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Biology Chapter 1 11th Class - 0
Biology Chapter 1 11th Class - 0
Contents
Topic Page No.
Exercise
The Living World 01 - 06
Notes 07 - 07
Plant Taxonomy 08 - 08
Nomen Clature (Binomial)
10 - 10
Tri-Nomial Nomenclature
11 - 11
Type-Specimen (Herbarium Shut)
12 - 12
Taxonomic Hierarchy
13 - 13
Taxon
14 - 14
Species Concept
15 - 16
Taxonomical Aids
Syllabus
THE LIVING WORLD
Plant Taxonomy, Nomen Clature (Binomial), Tri-Nomial Nomenclature,
Type-Specimen (Herbarium Shut), Taxonomic Hierarchy, Taxon, Species
Concept, Taxonomical Aids
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SURFACE CHEMISTRY_ADVANCED # 1
Topic 1 THE LIVING WORLD
LEVEL - I
3. ICBN shows
(A) International council for Batonical nomenclature
(B) Internation code of botanical nomenclature
(C) Indian code of botanical nomenclature
(D) None of these
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13. Smallest Taxonomic graph is -
(A) Geuus (B) Species (C) Tribe (D) Division
Answer Key
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. B
7. A 8. B 9. B 10. A 11. C 12. D
13. B 14. A 15. D 16. A 17. C 18. D
19. D 20. D
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LEVEL - II
6. Correct name is -
(A) Solanum tubrosum (B) Solanum Tuberosum
(C) Solanum tuberosum Linn. (D) All the above
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15. Cohort use for -
(A) Species nalated graph (B) upper position
(C) Between species & order graph (D) All the above
Answer Key
1. A 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. C
7. A 8. C 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. A
13. D 14. C 15. D 16. D 17. A 18. B
19. D 20. C
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LEVEL - III
1. Smallest taxon is -
(A) Class (B) Order (C) Genue (D) Species
2. Taxon is -
(A) Group of same species
(B) Texonomical hieraracly any series
(C) group of same genus
(D) Name of above
4. Nicotiana is a -
(A) Variety (B )Subspecies (C) Species (D) Geneus
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14. Animal classification related term phylum given by -
(A) Haukel (B) John ray (C) Quiver (D) Linnaeus
Answer Key
1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. A
7. C 8. B 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. C
13. C 14. C 15. A 16. D 17. A 18. D
19. A 20. A
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PLANT TAXONOMY
PLANT TAXONOMY :
The word was proposed by A.P. de Candole in his book "Theories elementaire de la botanique"
(Theory of elementry botany)
Taxonomy includes study of following 4 points
(1) Identification - Identification of living organism
(2) Nomenclature - Nomenclature of living organism
(3) Classification - Classification of living organism in groups
(4) Affinities - Study of inter relationship between living organism
Significance of taxonomy :-
(1) With the help of taxonomy diversity of living being can be studied easily.
(2) At present, 300 lakh (30 million) type of living organism are found on our earth.
(3) 17 lakh (1.7 million) type of living organism have been discovered still now. Out of them 12 lakh are animal
and 5 lakh type are plant.
(4) Maximum diversity of living beings are found in tropical rain forest.
These forest have heavy rain fall whole year.
In india maximum tropical rain forest are found in Andman & Nikobar and in all eastern states of India
(Assum, Meghalaya, West Bengal etc.)
In india maximum tropical rain forest are present (Tropical country)
(5) After tropical rain forest the second maximum diversity is found in corel reefs (oceans)
Note :- The no. of living beings that have extincted are 50-100 time that of the living beings. Scientists discover near
about 15000 type of living organism every year.
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NOMEN CLATURE (BINOMIAL)
BINOMIAL SYSTEM :
(1) Binomial system first proposed by Gaspard Bauhin in his book - "Pinax Theatre Botanica"
(2) Carolus Linnaeous :- Linnaeus used this nomenclature system firstly on large scale and proposed scientific
name of all the plants and animals.
Linnaeus is founder of binomial system.
Linnaeus proposed scientific name of plants in his book "Species Plantarum". It was published on
1 May 1753. So this was the initiation of binomial system for plants. So any name proposed (for
plants) before this date is not accepted today.
Linnaeus proposed scientific name of animals in his book "Systema Naturae" (10th edition.)
The 10th edition of Systema naturae was first published on 1 August 1758. So initiation of binomial
system for animals is beleived to be starts on 1 Aug. 1758.
Principle of Priority :-
The nomenclature is done by principle of priority. If the two names are proposed for any plant after the 1753,
the valid name is the earlier name proposed just after 1 may 1753.
(2) Generic names of different genus should not be same in any one kingdom.
e.g. Potato can not be named as Mangifera
However they can be repeated in different kingdoms,
e.g. Bougainvillea - It is name of a plant and also it is name of an animal
(4) In plant nomenclature (ICBN) tautonyms are not valid i.e. generic name and specific name should not be
same in plants.
e.g. Mangifera mangifera
But tutonyms are valid in animal nomenclature (ICZN) - International Code for Zoological Nomenclature)
e.g. Naja naja (Indian cobra), Rattus rattus (Rat)
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(5) Length of generic name or specific name not be less than 3 letters and not more than 12 letters.
e.g. Mangifera indica
Exception :- Riccia pathankotensis - More than 12 letters
According to ICBN this name is not valid but this name was proposed before 1961, so it is valid.
(6) First letter of generic name should be in capital letter and first letter of specific name should be small letter.
e.g. Mangifera indica
But if specific name is based on the name of some person, its first letter will be in capital letter.
e.g. Chaetomium Subramaniella
(7) When written with free hand or typed, then generic name and specific name should be separately underlined.
But during printing name should be italized.
(8) Name of scientist (who proposed nomenclature) should be written in short after the specific name
e.g. Mangifera indica Lin.
(9) Name of scientist proposed wrong name then his name should be written in bracket and the scientist who
corrects the name will be written after the brackets.
e.g. Tsuga canadensis (Lin.) Salisbury
Note : Linnaeus named this plant as Pinus canadensis
(11) Scientific names should be derived from latin or greek language because they are dead language.
(12) Type specimen (Herbarium Sheet) of newly discovered plant should be placed in herbarium (Dry garden).
Binomial Nomenclature :-
Common names of any organism are always problematic since, many species have more than one common
name and a common name can describe more than one species. When writing a scientific documents, it is
the convention to use binomial nomenclature. Carolous Linnaeus (1758) introduced a shorthand designation,
binomial (binomial two name) nomenclature for each organism, in which the first name indicates genus while
second name indicates species. Genus always starts with capital letter while species with small latter and
written in italics. For example, red alder, Alnus rubra; Alnus is the genus and rubra is the specific epithet.
There are many species in the genus Alnus but only one Alnus rubra. A species may be further described
according to sub-species or variety. For example Ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa var ponderosa or lodgepole
pine, Pinus contorta sub-sp. latifolia. A sub-species is a morphologically distinct, often geographically separate
population of a species. A variety is also a morphologically different population which may be associated with
a geographic region or particular site conditions but less distinct than a sub-species. The species name
should always be used in conjunction with common names so that anyone reading the document can know
exactly which species you are referencing.
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TRI-NOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
TRINOMIAL SYSTEM :
(1) Proposed by Huxely and Stricklandt.
(2) According to this system name of any plant of species is composed of three names :-
(i) Generic name
(ii) Specific name
(iii) Subspecific name (Name of variety)
(3) When members of any species have large variations than trinomial system is used. On the basis of
dissimilarities this species is classified into sub species :-
e.g. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (Cauliflower)
Brassica oleracea var. capitata (Cabbage)
Brassica oleracea var. caulorapa (Knol-Khol)
Trinomial Nomenclature
Sometimes three words are also used for naming the organism, especially the animals. These include
generic, specific and sub-specific parts. For example, modern man is called Homo sapieus sapiens and
Gorilla as Gorilla gorilla gorilla.
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TYPE SPECIMEN (HERBARIUM SHUT)
TYPE SPECIMEN (HERBARIUM SHEET) ARE OF DIFFERENT TYPE
Holotype - Herbarium sheet on which the first description of plant is based.
Lectotype - In case the holotype is lost, second herbarium sheet prepared from the original plant is
called lectotype.
Neotype - In case the holotype and original plant is lost, then herbarium sheet prepared from some
other plant of same species is called neotype.
Syntype - In case the holotype and original plant is lost then many herbarium sheet prepared from
many plants of same species is called syntype.
Isotype - Duplicate of holotype - In presence of holotype a second herbarium sheet prepared from the
original plant is called isotype.
Pratype - Nomenclature is invalid in absance of type speciemen.
Types of specimen
Holotype Nomenclature type
Isotype Duplicate of holotype
Paratype Any other specimen described along with holotype
Syntype Any one of the two or more specimens cited by author, when there is no holotype
Lectotype Specimen selected from original meterial to serve as nomenclature type, where there is no
holotype
Neotype New nomenclatural type, when the original material is missing.
Topotype A specimen collected from the same locality from which the holotype was originally collected.
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TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
Desending order / arrangment of taxonomic categories is known as heirarchy
There are 7 main categories
1. Kingdom - Largest unit
2. Division / phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species - Smallest / basic unit
Taxonomic Hierarchy
It is the grouping of the species into higher categories on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities,
complexity and simplicity and hence, evolutionary relationships.
Species
It is the basic unit of classification. It is a group of individuals which are alike morphological and reproductive
characters so that they are able to interbreed freely and produce fertile offspring.
Genus
A group of species having common characteristics is called genus. It is first higher category above the
species level.
Order
A group of families which share a number of common characteristics. The family-Felidae (Lion, leopard, tiger,
cats) and Canidae (Dog, wolf, fox) are included in the same order Carnivora.
Class
A group of related orders is class. For example, all the insects are included in class-Insecta. They are
characterized by the presence of three pairs of Jointed legs and trachea. Similarly, members of class-Aves
(birds) are characterized by the presence of feathers which are modified forelimbs.
Phylum
Classes having atleast a few characters in coomoon, collectively constitute a phylum. For example, Nereis,
Pheretima and Hirudinaria belong to different classes but have been grouped in a single phylum-Annelida.
Kingdom
It is the highest category in taxonomic system and includes phyla (or Divisions in plants) which are related
atleast in one character. Linnaeus system of classification includes only two kingdoms-Animalia and Plantae.
But Whittaker's system of classification includes five kingdoms-Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
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TAXON
TAXON
Taxon is a unit of classification which may represent any level of grouping of organisms. The term was
introduced by ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) during 1956. Mayr (1964) has
defined taxon to be a taxonomic group of any rank that is sufficiently distinct to be worthy of being
assigned to a definite category. Simpson (1961) recognizes taxon to be a group of real organisms
recognized as a formal unit at any level of hierarchical classification.
1. Kingdom - x
2. Division - phyta
3. Class - opsida / phyceae / ae
4. Order - ales
5. Family - aceae
6. Genus - x
7. Species - x
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SPECIES CONCEPT
SPECIES CONCEPTS
Species is the fundamental or smallest unit of classification. The term species was recognized from genus
by John Ra.y Ernst Mayr defined species as. A group of potentially inter-breeding natural populations of
closely resembling organisms. Carlous Linnaeus proposed static concept of species or morphological
concept of species. He considered species as a fixed and iminutable entity.
1. Dynamic concept of species was proposed by Lamarck, who considered species as a mutable and
dynamic entity.
2. Biological concept of species was proposed by Ernst Mayr. According to this concept, a species is a
group of individuals who resemble each other in morphological, physiological biochemical and behavioural
characters and capable in interbreeding.
3. Morphospecies are the species erected on the basis of morphological characters only.
5. Sibling species are true species which do not interbreed but are otherwise difficult to separate on the basis
of morphological characters alone.
6. Allopatric species Two or more species which are inhabitive different area or geographical condition.
8. Parapatric species are species with adjacent geographic ranges meeting in a very narrow zone of overlap.
11. Polytypic species are species, which have more than one ideal types according to their geographical
isolated areas.
13. Biospecies is a species erected on the basis of reproductive and genetic isolation of a natural population.
15. Microspecies or Jordan's species is a true breeding genetic unit below the rank of species.
16. Agamospecies is a species reproducing only asexually, e.g., Euglena and Amoeba.
20. Keystone species is a species that plays a key role or central role in the ecology of a place.
21. Mule, Hinny, Tigon and Linger are exception to biological species concept. Mule is the offspring of male
donkey and female horse and hinny is the offspring of female donkey and male horse. Both Mule and Hinny
are sterile. Tigon is the offspring of male tiger and female lion and linger is of female tiger and male lion.
Both tigon and linger are fertile.
(A) Herbarium
(i) Herbarium is a store house of collected plant speciman's that are dried, lonessed & pressened an sheets.
(ii) Standard size of herbarium shut is 11.5 16.5"
Uses of herbaria
(i) used for identification of plant
(ii) Help in knowing the morphological variations Found in species
(iii) Herbaria useful for research in plant taxonomy
(iv) useful for locating wild varietes
(III) = Form of harbarium shut
(i) Collecting date
(ii) Collecting place
Plant
(iii) English name
(iv) Local & scientific name
Label
(left side) (v) Family of plant
(vi) Name of collecting reason
Botanical garden
(i) Living plant collecting in botanical garden
(ii) Plant species identify in B.G.
(iii) Tegging a label with plant label given information name of family & plant botanical name
(iv) Important botanical garden
Museums
(i) Museums is place for collections of preserved plants and animals speciman for study
(ii) Universities & educational institute manage their museums
(iii) Dead organism are placed in museum
Zoological park
(i) Wild living animal must be placed.
(ii) Zoological parks provide natural habitat to the animal
(iii) 200 zoological park in india
(iv) The zoos are managed by the central zoo authority of india
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Key
(i) Key is also a taxonomical aid used for identification of plants & animal based on the similarites & dissimilarites.
(ii) Key help identification of plant & animal by selecting & eliminating the characters according to their presence
or absence in the organism under study
(iii) The keys are generally use two contrasting characters
(iv) One contrasting character accepted other contrasting character rejected.
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