatya maggo - M.II.195.
97
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
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1
D.I.250f.
2
So vata vseha apariggaho averacitto avypajjacitto
asakilihacitto vasavatti bhikkhu kyassa bhed parammara
apariggahassa... vasavattissa brahmuno sahavypago bhavissat'ti
hna eta vijjati - D.I.252.
98
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1
Rj kho pannanda makhdevo.... agrasm anagriya pabbajito
brahmacariya cari. So cattro brahmavihre bhvetv kyassa
bhed parammara brahmalokpago ahosi - M.II.76.
2
Katamac'nanda etarahi may kalya vaa nihita ekanta-
nibbidya virgya nirodhya upasamya abhiya sambodhya
nibbnya samvattati. Ayam'eva ariyo ahagiko maggo seyyathda
sammdihi... sammsamdhi - M.II.82.
99
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
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1
Puna ca para bhikkhave bhikkhu aatara devanikya
panidhya brahmacariya carati imin'ha slena v vatena v
brahmacariyena v devo v bhavissmi devaataro v'ti... eva
assya pacamo cetaso vinibandho asamucchinno hoti - M.I.102.
100
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
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these four virtues.1 Thus, in him they are only derivative virtues
resulting from a higher achievement. But the Buddha speaks of
his disciples as developing these virtues in their daily life.2 In
the Mahrhulovda Sutta, the disciples are asked to develop
these with the primary idea of eliminating their opposites, viz.
vypda, vihes, arati and paigha.3 The Commentary adds that
these virtues are essential as the means to the attainment of
Arahantship.4 We notice here an attempt to offer a different
motive which is more in keeping with Buddhist values for the
practice of these much recognised virtues. It is particularly
interesting to note how the elimination of arati is held out as an
incentive for the practice of mudit.
1
Yena kho jvaka rgena yena dosena yena mohena vypdav assa
so rgo so doso so moho tathgatassa pahno ucchinnamlo
tlavatthukato anabhvakato yati anuppdadhammo. Sace kho te
jvaka ida sandhya bhsita anujnmi te etan'ti - Ibid.369f.
2
Ibid.38,297,369.
3
Ibid.424.
4
Metta rhul'ti kasm rabhi... Mettdibhvanya pana hot'ti
tdibhvassa kraadassanattha ima desana rabhi -
MA.III.140.
101
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
Arat'ti arati pantasensanesu c'eva adhikusalesu dhammesu ca
ukkahitat - Ibid.
2
Tattha yasm dito'va agriyabhte satte vatthukmesu kilesakm
mohayanti te abhibhuyya anagriyabhva upagatna pantesu v
sensanesu aataraataresu v adhikusalesu dhammesu arati
uppajjati. Vutta c'eta pabbajitena kho vuso abhirati dukkar'ti -
SnA.II.389.
102
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
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1
Pabbajitena panvuso kim dukkaran'ti. Pabbajitena kho vuso
abhirati dukkar'ti - S.IV.260.
2
S.II.206, 208, 218, 267.
3
Idhvuso bhikkhu mettsahagatena.... upekkhsahagatena cetas
eka disa pharitv viharati......Aya vuccat'vuso appam
cetovimutti. Yvat kho vuso appam cetovimuttiyo akupp tsa
cetovimutti agga akkhyati. S kho pana akupp cetovimutti su
rgena su dosena su mohena - M.I.297f.
103
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
Immortality
1
Ibid.129.
2
Uppajjate sace kodho vajja kakacpama - Thag.v.445. See also
M.I.189.
3
So vtargo pavineyya dosa metta citta bhvaya appama
rattim diva satata appamatto sabb dis pharate appamaa -
Sn.v.507.
4
Mettaca sabbalokasmi mnasa bhvaye aparima -
Sn.v.150.
......brahmam eta vihra idha-m-hu - Sn.v.151.
5
Puna ca para gahapati bhikkhu mett-sahagatena... upekkh-
sahagatena cetas eka disa pharitv viharati.... So iti
paisacikkhati ayam'pi kho upekkh-cetovimutti abhisakhat
104
Chapter II - Brahmacarya: The Quest for Emancipation and
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CHAPTER III
The Early Buddhist Ideal of The Monk
1
So dhamma deseti dikalya majjhekaly
pariyosnakalya sttha sabyajana kevalaparipua
parisuddha brahmacariya pakseti - D.I.62; M.I.179, 267 etc.
2
Dukkha: This is a word whose meaning in Buddhism is so wide that it
cannot easily be given in a single word like pain, suffering, or sorrow.
Sometimes the word Ill is used to cover the totality of its connotation.
Each one of these words can be regarded as being valid in its own
context. The word `unsatisfactoriness' is now believed to be having a
very satisfactory coverage of the concept dukkha.
106
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
See also S.II.24.
2
Op.cit.10-11
3
Tassa mayham bhikkave yoniso manasikr ahu paya
abhisamayo avijjya kho sati sakhr honti avijj paccay
sakhr'ti. Iti h'ida avijjpaccay sakhr sakhrapaccay
via...... Evam etassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa samudayo
hoti... Evam etassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa nirodho hoti -
S.II.10f.
107
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
M.I.46f.
2
Vin.I.10.
108
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
S.II.10.
2
Op.cit.5.
3
D.II.1f. They are Vipassi, Sikkh, Vessabh, Kakusandha,
Kongamaa and Kassapa and conform, more or less, to the pattern
of the historical Buddha Gotama.
109
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
the world, namely, that the world is subject to the ills of birth,
decay and death with the threatening reality of birth again in
another existence. `And to me, brethren, before I was
enlightened, while I was yet unenlightened and only a
Bodhisatta, there came this thought: Alas! this world has fallen
upon trouble. There is getting born and decaying and dying and
passing away and being reborn. And yet from this suffering,
from decay and death, an escape is not known. O when shall
escape from this suffering, from decay and death, be revealed?
Then to me, brethren, came this thought, What now being
present, does decay and death come to be? What conditions
decay and death?'1
1
Pubbe'va me bhikkhave sambodh anabhisambuddhassa
bodhisattassa sato etadahosi. Kiccha vat'ya loko panno jyati
ca jyati ca myati ca cavati ca uppajjati ca. Atha ca pan'imassa
dukkhassa nissaraa nappajnti. Kud'ssu nma imassa
dukkhassa nissaraa payissati jarmaraass'ti. Tassa mayha
bhikkhave etadahosi. Kimhi nu kho sati jarmaraa hoti ki
paccay jarmaraan'ti - S.II.10.
110
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
Vin.I.40.
2
Adhigato kho me aya dhammo gambhro duddaso duranubodho...
layaramya kho pana pajya layaratya layasammuditya
duddasa ida hna yadida idappaccayat paiccasamuppdo
idam'pi kho hna duddasa yadida sabbasakhrasamatho
sabbpadhipainissaggo tahakkhayo virgo nirodho nibbna.
M.I.167.
111
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
See Mrs Rhys Davids, Skya, p.133f.
2
Vutta kho pan'eta bhagavat yo paticcasamuppdam passati so
dhamma passati yo dhamma passati so paiccasamuppda
passat'ti - M.I.190.f. See Mrs. Rhys Davids, Ibid.
3
Gambhro c'ya nanda paticcasamuppdo gambhrvabhso ca.
Etassa nanda dhammassa ananubodh appaivedh eva aya
paj tantkulakajt gulguhikajt mujababbajabht apya
duggati samsra n'tivattati - D.II.55.
4
Ida kho pana bhikkhave dukkha ariyasacca jti'pi dukkh jar'pi
dukkh vydhi'pi dukkh maraa'pi dukkha....Vin.I.10; S.V.420f.
112
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
Appiyehi sampayogo dukkho piyehi vippayogo dukkho ya'p'iccha
na labhati ta'pi dukkha sakhittena pacupdnakkhandh'pi
dukkh - Vin.I.10; S.V.420f.
113
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
Hare, Woven Cadences, SBB.XV. pp.115-6; Sn.vv.766,767,769,770.
2
Aya'pi bhikkhave kmna dnavo sandihiko dukkhakkhandho
kmahetu kmanidna kmdhikaraa kmna eva hetu -
M.I.85f.
114
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
Idha no bhante aatitthiy paribbjak amhe eva pucchanti
kimatthiyam vuso samae gotame brahmacariya vussat'ti. Eva
puth maya bhante tesam aatitthiyna paribbjakna eva
vykaroma dukkhassa kho vuso pariattha bhagavati
brahmacariya vussat'ti - S.IV.51.
115
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
S.V.27-29.
2
Y ca kho aya bhikkhave akupp cetovimutti etadattha
bhikkhave brahmacariya eta sra eta pariyosnan'ti - M.I.197.
3
Nibbnogadha hi vuso viskha brahmacariya
nibbnaparyanam nibbnapariyosna - M.I.304. See also.S.III.189;
116
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
V.29.
1
Acari bhikkhave paito brahmacariya samm dukkhakkhayya.
Tasm paito kyassa bhed na kypago hoti. So akypago
samno parimuccati jtiy jarmaraena sokehi paridevehi dukkhehi
domanassehi upysehi parimuccati dukkhasm'ti vadmi - S.II.24-
25.
2
M.I.23,38,67; II.39,61. S.I.140.161; II.21-22; III.36.
3
Ibid.
117
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
D.I.62; M.I.179,267,344.
2
Yad eta sikkhattaya brahmacariya eka'pi divasa akhaa
katv carimakacitta ppetabbatya ekantaparipua
ekadivasa'pi ca sakilesamalena amalina katv carimacitta
ppetabbatya ekantaparisuddham sakhalikhita
likhitasakhasadisa dhotasakhasappaibhga caritabba...
MA.II.205.
3
Brahmacariyan'ti sehahena brahmabhta cariya
brahmabhtna v buddhdna cariyan'ti vutta hoti - DA.I.179;
MA.II.204.
4
Pahnajtimarao brahmacariyassa keval pannabhro visayutto
katakicco ansavo - A.I.162.
5
Brahmacariyassa keval'ti brahmacariyassa kevalena samanngato
paripuabhvena yutto'i attho. Khsavo hi sakalabrahmacr nma
hoti - AA.II.258.
118
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
Eva desento ca sikkhattaya-sagahitam
sakalassanabrahmacariya pakseti - DA.I.179.
2
Katama ca bhikkhave brahmacariyam. Aya eva ariyo ahagiko
maggo seyyathda sammdihi......sammsamdhi. Katamni ca
bhikkhave brahmacariyaphalni. Sotpattiphala .......
arahattaphala. Imni vuccanti bhikkhave brahmacariyaphaln'ti -
S.V.26.
3
Arahattamaggasakhtassa brahmacariyassa anuttara ogadham
uttamapatihbhta nibbna - AA.II.267.
119
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
M.I.431.
2
Yath yath'ha bhante bhagavat dhamma desita jnmi
na'y'ida sukara agra ajjhvasat ekantaparipua
ekantaparisuddha sakhalikhita brahmacariya caritu.
Icchm'aha bhante kesamassu ohretv ksyni vattni
acchdetv agrasm anagriya pabbajitu - M.II.66 f.
3
Yassatthya kulaputt sammadeva agrasm anagriya
pabbajanti tadanuttara brahmacariyapariyosnam dihe'va dhamme
saya abhi sacchikatv upasampajja vihsi - M.I.40,172,477.
120
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
Pabbajja kittayissmi yath pabbaji cakkhum yath
vmasamno so pabbajja samarocayi. Sambdho'ya gharvso
rajassyatana iti abbhokso ca pabbajj iti disvna pabbaji -
Sn.vv.405-6.
2
Abrahmacariya pahya brahmacr hoti virato methun
gmadhamm - D.I.63; M.II.181; III.33.
3
Sn.vv.814f.
4
Methuna anuyuttassa metteyy'ti bhagav mussate'v'pi ssana
- Sn.v.815.
121
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
Mussatev'pi ssanan'ti dvhi kraehi ssana mussati
pariyattissanam'pi mussati patipattissanam'pi mussati -
Mahniddesa I.143f.
2
Micch ca paipajjati eta tasmi anriyam - Sn.v.815.
3
Eko pubbe caritvna methuna yo nisevati yna bhanta va ta
loke hna hu puthujjana - Sn.v.816.
4
Yaso kitti ca y pubbe hyatev'pi tassa s etam'pi disv sikkhetha
methuna vippahtave - Sn.v.817.
122
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
It is the celibacy and the good life of the monk that we have
discussed so far, and thus brahmacariya remains as though it
were the prerogative of the monk. However, in the
Mahvacchagotta Sutta we see the term brahmacr being
used with reference to laymen.4 The Psdika Sutta too, uses it
1
Itth mala brahmacariyassa etth'ya sajjate paj - S.I.38.
2
Supra p.24.
3
Sdhu bhikkhave sdhu kho me tumhe bhikkhave eva dhamma
desita jntha. Anekapariyyena hi vo bhikkhave antaryik
dhamm vutt may ala ca pana te paisevato antaryya.
Appassd km vutt may bahudukkh bahpys dnavo ettha
bhiyyo - M.I.133.
4
.... upsak ca gih odtavasan brahmacrino rdhak upsak ca
gih odtavasan kmabhogino rdhak. Eva idam brahmacariya
paripra ten'agena - M.I.492.
123
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
in the same sense.1 The essence of the term here, which is also
applied to the white-clad laymen, is that a brahmacr is one
who has eschewed sensual pleasures. Hence he is not a
kmabhog. The white-clad laymen who are brahmacr are
presented in marked contrast to the white-clad laymen who
enjoy sensual pleasures.2 This stresses the idea that the
essence of brahmacariya is the spirit of complete renunciation.
It is not the mere departure from home to homelessness but the
surrendering of all the pleasures which are the lot of a
householder. This detachment which is to be acquired through
diligent cultivation is the fundamental characteristic of true
pabbajj. It is evident from the statement in the Sayutta which
says that once the mind has achieved this detachment, the
pabbajita would not exchange his mode of life for the lower
order of the laymen.3
1
Santi kho pana me cunda etarahi upsak svak gih odtavasan
brahmacrino - D.III.124.
2
D.III.124. Also M.I.492.
3
So vata bhikkhave bhikkhu eva caranto eva viharanto sikkha
paccakkhya hnyvattissat'ti n'eta hna vijjati. Ta kissa hetu.
ya hi tam bhikkhave citta dgharatta vivekaninna vivekapona
vivekapabbhra ta vata hnya vattissat'ti n'eta hna vijjati -
S.IV.191.
124
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
It is also clear from the testimony of the Suttas that the early
disciples who took to the monastic life under the Buddha did so
with a characteristic awareness and earnestness.1 They admit
that it is difficult for one who lives the life of a householder to
practise this code of higher living.2 The household, with its
many-faceted activities could never provide the necessary
leisure or freedom for its development. It is far from being the
ideal setting for it. It is also said that the unstable and
disquietening character of household life is enough in itself to
drive a man to complete renunciation.3 The contrast between
the two is emphatically stated in the following statement. `Life in
the household is full of impediments and leads to corruption.
Life of mendicancy affords complete freedom': Bahusambdho
1
Idha pana bhikkhave ekacco kulaputto saddh agrasm
anagriya pabbajito hoti otio'mhi jtiy jarmaraena sokehi
paridevehi dukkhehi domanassehi upysehi dukkhotio
dukkhapareto app'eva nma imassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa
antakiriy payeth'ti. - M.I.196,460; A.I.147.
2
Nay'ida sukaram agra ajjhvasat ekantaparipua ekanta-
parisuddha sakhalikhita brahmacariya caritu - D.I.63;
M.I.179,267,344.
3
Socanti jan mamyite na hi santi nicc pariggah vinbhvasanta
ev'ida iti disvngra nvase - Sn.v.805.
125
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
D.I.63; M.I.179, 267, 344.
2
Sambdho gharvso'ti sace'pi sahihatthe ghare yojanasatantare
v dve jayampatik vasanti tath'pi tesa sakicanapalibodhahena
gharvso sambdho ye'va. Rajopatho'ti rgarajdna
uhnahnan'ti Mahhakathya vutta - DA.I.180; SA.II.179;
AA.III.187.
3
Idha me aggivessana pubbe'va sambodh anabhisambuddhassa
bodhisattass'eva sato etadahosi. Sambdho gharvso...... agrasm
anagriya pabbajeyyan'ti - M.I.240.
126
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
their sons, wealth and kinsmen and enter the life of pabbajj..'1
The goal for which they strive becomes the constant and
unfailing guiding force in their lives.
1
Jahanti putte sappa tato t tato dhana pabbajanti mahvr
ngo chetv'va bandhana - Thig.v.301.
2
Yassatthya kulaputt sammad'eva agrasm anagriya
pabbajanti tadanuttara brahmacariyapariyosna dih'eva dhamme
saya abhi sacchikatv upasampajja viharissath'ti - M.1.40, 172,
477.
3
Ohrayitv gihivyajanni sachinnapatto yath pricchatto
ksyavattho abhinikkhamitv eko care khaggavisakappo -
Sn.v.64.
127
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
So eva kho te mahnma dhammo ajjhatta appahno yena te
ekad lobhadhamm'pi citta pariydya tihanti dosadhamm'pi.
citta pariydya tihanti mohadhamm'pi citt pariydya tihanti.
So ca hi te mahnma dhammo ajjhatta pahno abhavissa na tva
agra ajjhvaseyysi na kme paribhujeyysi - M.I.91
2
Idha pan'ha bhante bhikkh passmi yvajva pakoika
parisuddha brahmacariya carante - M.II.120.
3
ara me idha ubbandha ya'ca hna pun'care - Thig.v.80.
4
Sattha v harissmi ko attho jvitena me katha hi sikkha
paccakkha kla kubbetha mdiso - Thag.v.407.
128
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
Maraam h'eta bhikkhave ariyassa vinaye yo sikkha
paccakkhya hnyvattati - S.II.271.
2
Sikh yath nlagvo vihagamo hasassa nopeti java kudcana
eva gih nnukaroti bhikkhuno munino vivittassa vanamhi jhyato -
Sn.v.221.
3
Tatr'pi tva phagguna ye gehasit chand ye gehasit vitakk te
pajaheyysi - M.I.123.
129
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
is said that the monk goes about like a bird which, wherever it
goes, carries only the weight of its feathers.1
1
Seyyathpi nma pakkh sakuo yena yen'eva eti sapattabhro'va
eti evam'eva bhikkhu santuho hoti kyaparihrikena cvarena
kucchiparihrikena piaptena yena yen'eva pakkamati
samdy'eva pakkamati - M.I.180, 268
2
Manuss ujjhyanti khyanti vipcenti aputtakatya paipanno
samao gotamo vedhavyya paipanno samao gotamo
kulpacchedya paipanno samao gotamo - Vin.I.43.
130
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
Ptubht kho me tta kumra devadt dissanti sirasmi phalitni
jtni. Bhutt kho pana me mnusak km. Samayo dibbe kme
pariyesitu - M.II.75.
2
Cattr'imni bho rahapla prijuni yehi prijuehi
samanngat idh'ekacce kesamassum ohretv ksyni vatthni
acchdetv agrasm anagriya pabbajanti. Katamni cattri.
Jarprijua vydhiprijua bhogaprijua tiprijua -
M.I.66.
131
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
Lkhappasann hi vuso manuss - Vin.III.171.
2
Na kho vuso gotama sukhena sukha adhigantabba dukkhena
kho sukha adhigantabba - M.I.93.
3
Supra p.26.
4
...yo c'ya attakilamathnuyogo dukkho anatthasamhito - Vin.I.10.
5
Na kho pan'ha imya kaukya dukkarakrikya adhigacchmi
uttari manussadhamm alamariyaadassanavisesa. Siy nu
kho ao maggo bodhy'ti - M.I.246.
132
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
did this mode of conduct help to pay off the sins of the past as
was maintained by the Jains.1 Thus the Buddha never set the
mind and the body against each other. One should take special
note here of the statement in the Padhna Sutta which appears,
as it were, to contradict this position.2 In reply to Mra, the
Bodhisatta is reported to have said the following.' While my
flesh wastes away my mind will reach greater tranquility':
Masesu khyamnesu bhiyyo citta pasdati - Sn.v.434. This
does not, however, seem to mean that the way to the tranquility
of mind is through this physical decline. As the Commentary
appears to indicate these words are in reply to Mra who
exaggerated the Bodhisatta's physical deterioration with a view
to luring him into the enjoyment of sensual pleasures.3 The
Bodhisatta was fully aware that the way to the attainment of the
desired goal was undeniably a hard one which would make very
heavy demands.4 But with a sincerity of purpose and an
unrivalled earnestness which are coupled with a perfect
1
So evam ha atthi vo nigah pubbe ppa kamma kata. Ta
imya kaukya dukkarakrikya nijjaretha - Ibid.93.
2
Sn.vv.433, 434.
3
SnA.II.389.
4
Nadna api sotni aya vto visosaye ki ca me pahitattassa
lohita npasussaye - Sn.v.433.
133
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
Atthi saddhh tato viriya pa ca mama vijjati eva ma
pahitattam'pi ki jva anupucchasi - Sn.v.432.
2
Api ca kho me aticiram anuvitakkayato anuvicrayato kyo
kilameyya kye kilante citta haeyya hate citte r citta
samdhimh'ti - M.I.116.
134
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
M.I.77f., 92. Also see A.I.240f. under cvarapaviveka,
piaptapaviveka and sensanapaviveka.
2
Na kho aha tassa sukhassa bhymi ya ta sukha aatr'eva
kmehi aatra akusalehi dhammeh'ti. Tassa mayha aggivessana
etadahosi. Na kho ta sukara sukha adhigantu eva
adhimattakasimna pattakyena.Yannn'ha orika hra
hreyya odanakummsan'ti - M.I.247.
3
Etha tumhe'pi bhikkhave eksanabhojana bhujatha.
Eksanabhojana kho bhikkhave tumhe'pi bhujamn
135
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
1
Uttihapio hro ptimutta ca bhesaja sensana
rukkhamla pasukla ca cvara yass'ete abhisambhutv sa ve
ctuddiso naro - Thag. v. 1059.
2
M.I.10, 158; Vin.I.58 Also infra pp.175ff.
3
Ime kho sama sakyaputtiy sukhasl sukhasamcr
subhojanni bhujitv nivtesu sayanesu sayanti - Vin.I.77f.
137
Chapter III - The Early Buddhist Ideal of the Monk
upon to go begging for alms.1 There was also the other section
of the community who truly recognised the sincerity of the
Buddhist diseiples and their devotion to the holy life.2 They were
looked upon as a perfect model of good living and were of such
exemplary character that men who wished to join their ranks
were not wanting in the society of the day.3
1
N'ha vuso etakra pabbajito piya carissm'ti. Sace me
dassatha bhujissmi no ce me dassatha vibbhamissm'ti - Vin.I.57f.
2
Ime kho sama sakyaputiy dhammacrino samacrino
brahmacrino saccavdino slavanto kalyadhamm - Vin.I.73.
3
Sace kho maya samaesu sakyaputtiyesu pabbajeyyma eva
mayam pp ca virameyyma kalya ca kareyym'ti - Ibid.
138
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
CHAPTER IV
The Foundations of Monastic Life:
Sla, Sikkh and Sikkhpada
1
A.III.330.
139
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
This concept of sikkh which brings within its fold the entire
system of spiritual development in Buddhism is considered as
being threefold in character. According to this classification the
training of the disciple is divided into three successive stages of
1.sla, 2.samdhi and 3.pa and goes under the name of
tisso sikkh (Tisso im bhikkhave sikkh. Katam tisso.
Adhislasikkh adhicittasikkh adhipasikkh - A.I.235.). It is
reported in the Aguttara Nikya that once a Vajjiputtaka monk
who confessed his inability to abide by such a large number of
rules which exceeded one hundred and fifty in number
(sdhika diyahasikkhpadasata) and which were recited
fortnightly at the Ptimokkha ceremony was told by the Buddha
that it would serve the purpose of his monastic life if he could
discipline himself in terms of the threefold sikkh.2 All those
rules, it is said, are contained within the threefold sikkh (Im
kho bhikkhave tisso sikkh yatth'eta sabba samodhna
1
A.III.330. Appamdagravat and paisanthragravat 331.
Hirigravat and otappagravat 423. Sovacassat and
kalynamittat
2
A.I.230 f.
140
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
MA.II.313.
141
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
MA.I.157.
142
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
See Chapter V.
2
Dialogues of the Buddha I [ SBB.II.], p.59.
143
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
DA.I.182.
2
M.I.355.
3
Vism.I.1.ff.
144
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
S.I.13, 165.
2
M.III.2.
3
M.III.134.
145
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
D.I.63-69. Milindapaha too, recognises this threefold division. Miln.
399.
2
M.I.179f, 345f.
146
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
D.I.64 a. tulka-kasaka-mnaka. b. ukkoaa-vacana-nikati-
sciyoga
c. chedana-vadhabandhana-viparmosa-lopasahaskra.
147
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
148
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
M.I.445.
2
M.I.437.
3
D.I.64.
4
Vin.IV.85: Pc.37.
149
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
Ibid.
2
Vin.IV.143.
150
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
conversant with the text of the Vinaya that they are liable to be
accused and questioned by those Masters of the Vinaya with
regard to laxities in discipline (Sace ime vinaye pakatauno
bhavissanti amhe yen'icchaka yad'icchaka yvad'icchaka
kahissanti parikahissanti. Handa maya vuso vinaya
vivaem'ti - Vin.IV.143). Buddhaghosa too, explains the role
of sikkhpada on the same lines when he says that in the
presence of sikkhpada the Sagha could make specific
references to the body of rules and make just and legally valid
accusations.1
1
VinA.I.224.
151
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
152
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
VinA.I.213.
153
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
Sudinna did not know that he would have been expelled from
the Order for his offence had he not been the first to be guilty of
it, because this penalty came to be categorically stated only in
the sikkhpada which was laid down after the commission of
the offence by Sudinna. But we are unable to agree with
Buddhaghosa when he says that Sudinna did not know that he
was doing something wrong and thought he was completely
blameless (anavajjasa and niddosasa). This interpretation
does not seem to be possible unless we say that Sudinna was
completely ignorant of the Dhamma or we take the words vajja
and dosa here in an unnecessarily restricted legal sense. This
is obviously what Buddhaghosa does in his explanation of
anavajjasa and niddosasa (Andnavadasso'ti ya
bhagav idni sikkhpada papento dnava dasseti tam
apassanto anavajjasa hutv... ettha pana dnavam
apassanto niddosasa ahosi. Tena vuttam andnavadasso'ti
- VinA.I.213). But it is the criteria of the Dhamma which both
Sudinna's fellow-celibates and the Buddha adopt in chastising
him. Does not Sudinna himself admit that he has incurred a
guilt (Atthi me ppa kamma kata puradutiyikya
methuno dhammo paisevito - Vin.III.19), and that therefore his
monastic life has been a failure (...yv' ha eva svkkhte
dhammavinaye pabbajitv nsakkhi yvajva paripua
parisuddha brahmacariya caritun' ti - Ibid.)? Thus, this
154
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
Supra p.45 f.
2
VinA.I.213.
155
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
M.I.445.
156
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
S.II.224.
2
Vin.III.9ff.
3
For a different type of Ptimokkha ritual which is said to have been
adopted by the Buddhas of the past see Mahpadna Sutta. (D.II.48f.)
and nandattherauposathapahavatthu (DhpA. III.236f.).
157
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
158
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
159
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
160
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
D.II.1-54.
2
S.II.5ff.
3
Supra p.48.
161
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
Vin.III.30, 33 etc. under Prjika I; Ibid.116 under Saghdisesa I.
2
Ibid.36 under Prjika I; Ibid.118 under Saghdisesa. I.
3
Vin.IV.II. under Pcittiya 2.
4
Ibid.185 ff.
162
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
163
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
MA.III.154 ff.
164
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
VinA.I.213.
165
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
Vin.III.21; IV.9. See A.I.98 for an enlarged list. Also see supra
p.17.n.1.
166
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
167
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
M.I.33,355; III.2,134; A.II.14 etc.
168
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
Vin.I.83.
169
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
nos.1-4 and 9-13 in the lists of sla recommended for the monk.1
The regulation regarding the use of intoxicants is introduced as
the fifth item. It is also the fifth item in the lists of fivefold and
eightfold sla laid down for the laymen. But this one relating to
intoxicants had no place in the earlier lists of sla of the monk.
Reference to the use of intoxicants is also conspicuous by its
absence in the lists of satta and dasa kammapatha.2 Nor does it
appear under dasa kusala or akusala kamma.3 On the other
hand, it is in one of the regulations of the Vinaya Piaka that we
discover the circumstances leading to the prohibition of
intoxicants for the monks.4 It is based on the very sound
common sense consideration whether one should drink or take
in [ the root / p to drink being also used in the sense of - to
smoke ] anything which would make one lose one's sense of
judgement (Api nu kho bhikkhave ta ptabba ya pivitv
visa ass'ti - Vin.IV.110). A more developed and elaborated
account of this incident, coupled with a 'story of the past' has
found a place in the Jtaka collection.5
1
See Smaaphala Sutta: D.I.63f.
2
S.II.167f.
3
M.I.47.
4
See Pcittiya 51: Vin.IV.108-10.
5
J.I.360f.
170
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
Of the ten sikkhpada laid down for the smaera, the first
five seem, more or less, inviolable. The smaera is liable to be
expelled for the violation of any one of them (Tasm yo
ptiptdisu ekam'pi kamma karoti so ligansanya
nsetabbo - VinA.V.1014). Buddhaghosa further stresses this
distinction between the first five and the latter five of these
dasasikkhpadni when he says that the violation of the former
leads to the expulsion of a smaera while the violation of the
latter lead to the imposition of specific punishments (Dasasu
sikkhpadesu purimna pacanna atikkamo nsanavatthu
pacchimna atikkamo daakammavatthu. VinA.V.1012). It is
these first five sikkhpada which are also spoken of as the code
of the laymen's discipline (Te rmikabht v upsakabht
v pacasu sikkhpadesu samdya vattanti - M. II. 5). It has
come to be the standardised pattern, for all times, of basic good
living for the layman. It is said in the Dhammapada that a man,
by the neglect of these considerations, brings about his own
ruin in this very life:
171
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
M.I.123ff., 271ff.; II.239.
172
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
173
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
1
AA.III.217, 228, 410.
174
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
175
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
dibrahmacariyika khandhakavattapariypanna
abhisamcrika Tassa sampattiy dibrahmacariyika
sampajjati - Vism.I.12). In the Samantapsdik Buddhaghosa
presents the latter classification as Khandhakavatta and
Sekhapaatti (Abhisamcrikya sikkhy'ti khandhakavatte
vinetu na paibalo hot'ti attho. dibrahmacariyiky'ti
sekhapaattiya vinetu na paibalo'ti attho - Vin A.V.989f.).
176
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
177
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
178
Chapter IV - The Foundations of Monastic Life
179
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
CHAPTER V
Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
180
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
See also M.I.33,36; III.2,134; S.V.187; A.II.14.
181
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
M.II.27.
182
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
D.I.70-71; M.I.179-80, 267-68, 345-46.
2
See also M.I.179ff, 267ff, 345f.
183
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
A.IV.99.
184
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
A.IV.336.
185
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
M.I.462. Also A.III.95.
186
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
187
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
188
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
Sn.v.144.
2
D.III.224f.
3
DA.III.1009f.
189
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
DA.III.1017.
2
Ibid.1016.
190
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
S.II.194.
191
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
M.III.2, 134
192
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
'Let him drink water after his meal while he leaves four or five
mouthfuls of food yet uneaten. This is conducive to the ease
and comfort of the disciple who is striving for his emancipation.'
1
M.I.124, 437, 448.
193
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
M.I.38.
2
M.III.2.
194
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
195
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
M.I.448.
2
Ibid.473.
196
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
Vin.IV.76f.
2
Vin.IV.81.
3
Ibid.85.
197
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
S.V.132; A.IV.46.
198
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
A.IV.49.
199
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
1
S.II.218.
2
A.I.113.
200
Chapter V - Further Aids to Monastic Perfection
201
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
CHAPTER VI
The New Role of Sla in Buddhist Monasticism
1
Vism.I.15f.
2
D.I.71; M.I.181.
202
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
1
Ptimokkhasavarasavuto'ti ettha ptimokkhan'ti sikkhpadasla
- Vism.I.16.
2
Vinayo nma buddhassanassa yu vinaye hite ssana hita
hoti - DA.I.11.
3
Vimuttimagga: The Path of Freedom. Introduction p.xliv.
4
Ibid.17.
203
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
1
Vism.I.20f.
2
Ibid.16, 30. It must be mentioned here that Buddhaghosa, in his
definition of jvaprisuddhisla, first refers to the six rules drawn from
204
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
1
jvahetu jvakra ppiccho... bhujati. Aya s jvavipatti
sammat - Vin.V.146.
206
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
1
Vism.I.22
2
Ibid.16, 30.
3
jvaprisuddhim'pi kho aha thapati slasmi vadmi. M.II.27. See
also items 37-43 in the lists of sla given in the Brahmajla and
Smaaphala Suttas.
4
Vism.I.16, 30.
207
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
1
D.I.63.
2
DA.I.181f.
3
The clause which pertains to the Thullaccaya offence occurs outside
the Ptimokkha but is still within the Suttavibhaga.
208
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
1
Vism.I.16.
2
M.I.10.
3
Vism.I.16
4
Supra p.58, 60.
5
Vism.I.30f.
209
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
1 Pariyantaprisuddhisl - anupasampannna
. a pariyantasikkhna
2 Apariyantaprisuddhis - upasampannna
. la apariyantasikkhna
3 Paripuaprisuddhisl - puthujjanakalyakna
. a kusaladhamme yuttnam
sekhapariyante
pariprakrinam kye ca
jivite ca anapekkhnam
pariccattajvitna
4 Aparmahaprisuddh - sattana sekhna
. isla
5 Paippassaddhiprisud - tathgatasvakna
1
Pts.I.42.
2
Vism.I.46.
210
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
. dhisla khsavna
paccekabuddhna
tathgatna arahantna
sammsambuddhana1
1
Pts.I.42f.
2
Supra p.61.
211
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
1
Arahattamaggena sabbakilesna pahna sla - Pts.I.47.
212
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
here the second place after the enumeration of the four items of
sla which constitute the Catuprisuddhisla.
213
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
1
M.I.33.
2
Also SA.III.230.
214
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
But with the increasing importance which the text and the
ritual of the Ptimokkha gradually assumed in the early days of
Buddhist monasticism we are not surprised to find in the
Canonical texts themselves a virtual identification of the very
comprehensive concept of sla with the Ptimokkha. In doing
so, at least theoretically, the scope of the Ptimokkha was
considerably widened. A passage in the Aguttara Nikya
refers to the complete grounding in sla simply as
ptimokkhasavara (Etha tumhe vuso slav hotha
ptimokkhasavarasavut viharatha cragocarasampann
anumattesu vajjesu bhayadassvino samdaya sikkhatha
sikkhpades'ti. Iti ptimokkhasavare samdapetabb
nivesetabb patihpetabb. A.III.138). On the other hand, we
find in the Sayutta Nikya a passage which describes the
discipline of a monk with the rest of the above phraseology,
leaving out the reference to sla. However, the discipline so
described is recognised in the end as the grounding in sla
(Yato kho tvam bhikkhu ptimokkhasavarasavuto
viharissasi cragocarasampanno anumattesu vajjesu
215
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
1
Ptimokkhasavarasavuto'ti catunna slna jehakasla
dassento evam ha - SA.III.230.
2
Itarni pana tni slan'ti vuttahna nma natth'ti vatv
ananujnanto ha. Indriyasavaro nma chadvrarakkhanamatta
eva. jvaprisuddhi dhammen'eva samena paccayuppattimattaka
pailaddhapaccaye idamatthan'ti paccavekkhitv
paribhujanamattaka. Nippariyyena ptimokkhasavaro'va sla -
SA.III.230. Also MA.I.155.
216
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
1
Sattame kyasucaritavacsucaritni ptimokkhasavarasla
manosucarita itarni tni sln'ti catuprisuddhisla kathita hoti -
SA.III.230.
2
Kyikavcasikaajjhcranisedhanato c'esa kya vcaca vineti.
Tasm vividhanayatt visesanayatt kyavcnaca vinayanato
vinayo'ti akkhto - VinA.I.19. See also DA.I.17. and DhsA.I.17
3
SA.III.230.
4
MA.II.5-6.
217
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
1
Vism.I.35, 36, 40, 43.
218
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
a) Desansuddhi : Ptimokkhasavarasla.
b) Savarasuddhi : Indriyasavarasla.
c) Pariyehisuddhi : jvaprisuddhisla.
d) Paccavekkhaasuddhi : Paccayasannissitasla2
1
Ibid.43f.
2
Ibid.43-44.
3
Tatryam di bhavati idha paassa bhikkhuno indriyagutti santuhi
ptimokkhe ca savaro. DhA.IV.107.v.375.
4
Tatra indriyagutt'ti indriyasavaro santuh'ti catupaccayasantoso.
Tena jvaprisuddhi c'eva paccayasannissita ca sla kathita -
DhA.IV.III.
5
Vimuttimagga:The Path of Freedom. p.24.
219
Chapter VI - The New Role of Sla in Buddhist
Monasticism
220
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
CHAPTER VII
The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
Dasakammapatha are the ten modes of acting classified under
thought (3), word (4) and deed (3).
2
M.I.36.
221
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
See also M.I.521; II.226.
223
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
M.I.60, 144, 412.
2
Sn.v.66.
3
S.V.24.
4
M.I.36; S.V.92, 94, 108; Sn.v.66.
5
M.I.361; III.275.
6
See D.I. 1 and 246.
224
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
M.I.433.
2
Ibid.47.
3
D. I.71. The paca nvaraa are abhijjh (kmacchanda), vypda,
thnamiddha, uddhaccakukkucca and vicikicch.
4
M.I.36.
225
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
226
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
Sah'vassadassanasampadya
taya'ssu dhamm jahit bhavanti
sakkyadihi vicikicchita ca
slabbata v'pi yad'atthi kici. Sn.v.231.
1
M.I.141,465. The five orambhgiya sayojana are sakkyadihi,
vicikicch, slabbataparmsa, kmacchanda and vypda.
2
Note: As a samyojana, only one aspect of rga, viz. kmarga
(kmacchanda) seems to be eliminated at the stage of Angmin.
Even under the uddhambhgiya sayojana an aspect of rga seems
227
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
M.I.37
2
Ibid.42
229
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
Also M.I.42, 97
230
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
231
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
M.II.266; III.302; S.V.157.
2
Vin.III.171.
3
A.III.138.
232
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
233
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
M.I.33; A.V.131.
234
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
Also A.IV.21.
235
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
See also A.V.202.
2
Vin. III. 8.
236
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
240
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
Thag.vv.436-7
241
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
242
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
Kad nu ma pvusaklamegho
navena toyena sacvara vane
isippaytamhi vane vajanta
ovassate ta nu kad bhavissati.
Kad mayrassa sikhaino vane
dijassa sutv girigabbhare ruta
paccuhahitv amatassa pattiy
samcintaye ta nu kad bhavissati.
Thag.vv.1102-3
243
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
Varhaeeyyavighasevite
pabbhrake pakae'va sundare
navambun pvusasittaknane
tahi guhgehagato ramissasi.
244
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
245
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
Rahula, History of Buddhism in Ceylon, p.199f.
246
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
Vin.I.95f. This is the modified procedure. The original suggestion was
that the Nissayas be made known before the conferment of
Upasampad. See Vin. I. 58. See supra. p.42.
2
Vin.III.171.
248
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
time of the Buddha there seem to have been some who thought
the monks who were austere and ascetic in their ways were, on
that account, more worthy of honour and nearer to perfection. A
householder of Ndika once told the Buddha that whenever he
made offerings of food he always selected monks who were
abstemious and austere in their ways (Dyati me bhante kule
dna ta ca kho ye te bhikkh raak piaptik
pasuklik arahanto v arahattamagga v sampann
tathrpesu bhante dna dyyati. A.III.391). Here, the Buddha
hastens to correct the fallacy and states that susterity, without
the perfection of character, would not be a virtue in itself. On
the other hand, a monk who is less austere could be more
worthy of honour on account of his perfect character (Araako
ce'pi gahapati bhikkhu hoti uddhato unnalo capalo mukharo
vikiavco muhassati asampajno asamhito vibbhantacitto
pkatindriyo eva so tena y'eva grayho...
Gahapaticvaradharo ce'pi gahapati bhikkhu hoti anuddhato
anunnalo acapalo amukharo avikiavco upahitasati
sampajno samhito ekaggacitto savutindriyo eva so tena
y'eva psaso. Ibid.). The existence among the popular values
of the day of a preference for ascetic and austere living as a
monastic virtue is indicated in a statement in the Anagana
Sutta. It is stated that the monk who lives in urban associations
appears to suffer by contrast when placed against his forest-
249
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
M.I.30-31.
2
M.I.30.
250
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
Ibid.31.
2
Ibid.214; S.II.187, 202.
3
A.III.108f.
251
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
calamities that would befall the Ssana with the lapse of time
(angatabhayni), refers to the practice of these ways of
monastic living as though it was the order of the day. Here we
see clearly an attempt to fix and establish the changing pattern
of monastic living in a form acceptable to contemporary values.
We would not imagine that there was unanimity of opinion with
regard to these values. However, it is certain that they were
acceptable to a fair section of the community who were
powerful enough to publicise and popularise their views among
others. There will come a time, says the text, when monks
evincing a love of luxury with regard to food, clothing and
residence would neglect the present austere practices of being
piaptika, pasuklika and raaka respectively. They
would give up the life of retirement in the forest and `invading
the urban districts' indulge in all manner of unworthy pursuits for
the sake of their requisites (Bhavissanti bhikkhave bhikkh
angatamaddhna cvare kalynakm te cvare
kalynakm samn ricissanti pasuklikatta ricissanti
araavanapatthni pantni sensanni gmanigama-
rjadhni osaritv vsa kappessanti cvarahetu ca
anekavihita anesana appairpa pajjissanti. Ida
bhikkhave pahama angatabhaya etarahi asamuppanna
yati samuppajjissati. Ta vo paibujjhitabba paibujjhitv
ca tassa pahnya vyamitabba. A.III.108f.).
252
Chapter VII - The Discipline and Development of the Mind
1
S.II.208f.
2
M.I.438, 440f, 473; A.I.230.
253
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
CHAPTER VIII
The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
A.I.230. See Chapter IX on the Ritual of the Ptimokkha.
2
See infra p.370.
254
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
It is clear from the evidence of both the Sutta and the Vinaya
Piakas that the promulgation of the sikkhpada preceded the
institution of the fortnightly recital of the Ptimokkha for the
monks. This does not, however, preclude the possibility that
additions were made to the corpus of sikkhpada even after the
institution of the Ptimokkha recital.1 But we discover
Oldenberg has expressed a surprisingly different view. He says:
"The origin of the earliest rules or laws laid down by the
Buddhist community for the guidance of its members appears to
have been connected with those assemblies of Bhikkhus which
met at full and new moon."2 We fail to see why Olenberg
adopted this sequence in relating the sikkhpada to the
Ptimokkha recital. According to what we have been able to
gather from the evidence of the Suttas and the Vinaya this
appears to be a reversal of the order. We ourselves observe
that some of the rules of the Ptimokkha have had their origin
1
Pc.72 and 73 presuppose the existence of the Ptimokkha recital.
See Vin.IV.143f.
2
Vin.I.p.xv.
255
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Vin.III.21; IV.185.
256
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Vin.I.p.xv.
2
Vinaya Texts I [SBE.XIII], p.xi.
257
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Whether one holds the Commentarial tradition in high esteem or not,
one cannot fail to be impressed here by the fact that this interpretation
seems to be more than adquately supported by the evidence of the
Canonical texts.
2
S.Dutt, Buddha and five After-Centuries, p.77.
258
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
(ii) the recital of the Ptimokkha was instituted during the life
time of the Buddha and under his personal direction. (See
M.II.8, III.10; A.I.230).
1
Vin.III.178.
2
M.III.10; A.1.230; Vin.IV.144.
3
Vin.IV.144.
4
Taisho, Vol.22.p.127 B.
259
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Vin.II.96f.
260
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
with the details connected with it.1 These details were vitally
needed in the days when the Uddesa was no mere recital of the
list of rules but a trial at which the offenders thus discovered
were to be judged and dealt with according to the law.
1
Vin.I.65
2
Rhys Davids has discovered in a Burmese manuscript the reading
ubhato vibhange in place of this. See Vinaya Texts III [ SBE.XX. ],
p.376. n.1. See also B.C. Law, History of Pali Literature I. p.16. We
are fully in agreement with the view expressed by Rhys Davids
regarding this reading. Strange enough, we also discover the Buddha
Jayanti Tripitaka Series [Sri Lankan Edition] adopting the ubhato
vibhage and reporting that the Burmese has ubhato vinaye. We
recently discovered that the newly reprinted edition of the Cambodian
Tripitaka at the Buddhist Institute in Phnom Penh preserves the
reading ubhato vinaye and reports Burmese as having ubhato
vibhage. We are of the opinion that ubhato vinaye is the more
meaningful reading in this context.
261
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
S. Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.73.
2
Vin.I. p.xxix.
3
S.Dutt - op.cit. p.73.
263
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Ibid. p.74.
2
VinA.VI.1197.
264
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
only interest in the Ptimokkha was for the sake of its fortnightly
recital, mainly as an instrument of monastic get-together and
consolidation. The Vinayavinicchaya perhaps attempts to
establish this attitude to the Ptimokkha in the following
statement, which contrasts the Pavra with the Uposatha and
asserts that the latter is for the purpose of stability and
consolidation of the monastic community: Uposatho
samaggattho visuddhatth pavra. Vinvi.p.190. v.2599.
There seems to be very little doubt that the term uposatha here
stands for the fortnightly meeting at which the recital of the
Ptimokkha is the main concern. At such a stage one would
readily concede the extraction of the text of the rules, and the
rules alone, from the Suttavibhaga to form an independent
unit. Thus we would regard the emergence of an independent
text by the name of Ptimokkha, which contained only the
sikkhpada and the instructions regarding their recital, to be
historically later than the very substantial text of the
Suttavibhaga.
1
Vin.I.p.xvi.
265
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Ibid.p.xvii.
266
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Ibid.
267
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
Pcittiya:
12 Aavdake pcittiya
52 Agulipatodake pcittiya
53 Udake hsadhamme pcittiya
54 Andariye pcittiya 1
1
Vin.IV.35f, 110f, 111f, 113 respectively.
268
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
269
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
Here are a few such cases which we think lie open to this
criticism:
270
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Ibid.34.
271
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Ibid.117.
272
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Vin.IV.115, 124 respectively.
2
Vin.I.p.xix.
273
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Ibid.22, 56, 82.
2
M.I.444; S.II.224
274
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Vin.III.73.
275
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Vin.IV.124.
276
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
There is no doubt that it was soon felt that the four items of
discipline brought under the category of Prjik and stated in
legal phraseology were necessarily circumscribed in relation to
the moral well being of the true pabbajita. Thus while the
greatest respect was shown to the codified monastic law an
attempt was made to infuse into these four major items of
discipline the spirit of sla which comes in the earlier Sutta
tradition. We find expression given to this in the declaration of
Cattri Akaraiyni which are mentioned in the Mahvagga.1
These are given there as four major items of discipline which no
monk who has gained higher ordination shall transgress. He
shall guard himself in terms of these all his life. Thus it is
required by law that these should be made known to a Bhikkhu
soon after the conferment of upasampad or higher ordination
on him.
1
Vin.I.96f.
277
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
278
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
Akaraya
1
Ibid.96.
2
Ibid.97.
3
S.Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.66.
279
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Note: antamaso tiracchnagaty'pi of Akaraya 1 and Prjika 1.
Vin.I.96 and Vin.III.23. as well as pda v pdraha v
atirekapda v of Akaraya 2 and Prjika 2. Vin.1.96 and
Vin.III.45, 47.
280
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
See Miss Horner, Book of the Discipline, I. p.xxiv.
2
This does not occur in the lists of sla which are given in the Suttas.
See D.I.4ff., 63ff.; M.I.179f. etc. As an item of discipline for the monks
it occurs in the Ptimokkha as Pcittiya 51. See Vin.IV.108-10.
281
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
But we are aware of the fact that the Prjikas have been
assessed differently by some scholars. This is what Dr. Nagai
has to say regarding the first Prjika: `With regard to the
problem of inhibitions for priests, one that will remain perplexing
for a long time to come is the inhibition concerning sexual
relations. To me it appears that the problem of inhibitions for the
1
See supra p. 84.
282
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Buddhistic Studies, ed. B.C.Law, p.381: Dr. M. Nagai on Buddhist
Vinaya Discipline.
283
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Miss Horner, Book of the Discipline, I.p.xvii f.
2
Ibid.p.xxiv.
3
Ibid.p.xxv.
284
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Vin.III.19.
2
Miss Horner, Book of the Discipline, I.p.159.
285
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
M.I.209.
286
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
At rhe same time we should also take note of the fact that
Pcittiya 8 too, records the incidents of the fourth Prjika
287
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Vin.IV.23 f. See also Miss Horner, Book of the Discipline, II.p.xxxix.
2
A notable exception to this is Citta, the householder, who as a
layman had attained uttarimanussadhamma
alamariyandassanavisesa as far as the fourth jhna and was
declared to be an Angmin. See S.IV.301.
3
Vin.II.110. See Oldenberg, Buddha, p.351.n.2.
288
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
S.IV.290f.
289
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
290
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
See Miss Horner, Book of the Discipline, I. p. xxiv: 'The fourth
Prjika, alone of the Prjikas, does not find any corresponding
matter among the slas.'
291
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Also D.I.8. Sec.20.
292
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
occur under sla are narrowed down and are made more
specific.
Sla Sikkhpada
1
D.I.63.
2
Ibid.63f.
3
Vin.IV.2.
4
Ibid.12.
293
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
See Saghdisesa 8-13: Vin.III.158-86
294
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Book of the Discipline, I.p.281: Saghdisesa 8.
2
See Saghdisesa 10 and 11: Vin.III.171-77
3
Book of the Discipline I.p.299: Saghdisesa 10
295
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Ibid.p.297.
2
See Saghdisesa 12 and 13: Vin.III.177-86
3
Book of the Discipline I.p.310.
296
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
See Ch.XIV for a comparative study of Bhikkhu and Bhikkhuni
Ptimokkhas
297
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
21 - 24
Pcittiya 27, 28, : Irregular social relationships of
30 monks towards the nuns.
In the group of Pcittiya are found a number of rules which
deal with matters of procedure and propriety to be observed
within the monastic organization so that its collective honour
and authority may in no way be undermined.1 A monk shall not
maliciously challenge the validity of an expiatory act which has
been properly carried out by members of the Sagha and urge
for its performance again. (Yo pana bhikkhu jna
yathdhamma nihatdhikaraa punakammya ukkoeyya
pcittiya - Vin.IV.126: Pc.63). He should also not conduct
himself in such a way as to reduce or nullify the effect of an act
of punishment inflicted on an offender.2 Nor should he repudiate
the authority or doubt the competence of his fellow members
when they advise him on matters of discipline. (Yo pana
bhikkhu bhikkhhi sahadhammika vuccamno eva vadeyya
na tv'ha vuso etasmi sikkhpade sikkhissmi yva na
aa bhikkhu vyatta vinayadhara paripucchm'ti
pcittiya. Vin.IV.141: Pc.71). He is also not to underrate the
value of the disciplinary measures agreed upon by the Sagha
1
Pc. 6, 63-65, 71-73, 76, 77, 79-82
2
Vin.IV. 37-39: Pc. 69 and 70
298
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
In the code of the Ptimokkha even the day to day life of the
Buddhist monk is circumscribed within certain considerations
relating to the articles of daily use such as his bowl and the
robe, beds, seats, rugs etc.1 We notice that on account of
certain abuses by monks they were forbidden the use of
needle-cases made of bone, ivory and horn. In the evolution of
monastic discipline such restrictions become general rules and
through the code of the Ptimokkha govern the life of all
members of the community. Likewise, the monks are forbidden
the use of couches and chairs which are bolstered with cotton
on account of the protests that they are like the luxuries enjoyed
by laymen.2 The use and distribution of what belongs to the
1
Ibid.167-73: Pc. 85-92
2
Ibid.169
299
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Ibid.39-46, 91, 155f: Pc.14-18, 41, 82
2
Ibid.39
3
Vin.III.265; IV.156
300
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Vin.III.195-203: Nissaggiya 1-3.
2
Vin.IV.143-44.
301
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
1
Vin.II.288. See Appendix II.
2
M.I.33,355; II.2,134; S.V.187; A. II.14.
302
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sagha
303
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
CHAPTER IX
The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Whether we use the word ritual with reference to this event or not, it
is said to have been performed with definite regularity and with a
seriousness of purpose which had a religious significance. When we
describe the recital as being ritualistic in character it is at the later
stage when the spirit of the old Uddesa had faded away and the
recital had come to be burdened with many technicalities of an
external character which have hardly any connection with its earlier
aims. In contrast to this we use the word ritual with reference to the
Ptimokkha recital from its earliest phase.
304
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
305
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
See supra, pp. 2, 7.
306
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
307
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
S. Dutt, The Buddha And Five After-Centuries, p.65f.
308
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Ibid.
309
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
311
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
M.I.445. See supra p.48ff.
2
M.III.7
3
Vin.I.101ff.
312
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Vin.I.101
313
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Ibid.102
314
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
But Sukumar Dutt calls this `the present ritual form of the
Ptimokkha' and says that it `was not its original form - the
1
Vin.III.9
2
M.III.10
315
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
S. Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.81.
2
See Ibid. p.74.
316
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
See M.III.10; Vin.IV.144
2
Vin.IV.142 ff.
317
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
This being so, where does one find the `original form' of the
Ptimokkha as a `bare code'? Does one find such a code
referred to by the name of Ptimokkha divorced from the
confessional meeting of the Uposatha ? What did apparently
exist prior to the institution of the recital of the Ptimokkha was
the body of sikkhpada. After his remarks on what appears to
him to be the form of the Ptimokkha, Dutt proceeds to
comment on the Ptimokkha as a monastic function. In his
search for the `missing link' Dutt is prepared to see in the story
of Buddha Vipassi in the Mahpadna Sutta `an earlier rite'.1
This he calls `the archaic practice among the Buddhists'2 and
says that the recital of the Ptimokkha replaced it at a
comparatively late stage of the growth of the Sagha.3
1
S. Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.81.
2
S. Dutt, Buddha And Five After-Centuries, p.76
3
S. Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.81
318
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Ibid.p.82
2
Vin.I.101. On the adaptation by the Buddhists of this respect for the
8th, 14th and 15th days of every fortnight see Anguttara Nikya I.142-
45
3
See Vin.I.102
319
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
S. Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.83
320
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
M.III.10
2
Vin.I.106-11. See Appendix III.
321
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
322
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
M.III.10
323
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
324
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Kkvt.14
2
M.III.10
325
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
VinA.V.1034f.
326
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
ovdo
uposathassa etni pubbakiccan'ti vuccati.
Eva dvhi nmehi navavidha pubbakicca dassita.
Kkvt.10f.).
1
Vin.I.118
2
Ibid.125
327
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
VinA.V.1063
2
Bhikkhuptimokkhagahidpani, p. 6. A Pali work ascribed to a
Thera Nnakitti and printed in Ceylon in 1889.
328
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Vin.I.106. See also Appendix III.
2
Ibid.I.120.
329
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
330
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
M.III.10
331
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
See also Vin.III.186, 194, 266; IV.174, 184, 206
2
Vin.I.103
332
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Rhys Davids and Oldenberg seem to find further support for this idea
through an etymological analysis of the words Ptimokkha and
Prtimoka. See Vinaya Texts I. [SBE..XIII ], p.xxvii f.
333
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
See also D.I.85; M.I.440; III.247; Vin.II.192
2
D.I.85
3
Vin.II.192
334
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Gilgit MSS.III.3.p.107f.
335
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Further, the Mahvagga records the state of affairs of a time when
disciplinary action against offenders had to be taken after careful
consideration of the temperament and mood of the offenders. For they
were not only capable of openly expressing their resentment but were
also bold enough even to threaten bodily harm to the prosecuting
members. (Tena kho pana samayena pesal bhikkh chabbaggiye
bhikkh oksa krpetv pattiy codenti. Chabbaggiy bhikkh
336
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Ibid.II.226ff. See Appendix I
338
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Ibid.I.120
2
Vin.I.120
3
Ibid.
340
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
account, could not also keep out of the Uposatha. The only
solution that seems to be offered to this compels the monk to
confess his guilt to another beforehand. Prior to his attendance
at the ritual the guilty monk is expected to go before a fellow
member and submit very respectfully that he is guilty of a
specific offence and that he wishes to admit it.1 On his
admission of guilt and his being advised to safeguard against its
recurrence the guilty monk gains absolution which entitles him
to participate in the ritual. Thus we feel that confession of one's
guilt prior to participation in the ritual was necessitated by the
exclusion of guilty monks from the ritual of the Ptimokkha.2
1
Ibid.I.126
2
Ibid.II.240
3
Ibid.I.125f.
341
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Ibid. See also Ibid.I.103
2
Ibid.II.241. See also Ibid.I.125f.
342
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Ibid.II.244
2
Ibid.
343
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
344
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
S.Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.85
345
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Ibid.p.86
2
Ibid.p.86f.
3
Vin.IV.144
346
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
See Oldenberg, Buddha, p.373. n.1
347
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
See Ibid.p.372.n.1
348
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Vin.I.120f. Kkvt.14
349
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
See also Vin.II.240
350
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Taisho, Vol.22.p.128 C
352
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
See Vin.III.109, 186
2
Vin.I.125f.
353
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
Bhikkhu who sits beside him and promise to make amends for it
after the conclusion of the ritual.1 On the other hand, the ritual is
prefaced with a number of formalities by way of preliminary
duties, pubbakicca and pubbakaraa, which assume
considerable ritualistic importance.2 They completely outweigh
the recital and the consequent confession which formed the
core of the ritual. The Ptimokkha recital thereafter ceases to
be a powerful instrument in the proper maintenance of monastic
discipline. While we witness here, on the one hand, the break
down of the centralised administration of this monastic
institution, the ritual of the Ptimokkha, we discover on the
other the emergence of a completely decentralised system of
the same. It has been made possible for a minimum of four
Bhikkhus, without any reference to the membership of a Sm,
to undertake collectively the recital of the Ptimokkha:
Anujnmi bhikkhave catunna ptimokkha uddisitun'ti.
Vin.I.124. This gives the Ptimokkha recital a very provincial
character and robs it of its stature and dignity. But it would be
clear from what has been said so far that the crystallized
tradition of the Suttas contemplates a different position. But it
also seems to be clear that the tradition of the Suttas regarding
1
Ibid.126
2
Kkvt.11f.
354
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
355
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Vin.I.159
2
Cf. Vin.I.120
356
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Ibid.163
2
Ibid.164. Cf. Ibid.125f. See also Oldenberg, Buddha, p.375.n.1.
357
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Ibid.II.244
358
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
1
Ibid.I.164
359
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
What becomes clear from all these is the fact that both these
rituals of Ptimokkha and Pavra had, at the time of their
origin, a similarity of purpose. They both strove for the
maintenance of good monastic discipline and communal
harmony. As such, they counted on the loyal co-operation and
the sincerity and the integrity of the members of the Sagha.
Partisan rivalries and petty considerations were not provided
for. But the history of these two institutions as recorded in the
Vinaya Piaka shows that, contrary to expectations, these
disruptive forces contributed considerably to the modification of
the character of these institutions. The Ptimokkha and the
Pavra, we are compelled to regard as being extremely
simple in their origin and they also appear to have been
characteristically direct in operation. We have shown in this
essay, as far as possible, how changes set in ere long,
prompted by diverse circumstances, and how the Ptimokkha
and the Pavra acquired in course of time a very formal and
rigidly ritualistic character so divorced from their original spirit.
The fossilised remains of the older versions which are
360
Chapter IX - The Ritual of the Ptimokkha
361
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
CHAPTER X
Penalties and Punishments
362
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Vin.IV.135
2
Ibid.
364
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
See Pc.69: Vin.IV.137
365
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Vin.IV.218
2
Note Oldenberg's remarks: `It deserves to be noticed that in the
same way as the Pabbjaniya kamma is not mentioned in the
Ptimokkha, neither is there any mention of the similar proceedings of
the Ukkhepaniyakamma, etc., however much occasion for it might
appear.' Vin. I. p.xix. But this does not mean that these two forms of
punishment, banishment (Pabbjaniya) and Suspension
(Ukkhepaniya) were not known to the Ptimokkha. Sagh.13 uses the
term pabbjenti with obvious familiarity. Note:...... tdisikya pattiy
366
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Vin.III.118
368
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
those which have been concealed from the Sagha for any
length of time. They are termed apaicchanna and paicchanna
respectively.1 Buddhaghosa reckons this period of concealment
as extending, theoretically, to over sixty years (Tato para
atirekasavacchara dvisavacchara eva yva
sahisavacchara atirekasahisavaccharapaicchannan'ti.
Kkvt.49). However, the code of the Ptimokkha makes no
special mention of the former group of apaicchanna or offences
which are confessed soon after commission.
1
Vin.II.38f.
2
Ibid.38ff.
369
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Supra p.100
2
Vin.II.40
371
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
372
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Gangnth Jh Research Institute Journal Vol.X. Appendix p.13
373
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Vin.II.48ff.
374
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Ibid.43ff.
2
Ibid.32.
3
VinA.VI.1166 on Vin.II.32
375
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Vin.II.35
2
Ibid.32.
3
Ibid.
376
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Ibid.32-33.
2
Ibid.pp.5, 8, 14,19 and 27 respectively.
377
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
378
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
379
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
380
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
In interpreting the condition bhikkhhi na sampayojetabba in the
manner given above we choose to agree with Miss Horner who
translates it as 'He should not quarrel with monks'. This translation is,
in fact, supported by the Commentary. Oldenberg renders it as `ought
not to associate with the bhikkhus'. Vinaya Texts II. [SBE.XVII] p.339
381
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
IHQ.Vol.29. No.2. p.174
2
Vin.III.186
382
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Kkvt.51.
2
Journal of the Gangnth Jh Research Institute, Vol. X. Appendix
p.13.
383
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
For a closer examination of these views the reader is referred to S.
Dutt's Early Buddhist Monachism, p.147f.
2
Vin.I.82
3
Ibid.69
384
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
385
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
M.I.494
2
Ibid.512
3
D.II.152
386
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
S.II.21
387
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Vin.I.69
388
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
389
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
D.II.152; M.I.391, 494, 512; S.II.21
2
Vin.I.69
390
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
D.II.152; M.I.391, 494, 512; S.II.21
2
Vin.I.69
391
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
392
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
393
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
394
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
CHAPTER XI
Additional Punitive Regulations
1
VinA.V.1009
2
Vin.II.1-28
395
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Ibid.4. See Book of the Discipline, V.p.6
396
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Ibid.13f.
2
Ibid.18f. See Book of the Discipline, V.p.26 f.
397
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
398
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
M.I.398
399
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Vin.I.351f.
400
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
M.II.245
2
Ibid.245-46
401
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
See Sagh.8-12; P c.2, 3,17, 63, 71, 76, 78
402
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
but that they were also considered serious enough in their day
to be legislated against. Thus a number of minor regulations
which are calculated to arrest such indiscipline expressing itself
in different ways have come to be laid down. Although the
violation of most of these regulations entail no serious
punishments, they certainly reveal a stricter and sterner attitude
to monastic indiscipline than the Suttas, which counted more on
appeals and admonitions for ethical re-orientation. In addition to
these disputes which are referred to both in the Vinaya and in
the Suttas as bhaana, kalaha, and vivda, we find
litigiousness (saghe adhikaraakraka) too, added to this
group at times.1 The need for this addition evidently arose as a
safeguard against the abuse of the machinery which is set up
for the maintenance of monastic discipline. The history of
Saghdisesa 8 clearly shows how jealous and embittered
persons within the monastic community may, in a spirit of
revenge, misuse the law.2
1
A.III.252; Vin.II.4
2
Vin.III.158
403
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
404
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
405
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
406
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Vin.II.73-104
2
See Book of the Discipline, V.pp.96-140
407
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
408
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
409
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Vin.II.73ff.
2
Ibid.3
410
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Ibid.102 and 88
411
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Vin.II.85
2
Ibid.4-5; also 86
412
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Ibid.78ff.
2
Ibid.80
413
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Ibid.82
2
Ibid.
414
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
415
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
VinA.VI.1194
2
Vin.II.94
416
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Ibid.95
2
Infra p.126
3
Vin.II.92
417
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Vin.II.84
418
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
adjourn with the idea of meeting again the next day. This would
give time and opportunity to the righteous monks to canvass
support for their cause before the next vote is taken and be able
thereby to shatter the opposition (Atha yvatatiyam'pi
adhammavdino bahutar'va honti ajja aklo sve jnissm'ti
vuhahitv alajjna pakkha vibhedatthya
dhammavdipakkha pariyesitv punadivase salkagho
ktabbo. VinA.VI.1198). Under the Sakaajappaka form of
voting too, the Samantapsdik has a very similar comment
which reflects the same spirit of defending by all possible
means what is chosen to be the righteous position. Gahite
vattabbo of the text quoted above1 which is applicable in
general to all monks of the assembly during the
Sakaajappakasalkagha is commented on in the
Samantapsdik as referring to a specal situation, viz. the
vote of the Saghatthera or the president of the assembly. It is
said that if he chooses to vote on the side of the unrighteous
monks, it should be pointed out to him that it is not in keeping
with his age or seniority. Thereafter, if he decides to vote with
the righteous monks, a voting-stick of the right kind should be
provided. If he does not change his mind, on the other hand, he
should be asked to keep his decision a secret.
1
Ibid.99
420
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
M.II.247
2
Vin.II.73ff.
421
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
with which these are confessed and atoned for in the company
of the fellow members. This difference in the enforcement of
discipline comes out with marked emphasis on a study of the
form of the Adhikaraasamatha known as Paitakaraa. The
primary interest of the Khandhakas in this form is for the proper
imposition of daakammas. The Khandhakas insist that under
the Paitakaraa no punishment or penalty (i.e. the
daakamma mentioned earlier) is to be imposed without the
offender admitting his fault. It is essentially a matter of
procedure in monastic disciplinary action. On the other hand,
the Sutta account takes it as a way in which the repetition of
monastic offences may be averted. It seems to provide
adequately against what is described as pattdhikaraa or
offences against the injunctions of the Ptimokkha. A monk who
has committed such an offence, whether urged by others or not,
recognises it and confesses his guilt. He is then asked to
address himself to a senior member of the Order, and owning
and admitting his offence, undertake to guard himself in the
future. Thus the occurrence and perpetuation of monastic
offences would be eliminated.
1
VinA.I.14f.
2
DA.I.13
426
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
1
Journal of the Ganganath Jha Research Institute, vol.X. Appendix.
427
Chapter XI - Additional Punitive Regulations
428
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
CHAPTER XII
Spiritual Leadership
and Life in the Community
429
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
D.II.100,154; Vin.II.188
2
M.III.8
430
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
M.I.46
2
M.III.302
431
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
Not only did the Buddha give counsel himself but he also
expected the lives of his disciples to be regulated through the
guidance and instruction of other senior members of the Order.
The Sayutta Nikya gives a number of instances where the
Buddha requests the venerable Mah Kassapa to admonish the
Bhikkhus as much as he does (Ovada kassapa bhikkh karohi
kassapa bhikkhna dhammikatha. Aha v kassapa
bhikkh ovadeyya tva v aha v bhikkhna
dhammikatha kareyya tva v'ti. S.II.203, 205, 208).
However, it is said that the venerable Mah Kassapa declined
this invitation saying that the Bhikkhus of the day were not
amenable to instruction and were resentful of such advice. It is
mentioned repeatedly that he stated that the monks of his day
were temperamentally unsuited for such correction (Dubbac
kho bhante etarahi bhikkh dovacassakaraehi dhammehi
samanngat akkham appadakkhiagghino anussani.
S.II.204, 206, 208). This possible intolerance of advice and
correction from fellow members of the community seems to be
evident even in the early days of the Ssana. The history of the
Saghdisesa 12 shows how the venerable Channa resented
such advice from fellow monks.1 From an analysis of this
1
Vin.III.177
432
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
433
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
434
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Vin.II.255
435
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
M.I.32
436
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
sutv pipanti mae vacas c'eva manas ca. M.I.32). The sole
purpose of such instruction is conceived to be the guidance of
fellow monks so as to keep them out of evil and place them on
the path of virtue (Sdhu vata bho sabrahmacr akusal
vuhpetv kusale patihpeti. Ibid.).
437
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
438
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Ibid.124
439
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Vin.I.22
2
M.I.32
440
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
441
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Vin.I.45
442
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
443
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
See Chapter IV
444
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
VinA.V.990
2
Vin.I.Intr. p.xii. n.2
3
The Book of the Discipline IV.84. n.1 See also Miss Horner's art.
Abhidhamma Abhivinaya, IHQ.Vol.XVII.291ff.
445
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Vin.I.60, 62, 80. Nissaya: In this context it means the dependence of
the pupil on his teacher for guidance and instruction. The Vinaya
prescribes a compulsory period of such tutelage for young pupil
monks.
2
Vin.1.60, 62
446
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Vin.1.62
447
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
S.Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, 149f.
2
VinA.V.988
3
Vin.1.92
448
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Ibid.50. These terms are translated as recitation, interrogation,
exhortation and instruction respectively at BD.IV.67f.
2
Vin.A.V.982
449
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
The pupil who thus develops his religious life under the
tutelage of his cariya or Uajjhya has also a part to play in
safeguarding the spiritual well-being of his teachers. In the
closely knitted life of the monastic community every member,
both young and old, was expected to contribute his share
towards mutual correction of the irreligious life and also to let
himself be corrected by others. This was observed earlier under
the Saghdisesa 12 where the following comments are made:
'May you, O sir, admonish the Bhikkhus. The Bhikkhus too, will
admonish you. Thus the disciples of the Buddha are nurtured in
this manner through mutual advice and correction.' (yasm'pi
bhikkhu vadetu sahadhammena. Bhikkh'pi yasmanta
vakkhanti sahadhammena. Evam-samvah hi tassa
bhagavato paris yadida aamaavacanena aamaa-
vuhpanen'ti. Vin.III.178). Thus a pupil was expected to help
his teacher in the perfection of his religious life in the following
ways:1
1
Vin.I.49
450
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
451
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Ibid.1.44f.
2
Ibid.50f.
452
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Ibid.1.79
453
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Vin.I.54
454
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Ibid.84
2
Ibid.54f.
455
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Vin.IV.126
2
Ibid.147
3
See Sagh. 9: Vin.III.166f.
4
See Pc.79, 80: Vin.IV.151f.
5
Vin.III.171f.
456
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Ibid.175
2
Vin.II.1f.
3
Vin.IV.12
457
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
1
Vin.III.181
2
Vin.II.14; III.182
458
Chapter XII - Spiritual Leadership and Life in the
Community
endorsed this view and held that every good disciple should
emulate them (Saddho bhikkhave bhikkhu eva samm
ycamno yceyya tdiso homi ydis
sriputtamoggalln'ti. Es bhikkhave tul eta pama
mama svakna bhikkhna yadida sriputta-
moggalln'ti. A.II.164).
459
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
CHAPTER XIII
Women and the Religious Order of
the Buddha
1
Altekar, A.S., The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization, p.204-5
460
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
461
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
sons. The sex did not matter, he argued, and added that in
character and in her role in society, she may even rival men.
Itthpi hi ekacciy seyy pos jandhipa
medhvin slavat sassudev patibbat.
Tass yo jyati poso sro hoti disampati
eva subhagiy putto rajjampi anussati.
S.I.86
462
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Altekar, A.S., op.cit. p.208
2
A.IV.265f.
3
S.IV.328f.
463
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Ibid.243-44
464
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
notice that all these virtues enumerated so far are within the
reach of a woman living in the household. She is not rooted out
of her domestic setting. The good and successful life of the
laywoman, as much as of the layman, seems to have loomed
large in the ethics of Buddhism. In the Aguttara Nikya two
sets of virtues are given whereby a woman is said to strive for
success in this world as well as in the other: idhalokavijaya and
paralokavijaya (Cathi kho viskha dhammehi samanngato
mtugmo idhalokavijayya paipanno hoti aya sa loko
raddho hoti. Katamehi cathi. Idha viskha mtugmo
susamvihitakammanto hoti sagahitaparijano bhattu manpa
carati sambhata anurakkhati ... Cathi kho viskha dhammehi
samanngato mtugmo paralokavijayya paipanno hoti
parassa loko raddho hoti. Katamehi cathi. Idha viskha
mtugmo saddhsampanno hoti slasampanno hoti
cgasampanno hot pasampanno hoti. A.IV.269f.).
465
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
Susavihitakammant sagahitaparijjan
bhattu manpa carati sambhataanurakkhati.
Saddhslena sampann vada vtamacchar
nicca magga visodheti sotthna samparyika.
Iccete ahadhamm ca yass vijjati nriy
1
Prabhu, Hindu Social Orgnisation, p.284
2
A.IV.269f.
466
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
They are:
The first four items of this list are identical with the first four
of the five good qualities ascribed to the virtuous wife in the
Siglovda Sutta, the fifth being general efficiency (dakkh)
and enterprise (analas sabbakiccesu) - D.III.p.190
467
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
468
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
469
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
The power which the woman derives through this may, at the
same time, extend so far as to make man throw all reason to
the winds and be a pawn in her hand, under the influence of her
charm. Thus, it is even possible that a mother may err in
relation to her son or vice versa: Kin nu so bhikkhave
moghapuriso maati na mt putte srajjati ptto v pana
mtar'ti.1 The Aguttara is equally emphatic when it says:
Nha bhikkhave aa ekarpam'pi samanupassmi eva
rajanya eva kamanya eva madanya eva
bandhanya ev mucchanyam eva antaryakara
anuttarassa yogakkhemassa adhigamya yatha y'ida
bhikkhave itthirpa. Itthirpe bhikkhave satt ratt giddh
1
i.e., 'What, O monks, does that foolish man think that a mother would
not feel lustfully attached to her son or the son to his mother.' See
Gradual Sayings, III.p.55 for a different translation of this passage
which we consider to be incorrect.
470
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
471
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
See Gradual Sayings, III.p.57
2
Jaina Stras I [SBE.XXII], p.81
472
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Deo, S.B., History of Jaina Monachism, p.493. See supra p.38
2
M.I.130
473
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
474
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
A.IV.274; Vin.II.253
2
Ibid. The other schools of Buddhism too, besides the Theravdins,
do not appear to have challenged the historicity of this incident.
475
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Jaina Stras II. [SBE.XLV], 122.n.3
2
M.I.305
476
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
477
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
478
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Taisho Vol.22.p.923 B
479
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
M.I.124
2
Vin.II.255
480
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Ibid.259
481
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Vin.IV.51f.
482
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Ibid.313, 315. See Bhikkhun Pcittiya 56, 59
483
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
484
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
485
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Vin.IV.51
486
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
for the Bhikkhus and their practice at the time, the Buddha did
not think it wise, for purposes of communal harmony, to leave
room for the Bhikkhunis to be critical of this discrepancy. Such
a challenge would have completely undermined the prestige
and the authority of the older institution ot the Sagha, quite out
of proportion to any degree of moral good it could bring about
by the correction of Bhikkhus by the Bhikkhunis.
487
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Vin.IV.127, 216, 239
488
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Ibid.II.257-58
2
Op.cit.255-56.
3
Taisho, Vol.22. p.186. A
489
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Vin.II.258
2
D.II.14; Vin.II.287. See Appendix. II
490
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Taisho, Vol.22.p.927 A
2
Vin.II.289
3
Note the Buddha's remarks to Pajpati Gotami before her passing
away at Apadna II.535.v.79
491
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
1
Taisho, Vol.22. p.186. B
2
Vin.II.p.289. See also Ibid.256
492
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
It becomes clear from what has been said so far that at the
time of crystalization of Theriya traditions two ideas regarding
the establishment of the Bhikkhun Ssana stood out clearly. A
section of the Bhikkhu Sagha was reproachful of nanda
because he interceded with the Buddha for the sake of the
Bhikkhunis. The admission of women was also considered a
categorical danger to the successful continuance of the
Ssana. In the light of all this evidence a study of the
garudhamm reveals to us the fact that the Buddha was keenly
conscious of the need to steer clear of the possible rivalries of
1
Taisho, Vol.22. p.186 A
2
Ibid.p.923 C. See also Vin.II.256
493
Chapter XIII - Women and the Religious Order of the
Buddha
494
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
CHAPTER XIV
The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
495
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
496
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
497
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
Miss D.N. Bhagavat, Early Buddhist Jurisprudence, p.164ff.
498
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
Prjika
The four Prjik of the Bhikkhu Ptimokkha are increased
to eight in the code of the Bhikkhunis. Nos. 1, 2, and 4 of these
additional rules1 which are peculiar to the Bhikkhunis
(asdhraa paatti) pertain to sex life in some way or another
and can therefore be looked upon as secondary rules deriving
from Prjika 1 of the Bhikkhu Ptimokkha. However, in the life
of the Bhikkhunis, they are considered serious enough to be
ranked under Prjika. Thus half the number of Prjika rules
laid down for the Bhikkhunis deal with sex. These sikkhpada
not only attempt to safeguard the chastity of the brahmacrin
but also try to keep the whole body of Bhikkhunis above
reproach. Unchaste behaviour of female mendicants was a
reality in contemporary society2 and seeing the possibility of
similar incidents within his own monastic Order, the Buddha
was prompted to provide these extra safeguards. There is
1
The numbering of the additional rules of the Bhikkhunis here is in
accordance with the abridged text of the Bhikkhunvibhaga
(Vin.IV.211-251) where only the asdhraa paatti are listed.
Hence these numbers do not indicate the real position of the
sikkhpada in relation to the complete text of the Bhikhun
Ptimokkha.
2
M.I.305
499
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
500
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
501
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
Vin.IV.218
2
Ibid.137
502
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
Ibid.IV.218
2
This sikkhpada is not given in the Suttavibhaga as it is only the
Bhikkhuni version of a sdhraa paatti held in common with the
Bhikkhus. Hence the number 147 is in terms of the complete text.
503
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
Vin.IV.66
2
S.II.219f.
504
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
Saghdisesa
The seventeen Saghdisesa rules of the Bhikkhun
Ptimokkha consist of seven which the Bhkkkhunis hold in
common with the Bhikkhus (sdhraa paatti), and ten
additional rules which apply to the Bhikkhunis alone. The
Saghdisesa rules 1-4 of the Bhikkhus deal with sex abuses
or minor sex relations of a Bhikkhu with a woman and therefore
have no relevance to the Bhikkhunis. On the other hand, we
1
M.I.122
505
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
The real position of this sikkhpada in the complete Ptimokkha of
the Bhikkhunis would be Pcittiya No.115. As this is a sdhraa
paatti it is not listed in the Bhikkhunvibhaga.
506
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
Vin.IV.226, 231
2
Ibid.227f, 233, 234
3
Ibid.235-42
507
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
Nissaggiya Pcittiya
Both the Bhikkhus and the Bhikkhunis have the same
number of thirty Nissaggiya Pcittiya rules. But only the
following 18 rules of the Bhikkhus are held in common by the
Bhikkhunis as well. They are 1-3, 6-10, 18-20, 22, 23, 25-28,
30. The 12 rules of the Bhikkhus which do not apply to the
Bhikkhunis are as follows:
1
Vin.III. 06, 209
2
Ibid.234-35
3
Ibid.243
508
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
See Nissaggiya Pcittiya No.1 in the Bhikkhun Ptimokkha. Looked
upon as a new rule it is placed in the Bhikkhunvibhaga. Vin.IV.243
2
VinA.IV.919
3
Vin.III.253
4
Ibid.263
509
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
Pcittiya
Pcittiya is not only the largest of all the groups of
sikkhpada laid down for the Bhikkhunis as in the case of
1
Vin.IV.243
2
Ibid.246, 247
3
Ibid.248-54
4
Ibid.255, 256
510
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
Ibid.258-345
511
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
84 - 93 23
(e) Impropriety and unceremonious
conduct.
Nos. 15 17 .... Total 3
(f) Monastic regulations. The sikkhpada
of this category refer to essentially
monastic considerations which apply
to the institution
of the Bhikkhun Sagha. This group
of sikkhpada may be futher
subdivided as follows.
i. Robes and garments peculiar to
the Bhikkhunis on accunt of their
difference in sex.
Nos. 22-30, 47, 48, 96. .... Total
12
ii. Food.
Nos. 46, 54. .... Total 2
iii. Observance of vassvsa or
rains-retreat and duties
connected with it.
Nos. 39, 40, 56 59. .... Total 6
512
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
513
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
Vin.IV.302
514
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
Vin.IV.127
515
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
Ibid.130, 327
2
Ibid.133, 160
3
Ibid.166
4
Ibid.171
5
Ibid.123
516
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
Pidesaniya
The eight Pidesaniya rules of the Bhikkhunis are extremely
simple in character and seem in fact to be a splitting up of the
single rule which bars a Bhikkhuni, unless she is ill, from
obtaining by request and using ghee, oil, honey, molasses, fish,
meat, milk and curd. The Bhikkhus, on the other hand, have
four Pidesaniya rules of their own which also deal with food
but are wider in their scope.3 Nos. 1 and 2 determine the
relations of Bhikkhus with Bhikkhunis at meals, and hence have
no relevance to the Bhikkhunis themselves. Nos. 3 and 4 refer
to certain situations in which a monk who is not ill should not
1
Ibid.168
2
Ibid.172
3
Vin.IV.175-84
517
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
Sekhiya dhamma.
Both Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis share the same set of
seventy-five Sekhiya dhammas.
518
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
Miss D.N. Bhagavat, Early Buddhist Jurisprudence, p.164f.
2
The Book of the Discipline, III. p. xxxii. n.1 and p. l viii.
3
Ibid.p.xxxi
4
Journal Asiatique, 1913, p.548
519
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
B.C.Law, History of Pali Literature, I.46-47, 49
Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, II.24
N.Dutt, Early Monastic Buddhism, 1960, p.152
S.Dutt, Early Budhist Monachism, p.75
Miss Horner, Book of the Discipline, I.p.x.
Rhys Davids, Buddhism, its History and Literature, 1896, p. 54.
However, in The Questions of King Milinda he says that the
regulations in the Ptimokkha are only 220 in number. See SBE 35,
p.203.n.1 (1890).
520
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
rules, and not 311 for the same reason. (Eva tni
sikkhpadasatni cattri ca sikkhpadni bhikkhunvibhago'ti
kittetv... Ibid.) This shows that at least the tradition which
Buddhaghosa inherited knew of an early reckoning of the
contents of the Bhikkhunvibhaga independent of the
Mahvibhaga, and it leads us to surmise on the independent
existence of a complete Bhikkhunvibhaga.
1
DA.I.13
521
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
A.IV.140, 279; V.71
522
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
AA.IV.66
2
DA.I.17; VinA.I.18; DhsA.18
523
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
See S.Dutt, Early Buddhist Monachism, p.73f.
524
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
525
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
Kkvt.p.165
526
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
1
DA.I.17; VinA.I.18; DhsA.18
527
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
528
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
APPENDIX I
The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From
The Recital of the Ptimokkha
1
Vin.I.125 and Vin.II.240
2
Vin.II.236ff.
3
Ud.51ff.
4
A.IV.204ff.
529
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
1
Gilgit MSS.III.3.107f.
2
Ibid.
3
Ibid.
530
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
531
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
1
Vin.II.236ff.
2
Ibid.III.109
3
We should here take note of the explanation which the
Commentaries give for the exclusion of the guilty monk from the
assembly which had met for the recital of the Ptimokkha by the
532
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
Buddha. It is said that if the Buddha recited the Ptimokkha with the
guilty monk present in the assembly it would have spelt disaster for
the guilty monk: sattadh tassa muddh phlessati. Thus, out of
compassion for him the Buddha declined to recite the Ptimokkha in
that assembly. See UdA.296; AA.IV.112
1
The Commentarial tradition maintains that the recital of sikkhpada
533
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
1
Taisho, Vol. 22. p.447 B
535
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
1
i.e. other than in the story of the Suspension of the Ptimokkha
536
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
1
Dhammapada vv.183,184,185. See DhpA.III.237.
2
Ibid.v.185. It is a pity that Sukumar Dutt has completely missed this
very significant stanza. See his Early Buddhist Monachism, p.71
3
DA.II.479
538
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
1
S.II.5-9, 106; A.II.21; Vin.III.7ff.
539
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
1
DhpA.III.236
2
However, this is not true of the extant Mahpadna Sutta which
gives a detailed account of the Ptimokkha recital of the Buddha
Vipassi. See D.II.47- 49
540
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
above all, that the Buddha Gotama did perform some form of
admonitory Upssatha and that it is distinctly in the tradition of
the Buddhas of the past. In doing so this story of the
Dhammapadahakath goes a step further than the
Mahpadna Sutta which speaks of the Uposatha only of
Buddha Vipassi. Nevertheless, there is no serious divergence
between the two accounts.
1
VinA.I.186f.
2
Vin.II.236ff.
541
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
1
The Sutta, however, does not use the term ovda ptimokkha with
reference to this recital.
2
DhpA.III.236
3
D.II.48-50
4
See VinA. I.186 f. where Buddhaghosa quotes extensively from
Vin.II.240. Sabbabuddhna hi im tisso ovdaptimokkhagth
honti. T dghyukabuddhna yva ssanapariyant uddesa
gacchanti. Appyukabuddhna pahamabodhiyam eva
sikkhpadapaattiklato pabhuti ptimokkham eva uddisyati.
542
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
544
Appendix I - The Exclusion of Guilty Monks From The...
1
Ibid.II.240. See also Vin.I.125
545
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
APPENDIX II
The Abolition of the Lesser and
Minor Rules of Training
The history of the Ssana, both in the Sutta and the Vinaya
Piakas, shows that there were rebellious monks in the Order.
Their protests against the disciplinary measures adopted by the
Buddha are widely scattered in the Pali texts where such monks
are described as being militant and intolerant of any advice
(Dubbac kho bhante etarahi bhikkh dovacassakaraehi
dhammehi samanngat akkham appadakkhiagghino
anussani. S.II.204).1 The words of Subhadda, who was
discovered expressing his joy on the passing away of the
Buddha, mark the climax of this tendency.2 There was a
formidable move in this direction even during the life time of the
Buddha and he was well aware of it. In the Laukikopama Sutta,
the Buddha states very clearly that there exists a group of
misguided disciples who when being told by him to give up
1
See also M.I.437f, 448f; A.I.230, 236; Vin.III.177, IV.142f.
2
Vin.II.284f.
546
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
547
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
548
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
1
M.I.449
549
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
1
Vin.IV.142f.
550
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
1
A.I.230.
2
Vin.IV.142f. Pcittiya 72.
3
Ibid.III.77f.
551
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
1
Ibid.178
2
Ibid.IV.43
552
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
1
Inspite of the diversity of opinion which existed regarding the identity
of the khuddnukhuddaka sikkhpada, the followers of the Aguttara
tradition seems to have maintained this division up to the time of
Buddhaghosa. Note: Ima pana
aguttaramahnikyavalajanakcariy cattri prjikni hapetv
sesni sabbni'pi khuddnukhuddakn'ti vadanti. AA.II.348. See
553
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
The distinction between the major and the minor rules thus
seems to be a valid one. As Prjika or Akaraya these major
items of discipline are the primary requirements without which
the monastic life in Buddhism could not be contemplated.
Hence they are called dibrahmacariyikni. However, this does
not amount to a denial of the validity of the other group of
sikkhpada which are called `lesser and minor' or khudd-
nukhuddaka. On the other hand, the need to regulate the life of
a monk in terms of those regulations is fully recognised. For
along with the possibility that a monk may violate any one of
these rules is also mentioned the possibility of his absolution
from the consequent guilt through correction: pajjati'pi
vuhti'pi. Hence a disciple has to face them and adjust himself
accordingly and not attempt stubbornly to resist them. This
accords well with the spirit of Pcittiya 72 which, though
negatively, recognises the usefulness of the recital of even the
minor rules at the Ptimokkha ritual.
evidently gaining more and more ground towards the last days
of the Buddha. The Mahparinibbna Sutta opens, more or
less, with the Buddha's advice to his disciples regarding the
conditions which lead to their progress and well-being. Under
these aparihniya dhamma the Buddha includes what he
appears to consider to be the healthy attitude of the disciples
towards the regulations governing their monastic life (Yvakva
ca bhikkhave bhikkh apaatta na papessanti paatta
na samucchindissanti yathpaattesu sikkhpadesu
samdya vattissanti vuddhi y'eva bhikkhave bhikkhna
pikakh no parihni. D.II.77). This concern of the Buddha for
the recognition of the code of monastic discipline as a whole is
clearly evident in his remarks to the venerable Upasena
Vagantaputta who maintained that nothing should be added to
or removed from the codified law, and that one should conduct
oneself in accordance with it (Sdhu sdhu upasena na
apaatta papetabba paatta v na
samucchinditabba yathpaattesu sikkhpadesu samdya
vattitabba. Vin.III.231).
555
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
succeed him as the leader of the Ssana, the Dhamma and the
Vinaya would succeed him as their guide (satth).1 The
Mahparinibbna Sutta which records this statement has also
three other last-minute communications of the Buddha to the
Sagha. Among them we discover a very abrupt and
unprefaced suggestion which is ascribed to the Buddha. The
Buddha is said to have told nanda that the Sagha, if it so
desires, may on his death do away with `lesser and minor' rules
(kakhamno nanda sagho mamaccayena
khuddnukhuddakni sikkhpadni samhanatu.. D.II.154).
1
D.II.154: Yo vo nanda may dhammo ca vinayo ca desito paatto
so vo mam'accayena satth.
556
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
1
Vin.II.287, 290. See also D.II.154
2
A.I.231ff.
557
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
558
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
1
D.II.154 and Vin.II.287
2
Taisho, Vol.23.p.449 B
3
Ibid. Vol.22.p.191 B
4
Ibid.p.967 B
559
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
1
Taisho, Vol.22.p.492 B-C.
560
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
1
Ibid.p.492 B
2
Ibid.p.492 C
561
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
1
Ibid.
2
Ibid. p.491 B-C.
562
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
been said at the First Council that the Vinaya is the life-blood of
the Ssana (vinayo nma buddhassanassa yu) is
reminiscent of this attitude.1 Thus we see a very clear line of
division between these two groups.
1
VinA.I.13
2
It is said that the Mahsaghikas branched off from the parent
Theriya tradition after the ten disputed points of Vinaya which they put
forward had been rejected by the orthodox Theriya group. See
Dpavasa, Ed. Oldenberg. p.36
563
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
ignorance and without due cause, that the Blessed One allowed
them to be revoked after his death ?'1 (Kin nu kho bhante
ngasena khuddnukhuddakni sikkhpadni duppaattni
udhu avatthusmi ajnitv paattni ya bhagav attano
accayena khuddnukhuddakni sikkhpadni samhanpeti.
Trenckner, Milindapaho, p.142).
1
Rhys Davids, The Questions of King Milinda, Part I. [SBE.35] p.202
2
Loc.cit.
564
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
565
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
1
DA.II.592f. See also Miln.144
566
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
567
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
1
Vin.II.290
568
Appendix II - The Abolition of the Lesser and Minor Rules
of Training
569
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
APPENDIX III
The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and Development
1
M.II.8; III.10
570
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
1
Ibid.III.10
571
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
572
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
1
Vin.I.56
573
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
574
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
1
Ibid.106.
2
This interpretation is supported by the Samantapsdik which takes
nigama, nagara and gma to be all in the same category: Ettha ca
575
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
1
The Samantapsdik defines an abbhantara as being twenty-eight
cubits in length. See VinA.V.1052
2
VinA.V.1052
3
M.II.8
577
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
578
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
Any watery abode like a river, natural lake or the sea is said
to be, by its very nature, suitable for the performance of all
monastic acts. 'Its very nature' here may mean the fact that
such places being 'uninhabited' it requires no further legislation
to exclude aliens. Here, under normal circumstances, there
would be no danger of trespassers (S pana attano
sabhven'eva baddhasmsadis. Sabbam ettha
saghakamma ktu vaati. Samuddajtassaresu'pi es'eva
nayo. VinA.V.1052). Thus we see the emergence of the
Udakukkhepa Sm. It is a region in a river, a natural lake or the
sea which covers `the distance that a man of average (height)
579
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
1
See The Book of the Discipline IV. p.145
580
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
1
See VinA.V.1053, 1055, 1056
581
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
1
Malalasekera, Pali Literature of Ceylon, p.202
2
Bode, Pali Literature of Burma, p.39.n.1.
3
See Taw Sein Ko's Preliminary Study of the Kalyni Inscriptions of
Dhammaceti. 1476 A.D. (Ind. Ant. xxii, p.11f.).
4
Malalasekera, op.cit. p.251
582
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
1
Kanjin arrived at Nara in Japan in 753 A.D.
2
See Sir Charles Eliot, Japanese Buddhism, p.231f.
3
The statements within inverted commas which are reproduced above
583
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
585
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
586
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
587
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
After the great Thera Jgara left the island, the leader of the
oppositionist band, Vimalasra Thera, printed and published a
work entitled Smlakkhaadpan in which he attempted to set
at naught the generally received opinions of the ancient elders
of the church who, in his estimate,were not infallible and were
liable to error. This book has been widely circulated among the
Amarapura section of the Buddhist clergy both in and out of the
island, and its tendency is to perpetuate and widen the breach
which has unfortunately occurred among the brethren of the
Amarapura clergy.
588
Appendix III - The Concept of Sm: Its Origin and
Development
589
Bibliography
Bibliography
I. ORIGINAL SOURCES
590
Bibliography
591
Bibliography
Sayutta Nikya, Ed. L. Feer, 6 Vols., PTS. London, 1884 -1904. Tr.
C.A.F.Rhys Davids and F.L.Woodward, The Book of the Kindred
Sayings, 5 Vols., PTS. London 1917-30.
592
Bibliography
Vinaya Piaka, Ed. H. Oldenberg, 5 Vols., PTS. London, 1879 - 83. Tr.
T.W.Rhys Davids and H.Oldenberg, Vinaya Texts, SBE.Vols.
13,17, 20, Oxford, 1881- 85. Tr.I.B.Horner, The Book of the
Discipline, SBB.Vols.10,11,13,14 and 20, London, 1949-52.
593
Bibliography
594
Bibliography
Taittirya Upaniad, with Comy. of akara, Ed. V.G.pte, ASS. 12, 4th
Edition, 1922.
595
Bibliography
II SECONDARY
SECONDARY AUTHORITIES
596
Bibliography
597
Bibliography
598
Index
Index
580
A gatngata, 27
Abbhna, 373 Aggaa, 90
Abhidhamma, 42, 191, 445, 596 Aggika Jaila, 383
abhidhamme, 36, 444 hre paikklasa, 198
abhijjh, 183, 221, 224, 225 Ajtasatthu, 334
Abhisamcrika, 173, 175, 176, jvaka, 86
178 jvaprisuddhi, 182, 204, 207,
abhivinaye, 36, 444 291
abrahmacariy verama, 281 jvaprisuddhisla, 204, 208, 219,
abrahmacariyavsa, 82 291
abrogation, 302, 490 jvavipatti, 206
absolution, 5, 333, 341, 344, 345, kakheyya, 141, 142, 302
346, 347, 413, 554 Akaraya, 279, 280, 554
craga Stra, 472 akusala kamma, 170, 225
cariya, 441, 443, 444, 446, 448, Alagaddpama, 473
450 lra Klma, 18, 81
Acela Kassapa, 387 Altekar, 460, 462, 463, 596
Act of Banishment, 396 Amarapura, 585, 587, 588
Adhikaraasamatha, 409, 411, amends, 334, 354, 355, 356, 358,
417, 422, 428, 520 377, 382, 505, 553
adhipa sikkh, 223 amtatva, 68
Adhihna, 357 Amhavinaya, 407, 413, 424
dibrahmacariyika, 175, 176, 178 ptimokkha, 534, 545
dikammika, 533 andnavadasso, 151, 152, 154
administration, 26, 28, 54, 155, Angmin, 227, 288
273, 354, 413, 453, 466, 483, anagriya, 246
599
Index
600
Index
601
Index
Buddhaghosa, 9, 41, 61, 83, 85, Catur rama Dharma, 69, 70, 75
87, 141, 144, 145, 151, 153, causal genesis, 107, 110, 111
164, 171, 175, 176, 177, 181, cauyma savara, 476
189, 193, 198, 202, 204, 206, celibacy, 11, 76, 84, 121, 123,
208, 209, 210, 213, 216, 218, 130, 152, 172, 280, 281, 283,
222, 228, 291, 324, 327, 349, 473
363, 365, 366, 369, 370, 387, cenobitic, 14
389, 425, 427, 445, 509, 520, cetaso varaa, 224
521, 523, 524, 527, 541, 542, Cetokhila, 100
553, 562, 565, 567, 581, 591, Ceylonese, 28, 581, 585
593 Chabbaggiya, 150, 455, 504, 551,
Buddhas, 109, 157, 160, 189, 562, 567
195, 233, 236, 537, 540, 541, Chain of Causation, 107, 111
543, 544 chandaprisuddhi, 328
Burma, 581, 582, 583, 585, 586, Channa, 406, 432
596 Chapaa, 581
chastity, 73, 84, 186, 281, 385,
C 476, 499
Cakkavatti, 172 China, 582
Canonical, 5, 7, 21, 36, 38, 55, Chinese, 56, 64, 259, 351, 352,
117, 144, 167, 182, 189, 191, 479, 489, 490, 491, 493, 534,
198, 209, 211, 213, 214, 215, 559, 561, 582, 593, 594, 595
219, 258, 261, 304, 326, 327, Citta, 288, 289, 405
529, 536, 541, 568 cittaklesa, 224
Ctuddisa Sagha, 25, 29, 48 code, 39, 42, 45, 46, 47, 63, 64,
catupaccaya, 23, 187, 190 125, 135, 141, 169, 171, 172,
catuparis, 495 202, 209, 211, 217, 254, 256,
Catuprisuddhisla, 202, 209, 211, 257, 259, 262, 263, 264, 275,
213, 218, 219, 221 299, 302, 309, 316, 317, 318,
602
Index
332, 346, 367, 369, 395, 451, Cullavagga, 38, 41, 42, 51, 338,
463, 479, 485, 497, 499, 508, 342, 345, 350, 368, 369, 371,
538, 549, 553, 555 375, 395, 396, 489, 524, 529,
codified, 35, 176, 178, 203, 207, 532, 536, 541, 557, 568
254, 277, 282, 555 Cullavedalla, 116
Commentaries, 5, 7, 55, 91, 101, Cunda, 231, 431, 495
118, 119, 126, 194, 281, 532
Commentator, 10, 162 D
conceal, 335, 338, 371, 488 Dabbamallaputta, 456
conduct, 15, 17, 32, 33, 35, 37, dna, 84
48, 61, 122, 133, 135, 143, daakamma, 377, 410, 411, 421,
147, 172, 174, 180, 233, 246, 422, 424, 451
273, 283, 298, 315, 317, 355, Dantabhmi, 145
356, 360, 377, 381, 383, 385, Dengyo Daishi, 583
388, 405, 408, 417, 437, 439, Devadatta, 24, 132, 232, 248,
441, 452, 454, 456, 467, 487, 295, 334, 456, 504
497, 500, 512, 522, 550, 555, dhammabhta, 90
612 Dhammaceti, 582, 597
confess, 331, 332, 341, 342, 347, Dhammacetiya, 3, 128
353, 371 Dhammlakra, 584
confession, 17, 46, 47, 263, 332, dhammanetti, 423
333, 334, 341, 343, 344, 346, Dhnajni, 95, 97
347, 353, 359, 370 Dharma, 15, 67, 70, 562
confessional meeting, 45, 47, 257, Dharma Piaka, 562
318 Dharmagupta Vinaya, 479, 490,
court, 30 493
Clbhaya, 214, 216 dharmaskandha, 66, 67, 68, 75
Cladukkhakkhandha, 127 Dpavasa, 563
Culladhammasamdna, 476 Dpavihra, 213
603
Index
dispute, 302, 400, 416, 423, 491, exclusion, 48, 64, 225, 339, 341,
580, 583, 585 359, 532, 536
dissentient, 25, 489 exoneration, 413
divine, 8, 16, 62, 97, 531
Dodanduwa, 586 F
dosa, 78, 100, 103, 128, 154, 225, faith, 3, 45, 53, 120, 129, 167,
226, 227 264, 320, 384, 387, 391, 394,
Dubbhsita, 162, 567 436
duggati, 8, 9, 221 First Council, 37, 41, 264, 302,
Dukkaa, 162, 165, 206, 289, 327, 491, 520, 521, 523, 524, 557,
454, 455, 566, 570 558, 563, 565
dukkha, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, food, 22, 24, 83, 85, 129, 135,
114, 115, 117, 175, 178, 184 137, 187, 190, 192, 193, 194,
duhull patti, 371, 515 196, 197, 204, 206, 209, 216,
Dvedhvitakka, 431 247, 249, 250, 252, 274, 406,
501, 513, 514, 517
E
Egypt, 13 G
Eightfold Path, 119 gmakkhetta, 309, 321
ekvsa, 329 gmantavihra, 250
Ekavihriya, 241 garudhamma, 434, 451, 482, 483,
ekuposatha, 577 488
enlightenment, 16, 18, 60, 81, 83, genealogical tree, 2
88, 99, 106, 117, 126, 132, Gopakamoggallna, 4, 21, 29,
156, 161, 163, 198, 496 305, 311, 312, 321, 322, 372,
eremetical, 19, 20, 22, 24 430, 571, 576
ethical, 68, 72, 78, 228, 403, 489 Gotama, 12, 16, 17, 20, 29, 81,
etymology, 5 109, 157, 160, 296, 540, 541,
Europe, 13 544
604
Index
guidance, 72, 76, 145, 156, 158, husband, 461, 462, 467
163, 169, 172, 206, 247, 255,
275, 281, 291, 311, 314, 432, I
435, 437, 438, 446, 490, 565 immortality, 62, 68
guilt, 46, 150, 154, 332, 333, 334, Indra, 77
335, 339, 340, 341, 343, 344, Indriyabhvan, 431
345, 346, 347, 353, 358, 364, indriyagutti, 219
368, 413, 416, 422, 533, 554, indriyasavara, 183, 185, 186,
556 191, 192, 200, 202, 218
guiltless, 413 Indriyasavarasla, 204, 219
guilty, 64, 154, 289, 300, 307, indriyesu guttadvro, 143, 144,
322, 323, 332, 337, 338, 339, 181, 191, 192, 201
340, 342, 346, 347, 350, 352, institution, 11, 67, 69, 70, 71, 76,
355, 357, 359, 368, 371, 373, 80, 149, 157, 231, 255, 306,
375, 378, 381, 397, 410, 413, 315, 318, 354, 453, 465, 475,
424, 433, 451, 455, 487, 491, 477, 480, 487, 491, 495, 512,
501, 503, 515, 529, 530, 531, 539, 575
532, 534, 535, 536, 544, 553 Interrogatory Portions, 46
ghaka, 418 intoxicants, 170, 281
Gulissni, 22 inviolable, 171, 172, 552
Isipatana, 113
ia, 75
H
heaven, 8, 79, 461, 466
hell, 86 J
heresy, 364, 365, 377, 406, 451, Jgara, 586, 587, 588
502 jgariynuyoga, 192, 199
heretic, 373, 383, 504 Jaina, 25, 320, 472, 473, 475,
Hieizan, 583 476, 594, 596
Hume, 73, 74, 75, 87, 595 Jainism, 56, 123, 462, 472, 475
605
Index
606
Index
455, 486, 502, 513, 522, 547, Mah Kassapa, 21, 22, 157, 188,
549, 555, 566 191, 200, 232, 236, 237, 253,
lawlessness, 156, 551 261, 302, 432, 435, 437, 504,
laxity, 149, 246, 247, 253, 556, 521, 549, 558, 562, 565, 566,
563 575
layman, 8, 129, 147, 171, 281, Mahassapura, 116, 141
288, 321, 465 Mahahakath, 126
laywoman, 465, 466 Mahcattrsaka, 205
leadership, 63, 308, 312, 379, Mahdukkhakkhandha, 114
429, 435, 441, 446, 480, 482, Mahhatthipadopama, 112
488 Mahaka, 289
legal, 32, 52, 58, 63, 150, 154, Mahnma, 303
155, 165, 204, 260, 264, 268, Mahnidna, 112
273, 276, 277, 280, 294, 295, Mahpadna, 44, 109, 157, 160,
346, 362, 396, 398, 413, 433, 318, 537, 539, 540, 542
483 Mahparinibbna, 311, 386, 496,
legislation, 61, 63, 156, 165, 272, 555, 556, 557, 568
330, 339, 401, 406, 433, 491, Mahrhulovda, 101
544, 549, 575, 579 Mahsakuludy, 304, 321, 577
litigiousness, 403 Mahsaghika, 56, 58, 383, 536,
lobha, 128, 225, 226 560, 561, 562, 567
Lomahasana Jtaka, 85 Mahshanda, 83, 85
mahatta, 158
M Mahvacchagotta, 123, 386
Macchiksaa, 289 Mahvagga, 7, 28, 38, 47, 51, 81,
Mdugaga, 584 257, 258, 277, 312, 314, 316,
Magadha, 313 319, 320, 321, 324, 325, 329,
Mgandiya, 386 332, 333, 336, 338, 339, 346,
Mgha, 104 347, 348, 349, 351, 353, 357,
607
Index
500, 570, 572, 576, 580 200, 218, 223, 224, 226, 413,
Mahvibhaga, 38, 262, 520 424, 473
Mahvra, 476 methuna, 121, 281
Mahsaka Vinaya, 259, 352, methunavirati, 84
490, 492, 493, 594 Metta, 104
majjhimasla, 146 mett, 97, 103, 104
Makhdeva, 99, 131 Mettiyabhummajaka, 456
Makkhali Gosla, 82 micchdihi, 221, 225, 228
Malalasekera, 582, 597 micchjva, 205, 207
Mnatta, 369, 371, 373, 374, 375, Middle Path, 226
377, 382, 395, 478, 534 Milinda, 212, 520, 563, 564, 591
mnattacrika, 375, 377 minor rules, 58, 165, 206, 302,
Mandiyaputta, 182 490, 550, 554, 563, 565, 566,
manoduccarita, 221 567, 568
manokamma, 221, 225 miraculous, 286, 288, 289
manosucarita, 221 missioner, 14
Manusmti, xiii, 69, 460, 594 Moggallna, 22, 81, 436, 437,
Mra, 133, 195, 467, 468, 471, 440, 458, 503, 531, 532, 535
493, 496 moha, 78, 100, 103, 128, 225,
mtik, 42, 264 226, 227
mauna, 75 mohakkhaya, 228
Max Muller, 1 moka, 108
Medhtithi, 69, 70, 71, 594 Moliyaphagguna, 408, 504
mendicancy, 1, 10, 11, 18, 60, 81, monasteries, 10, 19, 406, 572
125, 131 Monier Williams, 1, 2, 11, 16, 17
mendicants, 12, 137, 319, 320, moral, 17, 68, 72, 74, 87, 90, 172,
321, 476, 499 180, 211, 228, 256, 276, 277,
mental, 98, 102, 103, 104, 134, 285, 293, 299, 363, 396, 414,
135, 172, 184, 187, 193, 199, 463, 466, 473, 479, 485, 487,
608
Index
nibbna, 97, 106, 109, 111, 116, 406, 410, 411, 422, 424
nibbnapariyya, 223 38, 39, 40, 43, 51, 52, 61, 255,
609
Index
610
Index
611
Index
rga, 78, 100, 103, 199, 225, 226, 328, 376, 397, 405, 423, 442,
Rjagaha, 288, 572, 575 572, 573, 575, 576, 577, 578
455, 505, 507, 546, 554 Rhys Davids, 1, 4, 7, 12, 13, 14,
recital, 29, 41, 42, 45, 47, 54, 64, 15, 19, 29, 38, 40, 43, 49, 50,
254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 52, 112, 143, 257, 261, 333,
264, 301, 302, 304, 305, 311, 520, 564, 590, 591, 592, 593,
330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 337, ritual, 39, 44, 45, 65, 157, 160,
338, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 215, 257, 301, 304, 305, 312,
346, 347, 348, 349, 351, 352, 313, 315, 321, 322, 324, 328,
612
Index
329, 333, 339, 341, 342, 344, smaera, 169, 171, 378, 384,
346, 347, 348, 353, 355, 356, 388, 394, 500
357, 360, 425, 426, 428, 497, smaerapabbajj, 394
526, 529, 536, 550, 554, 570, samatha, 234, 410
572, 573, 575 Samathakkhandhaka, 407
ritualistic, 68, 95, 304, 319, 329, Sammdihi, 108
341, 343, 350, 354, 359, 360, sammappadhna, 7, 144
574, 575, 581, 582 Sammukhvinaya, 407, 410, 416,
rukkhamlasensana, 248 422
Samodhnaparivsa, 374
S sampannaptimokkha, 7
Sabbsava, 209 sampannasla, 214
sadrasantosa, 84 sasra, 70, 88, 117, 185, 474
saddh, 56, 125, 139, 218, 232, samsric, 111
429, 466, 495 samudaya, 107
saddhamma, 203 samyagna, 73
saddhivihr, 444 sayojana, 224, 226, 227
Sakadgmin, 227 Sayutta Nikya, 9, 102, 122,
sakalabrahmacr, 118 144, 157, 161, 215, 231, 233,
sakaajappaka, 418 289, 387, 388, 432, 463, 467,
sakkyadihi, 226, 227 592
Sakuludy, 304 Sandaka, 82
salkaghpaka, 418 Sandha, 235
Sallekha, 222, 229, 431 Sagha Rja, 585
samdhi, 119, 140, 144, 177, 178, Saghdisesa, xi, 156, 161, 162,
220, 286 163, 206, 254, 266, 294, 295,
Smagma, 398, 400, 421 296, 301, 338, 341, 358, 368,
samaa, 141, 535 369, 370, 372, 373, 381, 403,
samnasavsa, 577 408, 416, 432, 437, 450, 456,
613
Index
614
Index
615
Index
616
Index
617
Index
618
619
The Buddhist Monastic Order is the earliest corporate organisation in the world where
within a framework of a flexible organisation there was evolved ancilary bodies, rules,
regulations and codes of conduct of the most minute detaill. Every aspect of a monk's
life, living in society and together with other monks as well as nuns, has been gone into
in the ancient texts. The author has brought to life the ancient organisational forms, rules
and codes and the methods adopted to enfforce them without the charge of tyranny
being levelled against the Elders. He has shown how the Buddhist concept of ceaseless
change has made inroads into the organisation and has been dextrously handled so as
to safeguard the doctrine and the organisation.
The author draws extensively from the original ancient Pali, Sanskrit, and Chines texts.
This book is felt to be of great value to students of Buddhism, students of Asian History
and Indologists.
The book will be of value also to students of political theory whose sources have so far
been confined to Greek, Roman and Sanskrit material. It throws new light on ancient
Buddhist social organisation.
619