Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lost Scriptures Books That Did Not Make It Into The New Testament
Lost Scriptures Books That Did Not Make It Into The New Testament
UNIVERSITY PRESS
98765432[
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
Contents
General Introduction 1
NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS 7
disputes over what to believe and how to live that were raging in the early
centuries of the Christian movement. These beliefs, and the group who
promoted them, came to be thought of as orthodox (literally meaning,
the right belief), and alternative viewssuch as the view that there are
two gods, or that the true God did not create the world, or that Jesus was
not actually human or not actually divine, etc.came to be labeled heresy
( false belief) and were then ruled out of court. Moreover, the victors in
the struggles to establish Christian orthodoxy not only won their theological
battles, they also rewrote the history of the conict; later readers, then,
naturally assumed that the victorious views had been embraced by the vast
majority of Christians from the very beginning, all the way back to Jesus
and his closest followers, the apostles.
What then of the other books that claimed to be written by these apos-
tles, the ones that did not come to form part of the New Testament? For the
most part they were suppressed, forgotten, or destroyedin one way or an-
other lost, except insofar as they were mentioned by those who opposed
them, who quoted them precisely in order to show how wrong they were. But
we should not overlook the circumstance that in some times and places these
other writings were in fact sacred books, read and revered by devout peo-
ple who understood themselves to be Christian. Such people believed that
they were following the real teachings of Jesus, as found in the authoritative
texts that they maintained were written by Jesus own apostles.
Historians today realize that it is over-simplied to say that these
alternative theologies are aberrations because they are not represented in
the New Testament. For the New Testament itself is the collection of books
that emerged from the conict, the group of books advocated by the side of
the disputes that eventually established itself as dominant and handed the
books down to posterity as the Christian Scriptures.
This triumph did not happen immediately after Jesus death. Jesus is
usually thought to have died around 30 ce.1 Christians probably began to
produce writings shortly afterwards, although our earliest surviving writings,
the letters of Paul, were not made for another twenty years or so (around
5060 ce). Soon the oodgates opened, however, and Christians of varying
theological and ecclesiastical persuasion wrote all kinds of books: Gospels
recording the words, deeds, and activities of Jesus; accounts of the miracu-
lous lives and teachings of early Christian leaders (acts of the apostles),
personal letters (epistles) to and from Christian leaders and communities;
prophetic revelations from God concerning how the world came to be or
how it was going to end (revelations or apocalypses), and so on. Some
of these writings may well have been produced by the original apostles of
Jesus. But already within thirty or forty years books began to appear that
claimed to be written by apostles, which in fact were forgeries in their
names (see, e.g., 2 Thess. 2:2).
1
I.e., 30 of the Common Era, which is the same as the older designation, AD 30.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 3
even though the writings I have included here are obviously no longer lost.
But most of them were lost, for centuries, until they turned up in modern
times in archaeological discoveries or in systematic searches through the
monasteries and libraries of the Middle East and Europe. Some of them are
known only in part, as fragments of once-entire texts have appearedfor
example, a famous Gospel allegedly written by the apostle Peter. Others are
cited by ancient opponents of heresy precisely in order to oppose them
for example, Gospels used by different groups of early Jewish Christians.
Yet other books have turned up in their entiretyfor example, the Gospel
allegedly written by Jesus twin brother Judas Thomas. And yet others have
been available for a long time to scholars, but are not widely known outside
their ranksfor example, the account of the miraculous life of Pauls female
companion Thecla.
Scholars have never devised an adequate term for these Lost Scrip-
tures. Sometimes they are referred to as the Christian Pseudepigrapha,
based on a Greek term which means written under a false name. But some
of the books are anonymous rather than pseudonymous. Moreover, in the
judgment of most New Testament scholars, even some of the books that
were eventually included in the canon (e.g., 2 Peter) are pseudonymous.
And so, more often these texts are referred to as the early Christian
Apocrypha, another problematic term, in that it technically refers to
hidden books (the literal meaning of apocrypha), hidden either because
they contained secret revelations or because they simply were not meant for
general consumption. A number of these books, however, do not t that
designation, as they were written for general audiences. Still, so long as
everyone agrees that in the present context, the term early Christian
apocrypha may designate books that were sometimes thought to be scrip-
ture but which were nonetheless nally excluded from the canon, then the
term can still serve a useful function.
The present collection of early Christian apocrypha is not meant to be
exhaustive, nor is this the only place one can turn now to nd some of these
texts. Most other collections of the lost Scriptures, however, cover only cer-
tain kinds of documents (e.g., non-canonical Gospels)2 or documents discov-
ered in only one place (e.g., the cache of gnostic writings discovered near
Nag Hammadi Egypt in 1945).3 Or they include several of the other scrip-
tural texts only as a part of a wider collection of early Christian documents.4
The major collections that contain all of these early Christian writingsand
even moreare written for scholars and embody scholarly concerns.5 The
2
See, for example, the handy collection by Ron Cameron, The Other Gospels (Philadelphia: West-
minster Press, 1982) and more recently by Robert Miller, The Complete Gospels: Annotated Scholars
Version (Sonoma, CA: Polebridge Press, 1994). 3E.g., James Robinson, ed. The Nag Hammadi
Library in English, 4th ed. (New York/Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996). 4For example, Bart D. Ehrman,
After the New Testament: A Reader in Early Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
5
Most accessibly, J.K. Elliott, The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian
Literature in English Translation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), and yet more comprehensively,
Wilhelm Schneemelcher, ed. New Testament Apocrypha, 2 vols., tr. R. McL. Wilson (Louisville, KY:
Westminster/John Knox, 1991).
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 5
purpose of the present collection is to provide the non-scholar with easy ac-
cess to these ancient Christian documents that were sometimes regarded as
sacred authorities for Christian faith and practice. I have organized the col-
lection in traditional rubrics, based for the most part on the genres that even-
tually came to comprise the New Testament: Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and
Apocalypses (including in the nal two categories related kinds of writings).
I have also included several canonical lists from the early centuries of
Christianitythat is, lists of books that were thought by their authors to be
the canon. This nal category shows how even within orthodox circles
there was considerable debate concerning which books to include.
Altogether there are forty-seven different texts here, each provided with
a concise introduction. Most of the texts are given in their entirety. For
some of the very long ones, I have given sufciently lengthy extracts to
provide a sense of what the books were like. Each is in a modern and highly
readable English translation. Nineteen of the translations are my own.
In conclusion I would like to thank those who have made this volume
a possibility: my wife, Sarah Beckwith, whose insatiable curiosity and vast
knowledge make her, among other things, an extraordinary dialogue partner;
my graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carl
Cosaert, whose diligence as a research assistant is sans pareil; Darryl Gless,
my unusually supportive Senior Associate Dean, and the entire deans ofce
at UNC-Chapel Hill, who provided me with a much needed academic leave
from my duties as chair in the Department of Religious Studies, allowing
me to complete the project; and especially my editor Robert Miller, who
convinced me to produce the book and once more went above and beyond
the call of editorial duty in helping me bring it to completion.
This page intentionally left blank
NON-CANONICAL
GOSPELS
8 NON-CANONICAL ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
Introduction
There were many Gospels available to early Christiansnot just the Mat-
thew, Mark, Luke, and John familiar to readers of the New Testament today.
Even though most of these other Gospels have become lost from public
view, some were highly inuential within orthodox circles throughout the
Middle Ages. These would include, for example, the intriguing Infancy
Gospel of Thomas, which tells of the miraculous and often mischievous
deeds of Jesus as a young boy between the ages of ve and twelve, and the
so-called Proto-Gospel of James, which records events leading up to (and
including) Jesus birth by recounting the miraculous birth, early life, and
betrothal of his mother, the Virgin Maryan account highly inuential on
pictorial art in subsequent centuries.
Others of these Gospels played a signicant role in one community or
another in antiquity, but came to be lostknown to us only by name until
modern times, when uncovered by professional archaeologists looking for
them or by accident. Of these, some have been uncovered in their entirety,
as is the case of the Coptic Gospel of Thomas, a collection of 114 sayings
of Jesus, some evidently representing actual teachings of the historical Jesus,
but others conveying gnostic understandings of Jesus message. Other
Gospels have been recovered only in fragments, including the famous
Gospel allegedly written by Peter, Jesus apostle, which, among other things,
records the actual events of the resurrection, in which Jesus is seen emerging
from his tomb, tall as a giant. Yet others are known only as they are briey
quoted by church fathers who cite them in order to malign their views,
including several Gospels used by various groups of Jewish Christians in
the early centuries of the church.
I have included fteen of our earliest non-canonical Gospels in the
collection here. They are of varying theological persuasion: some appear to
be perfectly orthodox in their views (e.g., Egerton Papyrus 2); others
represent a form of Jewish Christianity that later came to be condemned as
heretical (e.g., the Gospel of the Nazareans); yet others appear to have been
written by early Christian Gnostics1 (e.g., the Gospel of Philip). These
texts are not completely representative of the various forms of early Chris-
tian belief about Jesus words, deeds, and activities; but since they derive
from a wide range of time and place from within the rst three centuries of
early Christianity, they give some sense of the rich diversity of Christian
views from this early period of the church.
1
For the views of Gnostics, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 11334.
The Gospel of the Nazareans
Jewish Christians in the early centuries of the church were widely thought
to have preferred the Gospel of Matthew to all others, since it is Matthew
that stresses the importance of keeping the Jewish Law down to every jot
and tittle (5:1720) and that emphasizes, more than any other, the Jewishness
of Jesus.1 According to a number of ancient sources, one group of Jewish
Christians, sometimes known as the Nazareans, produced their own version
of Matthew, translated into Aramaic, the language of Jesus and of Jews
living in Palestine.2 This version would have been produced sometime near
the end of the rst century or the beginning of the second.
Eventually this Gospel of the Nazareans fell into disfavor with the
Christian community at large, both because few Christians in later centuries
could read Aramaic and because the Gospels Jewish emphases were con-
sidered suspicious. As a result, the Gospel came to be lost. Now we know
of it only through quotations of its text by church fathers like Jerome, and
by references to it in the margins of several Greek manuscripts of the Gospel
according to Matthew.
These quotations reveal clearly the Jewish-Christian concerns of the
Gospel and show that the Gospel contained stories of Jesus baptism, public
ministry, death, and resurrection. It evidently did not include, however, the
rst two chapters of Matthews Gospel, which record the events surrounding
Jesus miraculous birth. For according to many Jewish Christians, Jesus was
not born of a virgin, but was a natural human being who was specially
chosen to be the messiah because God considered him to be more righteous
than anyone else.
Today scholars debate whether the church fathers were right in thinking
that the Gospel of the Nazareans was an Aramaic version of Matthew; it
may have instead been an original composition, in Aramaic, based on oral
traditions about Jesus that were in wide circulation and available both to
this author and the author of Matthew.
1
See Bart D. Ehrman, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings,
3rd ed. (New York: Oxford, 2003), chap. 7. 2See Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 99103.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, based on the Greek, Latin, and Syriac texts in A. F. J.
Klijn, Jewish-Christian Gospel Tradition (VCSupp 17; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992) 47115.
9
10 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
The following are the fragments of the Gospel quoted in our surviving
sources.
1
See Ehrman, Lost Christianities, chap. 6.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman based on the Greek text found in Egbert Schlarb and
Dieter Luhrmann, Fragmente apocryph gewordener Evangelien in griechischer und
lateinischer Sprache (Marburg: N. G. Elwert, 2000) 3539.
12
THE GOSPEL OF THE EBIONITES 13
Gospel. This is shown, for example, in the reference to the diet of John the
Baptist, in which the canonical statement that he ate locusts (i.e., meat) and
wild honey was modied by the change of simply one letter, so that now
the Baptist, in anticipation of the Ebionites themselves, maintains a vege-
tarian cuisine: here he is said to have eaten pancakes and wild honey.
It is difcult to assign a date to this Gospel, but since it betrays a
knowledge of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, and presupposes a thriving com-
munity of Jewish Christians, it is perhaps best to locate it sometime early
in the second century. The following extracts are all that remain of the
Gospel, drawn from Epiphaniuss work, the Panarion (The Medicine
Chest), Book 30.
Andrew, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot, was created as one of the archangels, yet
and Judas Iscariot; and I called you, Mat- was made greater than they, since he rules
thew, while you were sitting at the tax over the angels and all things made by
collectors booth, and you followed me. the Almighty. And, as found in their Gos-
I want you, therefore, to be the twelve pel, they say that when he came he
apostles as a witness to Israel. (Epiphan- taught, I have come to destroy the sac-
ius, Panarion, 30, 13, 23) rices. And if you do not stop making
sacrice, Gods wrath will not stop af-
1
On Gnosticism, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 11334.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, based on the Greek, Latin, and Syriac texts in A. F. J.
Klijin, Jewish-Christian Gospel Tradition (VC Supp 17; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992) 47115.
15
16 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
resurrection appearance of Jesus to James, who had sworn at the Last Supper
(in a story found in this Gospel, but not cited by any other authority) not to
eat until he should see Jesus raised from the dead (fragment 5).
The following are the quotations of the Gospel that survive in our
ancient sources.
The Gospel of the Egyptians is another Gospel that has been lost since the
early centuries of Christianity. The only access we have to it is in the
quotations of an early church father, the late second-century Clement of
Alexandria, who at one point identies one of his non-canonical quotations
of the words of Jesus as having come from this book (fragment 5). Most of
Clements quotations of the Gospel involve conversations between Jesus and
a woman named Salome, mentioned in the New Testament as one of the
women who discovered Jesus empty tomb (Mark 15:40; 16:1).
Eventually Salome became a prominent gure in some circles of Chris-
tianity, including those that produced this Gospel according to the Egyptians,
where her questions and comments lead to important sayings of Jesus. These
sayings embody ascetic concerns, in which the desires of the esh and
sexual activity are condemned as being opposed to the will of God. In
particular, the Gospel appears originally to have condemned the practices
of marriage and procreation. In a number of instances Clement himself
interprets these sayings; it is sometimes difcult to know, however, whether
Clements interpretations represent the views of the Gospels anonymous
author, or are instead Clements own attempts to make sense of the Gospel
in light of his own views.
At least one of the sayings stresses a Gnostic notion that the revelation
of God will be complete when people trample on the shameful garment
( the human body?) and all things are restored to their ultimate unity
including male and female, which will no longer be differentiated but made
one (fragment 5). Similar notions can be found in the Coptic Gospel of
Thomas, also used in Egypt (see Gospel of Thomas 22, 37, 114).
Some scholars maintain that the Gospel was named according to the
Egyptians to differentiate it from another Gospel used in Egypt, the Gospel
according to the Hebrewsthe latter in use among Jewish-Christians and
the former, therefore, among Gentile Christians. Others nd it more likely
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman based on the Greek text found in Egbert Schlarb and
Dieter Luhrmann, Fragmente apocryph gewordener Evangelien in griechischer und
lateinischer Sprache (Marburg: N. G. Elwert, 2000) 2931.
17
18 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
that the book was rst given its name by those living outside of Egypt, to
identify it as a book in common use there.
Since the Gospel is well-known to Clement and, evidently, his com-
munity, it may have been composed already by the rst part of the second
century.
The Coptic Gospel of Thomas was one of the most sensational archaeolog-
ical discoveries of the twentieth century.1 The document was unknown
except by name before 1945, when peasants digging for fertilizer near the
village of Nag Hammadi, Egypt accidentally uncovered a jar containing
thirteen leather-bound manuscripts buried sometime in the late fourth cen-
tury. When the manuscripts came to the attention of scholars of antiquity,
their signicance was almost immediately recognized: they contained fty-
two tractates, principally of heretical writings of Gnostic Christians.2
Although originally composed in Greek, the writings were in Coptic (ancient
Egyptian) translation. Many of them had been previously known by title
only. Today these writings are known as the Nag Hammadi Library.3
None of the fty-two tractates has attracted more attention than the
Gospel of Thomas. For this is a collection of Jesus sayings that claims to
have been written by Didymus Judas Thomas. According to some early
Christian legends, Thomas was Jesus twin brother.
The book records 114 secret teachings of Jesus. It includes no other
material: no miracles, no passion narrative, no stories of any kind. What
ultimately mattered for the author of Thomas was not Jesus death and
resurrection, which he does not narrate or discuss, but the mysterious
teachings that he delivered. Indeed, the Gospel begins by stating that anyone
who learns the interpretation of these words will have eternal life (say-
ing 1).
Many of the sayings will sound familiar to readers already conversant
with the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. For example, here one nds,
in slightly different wording, the warning against the blind leading the
1
For a full discussion, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 4466. 2On what such Gnostics believed,
see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 12225. 3Full translations of all the writings, with incisive intro-
ductions, can be found in James Robinson, The Nag Hammadi Library in English, 4th rev. ed.
(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996).
19
20 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
blind and the parables of the sower and of the mustard seed (sayings 9,
20, 34). Other sayings, however, are quite different and appear to presuppose
a Gnostic point of view, in which people are understood to be spirits who
have fallen from the divine realm and become entrapped in matter (i.e., in
the prisons of their material bodies). Salvation, according to this perspective,
comes to those who learn the truth of their plight and so are enabled to
escape this impoverished material existence by acquiring the knowledge
necessary for salvation (e.g., sayings 11, 22, 29, 37, and 80). Jesus is the
one who conveys this knowledge.
Some scholars have maintained that the sayings of Thomas may be
closer to what Jesus actually taught than what we nd in the New Testament;
others, however, have pointed out that the theology implicit in the more
Gnostic teachings cannot be dated with condence prior to the beginning
of the second century. Thus, while some of these sayings may be quite old
may, in fact, go back to Jesus himselfthe document as a whole probably
came to be written sometime after the New Testament Gospels (although
perhaps independently of them), possibly in the early second century.
These are the secret sayings which the days old about the place of life, and he
living Jesus spoke and which Didymos will live. For many who are rst will
Judas Thomas wrote down. become last, and they will become one
1 And he said, Whoever nds the in- and the same.
terpretation of these sayings will not ex- 5 Jesus said, Recognize what is in
perience death. your (sg.) sight, and that which is hidden
2 Jesus said, Let him who seeks con- from you (sg.) will become plain to you
tinue seeking until he nds. When he (sg.). For there is nothing hidden which
nds, he will become troubled. When he will not become manifest.
becomes troubled, he will be astonished, 6 His disciples questioned him and
and he will rule over the all. said to him, Do you want us to fast?
3 Jesus said, If those who lead you How shall we pray? Shall we give alms?
say to you, See, the kingdom is in the What diet shall we observe?
sky, then the birds of the sky will precede Jesus said, Do not tell lies, and do not
you. If they say to you, It is in the sea, do what you hate, for all things are plain
then the sh will precede you. Rather, the in the sight of heaven. For nothing hidden
kingdom is inside of you, and it is outside will not become manifest, and nothing
of you. When you come to know your- covered will remain without being
selves, then you will become known, and uncovered.
you will realize that it is you who are the 7 Jesus said, Blessed is the lion which
sons of the living father. But if you will becomes man when consumed by man;
not know yourselves you dwell in poverty and cursed is the man whom the lion
and it is you who are that poverty. consumes, and the lion becomes man.
4 Jesus said, The man old in days will 8 And he said, The man is like a wise
not hesitate to ask a small child seven sherman who cast his net into the sea
THE COPTIC GOSPEL OF THOMAS 21
and drew it up from the sea full of small Jesus said, I am not your (sg.) master.
sh. Among them the wise sherman Because you (sg.) have drunk, you (sg.)
found a ne large sh. He threw all the have become intoxicated from the bub-
small sh back into the sea and chose the bling spring which I have measured out.
large sh without difculty. Whoever has And he took him and withdrew and
ears to hear, let him hear. told him three things. When Thomas re-
9 Jesus said, Now the sower went out, turned to his companions, they asked
took a handful (of seeds), and scattered him, What did Jesus say to you?
them. Some fell on the road; the birds Thomas said to them, If I tell you one
came and gathered them up. Others fell of the things which he told me, you will
on rock, did not take root in the soil, and pick up stones and throw them at me; a
did not produce ears. And others fell on re will come out of the stones and burn
thorns; they choked the seed(s) and you up.
worms ate them. And others fell on the 14 Jesus said to them, If you fast, you
good soil and it produced good fruit: it will give rise to sin for yourselves; and
bore sixty per measure and a hundred if you pray, you will be condemned; and
and twenty per measure. if you give alms, you will do harm to
10 Jesus said, I have cast re upon the your spirits. When you go into any land
world, and see, I am guarding it until it and walk about in the districts, if they
blazes. receive you, eat what they will set before
11 Jesus said, This heaven will pass you, and heal the sick among them. For
away, and the one above it will pass away. what goes into your mouth will not dele
The dead are not alive, and the living will you, but that which issues from your
not die. In the days when you consumed mouthit is that which will dele you.
what is dead, you made it what is alive. 15 Jesus said, When you see one who
When you come to dwell in the light, was not born of woman, prostrate your-
what will you do? On the day when you selves on your faces and worship him.
were one you became two. But when you That one is your father.
become two, what will you do? 16 Jesus said, Men think, perhaps,
12 The disciples said to Jesus, We that it is peace which I have come to cast
know that you will depart from us. Who upon the world. They do not know that
is to be our leader? it is dissension which I have come to cast
Jesus said to them Wherever you are, upon the earth: re, sword, and war. For
you are to go to James the righteous, for there will be ve in a house: three will
whose sake heaven and earth came into be against two, and two against three, the
being. father against the son, and the son against
13 Jesus said to his disciples, Com- the father. And they will stand solitary.
pare me to someone and tell me whom I 17 Jesus said, I shall give you what
am like. no eye has seen and what no ear has heard
Simon Peter said to him, You are like and what no hand has touched and what
a righteous angel. has never occurred to the human mind.
Matthew said to him, You are like a 18 The disciples said to Jesus. Tell us
wise philosopher. how our end will be. Jesus said, Have
Thomas said to him, Master, my you discovered, then, the beginning, that
mouth is wholly incapable of saying you look for the end? For where the be-
whom you are like. ginning is, there will the end be. Blessed
22 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
is he who will take his place in the be- Jesus said to them, When you make
ginning; he will know the end and will the two one, and when you make the
not experience death. inside like the outside and the outside
19 Jesus said, Blessed is he who came like the inside, and the above like the
into being before he came into being. If below, and when you make the male and
you become my disciples and listen to the female one and the same, so that the
my words, these stones will minister to male not be male nor the female female;
you. For there are ve trees for you in and when you fashion eyes in place of
Paradise which remain undisturbed sum- an eye, and a hand in place of a hand,
mer and winter and whose leaves do not and a foot in place of a foot, and a like-
fall. Whoever becomes acquainted with ness in place of a likeness; then will you
them will not experience death. enter [the kingdom].
20 The disciples said to Jesus, Tell us 23 Jesus said, I shall choose you, one
what the kingdom of heaven is like. out of a thousand, and two out of ten
He said to them, It is like a mustard thousand, and they shall stand as a single
seed. It is the smallest of all seeds. But one.
when it falls on tilled soil, it produces a 24 His disciples said to him, Show us
great plant and becomes a shelter for the place where you are, since it is nec-
birds of the sky. essary for us to seek it.
21 Mary said to Jesus, Whom are He said to them, Whoever has ears,
your disciples like? He said, They are let him hear. There is light within a man
like children who have settled in a eld of light, and he lights up the whole world.
which is not theirs. When the owners of If he does not shine, he is darkness.
the eld come, they will say, Let us have 25 Jesus said, Love your (sg.) brother
back our eld. They (will) undress in like your soul, guard him like the pupil
their presence in order to let them have of your eye.
back their eld and to give it back to 26 Jesus said, You (sg.) see the mote
them. Therefore I say, if the owner of a in your brothers eye, but you do not see
house knows that the thief is coming, he the beam in your own eye. When you
will begin his vigil before he comes and cast the beam out of your own eye, then
will not let him dig through into his house you will see clearly to cast the mote from
of his domain to carry away his goods. your brothers eye.
You (pl.), then, be on your guard against 27 Jesus said, If you do not fast
the world. Arm yourselves with great as regards the world, you will not nd
strength lest the robbers nd a way to the kingdom. If you do not observe the
come to you, for the difculty which you Sabbath as a Sabbath, you will not see
expect will (surely) materialize. Let there the father.
be among you a man of understanding. 28 Jesus said, I took my place in the
When the grain ripened, he came quickly midst of the world, and I appeared to
with his sickle in his hand and reaped it. them in esh. I found all of them intoxi-
Whoever has ears to hear let him hear. cated; I found none of them thirsty. And
22 Jesus saw infants being suckled. He my soul became aficted for the sons of
said to his disciples, These infants being men, because they are blind in their
suckled are like those who enter the hearts and do not have sight; for empty
kingdom. they came into the world, and empty too
They said to him, Shall we then, as they seek to leave the world. But for the
children, enter the kingdom? moment they are intoxicated. When they
THE COPTIC GOSPEL OF THOMAS 23
shake off their wine, then they will saying to you, and you have no one else
repent. to hear them from. There will be days
29 Jesus said, If the esh came into when you will look for me and will not
being because of spirit, it is a wonder. nd me.
But if spirit came into being because of 39 Jesus said, The pharisees and the
the body, it is a wonder of wonders. In- scribes have taken the keys of knowledge
deed, I am amazed at how this great (gnosis) and hidden them. They them-
wealth has made its home in this selves have not entered, nor have they
poverty. allowed to enter those who wish to. You,
30 Jesus said, Where there are three however, be as wise as serpents and as
gods, they are gods. Where there are two innocent as doves.
or one, I am with him. 40 Jesus said, A grapevine has been
31 Jesus said, No prophet is accepted planted outside of the father, but being
in his own village; no physician heals unsound, it will be pulled up by its roots
those who know him. and destroyed.
32 Jesus said, A city being built on a 41 Jesus said, Whoever has some-
high mountain and fortied cannot fall, thing in his hand will receive more, and
nor can it be hidden. whoever has nothing will be deprived of
33 Jesus said, Preach from your (pl.) even the little he has.
housetops that which you (sg.) will hear 42 Jesus said, Become passers-by.
in your (sg.) ear. For no one lights a lamp 43 His disciples said to him, Who are
and puts it under a bushel, nor does he you, that you should say these things to
put it in a hidden place, but rather he sets us?
it on a lampstand so that everyone who Jesus said to them, You do not
enters and leaves will see its light. realize who I am from what I say to you,
34 Jesus said, If a blind man leads a but you have become like the Jews, for
blind man, they will both fall into a pit. they (either) love the tree and hate its
35 Jesus said, It is not possible for fruit (or) love the fruit and hate the tree.
anyone to enter the house of a strong man 44 Jesus said, Whoever blasphemes
and take it by force unless he binds his against the father will be forgiven, and
hands; then he will (be able to) ransack whoever blasphemes against the son will
his house. be forgiven, but whoever blasphemes
36 Jesus said, Do not be concerned against the holy spirit will not be forgiven
from morning until evening and from either on earth or in heaven.
evening until morning about what you 45 Jesus said, Grapes are not har-
will wear. vested from thorns, nor are gs gathered
37 His disciples said, When will you from thistles, for they do not produce
become revealed to us and when shall we fruit. A good man brings forth good from
see you? his storehouse; an evil man brings forth
Jesus said, When you disrobe without evil things from his evil storehouse,
being ashamed and take up your gar- which is in his heart, and says evil things.
ments and place them under your feet For out of the abundance of the heart he
like little children and tread on them, then brings forth evil things.
[will you see] the son of the living one, 46 Jesus said, Among those born of
and you will not be afraid. women, from Adam until John the Bap-
38 Jesus said, Many times have you tist, there is no one so superior to John
desired to hear these words which I am the Baptist that his eyes should not be
24 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
lowered (before him). Yet I have said, 53 His disciples said to him, Is cir-
whichever one of you comes to be a child cumcision benecial or not? He said to
will be acquainted with the kingdom and them, If it were benecial, their father
will become superior to John. would beget them already circumcised
47 Jesus said, It is impossible for a from their mother. Rather, the true cir-
man to mount two horses or to stretch cumcision in spirit has become com-
two bows. And it is impossible for a pletely protable.
servant to serve two masters; otherwise, 54 Jesus said, Blessed are the poor,
he will honor the one and treat the other for yours is the kingdom of heaven.
contemptuously. No man drinks old wine 55 Jesus said, Whoever does not hate
and immediately desires to drink new his father and his mother cannot become
wine. And new wine is not put into old a disciple to me. And whoever does not
wineskins, lest they burst; nor is old wine hate his brothers and sisters and take up
put into a new wineskin, lest it spoil it. his cross in my way will not be worthy
An old patch is not sewn into a new of me.
garment, because a tear would result. 56 Jesus said, Whoever has come to
48 Jesus said, If two make peace with understand the world has found (only) a
each other in this one house, they will corpse, and whoever has found a corpse
say to the mountain, Move away, and it is superior to the world.
will move away. 57 Jesus said, The kingdom of the fa-
49 Jesus said, Blessed are the solitary ther is like a man who had [good] seed.
and elect, for you will nd the kingdom. His enemy came by night and sowed
For you are from it, and to it you will weeds among the good seed. The man
return. did not allow them to pull up the weeds;
50 Jesus said, If they say to you, he said to them, I am afraid that you will
Where did you come from?, say to go intending to pull up the weeds and
them, We came from the light, the place pull up the wheat along with them. For
where the light came into being on its on the day of the harvest the weeds will
own accord and established [itself] and be plainly visible, and they will be pulled
became manifest through their image. If up and burned.
they say to you, Is it you? say, We are 58 Jesus said, Blessed is the man who
its children, and we are the elect of the has suffered and found life.
living father. If they ask you, What is 59 Jesus said, Take heed of the living
the sign of your father in you?, say to one while you are alive, lest you die and
them, It is movement and repose. seek to see him and be unable to do so.
51 His disciples said to him, When 60 They saw a Samaritan carrying
will the repose of the dead come about, a lamb on his way to Judea. He said to
and when will the new world come? his disciples, That man is round about
He said to them, What you look for- the lamb.
ward to has already come, but you do not They said to him, So that he may kill
recognize it. it and eat it.
52 His disciples said to him, Twenty- He said to them, While it is alive, he
four prophets spoke in Israel, and all of will not eat it, but only when he has killed
them spoke in you. it and it has become a corpse.
He said to them, You have omitted They said to him, He cannot do so
the one living in your presence and have otherwise.
spoken (only) of the dead. He said to them, You too, look for a
THE COPTIC GOSPEL OF THOMAS 25
place for yourselves within repose, lest him, My master invites you. He said to
you become a corpse and be eaten. him, I have just bought a farm, and I am
61 Jesus said, Two will rest on a bed: on my way to collect the rent. I shall not
the one will die, and the other will live. be able to come. I ask to be excused.
Salome said, Who are you, man, that The servant returned and said to his mas-
you . . . have come up on my couch and ter, Those whom you invited to the din-
eaten from my table? ner have asked to be excused. The master
Jesus said to her, I am he who exists said to his servant, Go outside to the
from the undivided. I was given some of streets and bring back those whom you
the things of my father. happen to meet, so that they may dine.
. . . I am your disciple. Businessmen and merchants [will] not
. . . Therefore I say, if he is de- enter the places of my father.
stroyed he will be lled with light, but if 65 He said, There was a good man
he is divided, he will be lled with who owned a vineyard. He leased it to
darkness. tenant farmers so that they might work it
62 Jesus said, It is to those [who are and he might collect the produce from
worthy of my] mysteries that I tell my them. He sent his servant so that the
mysteries. Do not let your (sg.) left hand tenants might give him the produce of the
know what your (sg.) right hand is vineyard. They seized his servant and
doing. beat him, all but killing him. The servant
63 Jesus said, There was a rich man went back and told his master. The master
who had much money. He said, I shall said, Perhaps he did not recognize them.
put my money to use so that I may sow, He sent another servant. The tenants beat
reap, plant, and ll my storehouse with this one as well. Then the owner sent his
produce, with the result that I shall lack son and said, Perhaps they will show
nothing. Such were his intentions, but respect to my son. Because the tenants
that same night he died. Let him who has knew that it was he who was the heir to
ears hear. the vineyard, they seized him and killed
64 Jesus said, A man had received vis- him. Let him who has ears hear.
itors. And when he had prepared the din- 66 Jesus said, Show me the stone
ner, he sent his servant to invite the which the builders have rejected. That
guests. He went to the rst one and said one is the cornerstone.
to him, My master invites you. He said, 67 Jesus said, If one who knows the
I have claims against some merchants. all still feels a personal deciency, he is
They are coming to me this evening. I completely decient.
must go and give them my orders. I ask 68 Jesus said, Blessed are you when
to be excused from the dinner. He went you are hated and persecuted. Wherever
to another and said to him, My master you have been persecuted they will nd
has invited you. He said to him, I have no place.
just bought a house and am required for 69 Jesus said, Blessed are they who
the day. I shall not have any spare time. have been persecuted within themselves.
He went to another and said to him, My It is they who have truly come to know
master invites you. He said to him, My the father. Blessed are the hungry, for the
friend is going to get married, and I am belly of him who desires will be lled.
to prepare the banquet. I shall not be able 70 Jesus said, That which you have
to come. I ask to be excused from the will save you if you bring it forth from
dinner. He went to another and said to yourselves. That which you do not have
26 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
within you [will] kill you if you do not you and the breasts which nourished
have it within you. you.
71 Jesus said, I shall [destroy this] He said to [her], Blessed are those
house, and no one will be able to build who have heard the word of the father
it [ . . . ] and have truly kept it. For there will be
72 [A man said] to him, Tell my days when you (pl.) will say, Blessed
brothers to divide my fathers possessions are the womb which has not conceived
with me. and the breasts which have not given
He said to him, O man, who has made milk.
me a divider? 80 Jesus said, He who has recognized
He turned to his disciples and said to the world has found the body, but he who
them, I am not a divider, am I? has found the body is superior to the
73 Jesus said, The harvest is great but world.
the laborers are few. Beseech the lord, 81 Jesus said, Let him who has grown
therefore, to send out laborers to the rich be king, and let him who possesses
harvest. power renounce it.
74 He said, O lord, there are many 82 Jesus said, He who is near me is
around the drinking trough, but there is near the re, and he who is far from me
nothing in the cistern. is far from the kingdom.
75 Jesus said, Many are standing at 83 Jesus said, The images are mani-
the door, but it is the solitary who will fest to man, but the light in them remains
enter the bridal chamber. concealed in the image of the light of the
76 Jesus said, The kingdom of the fa- father. He will become manifest, but his
ther is like a merchant who had a con- image will remain concealed by his
signment of merchandise and who dis- light.
covered a pearl. That merchant was 84 Jesus said, When you see your
shrewd. He sold the merchandise and likeness, you rejoice. But when you see
bought the pearl alone for himself. You your images which came into being be-
too, seek his unfailing and enduring trea- fore you, and which neither die nor be-
sure where no moth comes near to devour come manifest, how much you will have
and no worm destroys. to bear!
77 Jesus said, It is I who am the light 85 Jesus said, Adam came into being
which is above them all. It is I who am from a great power and a great wealth,
the all. From me did the all come forth, but he did not become worthy of you.
and unto me did the all extend. Split a For had he been worthy, [he would] not
piece of wood, and I am there. Lift up [have experienced] death.
the stone, and you will nd me there. 86 Jesus said, [The foxes have their
78 Jesus said, Why have you come holes] and the birds have their nests, but
out into the desert? To see a reed shaken the son of man has no place to lay his
by the wind? And to see a man clothed head and rest.
in ne garments [like your] kings and 87 Jesus said, Wretched is the body
your great men? Upon them are the ne that is dependent upon a body, and
garments, and they are unable to discern wretched is the soul that is dependent on
the truth. these two.
79 A woman from the crowd said to 88 Jesus said, The angels and the
him, Blessed are the womb which bore prophets will come to you and give to
THE COPTIC GOSPEL OF THOMAS 27
you those things you (already) have. reached her house, she set the jar down
And you too, give them those things and found it empty.
which you have, and say to yourselves, 98 Jesus said, The kingdom of the fa-
When will they come and take what is ther is like a certain man who wanted to
theirs? kill a powerful man. In his own house he
89 Jesus said, Why do you wash the drew his sword and stuck it into the wall
outside of the cup? Do you not realize in order to nd out whether his hand
that he who made the inside is the same could carry through. Then he slew the
one who made the outside? powerful man.
90 Jesus said, Come unto me, for my 99 The disciples said to him, Your
yoke is easy and my lordship is mild, and brothers and your mother are standing
you will nd repose for yourselves. outside.
91 They said to him, Tell us who you He said to them, Those here who do
are so that we may believe in you. the will of my father are my brothers and
He said to them, You read the face of my mother. It is they who will enter the
the sky and of the earth, but you have not kingdom of my father.
recognized the one who is before you, 100 They showed Jesus a gold coin and
and you do not know how to read this said to him, Caesars men demand taxes
moment. from us.
92 Jesus said, Seek and you will nd. He said to them, Give Caesar what
Yet, what you asked me about in former belongs to Caesar, give God what be-
times and which I did not tell you then, longs to God, and give me what is mine.
now I do desire to tell, but you do not 101 Jesus said, Whoever does not
inquire after it. hate his [father] and his mother as I do
93 Jesus said, Do not give what cannot become a [disciple] to me. And
is holy to dogs, lest they throw them on whoever does [not] love his [father and]
the dung heap. Do not throw the pearls his mother as I do cannot become a [dis-
[to] swine, lest they . . . it [ . . . ]. ciple to] me. For my mother [ . . . ], but
94 Jesus [said], He who seeks will [my] true [mother] gave me life.
nd, and [he who knocks] will be let in. 102 Jesus said, Woe to the pharisees,
95 [Jesus said], If you have money do for they are like a dog sleeping in the
not lend it at interest, but give [it] to one manger of oxen, for neither does he eat
from whom you will not get it back. nor does he [let] the oxen eat.
96 Jesus said, The kingdom of the fa- 103 Jesus said, Fortunate is the man
ther is like [a certain] woman. She took who knows where the brigands will enter,
a little leaven, [concealed] it in some so that [he] may get up, muster his do-
dough, and made it into large loaves. Let main, and arm himself before they
him who has ears hear. invade.
97 Jesus said, The kingdom of the [fa- 104 They said to Jesus, Come, let us
ther] is like a certain woman who was pray today and let us fast.
carrying a [jar] full of meal. While she Jesus said, What is the sin that I have
was walking [on the] road, still some committed, or wherein have I been de-
distance from home, the handle of the jar feated? But when the bridegroom leaves
broke and the meal emptied out behind the bridal chamber, then let them fast and
her [on] the road. She did not realize it; pray.
she had noticed no accident. When she 105 Jesus said, He who knows the
28 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
father and the mother will be called the 110 Jesus said, Whoever nds the
son of a harlot. world and becomes rich, let him re-
106 Jesus said, When you make the nounce the world.
two one, you will become the sons of 111 Jesus said, The heavens and the
man, and when you say, Mountain, move earth will be rolled up in your presence.
away, it will move away. And the one who lives from the living
107 Jesus said, The kingdom is like a one will not see death. Does not Jesus
shepherd who had a hundred sheep. One say, Whoever nds himself is superior
of them, the largest, went astray. He left to the world?
the ninety-nine and looked for that 112 Jesus said, Woe to the esh that
one until he found it. When he had gone depends on the soul; woe to the soul that
to such trouble, he said to the sheep, depends on the esh.
I care for you more than the ninety- 113 His disciples said to him, When
nine. will the kingdom come?
108 Jesus said, He who will drink Jesus said, It will not come by
from my mouth will become like me. I waiting for it. It will not be a matter of
myself shall become he, and the things saying here it is or there it is. Rather,
that are hidden will be revealed to the kingdom of the father is spread out
him. upon the earth, and men do not see it.
109 Jesus said, The kingdom is like a 114 Simon Peter said to them, Let
man who had a [hidden] treasure in his Mary leave us, for women are not worthy
eld without knowing it. And [after] he of life.
died, he left it to his [son]. The son [did] Jesus said, I myself shall lead her in
not know (about the treasure). He inher- order to make her male, so that she too
ited the eld and sold [it]. And the one may become a living spirit resembling
who bought it went plowing and [found] you males. For every woman who will
the treasure. He began to lend money at make herself male will enter the kingdom
interest to whomever he wished. of heaven.
Papyrus Egerton 2:
The Unknown Gospel
1
See Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 4950.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman based on the Greek text found in Egbert Schlarb and
Dieter Luhrmann, Fragmente apocryph gewordener Evangelien in griechischer und
lateinischer Sprache (Marburg: N. G. Elwert, 2000) 14753, but I have followed the
sequence of the fragments given in H. Idris Bell and T. C. Skeat, Fragments of an
Unknown Gospel and Other Early Christian Papyri (London: British Museum, 1935).
29
30 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
The Gospel of Peter was known and used as Scripture in some parts of the
Christian church in the second century.1 Its use was eventually disallowed
by church leaders, however, who considered some of its teachings heretical
and who claimed, as a consequence, that it could not have been written by
its imputed author, Simon Peter. Having fallen out of circulation, it was
practically forgotten in all but name until a fragment of its text was discov-
ered near the end of the nineteenth century in the tomb of a Christian monk
in Egypt.
The fragment narrates the events of Jesus passion and resurrection; it
begins in mid-sentence with the story of Pilates washing of his hands at
Jesus trial. The narrative that follows bears a close relationship with the
accounts found in the New Testament Gospels, especially Matthew, includ-
ing descriptions of Jesus crucixion, his burial, the posting of a guard, and
the events surrounding the resurrection. Some of the details here, however,
are strikingly different. During the crucixion, for example, Jesus is said to
have been silent as if he had no pain (v. 10). In addition, some of the
stories found here occur nowhere else among our early Christian Gospels.
Most signicantly, the Gospel narrates an account of Jesus emergence from
his tomb. He is supported by two gigantic angels whose heads reach up to
heaven; his own head reaches above the heavens. Behind them emerges the
cross. A voice then speaks from heaven, Have you preached to those who
are sleeping? The cross replies, Yes (vv. 3942).
At the conclusion of the narrative the story breaks off in the middle of
a sentence in which the author reveals his name: But I, Simon Peter, and
Andrew my brother, took our nets and went off to the sea . . . (v. 60).
It appears that the complete Gospel of Peter contained a full narrative
of Jesus ministry, not just of his passion, for several other Gospel fragments
discovered in Egypt recount conversations between Jesus and Peter, recorded
in the rst person, plausibly from an earlier portion of the same Gospel.
1
For a full discussion, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 1328.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, based on the text in M. G. Mara, Evangile de Pierre:
Introduction, texte critique, traduction, commentaire et index (SC 201; Paris: Cerf,
1973).
31
32 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
1 . . . but none of the Jews washed his began to og him, saying, This is how
hands, nor did Herod or any of his judges. we should honor the Son of God!
Since they did not wish to wash, Pilate 10 They brought forward two evildoers
stood up. 2 The kind Herod ordered the and crucied the Lord between them. But
Lord to be taken away and said to them, he was silent, as if he had no pain.
Do everything that I ordered you to do 11 When they had set the cross upright,
to him. they wrote an inscription: This is the
3 Standing there was Joseph, a friend King of Israel. 12 Putting his clothes in
of both Pilate and the Lord; when he front of him they divided them up and
knew that they were about to crucify him, cast a lot for them. 13 But one of the
he came to Pilate and asked for the Lords evildoers reviled them, We have suf-
body for burial. 4 Pilate sent word to fered like this for the evil things we did;
Herod, asking for the body. 5 Herod said, but this one, the Savior of the people
Brother Pilate, even if no one had asked what wrong has he done you? 14 They
for him we would have buried him, since became angry at him and ordered that his
the Sabbath is dawning. For it is written legs not be broken, so that he would die
in the Law that the sun must not set on in torment.
one who has been killed.2 And he deliv- 15 It was noon and darkness came
ered him over to the people the day be- over all of Judea. They were disturbed
fore their Feast of Unleavened Bread. and upset that the sun may have already
6 Those who took the Lord began set while he was still alive; for their
pushing him about, running up to him Scripture says that the sun must not set
and saying, Let us drag around the Son on one who has been killed.3 16 One of
of God, since we have authority over them said, Give him gall mixed with
him. 7 They clothed him in purple and vinegar to drink. And they made the
sat him on a judges seat, saying, Give mixture and gave it to him to drink.
a righteous judgment, O King of Israel! 17 Thus they brought all things to ful-
8 One of them brought a crown made of llment and completed all their sins on
thorns and placed it on the Lords head. their heads.
9 Others standing there were spitting in
his face; some slapped his cheeks; others
were beating him with a reed; and some 2
Deut. 21:2223. 3
Deut. 21:2223.
THE GOSPEL OF PETER 33
18 But many were wandering around 31 So Pilate gave them the centurion
with torches, thinking that it was night; Petronius and soldiers to guard the tomb.
and they stumbled about. 19 And the The elders and scribes came with them
Lord cried out, My power, O power, you to the crypt. 32 Everyone who was there,
have left me behind! When he said this, along with the centurion and the soldiers,
hea was taken up. rolled a great stone and placed it there
20 At that time, the curtain of the Tem- before the entrance of the crypt. 33 They
ple in Jerusalem was ripped in half. smeared it with seven seals, pitched a tent
21 Then they pulled the nails from the there, and stood guard.
Lords hands and placed him on the 34 Early in the morning, as the Sab-
ground. All the ground shook and every- bath dawned, a crowd came from Jeru-
one was terried. 22 Then the sun shone salem and the surrounding area to see
and it was found to be three in the the sealed crypt. 35 But during the
afternoon. night on which the Lords day dawned,
23 But the Jews were glad and gave while the soldiers stood guard two by
his body to Joseph that he might bury two on their watch, a great voice came
him, since he had seen all the good things from the sky. 36 They saw the skies
he did. 24 He took the Lord, washed him, open and two men descend from there;
wrapped him in a linen cloth, and brought they were very bright and drew near to
him into his own tomb, called the Garden the tomb. 37 The stone cast before the
of Joseph. 25 Then the Jews, the elders, entrance rolled away by itself and
and the priests realized how much evil moved to one side; the tomb was open
they had done to themselves and began and both young men entered.
beating their breasts, saying Woe to us 38 When the solders saw these things,
because of our sins. The judgment and they woke up the centurion and the el-
the end of Jerusalem are near. dersfor they were also there on guard.
26 But I and my companions were 39 As they were explaining what they had
grieving and went into hiding, wounded seen, they saw three men emerge from
in heart. For we were being sought out the tomb, two of them supporting the
by them as if we were evildoers who other, with a cross following behind
wanted to burn the Temple. 27 Because them. 40 The heads of the two reached
of these things we fasted and sat mourn- up to the sky, but the head of the one
ing and weeping, night and day, until the they were leading went up above the
Sabbath. skies. 41 And they heard a voice from
28 The scribes, Pharisees, and elders the skies, Have you preached to those
gathered together and heard all the people who are asleep? 42 And a reply came
murmuring and beating their breasts, say- from the cross, Yes.
ing, If such great signs happened when 43 They then decided among them-
he died, you can see how righteous he selves to go off to disclose what had
was! 29 The elders became fearful and happened to Pilate. 44 While they were
went to Pilate and asked him, 30 Give still making their plans, the skies were
us some soldiers to guard his crypt for again seen to open, and a person de-
three days to keep his disciples from scended and entered the crypt. 45 Those
coming to steal him. Otherwise the peo-
ple may assume he has been raised from
the dead and then harm us. a
Or it
34 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
who were with the centurion saw these trance of the crypt, that we can go in, sit
things and hurried to Pilate at night, beside him, and do what we should?
abandoning the tomb they had been 54 For it was a large stone, and we are
guarding, and explained everything they afraid someone may see us. If we cannot
had seen. Greatly agitated, they said, He move it, we should at least cast down the
actually was the Son of God. 46 Pilate things we have brought at the entrance as
replied, I am clean of the blood of the a memorial to him; and we will weep and
Son of God; you decided to do this. beat our breasts until we return home.
47 Then everyone approached him to 55 When they arrived they found the
ask and urge him to order the centurion tomb opened. And when they came up to
and the soldiers to say nothing about it they stooped down to look in, and they
what they had seen. 48 For it is better, saw a beautiful young man dressed in a
they said, for us to incur a great sin very bright garment, sitting in the middle
before God than to fall into the hands of of the tomb. He said to them, 56 Why
the Jewish people and be stoned. 49 And have you come? Whom are you seeking?
so Pilate ordered the centurion and the Not the one who was crucied? He has
soldiers not to say a word. risen and left. But if you do not believe
50 Now Mary Magdalene, a disciple it, stoop down to look, and see the place
of the Lord, had been afraid of the Jews, where he was laid, that he is not there.
since they were inamed with anger; and For he has risen and left for the place
so she had not done at the Lords crypt from which he was sent. 57 Then the
the things that women customarily do for women ed out of fear.
loved ones who die. But early in the 58 But it was the nal day of the Feast
morning of the Lords day 51 she took of Unleavened Bread, and many left to
some of her women friends with her and return to their homes, now that the feast
came to the crypt where he had been had ended. 59 But we, the twelve disci-
buried. 52 And they were afraid that the ples of the Lord, wept and grieved; and
Jews might see them, and they said, each one returned to his home, grieving
Even though we were not able to weep for what had happened. 60 But I, Simon
and beat our breasts on the day he was Peter, and my brother Andrew, took our
crucied, we should do these things now nets and went off to the sea. And with us
at his crypt. 53 But who will roll away was Levi, the son of Alphaeus, whom the
for us the stone placed before the en- Lord. . . .
The Gospel of Mary
Translation of George MacRae and R McL. Wilson, in James Robinson, The Nag Ham-
madi Library in English, 3rd ed. (Leiden: Brill, 1988) 52427; used with permission.
35
36 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
[ . . . ] (pp. 16 missing) will matter Then Mary stood up, greeted them all,
then be [destroyed] or not? The Savior and said to her brethren, Do not weep
said, All natures, all formations, all crea- and do not grieve nor be irresolute, for
tures exist in and with one another and his grace will be entirely with you and
they will be resolved again into their own will protect you. But rather let us praise
roots. For the nature of matter is resolved his greatness, for he has prepared us and
into the (roots) of its nature alone. He made us into men. When Mary said this,
who has ears to hear, let him hear. she turned their hearts to the Good, and
Peter said to him, Since you have they began to discuss the words of the
explained everything to us, tell us this [Savior].
also: What is the sin of the world? The Peter said to Mary, Sister, we know
Savior said, There is no sin, but it is you that the Savior loved you more than the
who make sin when you do the things rest of women. Tell us the words of the
that are like the nature of adultery, which Savior which you rememberwhich you
is called sin. That is why the Good came know (but) we do not, nor have we heard
into your midst, to the (essence) of every them. Mary answered and said, What
nature, in order to restore it to its root. is hidden from you I will proclaim to
Then he continued and said, That is why you. And she began to speak to them
you [become sick] and die, for [ . . . ] of these words: I, she said, I saw the Lord
the one who [ . . . He who] understands, in a vision and I said to him, Lord, I saw
let him understand. [Matter gave birth to] you today in a vision. He answered and
a passion that has no equal, which pro- said to me, Blessed are you, that you did
ceeded from (something) contrary to na- not waver at the sight of me. For where
ture. Then there arose a disturbance in the mind is, there is the treasure. I said
the whole body. That is why I said to to him, Lord, now does he who sees the
you, Be of good courage, and if you are vision see it through the soul or
discouraged (be) encouraged in the pres- through the spirit? The Savior answered
ence of the different forms of nature. He and said. He does not see through the
who has ears to hear, let him hear. soul nor through the spirit, but the mind
When the blessed one had said this, he which [is] between the twothat is
greeted them all, saying, Peace be with [what] sees the vision and it is [ . . . ].
you. Receive my peace to yourselves. (pp. 1114 missing)
Beware that no one lead you astray, say- [ . . . ] it. And desire that, I did not
ing, Lo here! or Lo there! For the Son see you descending, but now I see you
of Man is within you. Follow after him! ascending. Why do you lie, since you
Those who seek him will nd him. Go belong to me? The soul answered and
then and preach the gospel of the king- said, I saw you. You did not see me nor
dom. Do not lay down any rules beyond recognize me. I served you as a gar-
what I appointed for you, and do not give ment, and you did not know me. When
a law like the lawgiver lest you be con- it had said this, it went away rejoicing
strained by it. When he had said this, he greatly.
departed. Again it came to the third power,
But they were grieved. They wept which is called ignorance. [It (the
greatly, saying, How shall we go to the power)] questioned the soul saying,
gentiles and preach the gospel of the Where are you going? In wickedness are
kingdom of the Son of Man? If they did you bound. But you are bound; do not
not spare him, how will they spare us? judge! And the soul said, why do you
THE GOSPEL OF MARY 37
judge me although I have not judged? I answered and said to the brethren, Say
was bound though I have not bound. I what you (wish to) say about what she
was not recognized. But I have recog- has said. I at least do not believe that the
nized that the All is being dissolved, both Savior said this. For certainly these teach-
the earthly (things) and the heavenly. ings are strange ideas. Peter answered
When the soul had overcome the third and spoke concerning these same things.
power, it went upwards and saw the He questioned them about the Savior:
fourth power, (which) took seven forms. Did he really speak with a woman with-
The rst form is darkness, the second out our knowledge (and) not openly? Are
desire, the third ignorance, the fourth is we to turn about and all listen to her? Did
the excitement of death, the fth is the he prefer her to us?
kingdom of the esh, the sixth is the Then Mary wept and said to Peter,
foolish wisdom of esh, the seventh is My brother Peter, what do you think?
the wrathful wisdom. These are the seven Do you think that I thought this up myself
[powers] of wrath. They ask the soul, in my heart, or that I am lying about the
Whence do you come, slayer of men, or Savior? Levi answered and said to Peter,
where are you going, conqueror of Peter, you have always been hot-
space? The soul answered and said, tempered. Now I see you contending
What binds me has been slain, and what against the woman like the adversaries.
surrounds me has been overcome, and But if the Savior made her worthy, who
my desire has been ended, and ignorance are you indeed to reject her? Surely the
has died. In a [world] I was released from Savior knows her very well. This is why
a world, [and] in a type from a heavenly he loved her more than us. Rather let us
type, and (from) the fetter of oblivion be ashamed and put on the perfect man
which is transient. From this time on will and acquire him for ourselves as he com-
I attain to the rest of the time, of the manded us, and preach the gospel, not
season, of the aeon, in silence. laying down any other rule or other law
When Mary had said this, she fell si- beyond what the Savior said. When
lent, since it was to this point that the [ . . . ] and they began to go forth [to]
Savior had spoken with her. But Andrew proclaim and to preach.
The Gospel of Philip
The Gospel of Philip was almost completely unknown from Late Antiquity,
through the Middle Ages, and down to the present day, until it was discov-
ered as one of the documents in the Nag Hammadi Library (see p. 19).
Although it is easily recognized as a Gnostic work, the book is notoriously
difcult to understand in its details. In part this is due to the form of its
composition: it is not a narrative Gospel of the type found in the New
Testament nor a group of self-contained sayings like the Coptic Gospel of
Thomas. It is instead a collection of mystical reections that have evidently
been excerpted from previously existing sermons, treatises, and theological
meditations, brought together here under the name of Jesus disciple Philip.
Since these reections are given in relative isolation, without any real
narrative context, they are difcult to interpret. There are, at any rate,
extensive uses of catchwords to organize some of the material, and several
of the principal themes emerge upon a careful reading.
One of the clearest emphases is the contrast between those who can
understand and those who cannot, between knowledge that is exoteric
(available to all) and that which is esoteric (available only to insiders),
between the immature outsiders (regular Christians, called Hebrews) and
the mature insiders (Gnostics, called Gentiles). Those who do not under-
stand, the outsiders with only exoteric knowledge, err in many of their
judgmentsfor example, in taking such notions as the virgin birth (v. 17)
or the resurrection of Jesus (v. 21) as literal statements of historical fact,
rather than symbolic expressions of deeper truths.
Throughout much of the work the Christian sacraments gure promi-
nently. Five are explicitly named: baptism, anointing, eucharist, salvation,
and bridal chamber (v. 68). It is hard to know what deeper meaning these
rituals had for the author (especially the bridal chamber, which has stirred
considerable debate among scholars), or even what he imagined them to
entail when practiced literally.
It is difcult to assign a date to this work, but it was probably compiled
during the third century, although it draws on earlier sources.
Translation of David Cartlidge and David Dungan, Documents for the Study of the
Gospels, 2nd ed. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1994) 5675; used with permission.
38
THE GOSPEL OF PHILIP 39
truly know it, but they do not speak virgin whom no power deled . . . the
it. Those who do not have it do not powers deled them (or, themselves).
know it. The Lord (would) not have said, My
But the truth engendered names in the [Father who is in] Heaven, if he had not
world for us, because it is impossible to had another Father. But he would have
know it (the truth) without names. The simply said: [My Father.]
truth is a single thing and is many things. 18 The Lord said to the disciples . . .
It is this way for our sake, in order to Enter the Fathers house, but do not take
teach us this one thing in love through its anything in the Fathers house, nor re-
many-ness. move anything.
13 The archons wanted to deceive the 19 Jesus is a secret name; Christ
human because they saw that he was kin- is a revealed name. For this reason, Je-
dred to the truly good ones. They took sus does not exist in any (other) lan-
the name of the good ones and gave it to guage, but his name is always Jesus, as
those that are not good, so that by names they say. Christ is also his name; in
they could deceive him and bind them to Syriac, it is Messiah, but, in Greek, it
the ones that are not good. If they do is Christ. Actually, everyone has it ac-
them a favor, they are taken away from cording to his own language. The Naz-
those who are not good and given their arene is the one who reveals secret
place among those that are good. They things.
knew these things. For they (the archons) 20 The Christ has everything in him-
wished to take the free person and en- self: man, angel, mystery, and the Father.
slave him forever. . . . 21 They err who say, The Lord rst
15 Before the Christ came there was died and then he arose. First he arose,
no bread in the world. So also in paradise, and then he died. If someone does not
the place where Adam was, there were rst achieve the resurrection, will he not
many trees as food for the animals, but die? So truly as God lives, that one would
there was no wheat for human food. The . . . [text uncertain].
human ate as the animals. But when the 22 No one will hide an extremely valu-
Christ, the perfect man came, he brought able thing in something of equal value.
bread from heaven so that people could However, people often put things worth
eat in a human way. countless thousands into a thing worth a
16 The archons believed that what they penny. It is this way with the soul. It is a
did was by their own power and will. precious thing which came into a worth-
However, the Holy Spirit secretly worked less body.
all through them as he willed. The truth 23 Some fear that they will arise na-
is sown in every place; she (the truth) ked. Therefore, they wish to arise in the
was from the beginning, and many see esh, and they do not know that those
her as she is sown. But only a few see who carry the esh are naked. They who
her being gathered in. . . . who disrobe themselves are not
17 Some say Mary was impregnated naked. Flesh [and blood can] not inherit
by the Holy Spirit. They err. They do not the Kingdom [of God]. What is this
know what they say. When did a woman which will not inherit? That which is on
become pregnant by a woman? Mary is us. But what is this which will inherit?
the virgin whom no power corrupted. She That which is of Jesus and of his blood.
is a great anathema to the Hebrews, who Therefore he said: The one who does
are the apostles and apostolic men. This not eat my esh and drink my blood does
THE GOSPEL OF PHILIP 41
not have life in him.1 What is it? His 27 Do not scorn the Lamb. For without
esh is the Logos, and his blood is the it one cannot see the King. No one who
Holy Spirit. Whoever has received these is naked will be able to nd his way to
has food and drink and clothing. I blame the King.
those who say it will not rise. Then they 28 The heavenly Man has many more
are both to blame. You say, The esh children than the earthly man. If the chil-
will not rise. But tell me what will rise, dren of Adam are more numerous, and
so that we may praise you. You say, The still die, how much more the children of
spirit in the esh and this light in the the Perfect One who do not die but are
esh. This is also a Logos (or, saying) always begotten. . . .
which is eshly. Whatever you say, you
do not say anything outside the esh. It 32 There were three who always
is necessary to rise in this esh; every- walked with the Lord: Mary, his mother
thing is in it. and her sister and Magdalene, whom they
24 In this world those who put on call his lover. A Mary is his sister and
clothes are worth more than the clothes. his mother and his lover.
In the Kingdom of Heaven the clothes 33 The Father and the Son are sin-
are worth more than those who have put gle names. The Holy Spirit is a double
them on. Through water and re, which name. They are everywhere. They are
purify the whole place, above; they are below; they are in the
25 those things which are revealed are secret; they are in the revealed. The Holy
revealed by those which are manifest, Spirit is in the revealed; it is below; it is
those which are secret by those which are in the secret; it is above.
secret. Some are hidden through those 34 The saints are ministered to by the
which are manifest. There is water in evil powers, for the powers are blind be-
water; there is re in anointing. cause of the Holy Spirit. Therefore, they
26 Jesus secretly stole them all. For he will believe that they serve a man when
showed himself not to be as he really they work for the saints. Because of this,
was, but he appeared in a way that they one day a disciple sought from the Lord
could see him. To those . . . he appeared. something from the world. He said to
[He appeared] to the great as great. [He him, Ask your mother, and she will give
appeared] to the small as small. [He ap- you from a strangers (things). . . .
peared] to the angels as an angel and to
humans as a human. Because of this, his 50 God is a man eater. On account of
Logos hid from everyone. Some, to be this the Man [was killed] for him. Before
sure, saw him, and they thought that they they killed the Man, they killed animals,
saw themselves. But, when he appeared for those were not Gods for whom they
in glory to the disciples on the mountain killed.
he was not small. He became great; how- 51 Glass and pottery vessels are both
ever, he made the disciples great, so that made with re. But if glass vessels are
they were able to see him as he was, broken they are made again, for they are
great. created with a breath. But if pottery ves-
He said on that day in the thanksgiv- sels are broken, they are destroyed, for
ing, You who have united with the per- they are created without a breath.
fect, the light, the Holy Spirit, have
united the angels also with us, with the
images. 1
John 6:54.
42 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
52 An ass which turns a millstone in a now found food because the person has
circle went one hundred miles. When he worked the ground.
was turned loose he found he was still at 59 If anyone goes down into the water
the same place. There are people who and comes up having received nothing
make many trips and get nowhere. When and says, I am a Christian, he has bor-
evening came upon them, they saw no rowed the name at interest. But if he
city or town, no creation or nature, no receives the Holy Spirit, he has taken the
power or angel. The poor fellows labored name as a gift. If someone has received
in vain. a gift, it is not taken back. But he who
53 The Eucharist is Jesus. For they call has borrowed something at interest has
him in Syriac pharisatha, which is, the to meet the payment.
one who is spread out. For Jesus came 60 It is this way . . . if anyone should
and he crucied the world. be in a mystery. . . .
54 The Lord went into the dye shop of
Levi. He took seventy-two colors and 62 Do not be afraid of the esh nor
threw them into the kettle. He took them love it. If you fear it, then it will be your
all out white, and he said, Thus the Son master. If you love it, it will swallow and
of man came, a dyer. strangle you.
55 Wisdom (sophia), whom they call 63 Either one is in this world, or in the
barren, is the mother of the angels, and resurrection, or in the places in the mid-
the consort of Christ is Mary Magdalene. dle. God forbid that I be found in them.
The [Lord loved Mary] more than all the In this world there is good and evil. Its
disciples, and he kissed her on the [mouth good is not good, and its evil is not evil.
many times]. The other [women/disciples But there is evil after this world, true evil,
saw] . . . him. They said to him, Why do which they call the middle. It is death.
you [love her] more than all of us? The As long as we are in this world, it is
Savior answered and said to them, Why tting to us to acquire the resurrection,
do not I love you as I do her? so that when we peel off the esh we will
56 If a blind person and one who can be found in repose, not making our way
see are in the dark, there is no difference in the middle. For many wander astray
between them. When the light comes, off the path. For it is good to come out
then the one who sees will see the light, of the world before one sins. . . .
and the one who is blind will stay in the
darkness. 67 The truth did not come naked into
57 The Lord said, Blessed is the one the world, but came in types and images.
who exists before he came into being. One will not receive the truth in any other
For he who exists was and will be. way. There is a being-born-again, and an
58 The greatness of the human being image of being-born-again. It is truly
is not revealed, but it is hidden. Because necessary that they become born again
of this he is lord of the animals that are through the image. What else is the res-
stronger than he and are great according urrection? It is necessary that the image
to that which is clear as well as hidden. arise through the image. The Bridal
And this mastery gives to them their sta- Chamber and the image necessarily en-
bility. But if a person leaves them alone, ters into the truth through the image; this
they kill one another (and) bite one an- is the recapitulation. It is necessary not
other. And they ate one another because only that those who have it received the
they could nd no food. But they have name of the Father and the Son and the
THE GOSPEL OF PHILIP 43
Holy Spirit, but that they took it them- is not imperishable and neither is he who
selves. If someone does not take it him- created the world. For there is no imper-
self, the name also will be taken away ishability, of things, but there is of sons.
from him. But one receives them in the And no thing can attain imperishability
anointing of the power of [the cross] . . . if it does not become a son. But if some-
the apostles call it the right and the one cannot receive, how much more will
left. For this reason one is no longer a he not be able to give?
Christian, but a Christ. 100 The Cup of Prayer holds wine and
68 The Lord [did?] all in a Mystery, a it holds water. It serves as a type of the
Baptism, an Anointing, a Eucharist, a blood for which they give thanks. And it
Salvation, and a Bridal Chamber. . . . is full of the Holy Spirit and belongs to
the completely perfect Man. When we
82 Is it all right to speak a mystery? drink this, we will take to ourselves the
The Father of all joined himself with the perfect Man.
virgin who came down, and a re[?] was 101 The living water is a body. It is
burned for him that day. He appeared in right that we clothe ourselves with the
the great Bridal Chamber. Therefore, his living Man. Therefore, when he comes to
body came into being that day. He came go down to the water, he disrobes in order
out of the Bridal Chamber as one who that he may put this one on. . . .
came into being from the bridegroom and
the bride. Thus, Jesus established all 125 As long as it is hidden, wickedness
through these. And it is tting for each is really brought to nothing, but it is still
of the disciples to enter his repose. not removed from the midst of the seed
83 Adam came into being from two of the Holy Spirit. They are slaves of
virgins: from the Spirit and from the vir- evil. When it is revealed, then the perfect
gin earth. Therefore, the Christ was born light will pour over everyone, all those
from a virgin so that he could bring order in it will receive the [anointing]. Then
to the stumbling which occurred in the the slaves will become free, and the pris-
beginning. oners will be redeemed.
84 There are two trees in paradise. The 126 [Every] plant my Father in Heaven
one engenders a[nimals]; the other en- does not plant [will be] rooted out. Those
genders people. Adam [ate] from the tree who are alienated will be united. They
which brought forth animals; [he will be lled. Everyone who [will go in]
be]came a beast and he begot beasts. Be- to the Bridal Chamber will [light the
cause of this they worship . . . of Adam. light]. For [it shines] as in the marriages
The tree . . . fruit is . . . engenders people which [are seen, although they] are in the
. . . the (person) . . . God created the night. The re [burns] in the night, then
p[erson . . . the perso]n created God. it is extinguished. But the mysteries of
85 It is like this in the world: people this marriage are fullled in the day and
create Gods and they worship those the light. That day and its light do not
whom they have created. It would be set.
proper if the Gods worshipped people. . . . 127 If anyone becomes a child of the
Bridal Chamber, he will receive the light.
99 The world came into being through If anyone does not receive it while he is
an error. For he who created it intended in these places (i.e., this world), he will
to create it imperishable and immortal. not be able to receive it in the other place.
He failed to attain his hope. For the world The one who has received light cannot
44 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
be seen nor can he be held. And no one the aeon, for the aeon has become for
can torment him, even while he lives in him the fullness. It is thus; it is revealed
the world. And further, when he goes out only to him. It is not hidden in the dark-
of the world, already he has received the ness and the night, but it is hidden in a
truth in images. The world has become perfect day and a holy light.
The Gospel of Truth
The gospel of truth is joy for those who pleroma, the one who is in the thought
have received from the Father of truth the and the mind of the Father, that is, the
grace of knowing him, through the power one who is addressed as the Savior, (that)
of the Word that came forth from the being the name of the work he is to
45
46 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
perform for the redemption of those who the mercies of the Father; the hidden
were ignorant of the Father, while in the mystery, Jesus, the Christ, enlightened
name [of] the gospel is the proclamation those who were in darkness through
of hope, being discovery for those who oblivion. He enlightened them; he
search for him. showed (them) a way; and the way is the
When the totality went about searching truth which he taught them.
for the one from whom they had come For this reason error grew angry at
forthand the totality was inside of him, him, persecuted him, was distressed at
the incomprehensible, inconceivable one him (and) was brought to naught. He was
who is superior to every thoughtigno- nailed to a tree (and) he became a fruit
rance of the Father brought about anguish of the knowledge of the Father. It did not,
and terror; and the anguish grew solid however, cause destruction because it
like a fog, so that no one was able to see. was eaten, but to those who ate it it gave
For this reason error became powerful; it (cause) to become glad in the discovery,
worked on its own matter foolishly, not and he discovered them in himself, and
having known the truth. It set about with they discovered him in themselves.
a creation, preparing with power and As for the incomprehensible, incon-
beauty the substitute for the truth. ceivable one, the Father, the perfect one,
This was not, then, a humiliation for the one who made the totality, within him
him, the incomprehensible, inconceiv- is the totality and of him the totality has
able one, for they were nothing, the an- need. Although he retained their perfec-
guish and the oblivion and the creature tion within himself which he did not give
of deceit, while the established truth is to the totality, the Father was not jealous.
immutable, imperturbable, perfect in What jealousy indeed (could there be)
beauty. For this reason, despise error. between himself and his members? For,
Thus it had no root; it fell into a fog if this aeon had thus [received] their [per-
regarding the Father, while it was in- fection], they could not have come [ . . . ]
volved in preparing works and oblivions the Father. He retains within himself their
and terrors, in order that by means of perfection, granting it to them as a return
these it might entice those of the middle to him and a perfectly unitary knowledge.
and capture them. It is he who fashioned the totality, and
The oblivion of error was not revealed. within him is the totality and the totality
It is not a [ . . . ] from the Father. Oblivion was in need of him.
did not come into existence from the Fa- As in the case of a person of whom
ther, although it did indeed come into some are ignorant, he wishes to have
existence because of him. But what them know him and love him, sofor
comes into existence in him is knowl- what did the totality have need of if not
edge, which appeared in order that knowledge regarding the Father?he be-
oblivion might vanish and the Father came a guide, restful and leisurely. In
might be known. Since oblivion came schools he appeared (and) he spoke the
into existence because the Father was not word as a teacher. There came the men
known, then if the Father comes to be wise in their own estimation, putting him
known, oblivion will not exist from that to the test. But he confounded them be-
moment on. cause they were foolish. They hated him
Through this, the gospel of the one because they were not really wise.
who is searched for, which was re- After all these, there came the little
vealed to those who are perfect through children also, those to whom the knowl-
THE GOSPEL OF TRUTH 47
edge of the Father belongs. Having been the Father, it is necessary for the totality
strengthened, they learned about the im- to ascend to him. Then, if one has knowl-
pressions of the Father. They knew, they edge, he receives what are his own and
were known; they were gloried, they draws them to himself. For he who is
gloried. There was manifested in their ignorant is in need, and what he lacks is
heart the living book of the livingthe great, since he lacks that which will make
one written in the thought and the mind him perfect. Since the perfection of the
[of the] Father, which from before the totality is in the Father and it is necessary
foundation of the totality was within his for the totality to ascend to him and for
incomprehensibilitythat (book) which each one to receive what are his own, he
no one was able to take, since it remains enrolled them in advance, having pre-
for the one who will take it to be slain. pared them to give to those who came
No one could have become manifest from forth from him.
among those who have believed in sal- Those whose name he knew in ad-
vation unless that book had appeared. For vance were called at the end, so that one
this reason the merciful one, the faithful who has knowledge is the one whose
one, Jesus, was patient in accepting suf- name the Father has uttered. For he
ferings until he took that book, since he whose name has not been spoken is ig-
knows that his death is life for many. norant. Indeed, how is one to hear if his
Just as there lies hidden in a will, be- name has not been called? For he who is
fore it is opened, the fortune of the de- ignorant until the end is a creature of
ceased master of the house, so (it is) with oblivion, and he will vanish along with
the totality, which lay hidden while the it. If not, how is it that these miserable
Father of the totality was invisible, being ones have no name, (how is it that) they
something which is from him, from do not have the call? Therefore, if one
whom every space comes forth. For this has knowledge, he is from above. If he is
reason Jesus appeared; he put on that called, he hears, he answers, and he turns
book; he was nailed to a tree; he pub- to him who is calling him, and ascends
lished the edict of the Father on the cross. to him. And he knows in what manner
O such great teaching! He draws himself he is called. Having knowledge, he does
down to death though life eternal clothes the will of the one who called him, he
him. Having stripped himself of the per- wishes to be pleasing to him, he receives
ishable rags, he put on imperishability, rest. Each ones name comes to him. He
which no one can possibly take away who is to have knowledge in this manner
from him. Having entered the empty knows where he comes from and where
spaces of terrors, he passed through those he is going. He knows as one who having
who were stripped naked by oblivion, become drunk has turned away from his
being knowledge and perfection, pro- drunkenness, (and) having returned to
claiming the things that are in the heart, himself, has set right what are his own.
[ . . . ] teach those who will receive He has brought many back from error.
teaching. He has gone before them to their places,
But those who are to receive teaching from which they had moved away, since
[are] the living who are inscribed in the it was on account of the depth that they
book of the living. It is about themselves received error, the depth of the one who
that they receive instruction, receiving it encircles all spaces while there is none
from the Father, turning again to him. that encircles him. It was great wonder
Since the perfection of the totality is in that they were in the Father, not knowing
48 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
him, and (that) they were able to come served.For the place where there is
forth by themselves, since they were un- envy and strife is decient, but the place
able to comprehend or to know the one where (there is) Unity is perfect. Since
in whom they were. For if his will had the deciency came into being because
not thus emerged from himfor he re- the Father was not known, therefore,
vealed it in view of a knowledge in which when the Father is known, from that mo-
all its emanations concur. ment on the deciency will no longer
This is the knowledge of the living exist. As in the case of the ignorance of
book which he revealed to the 23 aeons, a person, when he comes to have knowl-
at the end, as [his letters], revealing how edge, his ignorance vanishes of itself, as
they are not vowels nor are they conso- the darkness vanishes when light appears,
nants, so that one might read them and so also the deciency vanishes in the
think of something foolish, but they are perfection. So from that moment on the
letters of the truth which they alone speak form is not apparent, but it will vanish in
who know them. Each letter is a complete the fusion of Unity, for now their works
thought like a complete book, since lie scattered. In time Unity will perfect
they are letters written by the Unity, the the spaces. It is within Unity that each
Father having written them for the aeons one will attain himself; within knowledge
in order that by means of his letters they he will purify himself from multiplicity
should know the Father. into Unity, consuming matter within him-
While his wisdom contemplates the self like re, and darkness by light, death
Word, and his teaching utters it, his by life.
knowledge has revealed it. While If indeed these things have happened
forebearance is a crown upon it, and his to each one of us, then we must see to it
gladness is in harmony with it, his glory above all that the house will be holy and
has exalted it, his image has revealed silent for the Unity. (It is) as in the case
it, his repose has received it into itself, of some people who moved out of dwell-
his love has made a body over it, his ings having jars that in spots were not
delity has embraced it. In this way the good. They would break them and the
Word of the Father goes forth in the to- master of the house would not suffer loss.
tality, as the fruit [of] his heart and an Rather he is glad because in place of
impression of his will. But it supports the the bad jars (there are) full ones which
totality; it chooses them and also receives are made perfect. For such is the judg-
the impression of the totality, purifying ment which has come from above. It has
them, bringing them back into the Father, passed judgment on everyone; it is a
into the Mother, Jesus of the innite drawn sword, with two edges, cutting on
sweetness. either side. When the Word appeared, the
The Father reveals his bosom.Now one that is within the heart of those who
his bosom is the Holy Spirit.He reveals utter itit is not a sound alone but it
what is hidden of himwhat is hidden became a bodya great disturbance took
of him is his Sonso that through the place among the jars because some had
mercies of the Father the aeons may been emptied, others lled; that is, some
know him and cease laboring in search had been supplied, others poured out,
of the Father, resting there in him, know- some had been puried, still others bro-
ing that this is the rest. Having lled the ken up. All the spaces were shaken and
deciency, he abolished the formthe disturbed because they had no order nor
form of it is the world, that in which he stability. Error was upset, not knowing
THE GOSPEL OF TRUTH 49
what to do; it was grieved, in mourning, the one who exists, who established it
aficting itself because it knew nothing. from what does not exist. For he who has
When knowledge drew near itthis is no root has no fruit either, but though he
the downfall of (error) and all its ema- thinks to himself, I have come into be-
nationserror is empty, having nothing ing, yet he will perish by himself. For
inside. this reason, he who did not exist at all
Truth appeared; all its emanations will never come into existence. What,
knew it. They greeted the Father in truth then, did he wish him to think of himself?
with a perfect power that joins them with This: I have come into being like the
the Father. For, as for everyone who loves shadows and phantoms of the night.
the truthbecause the truth is the mouth When the light shines on the terror which
of the Father; his tongue is the Holy that person had experienced, he knows
Spirithe who is joined to the truth is that it is nothing.
joined to the Fathers mouth by his Thus they were ignorant of the Father,
tongue, whenever he is to receive the he being the one whom they did not see.
Holy Spirit, since this is the manifesta- Since it was terror and disturbance and
tion of the Father and his revelation to instability and doubt and division, there
his aeons. were many illusions at work by means of
He manifested what was hidden of these, and (there were) empty ctions, as
him; he explained it. For who contains, if they were sunk in sleep and found
if not the Father alone? All the spaces are themselves in disturbing dreams. Either
his emanations. They have known that (there is) a place to which they are ee-
they came forth from him like children ing, or without strength they come (from)
who are from a grown man. They knew having chased after others, or they are
that they had not yet received form nor involved in striking blows, or they are
yet received a name, each one of which receiving blows themselves, or they have
the Father begets. Then, when they re- fallen from high places, or they take off
ceive form by his knowledge, though into the air though they do not even have
truly within him, they do not know him. wings. Again, sometimes (it is as) if peo-
But the Father is perfect, knowing every ple were murdering them, though there
space within him. If he wishes, he man- is no one even pursuing them, or they
ifests whomever he wishes by giving him themselves are killing their neighbors, for
form and giving him a name, and he gives they have been stained with their blood.
a name to him and brings it about that When those who are going through all
those come into existence who, before these things wake up, they see nothing,
they come into existence, are ignorant of they who were in the midst of all these
him who fashioned them. disturbances, for they are nothing. Such
I do not say, then, that they are nothing is the way of those who have cast igno-
(at all) who have not yet come into ex- rance aside from them like sleep, not
istence, but they are in him who will wish esteeming it as anything, nor do they
that they come into existence when he esteem its works as solid things either,
wishes, like the time that is to come. but they leave them behind like a dream
Before all things appear, he knows what in the night. The knowledge of the Father
he will produce. But the fruit which is they value as the dawn. This is the way
not yet manifest does not know anything, each one has acted, as though asleep at
nor does it do anything. Thus, also, every the time when he was ignorant. And this
space which is itself in the Father is from is the way he has come to knowledge,
50 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
as if he had awakened. {and} Good for ninety-nine sheep which were not lost.
the one who will return and awaken. And He went searching for the one which had
blessed is he who has opened the eyes of gone astray. He rejoiced when he found
the blind. it, for ninety-nine is a number that is in
And the Spirit ran after him, hastening the left hand which holds it. But when
from waking him up. Having extended the one is found, the entire number passes
his hand to him who lay upon the ground, to the right (hand). As that which lacks
he set him up on his feet, for he had not the onethat is, the entire right (hand)
yet risen. He gave them the means of draws what was decient and takes it
knowing the knowledge of the Father and from the left-hand side and brings (it) to
the revelation of his Son. For, when they the right, so too the number becomes one
had seen him and had heard him, he hundred. It is the sign of the one who is
granted them to taste him and to smell in their sound; it is the Father. Even on
him and to touch the beloved Son. the Sabbath, he labored for the sheep
When he had appeared instructing which he found fallen into the pit. He
them about the Father, the incomprehen- gave life to the sheep, having brought it
sible one, when he had breathed into up from the pit in order that you might
them what is in the thought, doing his know interiorlyyou, the sons of inte-
will, when many had received the light, rior knowledgewhat is the Sabbath, on
they turned to him. For the material ones which it is not tting for salvation to be
were strangers and did not see his like- idle, in order that you may speak from
ness and had not known him. For he came the day from above, which has no night,
by means of eshly form, while nothing and from the light which does not sink
blocked his course because incorruptibil- because it is perfect.
ity is irresistible, since he, again, spoke Say, then, from the heart that you are
new things, still speaking about what is the perfect day and in you dwells the
in the heart of the Father, having brought light that does not fail. Speak of the truth
forth the awless word. with those who search for it and (of)
When light had spoken through his knowledge to those who have committed
mouth, as well as his voice which gave sin in their error. Make rm the foot of
birth to life, he gave them thought and those who have stumbled and stretch out
understanding and mercy and salvation your hands to those who are ill. Feed
and the powerful spirit from the innite- those who are hungry and give repose to
ness and the sweetness of the Father. those who are weary, and raise up those
Having made punishments and tortures who wish to rise, and awaken those who
ceasefor it was they which were lead- sleep. For you are the understanding that
ing astray from his face some who were is drawn forth. If strength acts thus, it
in need of mercy, in error and in bonds becomes even stronger. Be concerned
he both destroyed them with power and with yourselves; do not be concerned
confounded them with knowledge. He with other things which you have rejected
became a way for those who were gone from yourselves. Do not return to what
astray and knowledge for those who were you have vomited to eat it. Do not be
ignorant, a discovery for those who were moths. Do not be worms, for you have
searching, and a support for those who already cast it off. Do not become a
were wavering, immaculateness for those (dwelling) place for the devil, for you
who were deled. have already destroyed him. Do not
He is the shepherd who left behind the strengthen (those who are) obstacles to
THE GOSPEL OF TRUTH 51
you who are collapsing, as though (you every form (and) every sound. For it is
were) a support (for them). For the law- not the ears that smell the fragrance, but
less one is someone to treat ill rather than (it is) the breath that has the sense of
the just one. For the former does his work smell and attracts the fragrance to itself
as a lawless person; the latter as a righ- and is submerged in the fragrance of the
teous person does his work among others. Father, so that he thus shelters it and takes
So you, do the will of the Father, for you it to the place where it came from, from
are from him. the rst fragrance which is grown cold. It
For the Father is sweet and in his will is is something in a psychic form, being like
what is good. He has taken cognizance of cold water which has frozen (?), which is
the things that are yours that you might on earth that is not solid, of which those
nd rest in them. For by the fruits does who see it think it is earth; afterwards it
one take cognizance of the things that are dissolves again. If a breath draws it, it
yours because the children of the Father gets hot. The fragrances, therefore, that
are his fragrance, for they are from the are cold are from the division. For this
grace of his countenance. For this reason reason faith came; it dissolved the divi-
the Father loves his fragrance and mani- sion, and it brought the warm pleroma of
fests it in every place, and if it mixes with love in order that the cold should not
matter he gives his fragrance to the light come again but there should be the unity
and in his repose he causes it to surpass of perfect thought. . . .
The Gospel of the Savior
The most recent Gospel to be discovered is called the Gospel of the Savior.
It poses real difculties for translator and reader alike, since so much of its
text has been destroyed (i.e., there are numerous holes in the manuscript).
Nonetheless, it was obviously once an intriguing account of Jesus lifeor
at least of his last hours. For the surviving portion of the text recounts the
nal instructions of Jesus to his disciples, his prayer to God that the cup
might be taken away from him, and then a nal addressto the cross itself.
Whether this Gospel originally contained an entire account of Jesus life
and death cannot be determined.1
There are numerous differences between the surviving passages of this
Gospel and the parallel accounts in the New Testament. One of the most
striking is that when Jesus asks his Father to remove this cup from me,
he does so not in the Garden of Gethsemane, but in a vision in which he
has been transported to the throne room of God himself. In addition, this
account records Gods replies to Jesus requests. But probably the most
intriguing aspect of this hitherto lost Gospel is its ending, where Jesus (who
is called the Savior throughout the account) speaks directly to the cross:
O cross do not be afraid! I am rich. I will ll you with my wealth. I will
mount you, O cross, I will be hung upon you.
It appears that the unknown author of this Gospel made use of earlier
Christian texts, including the Gospels of Matthew and, especially, John, and
the book of Revelation. He evidently produced his account sometime in the
second century, although the Coptic manuscript that contains it dates from
the sixth or seventh century. The original language was Greek.
We do not know where the text was originally written. The surviving
manuscript was discovered in Egypt and acquired for the Papyrus Collection
of the Berlin Museum in 1967; but it remained unnoticed there until an
American scholar, Paul Mirecki, came upon it in 1991. He and another
scholar, Charles Hedrick, published the rst edition of the text; an authori-
1
See the comments in Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 5051.
Translation by Stephen Emmel, The Recently Published Gospel of the Savior, (Un-
bekanntes Berliner Evangelium): Righting the Order of Pages and Events, Harvard
Theological Review 95 (2002) 4572; used with permission.
52
THE GOSPEL OF THE SAVIOR 53
Verses 127: The Savior written, I will strike the shepherd, and
converses with his disciples the sheep of the ock will be scattered.
(after the Last Supper) 18 So I am the good shepherd. 19 I lay
down my life for you. 20 You too, lay
[ . . . 12 lines untranslatable . . . ] the down your lives for your [friends], so
kingdom of heaven at your right hand. that you might please my Father! 21 For
2 Blessed is he who will eat with me in there is no commandment greater than
the kingdom of heaven. 3 [You] are the this, that I should [lay down my] life [for]
salt [of] the earth, and [you] are the lamp humankind. 22 For [this reason] my Fa-
that gives light to the world. 4 Do not ther loves me. 23 Because I accom-
sleep and do not slumber [until you plished [his] will. 24 Because [I am]
clothe yourselves] with the garment of divine and yet I [became human]
the kingdom, which I have bought with on account of [ . . . 4 lines untranslat-
the blood of grapes! able . . . ].
5 Andrew replied and said, My [Lord] 25 [ . . . 8 lines untranslatable . . . ]
[ . . . 12 lines untranslatable . . . ]. how soon [will you . . . ] or remember us,
6 [ . . . 12 lines untranslatable . . . ]. send for us, take us out of the world, and
7 Since I have healed those of the let us [come] to you? 26 [ . . . 26 lines
[world], I must [also go] down to Hades untranslatable . . . ] [ . . . ].
on account of the others who are bound 27 The Savior said to us, O my holy
there. 8 So now what is necessary [ . . . members, my blessed seeds, [rise] and
23 lines untranslatable . . . everything [ . . . ] pray [ . . . 12 lines untranslata-
carefully]. 9 I for my part will appear to ble . . . ].
you with joy. For I know that you are
able to do everything with joy. 10 For a
human being [has] free will [ . . . 9 lines Verses 2836: A vision on the Mount
untranslatable . . . ]. 11 So now [while]
you [are] in the body, do not let matter 28 [ . . . 12 lines untranslatable . . . ]
rule over you! 12 Rise, let us go hence; on the mountain. 29 We became as spir-
for my betrayer is at hand. itual bodies. Our eyes opened wide in
13 And you will all ee and fall away every direction. The whole place was re-
because of me. 14 You will all ee and vealed before us. 30 We [saw] the heav-
[leave me] alone; 15 yet I am not alone, ens, and they [opened] up one after an-
for my Father is with me. 16 I and my other. 31 The guardians of the gates were
Father are one and the same. 17 For it is alarmed. 32 The angels were afraid and
2
Charles W. Hedrick and Paul A. Mirecki, Gospel of the Savior: A New Ancient Gospel (Santa Rosa:
Polebridge, 1999); Stephen Emmel, The Recently Published Gospel of the Savior (Unbekanntes
Berliner Evangelium): Righting the Order of Pages and Events, Harvard Theological Review 95
(2002) 4572.
54 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
[ed] this [way] and that, thinking [that] some other [ . . . ] people who [ . . . ]
they would all be destroyed. 33 We saw if [ . . . ] Israel [ . . . 3 lines untranslat-
our Savior having penetrated all the heav- able . . . ].
ens, [his] feet [placed rmly on] the 50 [ . . . 4 lines untranslatable . . . so
[mountain with us, his head penetrating that] salvation [might come] to the entire
the seventh] heaven. 34 [ . . . 8 lines un- world.
translatable . . . ] . . . all the heavens. 51 [Then] again the Son threw himself
35 Then before us, the apostles, this down at his Fathers feet, [saying],
world became as darkness. 36 We be- 52 [O my father . . . 5 lines untranslata-
came as [those] among the [immortal] ble . . . ] to die with joy and pour out my
aeons, with our [eyes penetrating all] the blood for the human race. 53 But I weep
heavens, clothed with the [power of] our greatly on account of my beloved ones,
apostleship, and we saw our Savior when [Abraham] and Isaac [and] Jacob, [be-
he had reached the [seventh] heaven. cause on the] day of judgment [they will]
stand, [whereas] I will sit upon [my]
throne and pass [judgment] on the world,
Verses 3744: In the Fathers 54 [while they] say to me, [ . . . 8 lines
throne room untranslatable . . . ] the glory that was
given to me [on] earth. 55 O my [father,
37 [ . . . 7 lines untranslatable . . . ] the if it be possible, let this cup] pass from
[heavens] were alarmed. 38 [The angels] me!
and the archangels [bowed down] on 56 [The Father replied] to him for [the]
[their faces. 39 The] cherubim [ . . . ] . . . second time, 57 [O my] son, you do not
[ . . . ]. 40 [The . . . ] put down their [ . . . 28 lines untranslatable . . . ].
[ . . . ]s. 41 The [ . . . ]s that [ . . . the cur- 58 The Son [replied] for the [third]
tain (?) sang. 42 The elders, seated] on time, 59 O [my father], if [ . . . ]
[their thrones], cast [their] crowns [down] [ . . . 32 lines untranslatable . . . ].
before the Fathers [throne]. 43 All [the 60 [ . . . 32 lines untranslatable . . . ]
saints brought a] robe. 44 [ . . . ] when [ . . . ] [ . . . 29 lines untranslatable . . . ]
[ . . . ] Son [ . . . 4 lines untranslat- he [ . . . ] complete [the service until . . . ]
able . . . ]. to them. 61 [ . . . 27 lines untranslat-
able . . . ]
you [ . . . ] height . . . [ . . . ] for this is will [ll you] with my wealth. 112 [A
your desire. 104 O cross, do not be little while], O cross, and what is lacking
afraid! 105 I am rich. I will ll you with will become complete, and what is
my wealth. 106 [I] will mount you, O stunted will become full. 113 A little
cross. [I] will be [hung] upon you [ . . . ] while, O cross, and what has [fallen] will
. . . [ . . .Amen!] rise. 114 [A little while], O [cross], and
107 [ . . . 6 lines untranslatable . . . ]. the entire fullness will become complete.
108 [Do not] weep, O [cross], but rather 115 [ . . . 6 lines untranslatable . . . ] they
[rejoice] and recognize [your] Lord as he have been waiting for you, one [laughing]
[is coming toward] you, 109 that he is and rejoicing, another weeping, [mourn-
[gentle] and [lowly]!Amen! ing], and feeling remorse. 116 [Precede]
me, O cross! I [in turn] will precede you.
Verses 110119: The Savior addresses 117 [You and] I, O [cross, we are . . .
the cross (for a second time) 118 We are . . . 10 lines untranslata-
ble. . . . 119 . . . , O] cross, [truly],
110 [The] second [ . . . 3 lines untrans- whoever is far from [you] is far [from]
latable . . . ] but 111 [I am] rich. I [me].
The Infancy Gospel
of Thomas
Early Christians were naturally curious to learn the details of Jesus life. As
stories circulated about the inspired teachings and miraculous deeds of
Jesus public ministry, some Christians began to speculate on what he said
and did before it began. Only a couple of incidents involving Jesus prior to
his baptism are found in the New Testament Gospels: the narratives of his
birth and infancy in Matthew and Luke and the account, unique to Luke, of
his pilgrimage to the Jerusalem Temple as a twelve-year old (Luke 2:41
52). Other stories of Jesus as a youth, however, were soon in circulation.
Behind many of these legends lay a fundamental question: if Jesus was a
miracle-working Son of God as an adult, what was he like as a child?
The Infancy Gospel of Thomas, not to be confused with the Coptic
Gospel of Thomas discovered near Nag Hammadi Egypt, is one of the
earliest accounts of these legends. The book was allegedly written by
Thomas, the Israelite. It is not clear whether the author intended his
readers to recognize him as Judas Thomas, thought by some early Christians
to have been Jesus own brother. If he did, then his accounts of Jesus as a
youth, needless to say, would have been based on an impeccable authority.
The narrative begins with Jesus as a ve-year old boy and relates a
number of incidents, most of them miraculous, that betray a streak of the
mischievous in Joseph and Marys precocious son. Here are anecdotes of
Jesus at play with his childhood companions (sometimes harming them with
his divine power, sometimes healing them), in confrontation with his elders
(usually bettering them), at school with his teachers (revealing their igno-
rance), and in the workshop with his father (miraculously correcting his
mistakes). For modern readers it is difcult to decide whether such stories
were meant as serious accounts of Jesus early life or simply as speculative
and entertaining stories of the youthful Son of God.
The text provides few clues to help us x the time of its composition.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, based on the Greek text of Constantin von Tischendorf,
Evangelia Apocrypha. (Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1987; original: Leipzig, 1867), with
textual alterations made by the translator based on manuscript evidence.
57
58 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
Most scholars believe that such infancy Gospels began to circulate during
the rst half of the second century. The Infancy Gospel of Thomas appears
to have been one of the earliest.
are not your words, and so I also will tively crossing, then coming together, and
keep silent for your sake. But those others proceeding upward again till they reach
will bear their punishment. And imme- the top, so that it is divided into three
diately those who were accusing him equal parts, each of them fundamental
were blinded. 2 Those who saw these and foundational, of equal length. Now
things were frightened and disturbed; you have the set patterns of the Alpha.
they began saying about him, Every-
thing he has said, whether good or bad,
has become an amazing reality. When
Joseph saw what Jesus had done, he rose
7 When the teacher Zachaeus heard
the child setting forth so many al-
legorical interpretations like this of the
up, grabbed his ear, and yanked it hard. rst letter, he was at a complete loss
3 The child was irritated and said to him, about this kind of explanation and teach-
It is enough for you to seek and not nd; ing, and he said to those standing there,
you have not acted at all wisely. Do you Woe is me! I am wretched and at a
not know that I am yours? Do not grieve complete loss; I have put myself to
me. shame, taking on this child. 2 I beg of
you, brother Joseph, take him away. I can
father Joseph saw what he had done and at the great beauty of his teaching and
was amazed. He embraced the child and his carefully crafted wordsamazed that
gave him a kiss, saying I am blessed that he could speak such things though still a
God has given me this child. babe. 3 But when Joseph heard about this
he was frightened. He ran to the school,
for his every word is an accomplished midst of the teachers, both listening and
deed. Jesus then left from there to play asking them questions. Everyone was at-
with the other children. tending closely, amazed that though a
child, he questioned the elders and teach-
1
For a fuller discussion, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 20710. 2See David R. Cartlidge and J.
Keith Elliott, Art and the Christian Apocrypha (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), chap. 2.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, based principally on the text of Emile de Strycker, La
Forme la plus ancienne du Protevangelium de Jacques (Brussels: Societe des Bolland-
istes, 1961), with textual modications made by the translator based on the manuscript
evidence.
63
64 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
O Lord. Woe is me. What am I like? I leafed mitre as he went up to the altar of
am not like this soil, for even this soil the Lord; and he saw no sin in himself.
produces its fruit every season and Joachim then said, Now I know that the
blesses you, O Lord. Lord has been gracious to me and for-
given all my sins. He went down from
God look upon this child and bless her down upon her. She danced on her feet,
with an ultimate blessing, equal to none. and the entire house of Israel loved her.
3 Her mother lifted her up and took
her back to the sanctuary in her bedroom,
and nursed her. And Anna made a song
to the Lord God, saying, I sing a holy
8 Her parents went away, amazed
and praising God, the Master, that
the child did not turn back. Mary was in
song to the Lord my God, for he has the temple of the Lord, cared for like a
visited me and removed from me the re- dove, receiving her food from the hand
proach of my enemies. The Lord God has of an angel.
given me his righteous fruit, unique and 2 But when she reached her twelfth
abundant before him. Who will report to birthday, the priests held a council and
the sons of Reuben that Anna is now said, See, Mary has become twelve
nursing a child? Listen closely, you years old in the Lords temple. What then
twelve tribes of Israel: Anna is nursing a shall we do with her, to keep her from
child! And she laid her down in the deling the sanctuary of the Lord our
sanctuary of her bedroom and went out God? They said to the chief priest, You
to serve the others. When the feast ended have stood on the Lords altar. Go in and
they descended happy, giving glory to the pray about her, and we will do whatever
God of Israel. the Lord God reveals to you. 3 The chief
priest went in, taking the robe with
Joseph refused, saying, I have sons and with you. You are blessed among
am an old man; she is but a child. I do women. Mary looked around, right and
not want to become a laughingstock to left, to see where the voice was coming
the sons of Israel. The priest replied, from. She then entered her house fright-
Fear the Lord your God, and remember ened and set the pitcher down. Taking up
everything that he did to Dathan, Abiram, the purple she sat on her chair and began
and Korah, how the earth split open and to draw it out. 2 And behold, an angel of
they were all devoured because of their the Lord stood before her and said, Do
dispute. Now, Joseph, you should be not fear, Mary. For you have found favor
afraid of this happening to your house as before the Master of all, and you will
well. conceive a child by his Word. But as she
3 Joseph was afraid and took her into listened she was asking herself, Am I to
his safe-keeping. And he said to Mary, conceive from the living Lord God and
See, I have received you from the temple give birth like every other woman?
of the Lord. Now I am leaving you at 3 The angel of the Lord said to her, Not
home, while I go out to construct my so, Mary. For the power of God will
buildings; later I will come back to you. overshadow you. Therefore the one born
The Lord will watch over you. from you will be called holy, the Son of
the Highest. And you will name him Je-
herself from the sons of Israel. She was is in her comes from the Holy Spirit. She
sixteen when these mysteries happened. will give birth to a son, and you will name
him Jesus. For he will save his people
13 When she was in her sixth
month, Joseph returned from
his buildings. As he came into the house
from their sins. Joseph rose up from his
sleep and gloried the God of Israel who
had bestowed such favor on him; and he
he saw that she was pregnant. Striking
watched over her.
his face he cast himself to the ground on
sackcloth, weeping bitterly and saying,
How can I look upon the Lord God?
How can I utter a prayer for this young 15 But Annas the scribe came to
see Joseph and said, Why have
you not appeared before our council?
girl? For I received her from the temple
of the Lord God as a virgin, but I did not Joseph replied, I was tired from my jour-
watch over her. Who has preyed upon ney and rested on my rst day back.
me? Who has done this wicked deed in Annas then turned and saw that Mary
my home and deled the virgin? Has not was pregnant. 2 He left and ran off to the
the entire history of Adam been summed priest and said to him, Joseph, the one
up in me? For just as Adam was singing you have vouched for, has committed a
praise to God, the serpent came and great sin. The priest replied, What has
found Eve alone, and led her astray. This he done? He said, He has deled the
too has now happened to me. virgin he received from the Lords temple
2 Joseph rose up from the sackcloth, and has stolen her wedding rights.b And
called Mary, and said to her, You who he has not revealed this to the sons of
have been cared for by God: why did you Israel. 3 The priest asked, Joseph, has
do this? Have you forgotten the Lord done this? Annas the scribe replied,
your God? Why have you humiliated Send some servants, and you will nd
your soulyou who were brought up in that the virgin is pregnant. The servants
the Holy of Holies and received your went off and found that it was just as he
food from the hand of an angel? 3 But had said. They brought her back to the
she wept bitterly and said, I am pure judgment hall, along with Joseph.
and have not had sex with any man. 3 The priest said, Mary, why have
Joseph replied to her, How then have you done this? Why have you humiliated
you become pregnant? She said, As the your soul and forgotten the Lord your
Lord my God lives, I do not know. God? You who were brought up in the
Holy of Holies and received your food
witness, but speak the truth. You have cause my eyes see two peoples, one
stolen her wedding rightsc and not re- weeping and mourning and the other
vealed it to the sons of Israel; and you happy and rejoicing.
have not bowed your head under the 3 When they were half way there,
mighty hand that your offspring might be Mary said to him, Take me down from
blessed. Joseph kept his silence. the donkey. The child inside me is press-
ing on me to come out. He took her
16 The priest said, Hand over the
virgin you received from the
Lords temple. And Joseph began to
down from the donkey and said to her,
Where can I take you to hide your
shame? For this is a wilderness area.
weep bitterly. The priest said, I will have
both of you drink the Lords water of
refutation, and it will reveal your sins to
your own eyes. 2 The priest gave it to 18 He found a cave there and took
her into it. Then he gave his
sons to her and went out to nd a Hebrew
Joseph to drink, and sent him away to the
wilderness. But he came back whole. He midwife in the region of Bethlehem.
then gave it to Mary to drink and sent 2 But I, Joseph, was walking, and I was
her off to the wilderness. And she came not walking. I looked up to into the air,
back whole. All the people were amazed and I saw that it was greatly disturbed. I
that no sin was revealed in them. looked up to the vault of the sky, and I
3 The priest said, If the Lord God has
saw it standing still; and the birds of the
not revealed your sins, neither do I judge sky were at rest. I looked back to the
you. And he released them. Joseph took earth and saw a bowl laid out for some
Mary and returned home, rejoicing and workers who were reclining to eat. Their
glorifying the God of Israel. hands were in the bowl, but those who
were chewing were not chewing; and
Hebrew midwife. She asked me, Are God of my fathers, remember that I am
you from Israel? I said to her, Yes. a descendant of Abraham, Isaac, and Ja-
She asked, Who is the one who has cob. Do not make me an example to the
given birth in the cave? I replied, My sons of Israel, but deliver me over to the
betrothed. She said to me, Is she not poor. For you know, O Master, that I
your wife? I said to her, Mary is the have performed my services in your
one who was brought up in the Lords name and have received my wages from
temple, and I received the lot to take her you.
as my wife. She is not, however, my wife, 3 And behold, an angel of the Lord
but she has conceived her child by the appeared and said to her, Salome, Sa-
Holy Spirit. The midwife said to him, lome, the Master of all has heard your
Can this be true? Joseph replied to her, prayer. Bring your hand to the child and
Come and see. And the midwife went lift him up; and you will nd salvation
with him. and joy.
2 They stood in the cave, and a bright 4 Salome joyfully came and lifted the
cloud overshadowed it. The midwife child, saying, I will worship him, for he
said, My soul has been magnied today, has been born as a great king to Israel.
for my eyes have seen a miraculous sign: Salome was immediately cured, and she
salvation has been born to Israel. Right went out of the cave justied. And behold
away the cloud departed from the cave, a voice came saying, Salome, Salome,
and a great light appeared within, so that do not report all the miraculous deeds
their eyes could not bear it. Soon that you have seen until the child enters
light departed, until an infant could be Jerusalem.
seen. And it went and took hold of the
breast of Mary, its mother. The midwife
cried out, This is a great day for me, for
I have seen this new wonder.
21 And behold, Joseph was ready
to go into Judea. But there was
a great disturbance in Bethlehem of Ju-
3 The midwife went out of the cave dea. For wise men came saying, Where
and Salome met her. And she said to her, is the king of the Jews? For we saw his
Salome, Salome, I can describe a new star in the east, and we have come to
wonder to you. A virgin has given birth, worship him. 2 When Herod heard, he
contrary to her natural condition. Sa- was troubled; and he sent servants to the
lome replied, As the Lord my God lives, wise men. He then summoned the high
if I do not insert my nger and examine priests and asked them in the praetorium,
her condition, I will not believe that the What does Scripture say about where
virgin has given birth. the messiah is to be born? They replied,
In Bethlehem of Judea. For that is what
him, let me know, that I too may come where is your son? For you know that I
to worship him. can shed your blood with my hand. The
3 The wise men then left, and behold, servants went to report these things to
the star they had seen in the east preceded him. 3 Zacharias responded, I will be
them until they entered the cave, and it Gods witness if you shed my blood. For
stood over the entrance of the cave. The the Master will receive my spirit, since
wise men saw the child with its mother, you will be shedding innocent blood in
Mary, and they took from their packs the forecourt of the Lords temple. And
gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Zacharias was murdered around dawn.
4 When they were warned by a revelation But the sons of Israel did not know that
from an angel not to enter Judea, they he was murdered.
went home another way.
lem, hid myself away in the wilderness ried God, the Master, who gave me the
when there was a disturbance at the death gift and the wisdom to write this account.
of Herod, until the disturbance in Jeru- 2 Grace be with all those who fear the
salem came to an end. There I glo- Lord. Amen.
The Epistle of the Apostles
1
On the importance of Simon Magus for the early proto-orthodox heresy-hunters, see Ehrman, Lost
Christianities, 16567.
73
74 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
beside me will be thrown into prison for sent me? And we said to him, O Lord,
my names sake, and he will be very is it possible that you should be both here
grieved and sorrowful, for while you cel- and there? And he said to us, I am
ebrate the passover he who is in custody wholly in the Father and the Father in me
did not celebrate it with you. And I will after his image and after his likeness and
send my power in the form of (my) angel, after his power and after his perfection
and the door of the prison will open, and and after his light, and I am his perfect
he will come out and come to you to word.
watch with you and to rest. And when
you complete my Agape and my remem-
brance at the crowing of the cock, he will
again be taken and thrown in prison for
18 This is, when he was crucied,
had died and risen again, as he
said this, and the work that was thus
a testimony, until he comes out to preach, accomplished in the esh, that he was
as I have commanded you. And we said crucied, and his ascensionthis is the
to him, O Lord, have you then not com- fullling of the number. And the won-
pleted the drinking of the passover? Must ders and his image and everything perfect
we, then, do it again? And he said to us, you will see in me with respect to re-
Yes, until I come from the Father with demption which takes place through me,
my wounds. and while I go to the Father and into
heaven. . . .
what I tell you, without delay and without And he said to us, Now what has fallen
reserve and without respect of persons; will arise, and what is ill will be sound,
serve in the strait, direct, and narrow way. that my Father may be praised therein; as
And thereby will the Father in every re- he has done to me, so I (will do) to you
spect rejoice concerning you. and to all who believe in me.
There are three surviving apocalypses allegedly written by Simon Peter, the
disciple of Jesus (One other is included in this collection); the one given
here was discovered at Nag Hammadi (see page 19). The book contains a
series of visions given by Jesus to Peter (hence the title apocalypse or
revelation), which Peter then records in the rst person. In these visions,
Christ issues dire warnings against the teaching of heretics who propagate
falsehoods. Strikingly, the heretics here are the bishops and deacons of the
proto-orthodox churches, and their false teaching is that Jesus was himself
the Christ who suffered a literal death on the cross. The author deems this
staunchly proto-orthodox view laughable; he labels its proponents blind.
For this author, the true signicance of Jesus death goes much deeper.
Even though Jesus esh was killed, Christ himself was far removed from
suffering; those who beheld the cross with full knowledge (gnosis) did not
see the suffering Jesus but the living Christ, who was himself laughing at
the entire proceeding. Jesus was merely his outward appearance, just as
simple-minded Christians are nothing but the outward appearance of the
living ones who have been fully enlightened by the spiritual truth of the
immortal Christ.
Most scholars have dated this gnostic treatise to the third century.
And when I said these things, the Sav- will be despised in these ages, since they
ior said, I have told you that these (peo- are ignorant of you. But you will be
ple) are blind and deaf. Now then, listen praised in (the age of) knowledge. For
to the things that are being told to you in many will accept our teaching in the be-
a mystery, and guard them. Do not tell ginning. But they will turn away again in
them to the children of this age. For you accordance with the will of the father of
Translation of James Brashler and Roger A. Bullard, from Nag Hammadi Codex VII
(Nag Hammadi Studies, 30) ed. Birger Pearson (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996); used with
permission.
78
THE COPTIC APOCALYPSE OF PETER 79
their error, because they have done what has faith, and desires to renounce these
he wanted. And he will make manifest in (material) things. For people neither
his judgment who the servants of the gather gs from thornsor from thorn
word are. But those who became mingled trees if they are wisenor grapes from
with these will become their prisoners, brambles. For on the one hand, a partic-
since they are without perception. And ular thing (masc.) always remains in that
the guileless, good, pure one is pushed to (condition) in which it exists. If it exists
the executioner, even into the kingdom in a particular condition that is not good,
of those who praise a restored Christ. that (condition) becomes its (fem.) de-
And they praise the men of the propaga- struction and death. On the other hand,
tion of falsehood, who will succeed you. this one (fem. the immortal soul)
And they will hold fast to the name of a abides in the Eternal One, in the one of
dead man, while thinking that they will life and immortality of life which are
become pure. But they will become alike to Him.
greatly deled. And they will fall into an Therefore everything that does not
explicit error and into the hand of an evil, abide will dissolve into that which does
cunning man with a multifarious doc- not exist. For deaf and blind ones join
trine. And they will be ruled heretically. only with their own kind. But some will
For some of them will blaspheme the depart from evil words and deceptive
truth and proclaim evil teaching. And mysteries. Others do not understand mys-
they will say evil things to each other. teries, although they speak of these things
And some, because they stand by vir- which they do not understand. Neverthe-
tue of the archons, will be given a name less they will boast that the mystery of
of a man and a naked woman who is the truth is theirs alone. And in haughti-
multifarious and very sensual. And those ness they will begin {in haughtiness} to
who say these things will ask about envy the immortal soul that has become
dreams. And if they say that a dream dedicated (to God). For every authority,
came from a demon worthy of their error, principality, and power of the ages al-
then they will be given destruction in- ways wanted to remain with these (im-
stead of immortality. For evil cannot mortal souls) from the foundation of the
produce good fruit. For each source pro- world, in order that those who do not
duces what is like itself. For not every abide, since they have been ignorant and
soul comes from the truth, nor from im- have not been saved, may be gloried by
mortality. For every soul of these ages those who do abide. And they have not
has death assigned to it, in our view. been brought to the way by them, al-
Consequently it is always a slave. It is though they have always desired that they
created for its desires and their eternal would become the imperishable ones. For
destruction, for which they exist and in if the immortal soul receives power
which they exist. They (the souls) love through an intellectual spirit, then im-
the material creatures which came forth mediately she is joined by one of those
with them. But the immortal souls are not who have been misled. And others, who
like these, O Peter. But indeed, as long are numerous and who oppose the truth,
as the hour has not yet come, she (the who are the messengers of error, will
immortal soul) will indeed resemble a concoct their error and their law against
mortal one. But she will not reveal her these pure thoughts of mine. Since they
nature, although she alone is the immor- see from one (perspective), they think
tal one and thinks about immortality. She that good and evil are from one (source).
80 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
They do business in my word. And other multitudes of living ones, and they
they will set forth a harsh fate in which will be destroyed among them. And when
the race of the immortal souls will run in they speak your name, they will be
vain until my return. For they will remain believed.
among them. And I have forgiveness of The Savior said, For a period of time
their transgressions into which they fell determined for them in proportion to their
because of the adversaries. I accepted error, they will rule over the little ones.
their ransom from the slavery in which But after the completion of the error, the
they existed (and) I gave them freedom. ageless one of immortal understanding
For they will create an imitation remnant will be renewed, and they (the little ones)
in the name of a dead man, who is Her- will rule over those who are their rulers.
mas, the rst-born of unrighteousness, in The root of their error he will pull out,
order that the real light might not be and he will put it to shame, and it will be
believed by the little ones. But those of exposed in all the impudence that it has
this sort (the adversaries) are the workers assumed to itself. And such persons shall
who will be cast into the outer darkness, remain unchanged, O Peter. Come, there-
away from the children of light. For they fore! Let us proceed to the completion of
will not enter, but neither do they permit the will of the undeled Father. For be-
those (to enter) who are going up to their hold, those who will bring judgment
approval and for their release. And still upon themselves are coming. And they
others of them who have sensual (na- will put themselves to shame. But me
tures) think that they will perfect the wis- they cannot touch. And you, O Peter, will
dom of the brotherhood that really exists, stand in their midst. Do not be afraid
the spiritual friendship with those com- because of your cowardice. Their minds
panions rooted in fellowship, those will be closed. For the invisible one has
through whom the wedding of incorrupt- opposed them.
ibility will be revealed. When he had said those things, I saw
The kindred race of the sisterhood him apparently being seized by them.
will appear as an imitation. These are the And I said, What am I seeing, O Lord?
ones who oppress their brothers, saying Is it you yourself whom they take? And
to them, Through this our God has pity, are you holding on to me? Who is this
since salvation (allegedly) comes to us one above the cross, who is glad and
through this. They do not know the pun- laughing? And is it another person whose
ishment of those who are delighted by feet and hands they are hammering?
what has been done to the little ones The Savior said to me, He whom you
whom they sought out and imprisoned. see above the cross, glad and laughing,
And there will be others of those who are is the living Jesus. But he into whose
outside our number who name them- hands and feet they are driving the nails
selves bishop and also deacons, as if is his physical part, which is the substi-
they have received their authority from tute. They are putting to shame that
God. They submit to the judgment of the which is in his likeness. But look at him
leaders. Those people are dry canals. and me.
But I said, I am afraid because of But I, when I had looked, said, Lord,
what you have told methat indeed little no one is looking at you. Let us ee this
ones are, in our view, counterfeit. Indeed, place. But he said to me, I have told
there are multitudes that will mislead you, Leave the blind alone! And notice
THE COPTIC APOCALYPSE OF PETER 81
how they do not know what they are whom you saw coming to me was our
saying. For the son of their glory, instead intellectual pleroma, which unites the
of my servant, they have put to shame. perfect light with my pure spirit. These
And I saw someone about to approach things, therefore, which you saw, you
us who looked like him, even him who shall present to those of another race,
was laughing above the cross, and he was who are not of this age. For there will be
lled with a pure spirit, and he (was) no grace in any one who is not immortal,
the Savior. And there was a great ineffa- but (grace will) only (be in) those who
ble light around them and the multitude were chosen from an immortal essence
of ineffable and invisible angels blessing that has shown that it is able to accept
them. And it was I who saw him when him who gives his abundance.
this one who glories was revealed. And Therefore I said, To every one who
he said to me, Be strong! For you are has, it will be given, and that one will
the one to whom these mysteries have have plenty.1 But the one who does not
been given, to know through revelation havethat is, the one of this place, be-
that he whom they crucied is the rst- ing completely dead and changed by the
born, and the home of demons, and the planting of creation and begetting, who,
clay vessel in which they dwell, belong- if one of the immortal essence appears,
ing to Elohim, and belonging to the cross thinks that he (i.e. the one of immor-
that is under the law. But he who stands tal essence) is being seizedit will be
near him is the living Savior, the primal taken from him. And it will be added to
part in him whom they seized. And he the one who is. You, therefore, be cou-
has been released. He stands joyfully rageous and do not fear anything. For I
looking at those who persecuted him. will be with you so that none of your
They are divided among themselves. enemies will prevail over you. Peace be
Therefore he laughs at their lack of per- to you! Be strong!
ception, and he knows that they are born When he (the Savior) had said these
blind. Indeed, therefore, the suffering one things, he (Peter) came to his senses.
must remain, since the body is the sub-
stitute. But that which was released was
my incorporeal body. But I am the intel-
lectual spirit lled with radiant light. He 1
Matt 25:29.
The Second Treatise of the
Great Seth
In the gnostic Second Treatise of the Great Seth, Christ himself provides
a rst-hand description of how he descended into the man Jesus body,
occupied it for the length of his ministry, and then died only in appearance.
Like other gnostic teachers, such as Basilides, the unknown author of this
book thinks that Simon of Cyrene, who bore Jesus cross, was mistakenly
crucied in his place, while Jesus looked on and laughed. Those who ascribe
to a literal understanding of Christs death are said to proclaim a doctrine
of a dead man; in so doing they subject themselves to fear and slavery;
they are small and ignorant.
As in the Coptic Apocalypse of Peter, these false believers are the
proto-orthodox Christians, who foolishly believe that the Jewish Scriptures
are true (from Adam to the Patriarchs, Moses, and the prophets) and that
the Creator of the world is almighty. In fact, the ancient Jews and their God
himself are all a laughingstock. Those who do not see the deeper truths
about God and Christ from the Scripturesi.e., those without gnosisare
like dumb animals. They think that they are advancing the name of
Christ, especially in persecuting those who have been liberated (i.e., the
Gnostics); but in fact they are completely ignorant.
The name Seth does not occur anywhere in the tractate except in the
title; in the Old Testament, he is said to be the third son of Adam and Eve.
Some gnostic groups maintained that he was the rst to whom gnosis came,
the progenitor of the Gnostics themselves. This book, which was discovered
at Nag Hammadi (see page 19), probably dates from the third century.
I visited a bodily dwelling. I cast out the chons was disturbed. And all the physical
one who was in it previously, and I went matter of the archons along with the pow-
in. And the whole multitude of the ar- ers born of the earth began to tremble
Translation by Roger A. Bullard and Joseph A. Gibbons, in Nag Hammadi Codex VII
(Nag Hammadi Studies, 30) ed. Birger Pearson (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996); used with
permission.
82
THE SECOND TREATISE OF THE GREAT SETH 83
when it saw the likeness of the image, ing, lest perhaps the surrounding angels
since it was mixed. And I was the one stand against them. For on account of
who was in it, not resembling him who those who were offering (him) praise I
was in it previously. For he was a worldly died, though not in reality, because their
man, but I, I am from above the heavens. archangel was vain. And then a voice of
I did not refuse them, on the one hand, the World Ruler came to the angels I am
and I became Christ. But on the other, I God and there is no other beside me.1But
did not reveal myself to them in the love I laughed with joy when I considered his
which was coming forth from me. I was conceit. And he kept saying all the more,
revealing that I am a stranger to the Who is Man?2 And the entire army of
regions below. his angels who had seen Adam and his
There was a great disturbance in the dwelling were laughing at his smallness.
whole earthly region, with confusion and And in this way their thought came to
ight, and (in) the plan of the archons. be removed away from the Greatness of
And some were persuaded, when they the heavens, who is the Man of truth,
saw the acts of power which were being whose name they saw because he is in
accomplished by me. And they ee, the smallness of a dwelling place. Since
namely all these who are descended by they are foolish in the senselessness of
race from the one who ed from the their vain thought, namely their laughter,
throne to the Sophia of Hopesince she it became delement for them. The whole
had previously given indication concern- greatness of the Fatherhood of the Spirit
ing us and all those who were with me was resting in its places, and I was with
these of the race of Adonaios. Yet others him, since I have a thought of a single
ed as though (sent) from the World emanation from the eternal ones and the
Ruler and those with him, and brought unknowable ones, undeled and immeas-
every punishment upon me. And there urable. I placed the small Ennoia in the
was a ight of their mind about what world, having disturbed them and fright-
counsel they would take concerning me, ened the whole multitude of the angels
thinking that the(ir) Greatness is (the) and their ruler. And I examined them all
All, and speaking lying witness against with burning and re on account of my
the Man also and the whole greatness of thought. And each of their activities they
the assembly. It was not possible for them did on account of me. And trouble and
to know who the Father of truth is, the ghting arose around the Seraphim and
Man of the greatness. And these took the Cherubim, since their glory will perish,
name because of pollution and ig- and the disturbance which is around
norancewhich (is) a burning and a ves- Adonaios this side and that, and (around)
sel which they created for destruction of their dwelling(reaching) to the World
Adam, which they had made in order to Ruler and the one who said Let us seize
cover up those who are equally theirs. him. Others again (said), The counsel
But they, the archons belonging to the shall not come to be. For Adonaios
place of Yaldabaoth, lay bare the circuit knows me because of Hope.
of the angels. This is what humanity was And I was in the mouths of lions. And
going around seeking because they did (as for) the counsel which they planned
not know the Man of truth. For Adam
appeared to them, the one whom they
had fashioned. And a disturbance of fear
occurred throughout their entire dwell- 1
Isa 45:56 2
Ps 8:4.
84 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
about me against destruction of their de- And all these things I kept doing on
ception and their foolishness, I did not account of my will in order that this
give in to them as they had devised. And which I willed in the will of the Father
I was not aficted at all. Those there above I might complete. And the Son of
punished me, yet I did not die in solid the Greatness, who was hidden in the
reality but in what appears, in order that region below, we brought to the height,
I not be put to shame by them, because where I am with all these aeons, which
these are part of me. I cut off the shame no one has seen nor understood, where
from me and I did not become faint- the wedding of the wedding robe is, the
hearted at what happened to me at their new (wedding) and not the old, nor does
hands. I was about to become a slave to it perish. For the new bridal chamber is
fear, but I was struck (merely) according of the heavens and perfect.
to their sight and thought, in order that I have revealed (that) there are three
no word might ever be found to speak paths, (which are) an undeled mystery
about them. For my death which they in a spirit of this aeon, which does not
think happened, (happened) to them in perish, nor is it partial, nor is to be spoken
their error and blindness. They nailed of; rather, it is undivided, universal, and
their man up to their death. For their permanent. For the soul, which is from
minds did not see me, for they were deaf the height, will not speak about the error
and blind. But in doing these things, they which is here, nor transport itself from
render judgment against themselves. these aeons, since it will be transported
As for me, on the one hand they saw when it becomes a free person and expe-
me; they punished me. Another, their fa- rience nobility in the world, standing be-
ther, was the one who drank the gall and fore the Father without trouble and fear,
the vinegar; it was not I. They were hit- always mixed with the mind of ideal
ting me with the reed; another was the power. They will see me from every side
one who lifted up the cross on his shoul- without hatred. For while they see me,
der, who was Simon. Another was the they are being seen, being mixed with
one on whom they put the crown of them. As for me, since they did not put
thorns. But I was rejoicing in the height me to shame, they were not shamed. As
over all the riches of the archons and the for me, since they were not afraid before
offspring of their error and their conceit, me, they will pass by every gate without
and I was laughing at their ignorance. fear, and they will be perfected in the
And all their powers I brought into sub- third glory. I was the one whose cross the
jection. For when I came down no one world did not accept, (my) apparent ex-
saw me. For I kept changing my forms altation, my third baptism in an apparent
above, transforming from appearance to image, when they had ed from the re of
appearance. And on account of this, the seven authorities. And the sun of the
when I was at their gates I kept taking powers of the archons set, darkness over-
their likeness. For I passed them by qui- took them, and the world became poor.
etly, and I was viewing the places, and I After they bound him with many re-
did not fear nor was I ashamed, for I was straints, they nailed him to the cross, and
undeled. And I was speaking with them, they fastened him with four nails of
mixing among them through those who bronze. The veil of his temple he tore
are mine, and I tread on those who are with his hands. There was a trembling
harsh to them jealously, and the re I that overcame the chaos of the earth, for
extinguished. the souls which were in the sleep below
THE SECOND TREATISE OF THE GREAT SETH 85
were released, and they were resurrected. worldly concerns and discarded worship,
They walked about boldly, having laid being few (and) uninstructed.
aside jealousy of ignorance and unlear- They do not accept for themselves the
nedness beside the dead tombs, having nobility of the truth, hating the one for
put on the new man, having come to whom they exist and loving the one for
know that blessed and perfect one of the whom they do not exist. For they did not
eternal and incomprehensible Father and know the Gnosis of the Greatness, that it
of the boundless light, which I am. When is from above and (from) the fountain of
I came to my own and joined them with truth. And it is not from slavery and jeal-
myself, there was no need for many ousy and fear and love of worldly matter.
words, for our thought was with their For that which is not theirs and that which
thought; on this account they understood is theirs they use without fear and with
what I was saying, for we took counsel freedom. They do not covet because they
concerning the destruction of the ar- have authority and a law from themselves
chons. And on this account I did the will over the things which they would desire.
of the Father, which I am. But those who do not have are poor,
When we went forth from our home, namely, those who do not possess some-
when we came down to this world and thing and yet they desire it. And they lead
came into being in the world in bodies, astray those who through them are like
we were hated and persecuted, not only those who have the truth of their freedom,
(by) those who are ignorant, but by those so as to constrain us under a yoke and
also who think that they are advancing compulsion of concern and fear. This one
the name of Christ, since they are vain in is in slavery. And this one who is brought
ignorance. They do not know who they by compulsion of violence and threat has
are, like unreasoning beasts. Those who been guarded by God. But the noble-born
were set free by me they persecute, since one of the Fatherhood is not guarded,
they hate themthose who, if they shut since he guards that which is his own by
their mouth, would weep with groaning himself, without word or compulsion. He
without prot because they did not know is united with his will, this one who is of
me completely. Instead, they served two the thought alone of the Fatherhood, that
masters, even a multitude. But you (pl.) (the Fatherhood) may become perfect
will be victorious in everything, in war and unutterable through the living water,
and battles and schism of jealousy and if it exists in wisdom among yourselves
anger. But in the uprightness of our love not only in word of hearing but in deed
we are without deceit, pure, good, having and fullled word.
the mind of the Father in an ineffable For the perfect are worthy to be estab-
mystery. For it (the world) was a laugh- lished in this way. And they are joined
ingstock. It is I who bear witness that it with me in order that they may not share
was a laughingstocksince the archons in any enmity. In a wholesome friendship
do not know that it is an ineffable union I accomplish everything in the Good
of undeled truth, like that which exists One, for this is the joining of truth, that
among the children of the light, of which they should have no adversary. But
they made an imitation, proclaiming the everyone who causes divisionand he
doctrine of a dead man and falsehoods to will learn none of their wisdom because
resemble the freedom and purity of the he causes division and is not a friend
perfect assembly, uniting themselves in he is an enemy to them all. But the one
their doctrine to fear and slavery and who lives in agreement and friendship of
86 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
brotherly love by nature and not by de- in order to know him, until they come to
cree, wholly and not in part, this one is know the Son of Man.
truly the will of the Father. This one is But concerning my Father, I am the
the universal and the perfect love. one whom the world did not know, and
For Adam was a laughingstock, and he on this account, it rose up against me and
was created from the image of a pattern my brethren. But we are innocent with re-
of a man by the Hebdomad, as though he spect to it; we did not sin. For the Archon
had become stronger than I and my breth- was a laughingstock because he said, I
ren. We are innocent with respect to him, am God, and there is none greater than I.
since we did not sin. And Abraham was a I alone am the Father, the Lord, and there
laughing stock, and Isaac and Jacob, is no other beside me. I am a jealous God,
since they were given a name by the Heb- bringing the sins of the fathers upon the
domad, namely the fathers from the im- children for three and four generations,3
age, as though he had become stronger as though he had become stronger than I
than I and my brethren. We are innocent and my brethren. But we are innocent
with respect to him, since we did not sin. with respect to him; for we did not sin.
David was a laughingstock since his son Though we mastered his doctrine in this
was named the Son of Man, having been way, he lives in conceit, and he does not
activated by the Hebdomad, as though he agree with our Father. And thus through
had become stronger than I and the our friendship we prevailed over his doc-
friends of my race. But we are innocent trine, since he is arrogant in conceit and
with respect to him; we did not sin. Sol- does not agree with our Father. For he
omon was a laughingstock, since he was a laughingstock with (his) judgment
thought that he was Christ, having be- and false prophecy.
come arrogant through the Hebdomad, as O those who do not see! You do not see
though he had become stronger than I and your blindness that this is who was not
my brethren. But we are innocent with re- known. Neither did they ever know him,
spect to him; I did not sin. The 12 proph- nor did they understand him. Concerning
ets were laughingstocks, since they have him they would not listen to a valid re-
come forth as imitations of the true port. On this account they trained in a
prophets. They came into being from the judgment of error, and they raised their
image of the Hebdomad, as though it had deled, murderous hands against him as
become stronger than I and my brethren. if they were striking the air. And the
But we are innocent with respect to it, senseless and the blind are senseless al-
since we did not sin. Moses was a laugh- ways, being slaves always of law and
ingstock, a faithful servant, being worldly fear. I am Christ, the Son of Man,
named the friend; they bore witness the one from you (pl.) who is in you. I am
concerning him in iniquity, since he never despised on your account, in order that
knew me. Neither he nor those before you yourselves may forget what is
him, from Adam to Moses and John the changeable. And do not become female,
Baptist, none of them knew me nor my lest you give birth to their evils and kin-
brethren. For a doctrine of angels is what dred things: to jealousy and schism, an-
arose through them, to keep dietary rules ger and wrath, fear and a divided heart
and bitter slavery. They never knew truth and vain coveting which is not fullled.
nor will they know it, for there is a great But I am an ineffable mystery to you. . . .
deception upon their soul, and they have
no ability to nd a mind of freedom ever, 3
Isa 45:56; Exod 20:5.
The Secret Gospel of Mark
The Secret Gospel of Mark is a longer edition of Marks Gospel that has
been known only since 1958.1 While cataloguing manuscripts in the library
of the Greek Orthodox monastery of Mar Saba, located south-east of
Jerusalem, an American scholar, Morton Smith, came upon a seventeenth-
century edition of the letters of Ignatius. According to Smiths own account,2
the nal blank pages of this volume had been used by an eighteenth-century
scribe to copy a portion of a letter allegedly from Clement of Alexandria,
a church father who lived at the end of the second century and the beginning
of the third. In this letter, Clement indicates that Mark had produced two
versions of his Gospel, one for church members at large and the other for
the spiritual elite who could grasp the full mysteries of the Kingdom.
Clement indicates that this second expanded edition, the so-called Secret
Gospel, had been entrusted to the Christians of Alexandria, his own city,
but that it had come to be misused by members of the Carpocratian sect, a
group of Gnostic Christians known for their illicit sexual rituals.
Clement then narrates two of the accounts found in the Secret Gospel.
The contents of the stories, especially the rst, show why this version of
the Gospel could have seemed so dangerous to the church at large, and so
interesting to the Carpocratians. Jesus raises a youth from the dead, who
then loves Jesus and begs to be allowed to stay with him (the story is
reminiscent of both the raising of Lazarus in John 11 and of the story of
the rich young man of Matt 17:1622 and Mark 10:1731). After six
days, the youth comes to Jesus in the evening, clothed with nothing but a
linen garment over his naked body (cf. Mark 14:51). They spend the night
together, with Jesus teaching the youth the mystery of the kingdom of God.
The highly unusual character of this storyin particular its homo-
erotic overtoneshave led scholars to debate virtually every aspect of the
Secret Gospel. Did Clement of Alexandria actually write this letter,
1
For a full account, which focuses to some extent on the question of whether or not the Secret
Gospel, and the letter of Clement that contains it, were forged, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 67
89. 2See The Secret Gospel: The Discovery and Interpretation of the Secret Gospel according to
Mark (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, based on the text in Morton Smith, Clement of Alexan-
dria and a Secret Gospel of Mark (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1973).
87
88 NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
The entire letter of Clement is not where the young man was, stretched out
translated here, but only the quotations his hand, and raised him by seizing his
that relate to the Secret Gospel. Clement hand.
begins the letter by providing the account The young man looked at him intently
summarized above, indicating that the and loved him; and he began pleading
apostle Mark produced a second version with him that he might be with him.
of his Gospel for the spiritually enlight- When they came out of the tomb they
ened in Alexandria, which was wrong- went to the young mans house, for he
fully procured and corrupted by the Car- was wealthy.
pocratians. He then goes on to indicate And after six days Jesus gave him a
two passages that were in this second command. And when it was evening the
version, the Secret Gospel, along with young man came to him, wearing a
one that was not in it, that he had been linen cloth over his naked body. He
queried about. stayed with him that night, for Jesus
was teaching him the mystery of the
Kingdom of God. When he got up from
Citation 1 (following Mark 10:34) there, he returned to the other side of
the Jordan.
They came to Bethany, and a woman
was there whose brother had died. She
came and prostrated herself before Jesus, The letter goes on to indicate a pas-
saying to him, Son of David, have sage not found in the Secret Gospel:
mercy on me. But his disciples rebuked
her. Jesus became angry and went off
with her to the garden where the tomb Citation 2
was.
Immediately a loud voice was heard But the phrase naked man with
from the tomb. Jesus approached and naked man, and the other matters you
rolled the stone away from the entrance inquired about, are not found (in the
to the tomb. Immediately he went in text).
THE SECRET GOSPEL OF MARK 89
Introduction
Some of the most entertaining stories found among the apocryphal accounts
of the apostles are in the Acts of John, stories of the missionary adventures
of the son of Zebedee, the disciple commonly regarded as Jesus closest
companion.1 Many of the stories demonstrate the uncanny power of God at
work within his great apostle, as he is able to perform remarkable miracles
by healing the sick and raising the deadevidence of the truth of his
proclamation of the gospel of Christ.
The following excerpts narrate some of the apostles most remarkable
deeds, including a tale in which he raises from the dead a prominent leader
in the city of Ephesus, Lycomedes, and his beautiful wife, Cleopatra (chaps.
1925). A second resurrection account involves a gripping tale of passion
gone awry, in a love triangle involving the beautiful but ascetic Christian,
Drusiana, her loving husband, Andronicus, and the unbeliever Callimachus,
whose unsatised lust becomes known to Drusiana, causing her to die of
grief for being the object of temptation. In a t of passion, however,
Callimachus bribes his way into the burial vault, where he plans to fulll
his lust on Drusianas corpse, only to be attacked by a preternatural serpent
that stands as her guardian (chaps. 6386).
Razor-sharp in its contrast between ascetic virtue and lustful vice, this
intriguing Acts of John stresses both the need for purity before God and the
power of the apostle, who is able to raise the dead and to right all that has
gone wrong in the world (the pure Drusiana too, it should be noted, performs
a resurrection in the account).
Other stories found here are somewhat more amusingincluding
Johns encounter with a host of unwanted bed-bugs at a roadside inn (chaps.
6061). Yet other accounts, probably from a different source, involve more
mystical reections on the nature of Christ, who is described in ways that
appear doceticthat is, suggesting that he did not have a real esh-and-
blood body (see esp. chaps. 85103).
1
See further Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 4144.
93
94 NON-CANONICAL ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
It is difcult to know when the Acts of John was composed, but many
scholars locate it to the second half of the second century.
are wholly without God and dead to hu- compassion for us; for you alone are
man reasoning. Behold, here I stand. You God; now we have become converted,
all assert that Artemis is powerful. Pray since we saw your miraculous deeds.
to her, that I alone die! Or if you cannot Have mercy upon us, God, according
accomplish this, I alone will call upon to your will, and deliver us from our
my God to kill you all because of your great error. And some of them lay on
unbelief. their faces and cried; others bent their
knees and prayed; others rent their gar-
we have come to your house! Receive us, turned after this long time, they met in
who are desperate! the house of Andronicus, where he was
also staying, grasped his feet, put his
and take me soon to you! And without and which can only be decided as having
being understood by anyone Drusiana de- been the true one when it remains the
parted this life in the presence of John, same to the end of life. For there are
not rejoicing but sorrowing over the many obstacles which cause unrest to
physical trouble of that man. human reasoning: cares, children, par-
ents, glory, poverty, attery, youth,
works of dishonor, nor that which ac- when he fell down, the serpent sat on
cepted pledges from Satan and received him.
the serpent into its house, nor one which
was reviled for Gods sake and after-
wards was ashamed, nor one which con-
sented with the mouth but did not show
72 On the following day John and
Andronicus and the brethren
went at the break of day to the tomb in
it by the deed; but we praise one which which Drusiana had been for three days,
refused to be inamed by lthy lust, to so that we might break bread there. And
succumb to levity, to be ensnared by when we were about to start, the keys
thirst after money, or to be betrayed by were not to be found. And John said to
the strength of the body and anger. Andronicus, It is right that they are lost,
for Drusiana is not in the tomb. Never-
servant of God. This Callimachus loved have accomplished this when this fearful
my sister. And as he could not get her, beast killed Fortunatus with one bite be-
although he tried it often, he no doubt fore my eyes? And this deservedly so,
bribed this accursed steward of mine with for he encouraged me to such madness,
a great sum of money with the intention after I had already desisted from the ill-
as one can now seeto accomplish his timed and dreadful frenzybut he fright-
purpose through him. For this Callima- ened me and put me in the state in which
chus said to many, If she will not yield you saw me, before I arose. But I will
to be me alive, rape shall be committed tell you another great miracle, which
on her death. This, O master, the noble nearly slew me and almost killed me.
one saw and did not allow her earthly When my soul was seized with mad pas-
remains to be violated. That is why those sion and the incurable disease was trou-
who engineered this are dead. And the bling me, when I had already robbed her
voice which came to you Raise Drusi- of the grave-clothes with which she was
ana! foretold this. For she departed this dressed, and went from the grave to put
life through sorrow. And I believe him them down as you see, I turned back to
who said that this is one of the men who perpetrate the abominable deed. And I
was led astray. For you were asked to saw a beautiful youth covering her with
raise him. As for the other I know that this cloak. Rays of light fell from his
he does not deserve salvation. But one face upon hers, and he turned to me
thing I ask of you. Raise Callimachus also and said, Callimachus, die, that
rst, and he shall confess what took you may live. Who it was, I knew not,
place. servant of God. Since you have come
here, I know that it was an angel of
sins, made you his servant through his better! O source of the soul, remaining
long-suffering mercy. If you do not wish in the lth! O essence of corruption, full
me to raise Fortunatus, let Drusiana do of darkness! O death, dancing among
it. those belonging to you! O fruitless tree,
full of re! O wood, producing coal as
saved human nature. We thank you that them to your hearing; and in accordance
you gave this sure faith, that you alone with everyones capabilities I will com-
are God, now and for ever. We, your municate to you those things whereof you
servants, thank you, O holy One, we who are able to become hearers, that you may
are assembled with good reason and risen see the glory that surrounds him who was
from the dead. and is both now and forever.
For when he had chosen Peter and
like stone, so that I was perplexed in has many faces, and his wisdom which
myself and said, What does this mean? without ceasing looked upon us, said,
And when I was thinking of these This you shall learn if you ask him.
things. . . .3
Lord and his affection toward us, let us bringing help to us by his own
worship him as those to whom he has compassion.
shown mercy, not with our ngers, nor
with our mouths, nor with the tongue,
nor with any part of our body whatsoever,
but with the disposition of our soul: let
104 You therefore must also
be persuaded, beloved, that
it is no man that I preach to you to wor-
us worship him, who became man apart ship, but God unchangeable, God invin-
from this body. And let us watch because cible, God higher than all authority, and
he keeps watch even now over prisons all power, and older and mightier than all
for our sakes, and in tombs, in bonds and the angels and creatures that are spoken
dungeons, in shame and reproaches, by of, and all ages. If then you abide in him,
sea and land, at scourgings, condemna- and are built up in him, you shall possess
tions, conspiracies, plots, punishments, your soul indestructible.
and, in a word, he is with all of us, and
suffers with us when we suffer, brethren.
When he is called by any one of us he
does not allow himself to shut his ears to
105 And when he had delivered
these things to the brethren,
John departed with Andronicus to walk;
us, but being everywhere he hearkens and Drusiana also followed afar off to-
to all of us, and just now has hearkened gether with all, that they might behold
to both me and Drusianaas he is the the acts that were done and at all times
God of those who are imprisoned hear his word in the Lord . . .
The Acts of Paul
The Acts of Paul is not preserved in its entirety, but only in large fragments
that are difcult to piece together. The complete book is usually thought to
have included the Acts of Thecla and the pseudonymous letter of 3 Corin-
thians (see below). Together, the various fragments narrate legendary epi-
sodes from Pauls life, including the account, not excerpted here, of a talking
lion whom Paul converts and baptizes, who then, at a later time, spares Paul
when loosed upon him in the arena.
The following extract was no doubt the conclusion of the book, for it
describes Pauls martyrdom. Put on trial before the evil emperor, Nero, Paul
announces that even if executed, he will reappear as proof that he can never
really die but will live forever. When Paul is then beheaded, we are told
that milk (a symbol of life?), rather than blood, squirts from his wound, and
that after his death, Paul fullls his word by appearing to Nero and pro-
nouncing the emperors own imminent doom.
Most scholars identify the Acts of Paul with a book known to the
church father Tertullian, who, around 200 ce, claimed that it had been
forged by a presbyter of Asia Minor who, after being caught, indicated that
he had done it out of love for Paul.1
1
See the discussion in Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 3132.
109
110 NON-CANONICAL ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
taught the word of God. But Satan, being and Urion the Cappadocian and Festus
wicked, became jealous of the love of the of Galatia, the chief men of Nero, said,
brethren and Patroclus fell down from the And we, too, ght for him, the king of
window and died; speedily it was re- the ages. After having tortured those
ported to Nero. Paul, however, having men whom he used to love he imprisoned
learned it by Spirit said, Brethren, the them and ordered that the soldiers of the
evil one has obtained a way to tempt you; great king be sought, and he issued an
go forth and you will nd a boy who has edict that all Christians and soldiers of
fallen down and is dying. Lift him up and Christ that were found should be
bring him here. This they did. When the executed.
people saw him they were frightened.
Paul said to them, Now, brethren, show
your faith. Come, let us mourn to our
Lord Jesus Christ, that the boy might live
3 And among the many Paul also was
brought in fetters. Those who were
imprisoned with him looked at him, so
and we remain unharmed. When all be- that the emperor observed that he was the
gan to lament, the boy took breath and, leader of the soldiers. And he said to him,
having put him on an animal, they sent Man of the great king, now my prisoner,
him away alive with all those who were what induced you to come secretly into
of the emperors house. the Roman empire and to enlist soldiers
in my territory? But Paul, lled with the
Titus and Luke, being afraid at the sight us as Paul promised us. We have just seen
of Longus and Cestus, turned to run him in prayer beside you. Upon hearing
away. this Titus and Luke gave them joyfully
But they followed and said to them, the seal in the Lord, glorifying God
We follow you not in order to kill and the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ
you, blessed men of God, as you imagine, to whom be glory for ever and ever.
but in order to live, that you may do to Amen.
The Acts of Thecla
1
See Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 3135. 2See Stephen J. Davies, The Cult of Saint Thecla: A
Tradition of Womens Piety in Late Antiquity (New York: Oxford, 2001); and Cartlidge and Elliott,
Art and the Christian Apocrypha, chap. 5.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, based on the Greek text in E. A. Lipsius and M. Bonnet,
Acts Apostolorum Apocrypha; part 1 (Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1959), with several
textual alterations based on manuscript evidence.
113
114 NON-CANONICAL ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
Blessed are those who have a full Thamyris said to Theocleia, Where is
understanding of Jesus my Thecla? Theocleia replied, I have
Christ, for they will be in some news to tell you, Thamyra. Thecla
the light. has not gotten up from the window for
Blessed are those who have de- three days and nights, not even to eat or
parted from the shell of this drink; but she is gazing out as if watching
world because of the love a festival. For she has grown attached to
of God, for they will judge a foreign man who is teaching various
angels and be blessed at the deceitful words, so that I am amazed at
right hand of the Father. how the virgins sense of modesty can be
Blessed are those who show mercy, so badly disturbed.
for they will receive mercy
and will not see the bitter
day of judgment.
Blessed are the bodies of the vir-
9 Thamyris, this man is stirring up
the city of the Iconians as well as
your own Thecla. For all the wives and
gins, for these will be
youth are going in to see him, learning
pleasing to God and will
from him that, You must fear the one
not lose the reward for their
and only God and live a chaste life. Even
chastity; for the word of the
my daughter is bound to the window like
Father will be an accom-
a spider, seized by a new desire and fear-
plished act of salvation for
ful passion through his words. For she
them on the day of his Son,
gazes at the words he speaks; and so the
and they will receive an
virgin has been captured. But you come
eternal rest.
and speak with her; for she is your
ancee.
7 While Paul was saying these things
in the midst of the church in One-
siphoruss house, there was a certain vir-
gin named Thecla, daughter of Theocleia
and engaged to a man named Thamyris,
10 So Thamyris went in, loving
Thecla yet fearing that she had
gone mad. He said to her, Thecla, my
who was sitting at the window of the future wife, why are you sitting like this?
house next door. Day and night Thecla What kind of mad passion has over-
heard what Paul said about chastity, and whelmed you? Turn around to see your
she did not budge from the window, but Thamyris and be ashamed. And her
was drawn to faith with great joy. Yet mother was also saying the same things,
when she saw many wives and virgins Child, why do you sit like this looking
going in to see Paul, she also wanted to down without answering, as if you were
be found worthy to stand in Pauls pres- paralyzed? And they were weeping bit-
ence to hear the word of Christ. For she terly: Thamyris for missing out on a wife,
had not yet seen what Paul looked like, Thecleia for a child, and the servants for
but had only heard his word. a mistress. And the household was
thrown into a great confusion because of
of holiness and the love of the truth. If, him! But the governor was glad to hear
then, I am teaching what God has re- Paul speak of the holy deeds of Christ.
vealed to me, O Proconsul, how have I When the governor had consulted his ad-
done anything wrong? When the gov- visors, he summoned Thecla and said,
ernor heard these things, he ordered Paul Why do you not marry Thamyris, in
to be bound and taken off to prison, until accordance with the law of the Iconians?
he had greater leisure to listen to him But she stood gazing at Paul. When she
more carefully. did not answer, her mother Theocleia
cried out, Burn the lawless one! Burn
20 He commanded Paul to be
brought before the judgment
seat. But Thecla was rolling around on
saw in her. They spread out the wood,
and the leaders of the people ordered
her to mount the pyre. Making the
the place where Paul had been teaching shape of the cross she went up onto the
while sitting in the jail. The governor wood. And they lit it. But when it
ordered her to be brought to the judgment roared into a great re, the ames did
seat as well. She came gladly, lled with not touch her. For God out of his com-
joy. When Paul was brought forward passion caused a great roar under-
again, the crowd began crying out more ground, and overhead a cloud full of
fervently, He is a magician; away with water and hailstones overshadowed the
118 NON-CANONICAL ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
place; and there was an immense cloud- they rejoiced in the holy deeds of Christ.
burst so that many people were in dan- Thecla said to Paul, I will cut off my
ger of dying. The re was extinguished hair and follow you wherever you go.
and Thecla was saved. He replied, The time is shameful and
you are beautiful; another temptation
she had to ght the wild beasts. A certain us problems. Hand over the one who is
wealthy queen named Tryphaena, whose to ght the beasts and I will take her
daughter had died, took her into her care away. But Tryphaena put him to ight
and was comforted by her. by crying out: Our household has
mourned a second time for my Falconilla;
to attack her; the lioness tangled with the wooden bindings, so that she was no
lion and was destroyed along with it. The longer bound.
women were even more grief stricken,
since the lioness that had been protecting
her died. 36 Tryphaena, however, passed
out on the walkway beside the
arena, so that her female slaves said, The
In some ways the Acts of Thomas may be the best known of the Apocryphal
Acts of the Apostles, for this is the text that supports the well-known
tradition that the apostle Thomas was the missionary who rst brought
Christianity to India. Thomas is not simply one of the apostles in this
account, however. He is actually the brother of Jesus, in fact, his identical
twin. (The name Thomas is an Aramaic word that means twin.) Thomas
and Jesus as look alikes serves a narrative ploy at one point in the story:
when Jesus appears from heaven in a married couples bedroom, he is
mistaken for his mortal twincreating considerable confusion, since Tho-
mas has just been seen leaving the house (ch. 11).
The narrative recounts how Thomas is compelled to go to India, despite
his reluctance: his master Jesus sells him as a slave to work as a carpenter
for the King of India (chaps. 13). Both en route and while there Thomas
performs miraculous deeds and proclaims a message of asceticism. For
him, the gospel means renouncing this world, its wealth (see chaps. 1724),
and its pleasuresespecially its sexual pleasures. Even those who are
married are urged to refrain from having sexual relations, as children are a
distraction on the one hand and are doomed to lives of sin on the other (see
chaps. 1016).
The cost of failing to adhere to this gospel message are extreme; in this
account we nd a graphic description of the torments of hell, reserved for
those who did not lead lives of strict morality and renunciation, as told by
a woman raised from the dead, who has seen the fates of the damned rst
hand (chaps. 5158).
As with other Apocryphal Acts, it is difcult to know when the Acts
of Thomas was written; most scholars have dated it to the third century and
assumed that it was written in Edessa, the major city of Eastern Syria.
122
THE ACTS OF THOMAS 123
king has an only daughter and now he is a branch of reed in his hand and held it.
going to give her to a husband in mar- And the ute-girl, holding her ute in her
riage. This festival, then, which you see hand, went round them all; and when she
to-day, is the rejoicing and public assem- came to the place where the apostle was
bly for the marriage. And the king has she stood over him, playing the ute over
sent forth heralds to proclaim everywhere his head a long time. And that ute-girl
that all are to come to the marriage, rich was a Hebrew by race.
and poor, bond and free, strangers and
citizens. But if anyone should refuse and
not come to the marriage, he is answera-
ble to the king. And Abban, having heard
6 And as the apostle looked to the
ground, one of the cupbearers
stretched forth his hand and struck him.
this, said to the apostle, Let us also go so And the apostle, having raised his eyes,
that we give no offence to the king, espe- looked at the man who had struck him,
cially as we are strangers. And he said, saying, My God will forgive you for this
Let us go. And having obtained lodg- wrong in the world to come, but in this
ings at the inn and rested a little they went world he will show his wonders, and I
to the wedding. And the apostle, seeing shall soon see that hand that struck me
them all reclining, reclined also in their dragged along by dogs. And having spo-
midst. And they all looked at him as at a ken he began to sing this song:
stranger, a man coming from a foreign The maiden is the daughter of the
land. And Abban the merchant, being the light,
master, reclined in another place. On whom rests the majestic splen-
dour of kings;
Sending forth a sweet smell of changed, but they did not understand his
myrrh and herbs. words, as he was a Hebrew and his words
Within are strewn myrtle-branches were spoken in Hebrew. Only the ute-
and all manner of sweet- girl understood him, being of the Hebrew
smelling owers, race; and leaving him she played the ute
The portal is adorned with reeds. to the others, but repeatedly looked back
and gazed at him. For she loved him as
him away against his will to the bridal Jesus talking with the bride. He had the
chamber, that he might pray for them. appearance of Judas Thomas, the apostle,
who shortly before had blessed them and
and true marriage, and you will enter as bitterness of soul, is because I have been
groomsmen into that bridal chamber full united to the true husband.
of immortality and light.
quickly, and search the whole city, and I have come, to build and to do carpen-
seize and bring that man, the sorcerer, ters work.
who has come by evil chance into this
city. For I led him with my own hands
into my house, and I told him to pray for
my most unfortunate daughter. Whoever
18 And the king, having accepted
him, took him out of the gates
of the city, and on the way began to
shall nd him and bring him to me, I give discuss with him the building of the pal-
him whatever he shall ask of me. They ace, and how the foundations should be
departed, therefore, and went round seek- laid, till they came to the place where the
ing him, and did not nd him; for he had work was to be carried out. And he said,
set sail. They also went into the inn where Here is where I wish the building to
he had stayed, and found there the ute- be! And the apostle said, Yes, this place
girl weeping and in distress, because he is suitable for the building. For the place
had not taken her with him. And when was wooded and there was water there.
they told her what had taken place with And the king said, Begin at once! And
the young people, she rejoiced greatly he answered, I cannot commence now.
upon hearing it, setting aside her grief, The king said, When can you? He said,
and said, Now I also have found repose I shall begin in November and nish in
here! And she arose and went to them, April. And the king was surprised, and
and was with them a long time, until they said, Every building is built in the sum-
had instructed the king also. And many mer, but can you build and nish a palace
of the brethren also met there, until the in the winter? And the apostle replied
rumour had spread that the apostle had Thus it must be done; it is impossible
gone to the cities of India, and was teach- any other way. And the king said, If
ing there. And they went away and joined you have resolved upon this, draw a plan
him. for me how the work is to be done, since
I shall come here after some time. And
poor and needy, and bestowing alms, and his drink is water, and he wears one coat,
gave them relief, saying, The king whether in warm weather or in cold, and
knows that he will receive royal recom- he takes nothing from anyone but gives
pense, but the poor must be refreshed, as to others what he has. Upon hearing this
their condition requires it. After this the the king hit his face with his hands, shak-
king sent a messenger to the apostle, ing his head for a long time.
having written the following: Let me
know what you have done or what I
should send to you or what you need.
The apostle sent word to him saying,
21 And he sent for the merchant
who had brought him, and for
the apostle, and said to him, Have you
The palace is built, and only the roof built the palace? And he said, Yes, I
remains to be done. Upon hearing this have built it. The king said, When shall
the king sent him again gold and un- we go to inspect it? And he answered
coined silver and wrote, If the palace is and said, Now you cannot see it, but you
built, let it be roofed. And the apostle shall see it when you depart this life.
said to the Lord, I thank you, Lord, in And the king was very angry and ordered
every respect, that you died for a short both the merchant and Judas Thomas to
time, that I may live in you for ever, and be bound and cast into prison, until he
that you have sold me, to deliver many should nd out to whom the property of
through me. And he did not cease to the king had been given, and so destroy
teach and refresh the aficted, saying, him and the merchant. And the apostle
The Lord has dispensed this to you and went to prison rejoicing and said to the
he gives to each his food. For he is the merchant, Fear nothing, believe only in
support of the orphans and the nourisher the God who is preached by me, and you
of the widows, and rest and repose to all shall be freed from this world, and obtain
who are aficted. life in the world to come.
And the king considered by what death
and become partaker of that which was apostle ordered some water to be brought
shown to me by his angels. . . . in a dish. And when the water had been
brought he said, Come, waters from the
you as much as we are able, and you An ugly-looking man, entirely black, re-
have given us your gifts without measure ceived me; and his clothing was exceed-
saying, Ask, and it shall be given you; ingly lthy. And he took me to a place
seek, and you shall nd; knock, and it where there were many chasms, and a
shall be opened unto you.5 We pray, great stench and most hateful vapour
therefore, being afraid of our sins. And were given forth thence. And he made
we ask you not for riches or gold or silver me look into each chasm, and in the rst
or possessions or any of those things that I saw blazing re, and ery wheels run-
come from earth and go into the earth ning, and souls were hung upon these
again; but we beg of you and entreat that wheels, dashing against each other. And
in your holy name you raise this woman there was crying and great lamentation
lying here by your power, to your glory and no Saviour was there. And that man
and to an awakening of faith in those said to me, These souls are akin to you,
who stand by. and in the days of reckoning they were
delivered to punishment and destruction.
ers and such as have spoken false and dered away. And received by you, I now
disgraceful words and are not ashamed. stand before you; I beg, therefore, and
Those hung up by their hair are the supplicate you that I may not come to
shameless, who are not ashamed at all those places of punishment which I have
and go about with uncovered heads in the seen.
world. Those hung up by the hands are
they who took that which did not belong
to them and have stolen, and who never
gave anything to the poor, nor helped the
58 And the apostle said, You have
heard what this woman has re-
counted. And these are not the only pun-
aficted; but they did so because they ishments, but there are others worse than
wished to get everything, and cared nei- these. And you too, unless you turn to
ther for law nor right. And these hung up the God whom I preach, and abstain from
by the feet are those who lightly and your former works and from the deeds
eagerly walked in wicked ways and dis- which you did in ignorance, shall nd
orderly paths, not visiting the sick nor your end in these punishments. Believe,
escorting those who depart this life. On therefore, in Christ Jesus, and he will
this account each soul receives what it forgive you the former sins and will
has done. cleanse you from all your bodily desires
that remain on the earth, and will heal
souls to the living God and Christ Jesus, of him. And the fame of him spread over
rejoicing in the blessed works of the Most all the cities and villages, and all who
High and in his holy service. And they had sick persons or such as were troubled
brought money for the service of the wid- by unclean spirits brought them to him;
ows. For he had them gathered together and some they laid on the road by which
in the cities, and he sent to all of them he was to pass, and he healed all by the
by his deacons what was necessary, both power of the Lord. And those who were
clothing as well as food. He himself did healed by him said with one accord and
not cease to preach and to speak to them one voice, Glory to you, Jesus, who in
and to show that this Jesus is the Messiah like manner has given healing to all
of whom the Scriptures have spoken that through your servant and apostle Tho-
he should be crucied and be raised after mas! And being in good health and re-
three days from the dead. He also showed joicing, we pray that we may become
to them and explained, beginning from members of your ock and be counted
the prophets, what was said concerning among your sheep. Receive us, therefore,
the Messiah, that it was necessary for him O Lord, and consider not our trespasses
to come, and that everything had to be and our former transgressions, which we
accomplished which had been prophesied did while we were in ignorance!
The Acts of Peter
1
For the importance of Simon Magus as an opponent of proto-orthodox heresy-hunters, see Ehrman,
Lost Christianities, 16567.
135
136 NON-CANONICAL ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
God or a man. But as far as I can see, I spoken, and he was signed with your holy
think that you are a servant of God. As I sign. Therefore also I give to him, in your
was steering my ship in the middle of the name, your eucharist, that he may for
night I fell asleep. It seemed to me as if ever be your servant, perfect and without
a human voice from heaven said to me, blemish. When they were eating and re-
Theon, Theon! Twice it called me by joicing in the Lord, suddenly a moderate
name and said to me, Amongst all the wind, not a violent one, arose at the prow
passengers treat Peter in the most hon- of the ship and lasted six days and six
orable way. For, with his help, you and nights till they came to Puteoli.
the rest will escape safe from an unex-
pected incident. Peter, however, think-
ing that God wished to show his provi-
dence to all those who were in the ship,
6 Having landed at Puteoli, Theon
left the ship and went to the inn
where he usually stayed, to make prepa-
began at once to speak to Theon of the rations for the reception of Peter. The inn-
great deeds of God, and how the Lord keepers name was Ariston, a God-
had chosen him among the apostles and fearing man, and to him he went for the
for what cause he was sailing to Italy. sake of the Name. And when he had
Daily he spoke to him the word of God. come to the inn and found Ariston, Theon
After they had become better acquainted said to him, God, who counted you wor-
Peter found out that Theon was one with thy to serve him, has also made known
him in the faith and a worthy servant. to me his grace through his holy servant
When the ship was detained by the calm Peter, who has just arrived with me from
of the Adriatic Sea, Theon remarked on Judaea, being bidden by our Lord to go
the calm to Peter and said, If you think to Italy. When Ariston heard this, he fell
me worthy to be baptized with the sign upon Theons neck, embraced him and
of the Lord, you have the chance now. asked him to bring him to the ship and
All the others in the ship were in a show Peter to him. For Ariston said,
drunken stupor. Peter let himself down Since Paul has gone to Spain there was
by a rope and baptized Theon in the name not one of the brethren who could
of the Father and of the Son and of the strengthen me. Besides, a certain Jew
Holy Spirit. He came up out of the water named Simon has invaded the city. By
rejoicing with great joy. Peter also had means of his magical sayings and his
become more cheerful because God had wickedness he has completely perverted
deemed Theon worthy of his name. And the entire fraternity, so that I have ed
it happened that in the same place where from Rome hoping for the arrival of Pe-
Theon was baptized, a young man, radi- ter. For Paul had spoken of him, and I
ant in splendor, appeared and said to saw many things in a vision. Now I be-
them, Peace be with you. And both lieve in my Lord, that he will again es-
Peter and Theon immediately went up tablish his ministry, that all deception be
and entered the cabin; and Peter took extinguished from his servants. For our
bread and gave thanks to the Lord, who Lord Jesus Christ is faithful, and he can
had deemed him worthy of his holy ser- renew our thoughts. When Theon heard
vice, and because a young man had ap- this from the weeping Ariston, his con-
peared to them saying, Peace be with dence was restored, and he was even
you. Peter said, Most excellent and the more strengthened in his faith, knowing
only Holy One, for you appeared to us, that he believed in the living God. When
O God Jesus Christ. In your name I have they came to the ship, Peter saw them
138 NON-CANONICAL ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
and, lled with the Spirit, he smiled, so I fear you might hurt yourself with the
that Ariston fell upon his face to the feet shaking. But Peter answered and said to
of Peter and said, Brother and Lord, who them, But what would have happened if
makes known the sacred mysteries and about my neck and that of the enemy of
teaches the right way, which is in the the Lord a millstone were hanged (as my
Lord Jesus Christ, our God, through you Lord said to us, if any one should offend
he has shown us his coming. All whom one of the brethren2), and we be drowned
Paul entrusted to us we have lost through in the depths of the sea? Not only would
the power of Satan. But now I trust in the it be a millstone, but what is worse, I the
Lord, who sent his messenger and told opponent of this persecutor of his ser-
you to hasten to us, that he has deemed vants would die far away from those who
us worthy to see his great and wonderful have believed in the Lord Jesus Christ.
deeds done by your hands. I therefore In no way could Theon persuade him to
beg you, come quickly to the city. For I remain a day longer. Whereupon Theon
left the brethren who had stumbled, gave everything that was in the ship to
whom I saw fall into the snares of the be sold at a fair price, and followed Peter
devil, and ed here saying to them, to Rome, and accompanied Ariston to the
Brethren, stand rm in the faith; for it is house of the presbyter Narcissus.
to be that within the next two months the
mercy of our Lord will bring you his
servant. I saw a vision of Paul speaking
to me and saying, Ariston, ee from the 7 Soon it became known among the
scattered brethren of the city that
Peter had come to Rome on account of
city. Having heard this, I believed with-
out wavering, departed from the city in Simon, to prove that he was a seducer
the Lord, and though the esh which I and persecutor of the good. And the
bear is weak, yet I came here, stood daily whole multitude came together to see the
by the shore, and asked the sailors, Has apostle of the Lord, conrming the con-
Peter come with you? And now that the gregation in Christ. When they gathered
grace of the Lord abounds, I beseech you on the rst day of the week to meet Peter
to go up to Rome without delay, lest the he began to speak with a loud voice, You
teaching of the wicked man increases still people who are here, hoping in Christ,
more. When Ariston had spoken amidst you who suffered a brief temptation,
tears Peter gave him his hand and lifted learn why God sent his Son into the
him up from the ground, and said with world, or why he begot him by the virgin
tears and sighs, He who tempts the Mary, if it were not to dispense some
world by his angels forestalled us; but he mercy or means of salvation. For he
who has the power to deliver his servants meant to annul every offence and every
from all temptation will destroy his de- ignorance and every activity of the devil,
ceits and put them under the feet of those his instigations and powers, by means of
who believe in Christ, whom we preach. which he once had the upper hand, before
And when they entered by the gate Theon our God shone forth in the world. Since
entreated Peter and said, During the with their many and manifold weak-
long sea voyage you never refreshed nesses they fell to death by their igno-
yourself on the ship, and now will you rance, Almighty God had compassion
go from the ship on such a rough road?
No, stay, refresh yourself and then go.
From here to Rome the road is rocky, and 2
Matt 18:6.
THE ACTS OF PETER 139
and sent his Son into the world, and I the Jews reviled, this crucied Nazarene,
was with him. And I walked on the water who died and rose again on the third
and survive as a witness; I confess I was day.
there when he was at work in the world
performing signs and wonders. Dearest
brethren, I denied our Lord Jesus Christ,
not once, but thrice; for those who en-
8 The brethren repented and asked
Peter to overcome Simons claim
that he was the power of God. Simon was
snared me were wicked gods, just as the staying at the house of the senator Mar-
prophet of the Lord said. But the Lord cellus whom he had won over by his
did not lay it to my charge; he turned to magic. Believe us, brother Peter, they
me and had mercy on the weakness of said, none among humans was so wise
my esh, so that I wept bitterly; and I as this Marcellus. All the widows who
mourned for my little faith, having been hoped in Christ took their refuge in him;
deceived by the devil, and disobeyed the all the orphans were fed by him. Will you
word of my Lord. And now I tell you, know more, brother? All the poor called
men and brethren, who are convened in Marcellus their patron; his house was
the name of Jesus Christ, Satan the de- called the house of the pilgrims and poor.
ceiver sends his arrows upon you too, to To him the emperor said, I will give you
make you leave the way. But do not be no ofce, lest you rob the provinces to
disloyal, brethren, nor fail in your mind, benet the Christians. To this Marcellus
but strengthen yourselves, stand fast, and replied, Yet everything that is mine is
doubt not. For if Satan has subverted me, yours. Caesar said to him, It would be
whom the Lord esteemed so highly, so mine if you kept it for me, but now it is
that I denied the light of my hope, caus- not mine, since you give it to whom you
ing me to fall and persuading me to ee please, and who knows to what low peo-
as if I believed in a man, what do you ple? This, brother Peter, we know and
think will happen to you, who have just report to you, now that the great benev-
become converted? Do you imagine that olence of the man has been turned into
he will not subvert you to make you en- blasphemy. For had he not been changed
emies of the Kingdom of God and to we certainly should not have left the holy
bring you by the worst error into perdi- faith in God our Lord. Now this Marcel-
tion? For every one whom he deprives of lus is enraged and repents of his good
the hope in our Lord Jesus Christ is a deeds and says, So much wealth have I
child of perdition for all eternity. Repent, spent for such a long time in the foolish
therefore, brethren whom the Lord has belief that I spent it for the knowledge of
chosen, and be rmly established in the God. In his rage he even goes so far that
Almighty Lord, the Father of our Lord when a pilgrim comes to the door of his
Jesus Christ, whom no one has ever seen house he beats him with a stick or has
nor can see except he who believes in him driven off and says, If only I had
him. Understand whence the temptation not spent so much money on those im-
has come for you. For I came not only posters! And he utters many more blas-
for the sake of convincing you with phemies. But if you have something of
words that he whom I preach is the the compassion of our Lord in you and
Christ, but by reason of miraculous deeds the goodness of his commandments, help
and powers I exhort you by faith in Jesus this man in his error for he has shown
Christ. Let no one wait for another savior goodness to a great many of Gods ser-
besides him who was despised and whom vants. When Peter learned this he was
140 NON-CANONICAL ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
the words with which he was deceiving you, upon whom he laid his hands, whom
the onlookers, and all were amazed. he has also chosen, with whom he even
performed miraculous deedsif you
contest between Simon and the dog, the name of Jesus Christ, the Son of my
which you sent inside. For Simon says to God, by whom all things impossible be-
the dog, Say I am not here. But the dog come possible.
tells him more things than you com-
manded. And when he has fullled your
wish he will die at your feet. And Peter
said, Demon, whoever you are, in the
12 And Simon, being inside;
spoke thus to the dog, Tell Pe-
ter that I am not in. But the dog said to
name of our Lord Jesus Christ depart him in the presence of Marcellus, You
from this young man without hurting most wicked and shameless man, worst
him. Show yourself to all present. When enemy of all who live and believe in
the young man heard this he rushed for- Christ Jesus. A dumb animal, which re-
ward, took hold of a large marble statue, ceived a human voice, has been sent to
which stood in the courtyard of the you to convict you and to prove that you
house, and kicked it to pieces. It was a are a cheat and deceiver. Did it require
statue of Caesar. When Marcellus saw so many hours for you to say, Say I am
this he beat his forehead and said to Peter, not here! You have not been ashamed to
A great crime has been committed, for lift up your weak and useless voice
should Caesar hear of it through one of against Peter, the servant and apostle of
his spies he will greatly punish us. Peter Christ, as if you could be hidden from
answered, I see that you are not the man him who told me to speak to your face.
you were a short time ago when you said And this is not for your sake, but on
you were ready to spend everything for account of those whom you deceived and
the salvation of your soul. But if you are brought to perdition. You shall therefore
truly repentant and believe in Christ with be accursed, enemy and destroyer of the
all your heart, take running water into way of Christs truth. He shall punish
your hands and, beseeching the Lord, your iniquities, which you have done,
sprinkle it in his name on the pieces of with imperishable re and you shall be
the statue and it shall be a whole as be- in outer darkness. Having spoken these
fore. Marcellus did not doubt, but be- words the dog ran away. And the multi-
lieved with his whole heart, and before tude followed so that Simon remained
taking the water he lifted up his hands alone. And the dog came to Peter who
and said, I believe in you, Lord Jesus was with the crowd who had come to see
Christ. For your apostle Peter has exam- the face of Peter; and the dog reported
ined me whether I truly believe in your what had happened with Simon. To the
holy name. Therefore I take water in my messenger and apostle of the true God
hands and sprinkle these stones in your the dog said as follows, Peter, you shall
name that the statue become whole again have a hard ght with Simon, the enemy
as before. If it is your will, O Lord, that of Christ, and with his adherents, but
I live and receive no punishment from many whom he deceived you shall con-
Caesar, let this statute be whole as be- vert to the faith. For this you shall receive
fore. And he sprinkled water on the a reward for your work from God. Hav-
stones, and the statue became whole. Pe- ing thus spoken the dog fell at the feet of
ter, therefore, exulted that he had not Peter and expired. When the multitude
hesitated to petition the Lord, and Mar- with great astonishment saw the talking
cellus also rejoiced in the Spirit, that the dog, many fell down at the feet of Peter,
rst miracle took place by his hands. He but others said, Show us another miracle
believed therefore, with all his heart in that we may believe in you as a servant
THE ACTS OF PETER 143
of the living God, for Simon too did vants, having obtained permission,
many wonders in our presence, and on treated him in the most shameful way;
that account we followed him. some struck him in the face, some beat
him with a rod, some ung stones at him,
whom you perverted and led away from you his right hand; through him we have
Christ. Your whole evil nature will light unapproachable which darkness
therefore be manifested, and your mach- cannot hide. Through me he says to you,
inations will be spoiled. Now I say to Open your eyes, see and walk on your
you a last word: Jesus Christ says to own. And the widow at once saw Peter
you, Be speechless by the power of my put his hand upon her. When Peter came
name and leave Rome till the coming into the dining-room he saw that the gos-
Sabbath. pel was being read. And rolling it up he
At once he became speechless, and said, People, who believe in Christ and
being constrained he left Rome till the hope in him, you shall know how the
next Sabbath and lodged in a stable. The holy scriptures of our Lord must be ex-
woman returned to Peter with the baby plained. What we have written down ac-
and told Peter and the other brethren what cording to his grace, though it may seem
the child had said to Simon. And they to you as yet so little, contains what is
praised the Lord who had shown these endurable to be understood by humanity.
things to humans. It is necessary that we rst know Gods
will or his goodness; for when deceit was
prophet says, He bears our griefs; and is have yours also; show us, both of you,
aficted for us; yet we did esteem him whom we must believe. And when they
stricken and aficted.5 For he is in the had spoken Simon also came. Dismayed,
Father and the Father in him; in him also he stood by the side of Peter gazing
is the fullness of all majesty, who has closely at him. After a long silence Peter
shown us all his benets. He ate and said, Roman men, you shall be our true
drank on our account though he was nei- judges. I say that I believe in the living
ther hungry nor thirsty; he suffered and and true God, of whom I will give you
bore reproaches for us, he died and rose proof already known to me, and to which
for us. He also defended and strength- many among you testify. You see that this
ened me through his greatness when I man is silent because he has been refuted
sinned; he will also comfort you, so that and because I have driven him from Ju-
you may love him, this Great and Small daea on account of the frauds perpetrated
One, this Beautiful and Ugly One, this upon Eubola, a highly respected but sim-
Young Man and Old Man, appearing in ple woman, by means of his magic. Hav-
time, yet utterly invisible in eternity; ing been expelled by me from there, he
whom a human hand has not grasped, yet has come here believing that he could
is held by his servants; whom esh has remain hidden among you; and now here
not seen and now sees; who has not been he stands face to face with me. Tell me,
heard, but is known now as the word Simon, did you not fall at my feet and
which is heard; never chastised, but now those of Paul, when in Jerusalem you saw
chastised; who was before the world and the miraculous cures which took place by
is now perceived in time, beginning our hands, and say, I pray you, take as
greater than all dominion, yet delivered much money from me as you wish, that
to the princes; glorious, but lowly among I too by laying on of hands may perform
us; ugly, yet foreseeing. This Jesus you such deeds? And when we heard this
have, brethren, the door, the light, the from you, we cursed you: do you think
way, the bread, the water, the life, the that we try to possess money? And now
resurrection, the refreshment, the pearl, are you afraid? My name is Peter, be-
the treasure, the seed, the abundance, the cause the Lord Christ had the grace to
grain of mustard seed, the vine, the call me to be ready for every cause. For
plough, the grace, the faith, the word: he I believe in the living God, through
is everything, and there is none greater whom I shall destroy your magic arts.
than he; to him be praise in all eternity. Let Simon perform in your presence the
Amen. . . . wonderful things which he used to do.
And will you not believe me what I just
of Peter, we will lift him up and bring enlighten, appear, revive the son of the
to Peter, that he may revive him and re- aged widow, who is helpless without him.
store him to you. And I take the word of my Lord Christ
and say to you, Young man, arise and
by him, and I dare to call upon him to burn him at once. Simon came to the
raise the dead. Go, therefore, woman, head of the dead man, bowed three times,
and have your son brought here and and he showed the people how the dead
have him raised. And the woman made man had lifted up his head and moved it,
her way through the multitude, ran into and opened his eyes and lightly bowed
the street with great joy, and believed to Simon. And immediately they began
with her heart; coming to the house she to gather wood to burn Peter. But Peter,
made her slaves carry him and came having received the power of Christ,
back to the forum. And she told the lifted up his voice and said to those who
young men to cover their heads and go were shouting against him, Now I see,
before the bier and carry everything that Romans, that I must not call you foolish
she intended to spend on the body of and silly so long as your eyes and your
her son in front of the bier, so that Pe- ears and your senses are blinded. So long
ter, seeing this, might have pity on the as your mind is darkened you do not
body and on her. With them all as perceive that you are bewitched, since
mourners she came to the assembly, fol- you seemingly believe that a dead man
lowed by a multitude of senators and la- rose who has not risen. I would have been
dies who came to see Gods wonderful content, Romans, to keep silent and to
deeds. And Nicostratus (the man who die in silence and to leave you among the
had died) was very noble and respected illusions of this world. But the punish-
in the senate. They brought him and ment of the unquenchable re is before
placed him before Peter. And Peter asked my eyes. If you agree, let the dead man
them to be silent and said with a very speak, let him rise; if he is alive, let him
loud voice, Romans, let a righteous untie the band from his chin, let him call
judgment now take place between me and his mother and say to you, Bawlers, why
Simon, and judge which of us believes in are you crying? Let him beckon to you
the living God, he or I. Let him revive with his hand. If, therefore, you wish to
the body which is before us, and believe see that he is dead and you are spell-
in him as an angel of God. If he is not bound, let this man step back from the
able I will call upon my God. I will re- bier, this one who persuaded you to with-
store the son alive to his mother and then draw from Christ, and you shall see the
you shall believe that he is a sorcerer and dead man as you saw him when you
deceiver, this man who enjoys your hos- brought him in. And the prefect Agrippa
pitality. When they heard this, it seemed could no longer restrain himself but rose
right to them what Peter had said. They and with his own hand pushed Simon
encouraged Simon saying, Show your- away. And the dead man looked as he
self publicly what you can do; either you had before. And the people were enraged
convince us or you shall be convicted. and, converted from the magical spell of
Why do you stand still? Commence. Simon, began to cry, Hear, O Caesar,
When Simon perceived that they all should the dead not rise let Simon be
pushed him, he stood in silence. When burned instead of Peter, because he has
the people had become quiet and were really deceived us. But Peter stretched
looking at him, Simon cried out and said, forth his hand and said, Romans, be
Romans, when you see that the dead patient. I do not say that Simon should
man is raised, will you cast Peter out of be burned if the boy is restored; it is only
the city? And the whole multitude said, when I tell you to do it, that you will.
We shall not only cast him out but also And the people cried, Even if you
THE ACTS OF PETER 149
should not wish it, Peter, we shall do it. this he was still more strengthened in the
Peter said to them, If you continue, the spirit by the help of the Lord and said to
boy shall not rise. We have learned not the people, Romans, thus the dead are
to recompense evil for evil, but we have awakened, thus they speak, thus they
learned to love our enemies and to pray walk when they are raised; they live for
for those who persecute us. For should so long as it pleases God. But now I turn
even he repent, it is better. For God will to you who came to see the spectacle. If
not remember the evil. Let him, therefore, you repent now from your sins and from
come to the light of Christ. But if he all your human-made gods and from all
cannot, let him inherit the portion of his uncleanness and lust, you shall receive
father, the devil. But do not let your hands the communion of Christ in faith so that
be contaminated. Having thus spoken to you may obtain life for eternity.
the people he came to the boy, and before
raising him he said to his mother, These
young men, whom you set free in honor
of your son, can as free men obey their
29 From that hour on they wor-
shipped him like a god, and the
sick, whom they had at home, they
living master. For I know that the souls brought to his feet to be cured by him.
of some among them will be wounded And when the prefect perceived that such
when they see your risen son and serve a great multitude adhered to Peter he
again as slaves. But let them all be free asked him to depart. And Peter bade the
and receive their subsistence as before people come into the house of Marcellus.
for your son shall rise againand let And the mother of the lad asked Peter to
them be with him. And Peter looked at come to her house. But Peter had ar-
her for some time awaiting the answer. ranged to go to Marcellus on Sunday to
And the mother of the boy said, How see the widows, as Marcellus had prom-
can I do otherwise? Therefore I declare ised, so that he might minister to them
before the prefect that they should pos- with his own hand. And the lad who had
sess all that which I had to spend on the been raised said, I shall not leave Peter.
corpse of my son. Peter said to her, Let And his mother returned joyfully and
the rest be divided among the widows. cheerfully to her house. And on the day
And Peter rejoiced in his soul and said in after the Sabbath she came into the house
the spirit, O Lord, who are merciful, of Marcellus and brought two thousand
Jesus Christ, manifest yourself to your pieces of gold and said to Peter, Divide
servant Peter who calls upon you, as you these among the virgins of Christ who
always show mercy and goodness. In the minister to him. But the lad who had
presence of all these who have been set been raised, perceiving that he had not
free, that they may be able to serve, let yet given anything to anyone, ran to his
Nicostratus now arise. And Peter house, opened a chest, and brought four
touched the side of the lad and said, thousand pieces of gold, and said to Peter,
Arise. And the lad arose, took up his See, I also, who have been raised, offer
garment and sat and untied his chin, the double gift and present myself from
asked for other garments, came down now on as a living sacrice to God.
from the bier, and said to Peter, I beg
you, man, let us go to our Lord Christ,
whom I heard speak to you; he said to
you, pointing at me, Bring him here, for
30 And on Sunday Peter spoke to
the brethren and encouraged
them in the faith of Christ. And many
he belongs to me. When Peter heard senators and knights and wealthy women
150 NON-CANONICAL ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
and matrons were present, and they were disciples who were steadfast laughed him
strengthened in the faith. There was also to scorn. In the dining halls he made
present a very rich woman, named some spirits appear which had the sem-
Chryse, because all her vessels were of blance of life, but in reality did not exist.
goldsince her birth she had never used And what more shall I say? Having spo-
a vessel of silver or of glass, but only of ken a great deal about magic14 he seem-
gold. She said to Peter, Peter, servant of ingly cured the lame and blind for a time,
God, in a dream the one whom you call and many dead persons, too, he made
God came and said to me, Chryse, bring alive and made them move about, as well
ten thousand pieces of gold to my servant as Stratonicus.15 In all this Peter followed
Peter; you owe them to him. So I have him and refuted him before those who
brought them, fearing that some evil may saw it. And as he was always out of favor,
come from him whom I saw and who has and was ridiculed by the Romans and
gone to heaven. And having said this lost their condence since he promised
she laid down the money and went away. to do something which he could not do,
And Peter seeing this praised God that it came about that he said to them, Ro-
the poor could now be provided for. mans, you now think that Peter has over-
Some of those present said to him, Peter, come me as if he were mightier than I,
is it not wrong to have accepted this and you now pay more attention to him.
money from her? All Rome knows of her You are mistaken. For tomorrow I shall
fornication, and it is reported that she is leave you godless and impious ones and
not satised with one husband; she uses take refuge with God above, whose
even her own slaves. Therefore have power I am, though enfeebled. If, there-
nothing to do with the Chryses table, but fore, you have fallen, behold I stand. I
let everything be sent back to her that ascend to the father, and shall say to him,
came from her. When Peter heard this Me, your son who stands, they desired
he laughed and said to the brethren, As to bring low; however, I had no deal with
to her conduct, I know nothing of it; since them, but returned to myself.
I have received this money I received it
not without reason; she brought it to me
as a debtor to Christ and gives it to the
servants of Christ. For he himself has
32 And on the following day a
still larger multitude gathered
on the via sacra to see him y. And Pe-
provided for them. ter also went to the place to see the
spectacle and to refute him. For when
31 And they also brought the sick
to him on the Sabbath and
asked him to treat them. And many par-
he came to Rome he astonished the
people by his ying. But Peter, who re-
buked him, was not yet at Rome, which
alytics and podagrous were healed, and he so misled and deceived that some
those who had two- and four-day fevers were driven out of their senses. And
and other diseases, and believed in the standing on an elevated place, upon see-
name of Jesus Christ, and very many ing Peter he began to speak. Peter,
were added every day to the grace of the now, as I am about to ascend in the
Lord. When some days had passed Simon
the magician promised the people that he
could persuade Peter not to believe in the 14
Greek unclear. Possibly the phrase should be: Al-
true God but in a fallacious one. As he though he had often been refuted for his magic art.
performed many tricks those among the 15
Latin reads Nicostratus.
THE ACTS OF PETER 151
myself. And Agrippa said, I suffered also plant others through him. I will not
the same, for he has alienated my con- object so long as the Lord will keep me
cubines. And Albinus said to him, Why alive; and again if he will take me away
are you waiting, Agrippa? Let us seize I shall be glad and rejoice.
him and kill him as a trouble-maker, so While Peter was speaking the brethren
that we may get our wives back and wept and four soldiers arrested him and
avenge those who cannot kill him but brought him to Agrippa. And being en-
whose wives he has also alienated. raged he ordered that he be crucied for
godlessness. And the whole multitude of
not this to be a cross which is visible; for beloved, who now hear, and those who
my passion, like that of Christ, is entirely shall hear it, must renounce the rst error
different from that which is visible. And and turn again. For you ought to come to
now especially, since you who can hear the cross of Christ, who is the extended
can hear it from me who am in the last Word, the one and only, concerning
and parting hour of life, listen. Keep your whom the Spirit says, For what else is
souls from everything which you can per- Christ than the Word, the sound of God?
ceive with the senses, from all that seems The Word is this upright tree on which I
to be, and is not truly real. Close these am crucied; the sound, however, is the
your eyes, shut these your ears; withdraw crossbeam, namely the nature of man;
from actions which are seen outwardly and the nail which holds the crossbeam
and you shall perceive the facts about to the upright in the middle is the con-
Christ and the whole mystery of your version and repentance of man.
salvation. But the hour has come for you,
Peter, to deliver your body to those who
are taking it. Take it, whose business it
is. Of you, executioners, I ask to crucify 39 Since you have made this
known and revealed these
things to me, O Word of life, which is
me with head downwards, and not oth-
erwise. And the reason I shall explain to now called tree, I thank you, not with
those who listen. these lips which are nailed, neither with
this tongue, through which comes forth
truth and falsehood, nor with this word,
38 After they had hanged him up
as he wished he began to speak
again, Men, whose calling it is to hear,
which is produced by the skill of earthly
nature, but I thank you, O King, with that
listen to what I, being hanged, am about voice which is heard through silence,
to tell you now. Understand the mystery which is not heard by all, which does not
of the whole creation and the beginning come through the organs of the body,
of all things, how it was. For the rst which does not enter the ears of esh nor
man, whose image I bear, in falling head is heard by corruptible substance, which
downward showed a manner of birth is not in the world or sounds upon earth,
which did not formerly exist, for it was which is also not written in books, nor
dead, having no motion. He, having been belongs to one, nor to another, but with
drawn down, he who cast his origin upon this voice, Jesus Christ, I thank you: with
the earth, established the whole of the the silence of the voice with which the
cosmic system, suspended after the man- Spirit within me intercedes, who loves
ner of his calling, whereby he showed the you, speaks with you, and sees you. You
right as the left and the left as the right are known only to the Spirit. You are to
and changed all signs of nature, to behold me, father, mother, brother, friend, ser-
the ugly as beautiful and the really evil vant, steward. You are all, and all is in
as good. Concerning this the Lord says you; and you are Being, and there is
in a mystery, Unless you make the right nothing that is except you. To him, breth-
as the left and the left as the right, and ren, you also take refuge and learn that
the top as the bottom and the front as the your existence is in him alone, and you
back, you shall not know the Kingdom.16 shall then obtain that of which he said to
I explain this information to you, and the
manner of my suspension is symbolic of
that man who was rst made. You, my 16
Cf. Acts of Philip 140; Gospel of Thomas 22.
154 NON-CANONICAL ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
you, Eye has not seen, nor ear heard, and he remained with those who had been
neither has it entered into the heart of strengthened by Peter in the faith of
man.17 We now ask undeled Jesus for Christ, strengthening himself even more
that which you promised to give us; we till the arrival of Paul at Rome.
praise you, we thank you, we confess you
in glorifying you, though we are weak,
because you alone are God and no other,
to whom be glory now and for ever,
41 When Nero heard that Peter
had departed this life, he
blamed the prefect Agrippa for having
Amen. him killed without his knowledge; he had
intended to punish him the more cruelly
Introduction
There are more epistles in the New Testament than any other genre: four
Gospels, one book of Acts, and one apocalypse, but twenty-one epistles. It
is somewhat ironic that relatively few apocryphal epistles exist. There are
some, of course, and these still make for fascinating reading. They include
a set of correspondence allegedly between the apostle Paul and the greatest
philosopher of his day Seneca (the historical Seneca, of course, knew
nothing of Paul) and an anti-heretical piece called 3 Corinthians (to match
the 1 and 2 Corinthians of the New Testament).
Other epistles that were not forged in the name of an apostle are
included in this collection because they were revered by one group or
another as bearing sacred authority. This is true even of orthodox produc-
tions such as the Epistle of Barnabas, which is an anonymous piece later
attributed to Pauls traveling companion Barnabas, and the letter of 1
Clement, later assigned to a person thought to be a bishop of Rome. Both
Barnabas and 1 Clement were considered by some orthodox Christians of
later times to be canonical authorities and so were included in some man-
uscripts of the New Testament. Yet other non-canonical letters embody
heretical concerns, including several that are clearly gnostic creations
which try, in fact, to convince proto-orthodox readers that a gnostic point
of view is correct (e.g., Ptolemys Letter to Flora and the Letter to Rheginus).
Some of the books included here are not typical letters, but are addresses
to communities providing instruction on how to conduct their communal
lives (e.g., the Didache [i.e., the Teaching] of the Apostles).
As is true of other writings found throughout this collection, some of
these books have long been known by scholars (e.g., the Letter to the
Laodiceans), whereas othersboth orthodox and hereticalhave been dis-
covered just in modern times, often to much fanfare (e.g., the Didache and
the Letter to Rheginus). Taken as a group, they show just how wide ranging
the early Christian movement was in terms of belief, communal life, litur-
gical practice, and ethics.
The Third Letter to
the Corinthians
1
For a discussion of Christian Gnosticism, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, pp. 11334.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, based on the Greek text in Michel Testuz, Papyrus
Bodmer XXII; Correspondance apocryphe des Corinthiens et de lapotre Paul (Cologne-
Geneva: Bibliotheca Bodmeriana, 1959).
157
158 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
The Letter of the Corinthians to Paul comehe who is rejected by those who
have debased his sayings. For in the be-
Stephanus and the Presbyters with ginning I delivered over to you the teach-
him, Daphnus, Euboulus, Theophilus, ings I received from the apostles who
and Zenon, to Paul, who is in the Lord. were before me, who spent their entire
Greetings! time with Jesus Christ: that our Lord
Two men, a certain Simon and Cleo- Christ Jesus was born from Mary, from
bius, have come to Corinth and upset the the seed of David, when the Holy Spirit
faith of some by their corrupt teachings, was sent from heaven into her by the
which you can evaluate for yourself. For Father, that he might come into the world
we have never heard such teachings ei- and set free all esh through his esh,
ther from you or anyone else. But we and might raise us from the dead as
have kept the things we received from eshly beings, just as he showed himself
you and our other teachers. And so, since as a model; and that humans were formed
the Lord has shown us mercy, come to by his Father. For this reason they were
us while you are in the esh, or write sought out by him while they were per-
back to us, that we may hear your teach- ishing, that he might make them live
ings again. For we believe what was re- through their adoption as Gods children.
vealed to Theonoe, that the Lord has For God who is over all, the Almighty,
saved you from the hand of the Lawless the one who made heaven and earth, sent
one. prophets to the Jews rst of all, that they
For this is what they are saying and might be pulled away from their sins. For
teaching: that there is no need to consider he wanted to save the house of Israel.
the [Hebrew] prophets; that God is not And so he sent a portion of the Spirit of
the Almighty; that there is no resurrection Christ into the prophets, who proclaimed
of the esh; that humans are not Gods the true worship of God for many years.
creation; that the Lord did not come (into For the unrighteous ruler who wanted to
the world) in the esh; that he was not be God laid hands on them and delivered
born from Mary; and that the world did all human esh to the bondage of
not come from God but from angels. pleasure.
For this reason, brother, make all haste But since God the Almighty was righ-
to come, that the Corinthian church may teous, and did not wish to abandon his
continue to have no cause of stumbling own creation, he sent down the Spirit
and that the foolishness of these men may through re into Mary the Galilean, that
be made clear. the evil one might be defeated through
Farewell in the Lord. that same perishing esh that he used in
his dealings with others. In this way he
would convincingly be shown not to be
The Letter of Paul to the Corinthians God. For by his own body Christ Jesus
Concerning the Flesh saved all esh, that he might show forth
a temple of righteousness by his own
Paul, the prisoner of Jesus Christ and body, by which we have been set free.
who is in the midst of many failures, to Those others, therefore, are not children
the brothers in Corinth. Greetings! of righteousness but children of wrath;
I am not surprised that the doctrines they try to restrain Gods foreknowledge
of the evil one have moved forward so by saying that heaven and earth and all
quickly; for the Lord Christ will soon that is in them is not the work of the
THE THIRD LETTER TO THE CORINTHIANS 159
Father. They have the cursed faith of the you who believe in Christ Jesus, just as
serpent. Reject such people and ee from he himself was raised, O you of little
their teaching. faith!
There is no resurrection for those who And if a corpse was cast onto the bones
tell you there is no resurrection of the of the prophet Elisha by the sons of Is-
esh, who deny, in fact, the one who is rael, and was then raised up in the body
risen. For they do not know, O men of what about you? When the body, bones,
Corinth, about the sowing of wheat or and spirit of Christ have been cast upon
other seed, that it is cast naked on the you in that last day, will you not be raised
earth and after it disintegrates in the with esh intact?
depths it is raised by the will of God, If anyone accepts some other teaching,
in a body and fully clothed, so that let him not cause me trouble. For I have
not only is the body that is cast down chains on my hands that I may gain
raised up, but it is multiplied, erect, and Christ, and marks on my body that I may
blessed. come to the resurrection of the dead.
And if we are not to make a parable Anyone who remains in the rule received
out of the seed, you should know that through the blessed prophets and the holy
Jonah, the son of Amathias, when he re- Gospel will receive a reward. Anyone
fused to preach in Nineveh, was swal- who transgresses these things is bound
lowed by a huge sh. After three days for the re, as are those atheists who have
and nights God heard Jonah praying from come before themoffspring of vipers,
the depths of Hadesand not a bit of whom you should reject by the power of
him was corrupted, not even a hair or an the Lord.
eyelash. How much more will he raise May peace be with you.
The Correspondence Between
Paul and Seneca
The apostle Paul was without doubt one of the most important gures of
early Christianity. Some scholars have gone so far as to label him the
second founder of Christianity, by which they mean that his theological
emphasis on the death and resurrection of Jesus for salvation from sin
marked a distinct modication of Jesus simple message of the need of
repentance and forgiveness. In any event, Pauls importance in the New
Testament is quite clear: thirteen of its twenty-seven books claim to be
written by him, another was included in the canon because early Christians
thought he wrote it (the anonymous book of Hebrews), and another is
largely written about him (the book of Acts).
Despite his importance to the early Christian movement, Paul was not
well known or inuential on his world at large. It is a striking fact that he
is never mentioned in any of the writings of his Jewish and Roman contem-
poraries. In order make up for this perceived decit, sometime in the fourth
Christian century an unknown author forged a series of fourteen letters
between the apostle and the most famous philosopher of his day, Seneca.
Seneca, an important statesman as well as author, had been the tutor of the
young Nero; when Nero later became emperor of Rome, he appointed
Seneca as a political advisor.
The pseudonymous correspondence between Seneca and Paul presup-
poses that historical context, as Seneca praises Pauls brilliance and indicates
that he has shown Pauls letters to the emperor, who was himself impressed
with his god-given ideas. Apart from a show of mutual admiration, there is
little of substance in the correspondence, with the exception of letter eleven,
which mentions the re in Rome allegedly started by Nero but blamed on
the Christians. The pseudonymous letters serve, then, principally to elevate
the importance of Paul in the eyes of the world, as his theological insights
are celebrated by a world-renowned philosopher of his day and the emperor
of Rome himself.
160
THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN PAUL AND SENECA 161
10. To Seneca Paul greeting oning, and just as the best is sacriced as
one life for many, so he shall be sacriced
Whenever I write to you and place my for all and burned by re. One hundred
name after yours, I commit a serious fault and thirty-two private houses and four
and one incompatible with my status. For thousand apartment-houses burned in six
I ought, as I have often claimed, to be all days; the seventh day gave respite. I hope
things to all men and to observe towards that you are in good health, brother. Writ-
you what the Roman law has granted for ten 28 March in the consulship of Frugi
the honour of the senatenamely, to and Bassus [ ad 64].
choose the last place when I have nished
my letter, lest I desire to perform in an
inadequate and disgraceful manner what
12. Seneca to Paul greeting
is my own will. Farewell, most devoted
of teachers. Written 27 June in the con-
Greetings, my dearly beloved Paul. If
sulship of Nero III and Messala [ ad
such a great man as you and one who is
58].
beloved of God is to be, I do not say
joined, but intimately associated in all
respects with me and my name, then your
11. Seneca to Paul greeting
Seneca will be wholly satised. Since,
therefore, you are the peak and crest of
Greetings, my dearly beloved Paul. Do
all the most lofty mountains, do you not,
you think I am not saddened and grieved
then, wish me to rejoice if I am so close
because you innocent people are repeat-
to you as to be considered a second self
edly punished? Or because the whole
of yours? Therefore do not think that you
populace believes you so implacable and
are unworthy of having your name in rst
so liable to guilt, thinking that every mis-
place in your letters, or else you may
fortune in the city is due to you? But let
seem to be tempting me rather than prais-
us endure it calmly and take advantage
ing me, especially since you know that
of whatever opportunity fortune allots to
you are a Roman citizen. For I wish that
us, until invincible happiness gives us
my position were yours, and that yours
release from our troubles. Earlier ages
were as mine. Farewell, my dearly be-
endured the Macedonian, the son of
loved Paul. Written 23 March in the con-
Philip, the Cyruses, Darius, Dionysius;
sulship of Apronianus and Capito [ ad
our own age endured Gaius Caesar; all
59].
of them were free to do whatever they
pleased. The source of the frequent res
which the city of Rome suffers is plain.
But if lowly people had been allowed to 13. Seneca to Paul greeting
tell the reason, and if it were permitted
to speak safely in these times of ill- Many writings composed by you are
fortune, everyone would now understand throughout allegorical and enigmatic,
everything. Christians and Jews, charged and for that reason you must adorn that
with responsibility for the realas! powerful gift of truth and talent which
are being put to death, as is usually the has been bestowed upon you not so much
case. That rufan, whoever he is, whose with embellishment of words as with a
pleasure is murdering and whose refuge certain amount of renement. And do not
is lying, is destined for his time of reck- fear, as I remember I have frequently
164 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
said, that many who affect such things The determination which your good
spoil the thoughts and emasculate the sense has attained must never fail
force of their subject-matter. I do wish namely, to avoid the outward manifesta-
you would obey me and comply with the tions of the heathens and the Israelites.
pure Latin style, giving a good appear- You must make yourself a new herald of
ance to your noble utterances, in order Jesus Christ by displaying with the
that the granting of this excellent gift may praises of rhetoric that blameless wisdom
be worthily performed by you. A kind which you have almost achieved and
farewell. Written 6 July in the consulship which you will present to the temporal
of Lurco and Sabinus [ ad 58]. king and to the members of his household
and to his trusted friends, whom you will
nd it difcult or nearly impossible to
14. Paul to Seneca greeting persuade, since many of them are not at
all inuenced by your presentations.
Things have been revealed to you in your Once the word of God has inspired the
reections which the Godhead has blessing of life within them it will create
granted to few. Therefore I am certain a new man, without corruption, an abid-
that I am sowing a rich seed in a fertile ing being, hastening thence to God. Fare-
eld, not a corruptible matter, but the well, Seneca, most dear to us. Written 1
abiding word of God, derived from him August in the consulship of Lurco and
who is ever-increasing and ever-abiding. Sabinus [ ad 58].
Pauls Letter to the
Laodiceans
1 2
See further, Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 21315. On the life and teachings of Marcion, see
Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 10309.
165
166 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
1 Paul, an apostle not of men and not 9 And his mercy will work in you, that
through man, but through Jesus Christ, to you may have the same love and be of
the brethren who are in Laodicea: one mind. 10 Therefore, beloved, as you
2 Grace to you and peace from God the have heard in my presence, so hold fast
Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. and work in the fear of God, and eternal
3 I thank Christ in all my prayer that life will be yours. 11 For it is God who
you continue in him and persevere in his works in you. 12 And do without hesi-
works, in expectation of the promise at tation what you do. 13 And for the rest,
the day of judgement. 4 And may you beloved, rejoice in Christ and beware of
not be deceived by the vain talk of some those who are out for sordid gain.
people who tell tales that they may lead 14 May all your requests be manifest be-
you away from the truth of the gospel fore God, and be steadfast in the mind of
which is proclaimed by me. 5 And now Christ. 15 And do what is pure, true,
may God grant that those who come from proper, just, and lovely. 16 And what you
me for the furtherance of the truth of the have heard and received, hold in your
gospel ( . . . ) may be able to serve and heart, and peace will be with you.
to do good works for the well-being of 17 3 Salute all the brethren with the
eternal life. holy kiss. 18 The saints salute you.
6 And now my bonds are manifest, 19 The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be
which I suffer in Christ, on account of with your spirit. 20 And see that (this
which I am glad and rejoice. 7 This to epistle) is read to the Colossians4 and that
me leads to eternal salvation, which itself of the Colossians to you.
is brought about through your prayers
and by the help of the Holy Spirit,
whether it be through life or through
death. 8 For my life is in Christ and to 3
V. 17 is absent in some manuscripts. 4
Some MSS
die is joy. omit to the Colossians.
The Letter of 1 Clement
1
For further discussion, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 14143.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, in The Apostolic Fathers, vol. 1 (Loeb Classical Library;
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003); used with permission.
167
168 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
3 And being lled with his holy will, each one walks according to the desires
you used to stretch out your hands to the of his evil heart, which have aroused un-
all-powerful God, zealous for the good, righteous and impious jealousy
with pious condence, begging him to be through which also death entered the
gracious if you inadvertently committed world.8
any sin.
4 Day and night you struggled on be-
half of the entire brotherhood, that the
total number of his chosen ones might
4 For so it is written, It came about
that after some days, Cain brought
an offering to God from the fruits of the
be saved, with mortal fear and self-
earth; and for his part, Abel brought from
awareness.b
the rst born of the sheep and their fat.
5 You were sincere and innocent and
2 And God looked favorably upon
bore no grudges against one another.
Abel and his gifts but paid no regard to
6 Every faction and schism was loath-
Cain and his offerings.
some to you. You used to grieve over
3 And Cain was extremely upset and
the unlawful acts of your neighbors
became downcast.
and considered their shortcomings your
4 And God said to Cain, Why have
own.
you become so upset and downcast? If
7 You had no regrets when doing good;
you brought the proper sacrice but did-
you were prepared for every good deed.3
not exercise proper discernment, have
8 You were adorned with a highly vir-
you not sinned?d
tuous and honorable way of life, and you
5 Be calm. He will return to you and
accomplished all things in reverential
you will rule over him.e
awe of him. The commandments and
6 And Cain said to his brother Abel,
righteous demands of the Lord were in-
Let us go into the eld. And it came
scribed upon the tablets of your heart.4
about that when they were in the eld,
Cain rose up against his brother Abel and
3 All glory and enlargement was
given to you, and that which was
written was fullled: My loved one ate
murdered him.9
7 You see, brothers, jealousy and envy
brought about the murder of a brother.
and drank and became large and grew fat
8 Because of jealousy our father Jacob
and kicked out with his heels.5
ed from the presence of Esau, his
2 From this came jealousy and envy,
brother.10
strife and faction, persecution and disor-
9 Jealousy caused Joseph to be perse-
derliness, war and captivity.
3 And so the dishonorable rose up
against the honorable, the disreputable
against the reputable, the senseless b
Or: conscientiously; meaning obscure cOr: the pres-
against the sensible, the young against byters. dOr: If you brought the proper sacrice but
did not divide it up properly, have you not sinned? Or,
the old.6, c If you have rightly brought an offering but have not
4 For this reason, righteousness and brought the right portion, have you not sinned? Or If
peace are far removed,7 since each has you have brought, as was right, an offering but have
not correctly discerned which one to bring, have you
abandoned the reverential awe of God not sinned? Meaning obscure, both in the Hebrew of
and become dim-sighted in faith, failing Genesis and in this Greek translation. eOr: It will
turn to you and you will rule over it; meaning obscure
to proceed in the ordinances of his com-
mandments and not living according to 3
Titus 3:1. 4Prov 7:3. 5Deut 32:15. 6Isa 3:5. 7Isa
what is appropriate in Christ. Instead, 59:14. 8Wis 2:24. 9Gen 4:38. 10Gen 27:41ff.
170 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
cuted to the point of death and to enter bearing his witness before the rulers. And
into slavery.11 so he was set free from this world and
10 Jealousy forced Moses to ee from transported up to the holy place, having
the presence of Pharoah, king of Egypt, become the greatest example of endur-
when he heard from his fellow country- ance.
men, Who made you an arbitrator or
judge over us? Do you want to kill me,
as you killed the Egyptian yester-
day?12
6 To these men who have conducted
themselves in such a holy way
there has been added a great multitude
11 Because of jealousy Aaron and Mir- of the elect, who have set a superb ex-
iam had to stay outside the camp.13 ample among us by the numerous tor-
12 Jealousy brought Dathan and Abi- ments and tortures they suffered because
ram down into Hades while still alive of jealousy.
because they created a faction against the 2 Women were persecuted as Danaids
servant of God, Moses.14 and Dircaef and suffered terrifying and
13 Because of jealousy not only did profane torments because of jealousy.
David incur envy from foreigners, but he But they condently completed the race
was even persecuted by Saul, the king of of faith, and though weak in body, they
Israel.15 received a noble reward.
3 Jealousy estranged wives from their
away and are going on down the road. kindness be shown to you; the amount
And she pointed them in the wrong you dispense will be the amount you
direction. receive.32
5 And she said to the men, I know 3 Let us strengthen one another in this
full well that the Lord God is handing commandment and these demands, so
this land over to you, for fear and trem- that we may forge ahead, obedient to his
bling has seized its inhabitants because words (which are well-suited for holi-
of you. When you take the land, save me ness) and humble-minded. For the holy
and my fathers household. word says,
6 They said to her, It will be just as 4 Upon whom shall I look, but upon
you have spoken to us. So, when you the one who is meek and mild and who
know that we are approaching, gather all trembles at my sayings?33
your family under your roof and they will
be saved. For whoever is found outside
the house will perish.
7 And they proceeded to give her a
14 And so it is right and holy for
us to obey God, brothers, rather
than follow those who instigate a foul
signh, that she should hang a piece of
jealousy with arrogance and disorder-
scarlet from her housemaking it clear
liness.
that it is through the blood of the Lord
2 For we will subject ourselves not to
that redemption will come to all who
some ordinary harm, but to real danger,
believe and hope in God.
if we rashly hand ourselves over to the
8 You see, loved ones, not only was
desires of those who rush headlong into
faith found in the woman, but prophecy
strife and faction and so estrange us from
as well.
what is good for us.
3 We should treat one another kindly,
13 And so we should be humble-
minded, brothers, laying aside
all arrogance, conceit, foolishness, and
according to the compassion and sweet
character of the one who made us.
4 For it is written, Those who are kind
forms of anger; and we should act in
will inhabit the land, and the innocent
accordance with what is written. For the
will be left upon it; but those who break
Holy Spirit says, The one who is wise
the law will be destroyed from it.34
should not boast about his wisdom, nor
5 And again it says, I saw one who
the one who is strong about his strength,
was impious greatly exalted and raised
nor the one who is wealthy about his
high as the cedars of Lebanon. Then I
wealth; instead, the one who boasts
passed by and look! He was no more.
should boast about the Lord, seeking af-
And I searched for his place, but did not
ter him and doing what is just and
nd it. Protect what is innocent and focus
right.31 We should especially remember
on what is upright, because the one who
the words the Lord Jesus spoke when
lives in peace will have a posterity.35 . . .
teaching about gentleness and patience.
2 For he said: Show mercy, that you
may be shown mercy; forgive, that it may
h
be forgiven you. As you do, so it will be Or: in addition they told her to give a sign
done to you; as you give, so it will be 31
Jer 9:2324; 1 Cor 1:31; 2 Cor 10:17. 32Matt 5:7; 6:
given to you; as you judge, so you will 1415; 7:12, 12; Luke 6:31, 3638. 33Isa 66:2.
be judged; as you show kindness, so will 34
Prov 2:2122; Ps 37:9, 38. 35Ps 37:3537.
174 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
4 And so it is right for us not to desert 5 Seek after peace and pursue it.
from his will. 6 The eyes of the Lord are upon the
5 It is better for us to offend foolish, upright, and his ears attend to their
senseless, and presumptuous people who prayer. But the face of the Lord is against
boast in the arrogance of their own talk those who do evil and destroys any rec-
than to offend God. ollection of them from the face of the
6 We should revere the Lord Jesus earth.
Christ, whose blood was given for us; we 7 The one who is upright has called
should respect our leaders; we should out, and the Lord has heard him and
honor the elderly;k we should discipline delivered him from all his afictions.39
our youth in the reverential fear of God; 8 Many are the plagues of the sinner,
we should set our wives along the straight but mercy will surround those who hope
path that leads to the good. in the Lord.40
7 Let them display a character of pu-
rity, worthy of love; let them exhibit the
innocent will of their meekness; let them
manifest the gentleness of their tongues
23 The benecent father, com-
passionate in every way, has
pity on those who stand in awe of him;
through how they speak; let them show gently and kindly does he bestow his
their love not with partiality, but equally gracious gifts on those who approach him
to all those who stand in reverential awe with a pure resolve.
of God in a holy way. 2 And so, we should not be of two
8 Let our children partake of the dis- minds, nor should we entertain wild no-
cipline that is in Christ. Let them learn tions about his superior and glorious
the strength of humility before God and gifts.
the power of pure love before God. Let 3 May this Scripture be far removed
them learn how the reverential awe of from us that says: How miserable are
him is beautiful and great, and how it those who are of two minds, who doubt
saves all those who conduct themselves in their soul, who say, We have heard
in itl in a holy way, with a clear under- these things from the time of our parents,
standing. and look! We have grown old, and none
9 For he is the one who explores our of these things has happened to us.
understandings and desires. His breath is 4 You fools! Compare yourselves to a
in us, and when he wishes, he will re- tree. Take a vine: rst it sheds its leaves,
move it. then a bud appears, then a leaf, then a
ower, and after these an unripe grape,
come quickly and not delay. And sud- deposits these things, and so hastens
denly the Lord will come to his temple back.
he who is holy, the one you await.42 5 Then the priests examine the records
of the times and discover that it has come
were about to believe, testing them by Moses did not know in advance this
the Spirit. would happen? Of course he knew. But
5 And this was no recent development. he did this so that there might be no
For indeed, bishops and deacons had disorderliness in Israel, that the name of
been mentioned in writings long before. the one who is true and unique might be
For thus the Scripture says in one place, gloried. To him be the glory forever and
I will appoint their bishops in right- ever. Amen.
eousness and their deacons in faith.49
some from the ministry held blamelessly 2 For it is written, Cling to those who
in honor among them, even though they are holy; for those who cling to them will
had been conducting themselves well. themselves be made holy.54
3 And again in another place it says,
52
Dan 6:16. 53Dan 3:19ff. 54Source unknown.
2.
Ps 18:2526. 56Eph 4:46. 57Matt 26:24; Luke 17:
180 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
the beginning of his proclamation of the able to speak forth knowledge, let him be
gospel? wise in his discernment of words, let him
3 To be sure, he sent you a letter in the be pure in deeds.
Spiritr concerning himself and Cephas 6 For the more he appears to be great,
and Apollos, since you were even then the more he should be humble, striving
engaged in partisanship.58 for the good of all, not just of himself.
4 But that partisanship involved you in
a relatively minor sin, for you were par-
tisan towards reputable apostles and a
man approved by them.
49
commanded.
The one who experiences love
in Christ should do what Christ
5 But now consider who has corrupted 2 Who can explain the bond of Gods
you and diminished the respect you had love?
because of your esteemed love of others. 3 Who is able to recount the greatness
6 It is shameful, loved ones, exceed- of its beauty?
ingly shameful and unworthy of your 4 The height to which love leads is
conduct in Christ, that the most secure beyond description.
and ancient church of the Corinthians is 5 Love binds us to God; love hides a
reported to have created a faction against multitude of sins;60 love bears all things
its presbyters, at the instigation of one or and endures all things. There is nothing
two persons. vulgar in love, nothing haughty. Love has
7 And this report has reached not only no schism, love creates no faction, love
us but even those who stand opposed to does all things in harmony. Everyone
us, so that blasphemies have been uttered chosen by God has been perfected in
against the Lords name because of your love; apart from love nothing is pleasing
foolishness; and you are exposing your- to God.61
selves to danger. 6 The Master has received us in love.
Because of the love he had for us, our
once: your people, whom you brought of plague, in order to deliver their fellow
out of the land of Egypt, have broken the citizens by shedding their own blood.
Law. They have departed quickly from Many left their own cities to avoid cre-
the path you commanded them to take ating more factions.
and cast metal idols for themselves. 2 Among ourselves, we know many
3 And the Lord said to him, I have who put themselves in prison in order to
spoken with you once and again: I have ransom others; many placed themselves
seen this people and know they are stiff- in slavery and fed others with the pur-
necked. Let me destroy them and I will chase price they received.
blot their name out from beneath the sky; 3 Many women were empowered by
and I will make you into a great and the gracious gift of God to perform nu-
spectacular nation, much greater than this merous manly deeds.
one. 4 The blessed Judith, when her city lay
4 And Moses said, May it never be under siege, asked the elders for permis-
Lord! Forgive the sin of this peopleor sion to go out to the foreigners camp.64
blot me also out from the book of the 5 And so she handed herself over to
living. danger, going out because she loved her
5 O great love! O incomparable per- homeland and the people under siege.
fection! The servant speaks boldly to the And the Lord handed Holofernes over to
Lord, and asks for the multitude to be the hand of a female.
forgivenor pleads for himself to be 6 No less did Esther, a woman perfect
blotted out with them. in faith, put herself in danger to rescue
the twelve tribes of Israel who were about
out of darkness into light, from ignorance your judgments, spectacular in your
into the knowledge of his glorious name. strength and magnicence; you are wise
3 Grant us, O Lord,s that we may hope when you create and understanding when
in your name, the ultimate source of all you establish what exists; you are good
creation. Open the eyes of our heart, that in what is seen and kind to those who
we may recognize you as the one alone trust you. You who are merciful and com-
who is the highest among the highest, passionate, forgive us for our lawless
the holy one who rests among the holy, acts, unjust deeds, transgressions, and
the one who humbles the insolence of the faults.
proud, who destroys the reasonings of 2 Take into account none of the sins
the nations, who exalts the humble to the committed by your male slaves and fe-
heights and humiliates the exalted, the male servants, but cleanse us with your
one who enriches and impoverishes, who truth. Set our steps straight that we may
kills and brings to life, the sole benefac- go forward with devout hearts, to do what
tor of spirits and the God of all esh, the is good and pleasing to you and to those
one who peers into the places of the who rule us.
abyss, who observes the works of hu- 3 Yes, Master, make your face shine
mans and helps those in danger, the on us in peace, for our own good, that
savior of those who have abandoned we may be protected by your powerful
hope, the creator and overseer of every hand and rescued from our every sin by
spirit, the one who multiplies the nations your exalted arm. And rescue us from
upon the earth and who from them all those who hate us without cause.
has chosen those who love you through 4 Give harmony and peace both to us
Jesus Christ, your beloved child, through and to all those who inhabit the earth,
whom you have disciplined, sanctied, just as you gave it to our ancestors when
and honored us. they called upon you in a holy way, in
4 We ask you, O Master, to be our faith and truth; and allow us to be obe-
helper and defender. Save those of us dient to your all-powerful and all-
who are in afiction, show mercy to those virtuous name, and to those who rule and
who are humble, raise those who have lead us here on earth.
fallen, show yourself to those who are in
need, heal those who are sick, set straight
those among your people who are going
astray. Feed the hungry, ransom our pris-
61 You have given them, O Mas-
ter, the authority to rule
through your magnicent and indescrib-
oners, raise up the weak, encourage the able power, that we may both recognize
despondent. Let all the nations know you, the glory and honor you have given them
that you alone are God, that Jesus Christ
is your child, and that we are your people
and the sheep of your pasture.
and subject ourselves to them, resisting have gazed into the sayings of Gods
nothing that conforms to your will. Give teaching.u
to them, O Lord, health, peace, harmony,
and stability, so that without faltering
they may administer the rule that you
have given to them.
63 Now that we have considered
such great and so many exam-
ples, it is right for us to bow our necks
2 For you, O Master, Heavenly King
in submission and assume a position of
forever, give humans glory, honor, and
obedience. In this way, by putting a halt
authority over the creatures of the earth.
to the futile faction, we will truly reach
O Lord, make their plan conform with
the goal set before us, with no blame
what is good and acceptable before you,
attached.
that when they administer with piety the
2 For you will make us joyful and
authority you have given them, in peace
happy if you become obedient to what
and meekness, they may attain your
we have written through the Holy Spirit
mercy.
and excise the wanton anger expressed
3 You who alone can to do these things
through your jealousy, in accordance
for us, and do what is more abundantly
with the request we have made in this
good, we praise you through the high
letter for your peace and harmony.
priest and benefactor of our souls, Jesus
3 And we have sent faithful and tem-
Christ, through whom the glory and maj-
perate men who have lived blamelessly
esty be yours both now and for all gen-
among us from youth to old age; these
erations and forever. Amen.
also will serve as witnesses between you
and us.
62 Brothers, we have written you
enough about what is tting for
our worship and what is most protable
4 We have done this that you may
know that our every concern has been
and isfor you to establish the peace
for the virtuous life, for those who want
quickly.
to conduct themselves in a pious and
upright way.
2 For we have touched on every aspect
of faith, repentance, genuine love, self-
restraint, moderation, and endurance, re-
64 And nally, may the God who
observes all things, the Master
of spirits and Lord of all esh, who chose
minding you that you must be pleasing, both the Lord Jesus Christ and us through
in a holy way, both to the all-powerful him to be his special peoplemay he
Godby acting in righteousness, truth, grant to every soul that is called by his
and patience, living in harmony, holding magnicent and holy name faith, rever-
no grudges, living in love and peace with ential awe, peace, endurance and pa-
fervent gentleness, just as our ancestors, tience, self-restraint, purity, and moder-
whom we mentioned before, were pleas- ation, that they may be found pleasing to
ing to God by being humble-minded to- his name through our high priest and
ward the Father, who is both God and benefactor, Jesus Christ. Through whom
Creatorand to all people. to him be glory and greatness, power
3 And we were all the more happy to
bring these things to mind, since we
knew full well that we were writing to
faithful and highly respectable men, who u
Or: the sayings of God that bring discipline
184 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
and honor, both now and forevermore. prayed and desired for you. Then we
Amen. will rejoice more quickly in your
stability.
In parts of early Christianity, down to at least the fth century, the book
known as 2 Clement was regarded as Scripture. It is included, along with 1
Clement, as one of the books of the New Testament in the fth-century
codex Alexandrinus.
The traditional title of the book (The Second Letter of Clement) is a
misnomer: the book was not produced by the author of 1 Clement (as is
evident on stylistic grounds) and is not a letter but a sermon (see 19:1). It
appears to have been delivered to an actual congregation; as such, it is the
oldest freestanding homily to survive from early Christianity.1
The audience, and probably the author, were former pagans who had
converted to Christianity (see 2:6). Based initially on an interpretation of
Isaiah 54:1, the homily largely consists of exhortations backed up by sayings
of Jesus, passages from the Old Testament, and writings of the apostles.
One of the authors sources appears to have been a Gnostic Gospel, possibly
the Gospel of Thomas (12:2). Other sources that he quotes are no longer
available to us, including one that contains an intriguing interchange be-
tween Peter and Jesus (5:24). The author uses these sacred texts to urge
his audience to repent and return to upright moral behavior in light of the
coming day of judgment. In the course of his exhortation he stresses the
reality of the future resurrection of the esh and attacks those who deny it
(8:1). His overarching points are that followers of Christ should recognize
the enormous debt they owe to God for the salvation he has wrought. In
response, they should repent of their sins, recognize that their new lives
cannot be tied to this sinful world in which they temporarily reside as aliens,
and commit themselves to good works and self-control in light of the
judgment of God that is sure to come.
It is difcult to say when, exactly, this sermon was written, but scholars
usually date it to the mid-second century, and locate its anonymous author
possibly in Corinth or Alexandria.
1
Outside, that is, of the New Testament, where several sermons can be found in the books of Acts
(e.g., chaps. 2 and 13), and which includes the book of Hebrews, thought by some scholars to be an
early Christian homily.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, in The Apostolic Fathers, vol. 1 (Loeb Classical Library;
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003); used with permission.
185
186 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
3 This then is our reward, if we ac- 3 But Peter replied to him, What if
knowledge the one through whom we the wolves rip apart the sheep?
were saved. 4 Jesus said to Peter, After they are
4 But how do we acknowledge him? dead, the sheep should fear the wolves
By doing the things he says, not disobey- no longer. So too you: do not fear those
ing his commandments, and not honoring who kill you and then can do nothing
him only with our lips but from our whole more to you; but fear the one who, after
heart and our whole understanding.6 you die, has the power to cast your body
5 For he also says in Isaiah, This peo- and soul into the hell of re.11
ple honors me with their lips, but their 5 You should realize, brothers, that our
heart is far removed from me.7 visit in this realm of the esh is brief and
short-lived, but the promise of Christ is
great and astoundingnamely, a rest in
4 For this reason we should not
merely call him Lord; for this will
not save us.
the coming kingdom and eternal life.
6 What then must we do to obtain these
things, except conduct ourselves in a holy
2 For he says, Not everyone who says
and upright way and consider these
to me, Lord, Lord will be saved, but
worldly affairs foreign to us, and not
only the one who does righteousness.8
yearn after them?
3 So then, brothers, we should ac-
7 For when we yearn to obtain these
knowledge him by what we do, by loving
things we fall away from the right path.
one another, by not committing adultery
or slandering one another or showing
envy. We should be restrained, charitable,
and good. We should be sympathetic with
one another and not be attached to
6 But the Lord says, No household
servant can serve as the slave of
two masters.12 If we wish to serve as
money. By doing such deeds we ac- slaves of both God and wealth, it is of no
knowledge him, not by doing their use to us.
opposites. 2 For what is the advantage of ac-
4 And we must not fear people, but quiring the whole world while forfeiting
God. your life?13
5 For this reason, when you do these 3 But this age and the age to come are
things, the Lord has said, Even if you two enemies.
were cuddled up with me next to my 4 This one preaches adultery, deprav-
breast but did not do what I have com- ity, avarice, and deceit, but that one re-
manded, I would cast you away and say nounces these things.
to you, Leave me! I do not know where 5 We cannot, therefore, be friends of
you are from, you who do what is both. We must renounce this world to
lawless. 9 obtain that one.
6 We think it better to despise the
things that are here, since they are brief,
5 Therefore, brothers, having aban-
doned our temporary residence in
this world, we should do the will of the
one who called us and not fear departing 6
Mark 12:30. 7Isa 29:13; cf. Matt 15:8; Mark 7:6; 1
from this world. Clem 15:2. 8Matt 7:21. 9Source unknown. 10Cf.
Matt 10:16; Luke 10:3. 11Source unknown. Cf. Matt
2 For the Lord said, You will be like 10:28; Luke 12:45. 12Luke 16:13; Matt 6:24.
sheep in the midst of wolves.10 13
Matt 16:26; Mark 8:36; Luke 9:25.
188 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
cannot receive the crown, we should at 2 Think about it! In what state were
least come close to it. you saved? In what state did you regain
4 We must realize that if someone is your sight? Was it not while you were in
caught cheating while competing in an this esh?
earthly contest, he is ogged and thrown 3 And so we must guard the esh like
out of the stadium. the temple of God.
5 What do you suppose? What will 4 For just as you were called in the
happen to the one who cheats in the eter- esh, so also you will come in the esh.
nal competition? 5 Since Jesus Christthe Lord who
6 As for those who do not keep the saved uswas rst a spirit and then be-
seal of their baptism, he says: Their
worm will not die nor their re be extin-
guished; and they will be a spectacle for 14
Ezek 14:14ff. 15Isa 66:24; cf. Mark 9:44, 46, 48.
all to see.15 16
Luke 16:1012.
THE LETTER OF 2 CLEMENT 189
came esh, and in this way called us, so heart, and then we will be upright. But if
also we will receive the reward in this we choose not to be enslaved to God, not
esh. believing in his promise, we will be
6 And so we should love one another, miserable.
that we may all enter the Kingdom of 2 For the prophetic word also says,
God. How miserable are those of two minds,
7 While we have time to be healed, let who doubt in their hearts, who say, We
us give ourselves over to the God who heard these things long ago, in the time
brings healing, paying him what is due. of our parents, but though we have waited
8 And what is that? Repentance from day after day, we have seen none of
a sincere heart. them.
9 For he knows all things in advance 3 Fools! Compare yourselves to a tree.
and recognizes what is in our hearts. Take a vine: rst it sheds its leaves, then
10 And so we should give him praise, a bud appears, and after these things an
not from our mouth alone but also from unripe grape, and then an entire bunch
our heart, that he may welcome us as fully grown.
children. 4 So too my people is now disorderly
11 For the Lord also said, My broth- and aficted; but then it will receive what
ers are these who do the will of my is good.18
Father.17 5 So my brothers, we should not be of
two minds but should remain hopeful,
3 Now the two are one when we 2 For the Lord says, My name is con-
speak truth to one another and when one stantly blasphemed among all the outsi-
soul exists in two bodies with no dersd.22 And again he says, Woe to the
posturing.b one who causes my name to be blas-
4 And the outside like the inside phemed.23 How is it blasphemed? When
means this: the inside refers to the soul you fail to do what I wish.
and the outside to the body. Just as 3 For when outsiderse hear the sayings
your body is visible, so too your soul of God from our mouths, they are aston-
should be clearly seen in your good ished at their beauty and greatness. Then
deeds. when they discover that our actions do
5 And the words the male with the not match our words, they turn from
female is neither male nor female mean astonishment to blasphemy, saying that
this, that a brother who sees a sister our faith is some kind of myth and error.
should think nothing about her being fe- 4 For, on the one hand, they hear from
male and shec should think nothing about us that God has said, It is no great ac-
his being male. complishment for you to love those who
6 When you do these things, he says, love you; it is great if you love your
the kingdom of my Father will come. enemies and those who hate you.24 And
when they hear these things, they are
1
For more information on the Pseudo-Clementine literature, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 182
85. 2On Jewish Christianity, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 95103.
191
192 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
to be worthy, let them then be handed generation, to the end that we might sin
over in the way no more.
2 in which Moses handed over his of-
ce of a teacher to the seventy, in order
that they may preserve the dogmas and
extend farther the rule of the truth, inter-
2 And let him say: As witness I in-
voke heaven, earth, and water, in
which everything is comprehended, and
preting everything in accordance with also in addition the all-pervading air,
our tradition and not being dragged into without which I am unable to breathe,
error through ignorance and uncertainty that I shall always be obedient to him
in their minds to bring others into the like who hands over to me the books of the
pit of destruction. preachings and shall not pass on to any
3 What seems to me to be necessary I one in any way the books which he may
have now indicated to you. And what give to me, that I shall neither copy them
you, my lord, deem to be right, do you nor give a copy of them nor allow them
carry ttingly into effect. Farewell. to come into the hands of a copyist, nei-
ther shall I myself do this nor shall I do
it through another, and not in any other
The Reception of the Letter way, through cunning or tricks, through
keeping them carelessly, through depos-
with me all the books that are in my whether he now is or is not, that I shall
possession. And if I purpose not to take not proceed otherwise. In addition to all
them with me, I shall not leave them that, if I am false to my word, I shall be
behind in my house, but shall consign accursed living and dead and suffer eter-
them to the care of my bishop, who is of nal punishment. And thereupon let him
the same faith and of like extraction. partake of bread and salt with him who
4 If I am sick and see death before me, hands over the books to him.
I shall, if I am childless, proceed in the 5 When James had said this, the elders
same way. I shall do the like if at the were pale with fright. Accordingly, ob-
time of my death my son is not worthy serving that they feared greatly, James
or is not yet of age. I shall deposit the said, Hear me, brethren and fellow-
books with my bishop that if, when my servants.
son has come of age, he should prove to 2 If we pass on the books to all without
be worthy of the trust that he may hand discrimination and if they are falsied by
them over to him as a fathers legacy audacious people and are spoiled by in-
according to the terms of the vow. terpretationsas indeed you have heard
that some have already donethen it will
1
For more detail, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 18285. 2See also the Letter of Peter to James
and its Reception; this letter served as an introduction to the Homilies. 3On Jewish-Christianity,
see further, Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 95103.
195
196 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
appeared later than he did and came in upon him as light upon darkness, as
knowledge upon ignorance, as healing upon sickness (Homilies 2: 17).
The Homilies are closely related to another surviving work of the third
century attributed to Clement, the Recognitions; both were evidently based
on an earlier legendary account of Clements travels that is now lost.
the appearing of the pairs of opposites, 5 And also from Abraham, the progen-
in that he has set before their eyes rst itor of our people, there issued two sons,
the small and then the great, rst the the older Ishmael and then Isaac, who
world and then eternity, this world being was blessed by God.
transitory, but the one to come eternal; 6 Again from this same Isaac there
so also ignorance precedes knowledge. sprang two sons, the godless Esau and
3 In the same way he has ordered the the godly Jacob.
bearers of the prophetic spirit. For since 7 Likewise there came rst, as rst-
the present is womanly and like a mother born into the world, the high priest
gives birth to children, but the future, (Aaron) and then the law-giver (Moses).
manly time on the other hand takes up
its children in the manner of a father,
4 therefore there come rst the proph-
ets of this world (who prophesy falsely,
17 The syzygy associated with Eli-
jah, which ought to have come,
willingly held off to another time, being
and) those who have the knowledge of resolved to take its place when the oc-
eternal things follow them because they casion arises.
are sons of the coming age. 2 Then in the same way there came
5 Had the God-fearing known this se- rst he who was among them that are
cret, then they would never have been born of women and only after that did he
able to go wrong, and also they would who belongs to the sons of men appear
even now have known that Simon, who as the second.
now confounds all, is merely a helpmate 3 Following up this disposition it
of the feeble left hand (of God, i.e., the would be possible to recognise where
evil one). Simon belongs, who as rst and before
me went to the Gentiles, and where I be-
unknown, condence is wrongly placed rest sat beside one another in the middle
in him. of the market-place in sackcloth and
2 Thus he who does what haters do ashes and did penance for their former
nds love; the enemy is received as a sins.
friend; people long for him who is death 2 When the Sidonians heard this, they
as a bringer of salvation; although he is did likewise; and because they them-
re, he is regarded as light; although he selves were not able on account of their
is a cheat, he obtains a hearing as a pro- diseases to come to Peter, they sent a
claimer of truth. . . . petition to him.
3 After he had stayed for some days in
Tyre and had instructed all the inhabitants
Book 7 and freed them from numerous suffer-
ings, Peter founded a church and ap-
one of the elders who were accompany- baptized them, Peter enthroned as bishop
ing him. He then left Sidon. one of the elders who were accompany-
ing him and then journeyed to Byblus.
themselves, for that they will receive their hidden this from the wise and elder, but
reward. have revealed it to simpletons and in-
fants.7 Thus has God himself hidden the
One of the most famous Christian Gnostics of the second century was
Ptolemy, a renowned teacher who lived and taught in Rome. From Ptolemys
own hand comes one of the clearest expositions of Gnostic ideas, in a letter
addressed to a woman named Flora, a non-Gnostic Christian whom Ptolemy
is concerned to educate into the higher realms of knowledge. The letter is
just the beginning of Ptolemys instruction, but it concerns a central com-
ponent of his Gnostic views, his understanding of the Bible.1 Regrettably,
his subsequent lessons have been lost.
The proper interpretation of the Bible, Ptolemy avers, depends on
understanding the nature of its divine inspiration. Those who maintain that
it was authored by the Perfect God and Father (e.g., the proto-orthodox
Christians) err, because a perfect being could not inspire laws that are
imperfect. Yet those who claim that it was written by Gods adversary, the
Devil (e.g., other groups of Gnostics?) also err, because an evil deity could
not inspire laws that are just. Instead, there is a god intermediate between
these two, the just but imperfect and harsh god who created the world; it
was he who inspired parts of the Bible. Other parts, however, derive from
Moses himself, and yet others from the elders around him. Those that are
from the intermediate god can themselves be divided into three parts, those
that Jesus fullled (e.g., the Ten Commandments), those that he abolished
(e.g., an eye for an eye), and those that he has symbolically transformed
(e.g., ceremonial laws). Ptolemy explicitly bases his views on the teachings
of Paul and, especially, Jesus himself.
This letter has not been transmitted independently and was not present
among the Nag Hammadi writings, but can be found only in quotations in
the writings of the fourth-century heresy hunter Epiphanius (Book 33 of
The Medicine Chest).
1
See further, Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 12931.
Translation by Bentley Layton, Gnostic Scriptures: Ancient Wisdom for the New Age
(New York: Doubleday, 1987) 30815; used with permission.
201
202 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
3 You will now learn how all this can 10 These are Moses intentions, with
be demonstrated from the saviors words. which we nd him ordaining laws con-
4 When the savior was talking with trary to those of god. At any rate, even if
those who were arguing with him about we have for the moment used only one
divorceand it has been ordained (in the example in our proof, it is beyond doubt
law) that divorce is permittedhe said that, as we have shown, this law is of
to them: For your (pl.) hardness of heart Moses himself and is distinct from gods.
Moses allowed divorce of ones wife. 11 And the savior shows also that there
Now, from the beginning it was not so.4 are some traditions of the elders inter-
For god, he says, has joined together this woven in the law. He says, For god
union, and what the lord has joined to- spoke: Honor your father and your
gether, let no man put asunder.5 mother, that it may be well with you.
5 Here he shows that the law of 12 But you have declared, the savior
god is one thing, forbidding a woman to says, addressing the elders, What you
be put asunder from her husband; while would have gained from me is given to
the law of Moses is another, permitting god. And for the sake of your tradition,
the couple to be put asunder because of O ancients, you have made void the law
hard-heartedness. of god.6
6 And so, accordingly, Moses ordains 13 And Isaiah declared this by saying,
contrary to what god ordains; for sep- This people honors me with their lips,
arating is contrary to not separating. but their heart is far from me; in vain do
Yet if we also scrutinize Moses inten- they worship me, teaching as doctrines
tions with which he ordained his com- the precepts of men.7
mandment, we nd that he created the 4 Thus it has been clearly shown from
commandment not of his own inclination these passages that, as a whole, the law
but of necessity because of the weakness is divided into three parts. For we have
of those to whom it was ordained. found in it legislations belonging to
7 For the latter were not able to put Moses himself, to the elders, and to god
into practice gods intentions, in the mat- himself. Moreover, the analysis of the law
ter of their not being permitted to divorce as a whole, as we have divided it here,
their wives. Some of them were on very has made clear which part of it is
bad terms with their wives, and ran the genuine.
risk of being further diverted into injus-
tice and from there into their destruction.
8 Moses, wishing to excise this un-
pleasant element through which they also
5 Now, what is more, the one part
that is the law of god himself di-
vides into three subdivisions.
ran the risk of being destroyed, ordained The rst subdivision is the pure legis-
for them of his own accord a second law, lation not interwoven with evil, which
the law of divorce, choosing under the alone is properly called law, and which
circumstances the lesser of two evils, as the savior did not come to abolish but to
it were, fulll. For what he fullled was not alien
9 so that if they were unable to keep to him, but stood in need of fulll-
the former (that is, gods law) they could ment: for it did not have perfection.
keep at least the latter and so not be
diverted into injustice and evil, through
which utter destruction would follow in 4
Matt 19:8. 5
Matt 19:6. 6
Matt 15:45. 7
Isa 29:3;
consequence. Matt 15:8.
204 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
And the second subdivision is the part gle murder10 has without realizing it been
interwoven with the inferior and with in- cheated by necessity.
justice, which the savior abolished as be- 7 For this reason, then, the son who
ing incongruous with his own nature. was sent from him abolished this part of
2 Finally, the third subdivision is the the law, though he admits that it too be-
symbolic and allegorical part, which is longed to god: this part is reckoned as
after the image of the superior, spiritual belonging to the old school of thought,
realm: the savior changed (the referent both where he says, For god spoke: He
of) this part from the perceptible, visible who speaks evil of father or mother, let
level to the spiritual, invisible one. him surely die 11 and elsewhere.
3 The rst, the law of god that is pure 8 And the third subdivision of gods
and not interwoven with the inferior, is law is the symbolic part, which is after
the decalogue of Ten Commandments in- the image of the superior, spiritual realm:
scribed on two stone tablets; they divide I mean, what is ordained about offerings,
into the prohibition of things that must circumcision, the Sabbath, fasting, Pass-
be avoided and the commanding of things over, the Feast of Unleavened Bread, and
that must be done. Although they contain the like.
pure legislation they do not have perfec- 9 Now, once the truth had been mani-
tion, and so they were in need of fulll- fested, the referent of all these ordinances
ment by the savior. was changed, inasmuch as they are im-
4 The second, which is interwoven ages and allegories. As to their meaning
with injustice, is that which applies to in the visible realm and their physical
retaliation and repayment of those who accomplishment they were abolished; but
have already committed a wrong, com- as to their spiritual meaning they were
manding us to pluck out an eye for an elevated, with the words remaining the
eye and a tooth for a tooth and to retaliate same but the subject matter being altered.
for murder with murder.8 This part is 10 For the savior commanded us to
interwoven with injustice, for the one offer offerings, but not dumb beasts or
who is second to act unjustly still acts incense: rather, spiritual praises and glo-
unjustly, differing only in the relative or- rications and prayers of thanksgiving,
der in which he acts, and committing the and offerings in the form of sharing and
very same act. good deeds.
5 But otherwise, this commandment 11 And he wishes us to perform cir-
both was and is just, having been estab- cumcision, but not circumcision of the
lished as a deviation from the pure law bodily foreskin, rather of the spiritual
because of the weakness of those to heart;
whom it was ordained; yet it is incongru- 12 and to keep the Sabbath, for he
ous with the nature and goodness of the wants us to be inactive in wicked acts;
father of the entirety. 13 and to fast, though he does not wish
6 Now perhaps this was apt; but even us to perform physical fasts, rather spir-
more, it was a result of necessity. For itual ones, which consist of abstinence
when one who does not wish even a from all bad deeds.
single murder to occurby saying, You Nevertheless, fasting as to the visible
shall not killwhen, I say, he ordains a
second law and commands the murderer
to be murdered,9 acting as judge between 8
Lev 24:17, 20. 9
Exod 20:13. 10
Exod 21:12.
two murders, he who forbade even a sin- 11
Matt 15:4.
PTOLEMYS LETTER TO FLORA 205
realm is observed by our adherents, since 5 Now, the images and allegories are
fasting, if practiced with reason, can con- indicative of other matters, and they were
tribute something to the soul, so long as well and good while truth was not pres-
it does not take place in imitation of other ent. But now that truth is present, one
people or by habit or because fasting has must do the works of truth and not those
been prescribed for a particular day. of its imagery.
14 Likewise, it is observed in memory 6 His disciples made these teachings
of true fasting, so that those who are not known, and so did the apostle Paul: he
yet able to observe true fasting might makes known to us the part consisting of
have a remembrance of it from fasting images, through the passage on the pas-
according to the visible realm. chal lamb and the unleavened bread,
15 Likewise, the apostle Paul makes it which we have already spoken of. The
clear that Passover and the Feast of Un- part consisting of a law interwoven with
leavened Bread were images, for he says injustice, he made known by speaking of
that Christ, our paschal lamb, has been abolishing the law of commandments
sacriced12 and, he says, be without and ordinances;16 and the part not inter-
leaven, having no share in leavennow, woven with the inferior, when he says,
by leaven he means evilbut rather The law is holy, and the commandment
be fresh dough. is holy and just and good.17
1
For further discussion, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 13132.
207
208 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
Some there are, my son Rheginos, who openly concerning existencethe de-
want to learn many things. They have struction of evil on the one hand, the
this goal when they are occupied with revelation of the elect on the other. This
questions whose answer is lacking. If (Solution) is the emanation of Truth and
they succeed with these, they usually Spirit, Grace is of the Truth.
think very highly of themselves. But I do The Savior swallowed up death(of
not think that they have stood within the this) you are not reckoned as being ig-
Word of Truth. They seek rather their norantfor he put aside the world which
own rest, which we have received is perishing. He transformed [himself]
through our Savior, our Lord Christ. We into an imperishable Aeon and raised
received it (i.e., Rest) when we came to himself up, having swallowed the visible
know the truth and rested ourselves upon by the invisible, and he gave us the way
it. But since you ask us pleasantly what of our immortality. Then, indeed, as the
is proper concerning the resurrection, I Apostle said, We suffered with him, and
am writing you (to say) that it is neces- we arose with him, and we went to
sary. To be sure, many are lacking faith heaven with him.2 Now if we are mani-
in it, but there a few who nd it. So then, fest in this world wearing him, we are
let us discuss the matter. that ones beams, and we are embraced
How did the Lord proclaim things by him until our setting, that is to say,
while he existed in esh and after he had our death in this life. We are drawn to
revealed himself as Son of God? He lived heaven by him, like beams by the sun,
in this place where you remain, speaking not being restrained by anything. This is
about the Law of Naturebut I call it the spiritual resurrection which swallows
Death! Now the Son of God, Rheginos, up the psychic in the same way as the
was Son of Man. He embraced them eshly.
both, possessing the humanity and the But if there is one who does not be-
divinity, so that on the one hand he might lieve, he does not have the (capacity to
vanquish death through his being Son of be) persuaded. For it is the domain of
God, and that on the other through the faith, my son, and not that which belongs
Son of Man the restoration to the Pleroma to persuasion: the dead shall arise! There
might occur; because he was originally is one who believes among the philoso-
from above, a seed of the Truth, before phers who are in this world. At least he
this structure (of the cosmos) had come will arise. And let not the philosopher
into being. In this (structure) many do- who is in this world have cause to believe
minions and divinities came into exis- that he is one who returns himself by
tence. himselfand (that) because of our faith!
I know that I am presenting the solu- For we have known the Son of Man,
tion in difcult terms, but there is nothing
difcult in the Word of Truth. But since
the Solution appeared so as not to leave
anything hidden, but to reveal all things 2
cf. 1 Tim 2:1011.
THE TREATISE ON THE RESURRECTION 209
and we have believed that he rose from derstand, in the enquiry about those
among the dead. This is he of whom things they are looking into, whether he
we say, He became the destruction of who is saved, if he leaves his body be-
death, as he is a great one in whom they hind, will be saved immediately. Let no
believe. Great are those who be- one doubt concerning this. . . . indeed,
lieve it. the visible members which are dead shall
The thought of those who are saved not be saved, for (only) the living [mem-
shall not perish. The mind of those who bers] which exist within them would
have known him shall not perish. arise.
Therefore, we are elected to salvation and What, then, is the resurrection? It is
redemption since we are predestined always the disclosure of those who have
from the beginning not to fall into the risen. For if you remember reading in the
foolishness of those who are without Gospel that Elijah appeared and Moses
knowledge, but we shall enter into the with him,3 do not think the resurrection
wisdom of those who have known the is an illusion. It is no illusion, but it is
Truth. Indeed, the Truth which is kept truth! Indeed, it is more tting to say that
cannot be abandoned, nor has it been. the world is an illusion, rather than the
Strong is the system of the Pleroma; resurrection which has come into being
small is that which broke loose (and) through our Lord the Savior, Jesus Christ.
became (the) world. But the All is what But what am I telling you now? Those
is encompassed. It has not come into be- who are living shall die. How do they
ing; it was existing. So, never doubt live in an illusion? The rich have become
concerning the resurrection, my son Rhe- poor, and the kings have been over-
ginos! For if you were not existing in thrown. Everything is prone to change.
esh, you received esh when you en- The world is an illusion!lest, indeed, I
tered this world. Why will you not re- rail at things to excess!
ceive esh when you ascend into the But the resurrection does not have this
Aeon? That which is better than the esh aforesaid character, for it is the truth
is that which is for it (the) cause of life. which stands rm. It is the revelation of
That which came into being on your ac- what is, and the transformation of things,
count, is it not yours? Does not that and a transition into newness. For imper-
which is yours exist with you? Yet, while ishability [descends] upon the perishable;
you are in this world, what is it that you the light ows down upon the darkness,
lack? This is what you have been making swallowing it up; and the Pleroma lls
every effort to learn. up the deciency. These are the symbols
The afterbirth of the body is old age, and the images of the resurrection. He
and you exist in corruption. You have (Christ) it is who makes the good.
absence as a gain. For you will not give Therefore, do not think in part, O Rhe-
up what is better if you depart. That ginos, nor live in conformity with this
which is worse has diminution, but there esh for the sake of unanimity, but ee
is grace for it. from the divisions and the fetters, and
Nothing, then, redeems us from this already you have the resurrection. For if
world. But the All which we are, we are he who will die knows about himself that
saved. We have received salvation from
end to end. Let us think in this way! Let
us comprehend in this way!
But there are some (who) wish to un- 3
Mark 9:4.
210 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
he will dieeven if he spends many have] taught you and your [brethren], my
years in this life, he is brought to this sons, concerning them, while I have not
why not consider yourself as risen and omitted any of the things suitable for
(already) brought to this? If you have the strengthening you (pl.). But if there is
resurrection but continue as if you are to one thing written which is obscure in my
dieand yet that one knows that he has exposition of the Word, I shall interpret
diedwhy, then, do I ignore your lack it for you (pl.) when you (pl.) ask. But
of exercise? It is tting for each one to now, do not be jealous of anyone who is
practice in a number of ways, and he shall in your number when he is able to help.
be released from this Element that he Many are looking into this which I
may not fall into error but shall himself have written to you. To these I say: peace
receive again what at rst was. (be) among them and grace. I greet you
These things I have received from the and those who love you (pl.) in brotherly
generosity of my Lord, Jesus Christ. [I love.
The Didache
1
See the Canons of Athanasius and Eusebius. For further information on the Didache, see Ehrman,
Lost Christianities, 4849.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, in The Apostolic Fathers, vol. 1 (Loeb Classical Library;
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003); used with permission.
211
THE DIDACHE 213
engage in sexual immorality. Do not 7 But be meek, since the meek will
steal, do not practice magic, do not use inherit the earth.13
enchanted potions, do not abort a fetus 8 Be patient, merciful, innocent, gen-
or kill a child that is born. tle, and good, trembling at the words you
3 Do not desire what belongs to your have heard.
neighbor, do not commit perjury, do not 9 Do not exalt yourself or become im-
give false testimony, do not speak insults, pertinent. You should not join forces with
do not bear grudges. the high and mighty, but should associate
4 Do not be of two minds or speak with the upright and humble.
from both sides of your mouth, for speak- 10 Welcome whatever happens to you
ing from both sides of your mouth is a as good, knowing that nothing occurs
deadly trap. apart from God.
5 Your word must not be empty or
false.
6 Do not be greedy, rapacious, hypo-
critical, spiteful, or haughty. Do not en-
4 My child, night and day remember
the one who speaks the word of
God to you; honor him as the Lord. For
tertain a wicked plot against your where his lordship is discussed, there the
neighbor. Lord himself is.
7 Do not hate anyonebut reprove 2 Every day seek out the company of
some, pray for others, and love still others the saints, that you may nd comfort in
more than yourself. their words.
3 Do not create a schism, but bring
if you are partners in what is immortal, has fashioned, who turn their backs on
how much more in what is mortal? the needy, oppress the aficted, and
9 Do not remove your hand fromd your support the wealthy. They are lawless
son or daughter, but from their youth judges of the impoverished, altogether
teach them the reverential fear of God. sinful. Be delivered, children, from all
10 Do not give orders to your male such people.
slave or female servantwho hope in the
same Godout of bitterness, lest they
stop fearing the God who is over you
both. For he does not come to call those
6 Take care that no one lead you
astray from the path of this teach-
ing, since that one teaches you apart from
of high status, but those whom the Spirit God.
has prepared. 2 For if you can bear the entire yoke
11 And you who are slaves must be of the Lord, you will be perfect; but if
subject to your masters as to a replica of you cannot, do as much as you can.
God, with respect and referential fear. 3 And concerning food, bear what you
12 Hate all hypocrisy and everything can. But especially abstain from food
that is not pleasing to the Lord. sacriced to idols; for this is a ministry
13 Do not abandon the commandments to dead gods.
of the Lord, but guard what you have
received, neither adding to them nor tak-
ing away.15
14 Confess your unlawful acts in
7 But with respect to baptism, bap-
tize as follows. Having said all
these things in advance, baptize in the
church, and do not come to your prayer name of the Father and of the Son and of
with an evil conscience. This is the path the Holy Spirit,16 in running water.
of life. 2 But if you do not have running water,
baptize in some other water. And if you
crites,18 but as the Lord commanded in 3 You, O Master Almighty, created all
his gospel, you should pray as follows: things for the sake of your name, and
Our Father in heaven, may your name gave both food and drink to humans for
be kept holy, may your kingdom come, their refreshment, that they might give
may your will be done on earth as in you thanks. And you graciously provided
heaven. Give us today our daily bread.e us with spiritual food and drink, and eter-
And forgive us our debt, as we forgive nal life through your child.
our debtors. And do not bring us into 4 Above all we thank you because you
temptation but deliver us from the evil are powerful. To you be the glory forever.
one. For the power and the glory are 5 Remember your church, O Lord;
yours forever.19 save it from all evil, and perfect it in your
3 Pray like this three times a day. love. And gather it from the four winds
into your kingdom, which you prepared
5 But he should not remain more than 4 If he does not have a tradeuse your
a day. If he must, he may stay one more. foresight to determine how he as a Chris-
But if he stays three days, he is a false tian may live among you without being
prophet. idle.j
6 When an apostle leaves he should 5 If he does not want to behave like
take nothing except bread, until he ar- this, he is a Christmonger. Avoid such
rives at his nights lodging. If he asks for people.
money, he is a false prophet.
7 Do not test or condemn a prophet
speaking in the Spirit. For every sin will
be forgiven, but not this sin.22
13 Every true prophet who wants
to settle down with you de-
serves his food.
8 Not everyone who speaks in the 2 So too a true teacher, like the worker,
Spirit is a prophet, but only one who deserves his food.23
conducts himself like the Lord. Thus the 3 Therefore you shall take every rst
false prophet and the prophet will both portion of the produce from the wine vat
be known by their conduct. and the threshing oor, and the rst por-
9 No prophet who orders a meal in the tion of both cattle and sheep, and give it
Spirit eats of it; if he does, he is a false to the prophets. For they are your high
prophet. priests.
10 Every prophet who teaches the truth 4 If you do not have a prophet, then
but does not do what he himself teaches give it to the poor.
is a false prophet. 5 If you make bread, take the rst por-
11 You are not to condemn any prophet tion and give it according to the
who has been approved and is true, and commandment.
who acts on behalf of the earthly mystery 6 So too if you open a jar of wine or
of the church, even if he does not teach oil, take the rst portion of it and give it
others to do what he himself does, since to the prophets.
he has his judgment with God. For even 7 And take the rst portion of your
the ancient prophets behaved in this way. money, clothing, and everything you
12 Do not listen to anyone who says own, as it seems good to you, and give it
in the Spirit, Give me money (or some- according to the commandment.
thing else). But if he tells you to give to
others who are in need, let no one judge
him. 14 On the Lords own day, when
you gather together, break
bread and give thanksk after you have
the Lord: In every place and time, bring 3 For in the nal days the false proph-
me a pure sacrice. For I am a great King, ets and corruptors of the faith will be
says the Lord, and my name is considered multiplied. The sheep will be turned into
marvelous among the Gentilesl.25 wolves, and love into hatred.
4 For when lawlessness increases they
The teaching of the Lord through the wants everyone to be given something
twelve apostles to the Gentiles.a from the gracious gifts he himself pro-
vides. How fortunate is the one who gives
The Letter of Barnabas was one of the most important writings for proto-
orthodox Christianity.1 Some churches regarded it as part of the New
Testament canon; it is included among the books of the New Testament in
the fourth-century Greek manuscript, codex Sinaiticus.
The book has traditionally been called an epistle, even though its
opening contains only a greeting, with neither its author nor its recipients
named (the latter features were consistently found in ancient letters). The
writing appears, therefore, to be a theological treatise sent out to interested
readers. The second- and third-century Christians who refer to the book
attribute it to Barnabas, the companion of the apostle Paul. But this may
have involved little more than guesswork on the part of Christians who
were eager to have the book read and accepted as apostolic.
The book in fact was written long after Barnabas himself would have
died: it mentions, for example, the destruction of the Temple (70 ce) and
refers to the possibility of its soon being rebuilt (16:34). This possibility
was very much alive in the early decades of the second century, but
evaporated when the Emperor Hadrian (11738 ce) had a Roman shrine
constructed over the Temples ruins. Most scholars have concluded, on these
grounds, that the book was written sometime during the rst half of the
second century, possibly around 130 ce.
The book is principally concerned with the relationship of Judaism and
Christianity. Its basic thrust is that Judaism is, and always has been, a false
religion. According to this author, Jews violated Gods covenant from the
very beginning (4:68); they have, as a result, never been Gods people or
understood their own Scriptures. For this author, the Jewish Scriptures can
be understood only in light of Christ; indeed, for him, the Old Testament is
a Christian, not a Jewish, book.
As a corollary, Jews who claim that their religion was given by God
have been misled by an evil angel, who persuaded them to take the laws of
Moses literally (9:5). In fact, claims the author, the laws of sabbath obser-
1
See Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 14548.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, in The Apostolic Fathers, vol. 1 (Loeb Classical Library;
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003); used with permission.
219
220 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
vance, kosher foods, and circumcision were meant not as literal descriptions
of how the Jewish people were to live, but as gurative pointers to Christ
and the religion that he was to establish (chaps. 910, 15). A good deal of
this book, therefore, tries to show how Christ and the Christian religion
were foreshadowed in the Old Testament Scriptures.
The book ends on a different note, by describing the Christian doctrine
of the Two Paths: the morally upright path of light and the morally
perverse path of darkness (chaps. 1820; see Introduction to the Didache).
All people must choose between these two ways, following the righteous
practices of the one or the moral improprieties of the other.
4 For through all the prophets he has the Lordnot a person humbling his
shown us that he has no need of sacri- soul.
ces, whole burnt offerings, or regular 2 Not even if you bend your neck into
offerings. For he says in one place, a circle and put on sackcloth and make
5 What is the multitude of your sac- for yourself a bed of ashesnot even so
rices to me? says the Lord. I am sated should you call this a proper fast.6
with whole burnt offerings, and have no 3 But he says to us, See, this is the
desire for the fat of lambs, the blood of fast I have chosen, says the Lord. Loosen
bulls and goatsnot even if you should every bond of injustice; unravel the
come to appear before me. For who strangle-hold of coercive agreements;
sought these things from your hands? send forth in forgiveness those who are
Trample my court no longer. If you bring downtrodden; tear up every unfair con-
ne our, it is futile; incense is loathsome tract. Break your bread for the hungry,
to me. I cannot stand your new moons and provide clothing for anyone you see
and sabbaths.2 naked. Bring the homeless under your
6 And so he nullied these things that roof. And if you see anyone who has been
the new law of our Lord Jesus Christ, humbled, do not despise himneither
which is without the yoke of compulsion, you nor anyone from your childrens
should provide an offering not made by household.
humans. 4 Then your light will burst forth at
7 And again he says to them, Did I dawn, your garments will quickly rise up,
command your fathers who came out your righteousness will go forth before
from the land of Egypt to offer whole you, and the glory of God will clothe
burnt offerings and sacrices to me?3 you.
8 No, this is what I commanded them: 5 Then you will cry out and God will
Let none of you bear a grudge against hear you. While you are still speaking he
your neighbor in your heart, and do not will say, See! Here I am!if, that is,
love a false oath.4 you remove from yourself bondage, the
9 And so, since we are not ignorant, threatening gesture, and the word of com-
we should perceive the good intention of plaint, and from your heart you give your
our Father. For he is speaking to us, want- bread to the poor and show mercy to the
ing us to seek how to make an offering person who has been humbled.7
to him without being deceived like them. 6 The one who is patient anticipated,
10 And so he says to us: A sacrice brothers, that the people he prepared in
to the Lord is a crushed heart; a sweet his beloved would believe, in a state of
fragrance to the Lord is a heart that glo- innocence. And so he revealed all things
ries the one who made it.5 And so, to us in advance, that we not be dashed
brothers, we ought to learn clearly about againstb their law as newcomers.c
our salvation, to keep the Evil One from
hurling us away from our life after bring-
ing error in through the backdoor.
4 And so by carefully investigating
what is here and now, we must seek
for the things that can save us. We should cause your people, whom you led from
ee, entirely, all the works of lawless- the land of Egypt, has broken the law.11
ness; otherwise, they may overwhelm us. Moses understood and cast the two tab-
And we should hate the error of the pres- lets from his hands. And their covenant
ent age, that we may be loved in the age was smashedthat the covenant of his
to come. beloved, Jesus, might be sealed in our
2 We should not allow our souls to hearts, in the hope brought by faith in
relax, thinking they can consort with sin- him.
ners and the wicked; otherwise we may 9 Since I want to write many things,
become like them. not as a teacher, but as is tting for one
3 The nal stumbling block is at hand, who is eager to abandon none of the
about which it has been written, just as things we have, I hasten to write, as your
Enoch says, For this reason the Master lowly scapegoat.d Therefore, we should
shortened the seasons and the days, that pay close attention here in the nal days.
his beloved may hurry and arrive at his For the entire time of our faith will be of
inheritance. no use to us if we do not stand in resis-
4 For also the prophet says, Ten king- tance, as is tting for the children of God,
doms will rule the earth and a small king both against this present lawless age and
will rise up afterwards; he will humble against the stumbling blocks that are yet
three of the kings at one time.8 to come,
5 So too Daniel speaks about the same 10 that the Black One not sneak in
thing: I saw the fourth beast, wicked among us. We should ee from all that is
and strong, and worse than all the beasts futile and completely hate the works of
of the sea, and I saw how ten horns rose the evil path. Do not sink into yourselves
up from him, and from them a small horn and live alone, as if you were already
as an offshoot; and I saw how he humbled made upright; instead, gathering together
three of the great horns at one time.9 for the same purpose, seek out what is
6 And so you should understand. And protable for the common good.
yet again, I am asking you this as one 11 For the Scripture says, Woe to
who is from among you and who loves those who have understanding in them-
each and every one of you more than my selves and are knowledgeable before
own soul: watch yourselves now and do their own eyes.12 We should be spiritual;
not become like some people by piling we should be a perfect temple to God.
up your sins, saying that the covenant is As much as we can, we should concern
both theirs and ours. ourselves with the reverential awe of God
7 For it is ours. But they permanently and struggle to guard his commandments,
lost it, in this way, when Moses had just that we may be glad in his righteous acts.e
received it. For the Scripture says, 12 The Lord will judge the world,
Moses was on the mountain fasting for playing no favorites. Each will receive
forty days and forty nights, and he re- according to what he has done. If he is
ceived the covenant from the Lord, stone
tablets written with the nger of the
d e
Lords own hand.10 Or: your humble servant; literally: offscouring Or:
righteous demands
8 But when they turned back to idols
they lost it. For the Lord says this: 8
Dan 7:24. 9Dan 7:78. 10
Exod 31:18; 34:28.
Moses, Moses, go down quickly, be- 11
Exod 32:7. 12Isa 5:21.
THE LETTER OF BARNABAS 223
good, his righteousness will precede him; at the foundation of the world, Let us
if evil, the reward for his wickedness will make a human according to our image
be before him. and likeness,16 how then did he allow
13 As those who are called we must himself to suffer at the hands of humans?
never lie down and lose consciousness of Learn this!
our sins, allowing the evil ruler to receive 6 Because the prophets received his
the authority against us and force us out gracious gift, they prophesied looking
of the Lords kingdom. ahead to him. He allowed himself to suf-
14 And still, my brothers, consider: fer in order to destroy death and to show
when you observe that Israel was aban- that there is a resurrection of the dead.
doned even after such signs and wonders For he had to be manifest in the esh.
had occurred in it, we too should pay 7 And he allowed himself to suffer in
close attention, lest, as it is written, order to redeem the promise given to the
many of us were found called, but few fathers and to show, while he was on
chosen.13 earth preparing a new people for himself,
that he is to execute judgment after rais-
13 But he wished to suffer in this way, soul, because they hatched an evil plot
for he had to suffer on a tree. For the one against themselves, saying, Let us bind
who prophesied about him said, Spare the upright one, because he is trouble for
my life from the sword, and Nail my- us. 26
esh, because an assemblyf of evildoers 8 What does the other prophet, Moses,
has risen up against me.18 say to them? See, this is what the Lord
14 Again he says, See! I have set my God says, Enter into the good land,
back to whips and my cheeks to blows; which the Lord swore to give to Abra-
and I have set my face as a hard rock.19 ham, Isaac, and Jacob; and receive it as
an inheritance, a land owing with milk
7 But what will they do with the other? it burn it, and that children should then
The other, he says, is cursed.39 Pay take the ashes and cast them into vessels,
attention to how the type of Jesus is and then tie scarlet wool around a piece
revealed. of wood (see again the type of the cross
8 And all of you shall spit on it and and the scarlet wool!), along with the
pierce it and wrap a piece of scarlet wool hyssop, and that the children should thus
around its head, and so let it be cast into sprinkle the people one by one, that they
the wilderness.40 When this happens, the might be puried from their sins?
one who takes the goat leads it into the 2 Understand how he speaks to you
wilderness and removes the wool, and simply. The calf is Jesus; the sinful men
places it on a blackberry bush, whose who make the offering are those who
buds we are accustomed to eat when we offered him up for slaughter. Then they
nd it in the countryside. (Thus the fruit are no longer men and the glory of sin-
of the blackberry bush alone is sweet.) ners is no more.
9 And so, what does this mean? Pay 3 The children who sprinkle are those
attention: The one they take to the altar, who proclaimed to us the forgiveness of
but the other is cursed, and the one that sins and the purication of our hearts. To
is cursed is crowned. For then they will them he has given the authority to preach
see him in that day wearing a long scarlet the gospel. There are twelve of them as
robe around his esh, and they will say, a witness to the tribes, for there were
Is this not the one we once crucied, twelve tribes in Israel.
despising, piercing, and spitting on him? 4 But why are there three children who
Truly this is the one who was saying at sprinkle? As a witness to Abraham,
the time that he was himself the Son of Isaac, and Jacob, because these were
God. great before God.
10 For how is he like that one? This is 5 And why is the wool placed on a
why the goats are alike, ne, and equal, piece of wood? Because the kingdom of
that when they see him coming at that Jesus is on the tree, and because those
time, they may be amazed at how much who hope in him will live forever.
he is like the goat. See then the type of 6 But why are the wool and hyssop
Jesus who was about to suffer. together? Because in his kingdom there
11 But why do they place the wool in will be evil and foul days, in which we
the midst of the thorns? This is a type of will be saved. And because the one who
Jesus established for the church, because is sick in the esh is healed by the foul
whoever wishes to remove the scarlet juice of the hyssop.
wool must suffer greatly, since the thorn 7 And thus the things that have hap-
is a fearful thing, and a person can re- pened in this way are clear to us, but they
trieve the wool only by experiencing are obscure to them, because they have
pain. And so he says: those who wish to not heard the voice of the Lord.
see me and touch my kingdom must take
hold of me through pain and suffering.
9 For he speaks again about the ears,
indicating how he has circumcised
8 And what do you suppose is the
type found in his command to Is-
rael that men who are full of sin should
offer up a heifer, and after slaughtering 39
Cf. Lev 16:8. 40
Cf. Lev 16:10, 2022.
THE LETTER OF BARNABAS 227
our hearts. The Lord says in the prophet, rst to perform circumcision, was look-
They obeyed me because of what they ing ahead in the Spirit to Jesus when he
heard with their ears.41 Again he says, circumcised. For he received the rm
Those who are far off will clearly hear; teachings of the three letters.
they will know what I have done.42 And, 8 For it says, Abraham circumcised
Circumcise your hearts,43 says the eighteen and three hundred men from his
Lord. household.52 What knowledge, then, was
2 Again he says, Hear O Israel, for given to him? Notice that rst he men-
thus says the Lord your God.44 And tions the eighteen and then, after a pause,
again the Spirit of the Lord prophesies, the three hundred. The number eighteen
Who is the one who wants to live for- [in Greek] consists of an iota [J], 10, and
ever? Let him clearly hear the voice of an eta [E], 8. There you have Jesus.j And
my servant.45 because the cross was about to have grace
3 Again he says, Hear, O heaven, and in the letter tau [T], he next gives the
give ear, O earth, for the Lord has said three hundred, tau. And so he shows the
these things as a witness.46 And again name Jesus by the rst two letters, and
he says, Hear, the word of the Lord, you the cross by the other.
rulers of this people.47 And again he 9 For the one who has placed the im-
says, Hear, O children, the voice of one planted gift of his covenant in us knew
crying in the wilderness.48 Thus he cir- these things. No one has learned a more
cumcised our hearing, that once we heard reliable lesson from me. But I know that
the word we might believe. you are worthy.
4 But even the circumcision in which
they trusted has been nullied. For he has
said that circumcision is not a matter of
the esh. But they violated his law, be-
10 And when Moses said, Do not
eat the pig, or the eagle, or the
hawk, or the crow, or any sh without
cause an evil angel instructed them.
scales,53 he received three rm teachings
5 He says to them, Thus says the Lord
in his understanding.
your God, (here is where I nd a com-
2 Moreover, he said to them in the
mandment) Do not sow among the
book of Deuteronomy, I will establish a
thorns; be circumcised to your Lord.49
covenant with this people in my righteous
And what does he say? Circumcise your
demands.54 So, then, the commandment
hardened hearts and do not harden your
of God is not a matter of avoiding food;
necks.50 Or consider again, See, says
but Moses spoke in the Spirit.
the Lord, all the nations are uncircum-
3 This is why he spoke about the pig:
cised in their foreskins, but this people is
Do not cling, he says, to such peo-
uncircumcised in their hearts.51
6 But you will say, Yet surely the peo-
ple have been circumcised as a seal.i But i
i.e., of the covenant ji.e., the number eighteen in
every Syrian and Arab and all the priests Greek is JE, taken here as an abbreviation for the
of the idols are circumcised as well. So name Jesus
then, do those belong to their covenant? 41
Ps 18:44. 42Cf.Isa 33:13. 43Isa 33:13; Jer 4:4.
Even the people of Egypt are 44
Cf Jer 7:23; Ps 34:1213. 45Cf. Ps 34:1213; Isa
circumcised! 50:10; Exod. 15:26. 46Cf. Isa 1:2. 47Cf Isa 1:10; 28:
14. 48Cf. Isa 40:3. 49Jer 4:34. 50Cf. Deut 10:16.
7 Thus learn about the whole matter 51
Jer 9:26. 52Cf. Gen 14:14; 17:23. 53Cf. Lev 11:7
fully, children of love. For Abraham, the 15; Deut 14:814. 54Cf. Deut 4:10, 13.
228 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
ple, who are like pigs. That is to say, deed in their mouth because of their un-
when they live in luxury, they forget the cleanness, nor cling to unclean women
Lord, but when they are in need, they who perform the lawless deed in their
remember the Lord. This is just like the mouth. For this animal conceives with
pig: when it is eating, it does not know its mouth.
its master, but when hungry, it cries out 9 And so, Moses received the three
until it gets its food, and then is silent rm teachings about food and spoke in
again. the Spirit. But they received his words
4 And do not eat the eagle, the hawk, according to the desires of their own
the kite, or the crow.55 You must not, esh, as if he were actually speaking
he says, cling to such people or be like about food.
them, people who do not know how to 10 And David received the knowl-
procure food for themselves through toil edge of the same three rm teachings
and sweat, but by their lawless behavior and spoke in a similar way: How for-
seize food that belongs to others. And tunate is the man who does not proceed
they are always on the watch, strolling in the counsel of the impious (like the
about with ostensible innocence, but sh who proceed in darkness in the
looking to see what they can plunder depths) and does not stand in the path
because of their greed. For these are the of sinners (like those who appear to
only birds that do not procure their own fear God but sin like the pig) and does
food, but sit by idly, waiting to see how not sit in the seat of the pestilent59 (like
they might devour the esh procured by the birds who sit waiting for something
others, being pestilent in their evil. to seize). Here you have a perfect lesson
5 And do not, he says, eat the about food.
lamprey-eel, the octopus, or the cuttle- 11 Again Moses said, Eat every ani-
sh.56 You must not, he says, be like mal with a split hoof and that chews the
such people, who are completely impious cud.60 What does he mean? He means
and condemned already to death. For that the one who receives food knows
these sh alone are cursed and hover in who has provided it and appears to be
the depths, not swimming like the others glad, having relied on him. He spoke
but dwelling in the mud beneath the well, looking to the commandment. What
depths. does he mean then? Cling to those who
6 But also do not eat the hare.57 For fear the Lord, to those who meditate on
what reason? You must not, he says, the special meaning of the teaching they
be one who corrupts children or be like have received in their heart, to those who
such people. For the rabbit adds an ori- discuss and keep the upright demands of
ce every year; it has as many holes as the Lord, to those who know that medi-
years it has lived. tation is a work that produces gladness,
7 Nor shall you eat the hyena.58 You and to those who carefully chew over the
must not, he says, be an adulterer or a word of the Lord. But why does he men-
pervert nor be like such people. For what tion the split hoof? Because the one who
reason? Because this animal changes its is upright both walks in this world and
nature every year, at one time it is male,
the next time female.
8 And he has fully hated the weasel.
55
Cf. Lev 11:1316. 56Source unknown. 57Cf. Lev
You must not, he says, be like those 11:6. 58Source unknown. 59Ps 1:1. 60Cf. Lev 11:3;
who are reputed to perform a lawless Deut 14:6.
THE LETTER OF BARNABAS 229
waits for the holy age. Do you see how from the face of the earth. For this reason
well Moses has given the Law? the impious will not rise up in judgment
12 But how could they know or under- nor sinners in the counsel of the upright;
stand these things? We, however, speak for the Lord knows the path of the up-
as those who know the commandments right, but the path of the impious will
in an upright way, as the Lord wished. perish.64
For this reason he circumcised our hear- 8 Notice how he described the water
ing and our hearts, that we may under- and the cross in the same place. He means
stand these things. this: how fortunate are those who went
down into the water hoping in the cross,
cross and the one who was about to be their behalf, that they might be healed.
crucied. But Moses said to them, When any of
2 And he again tells Moses, when Is- you is bitten, come to the serpent that is
rael was attacked by a foreign people, to displayed on the tree and hope, in faith,
remind those under assault that they were that even though dead, it can restore a
being handed over to death because of person to life; and you will then imme-
their sins. The Spirit speaks to the heart diately be saved. And they did this.70
of Moses that he should make a type of Again you have the glory of Jesus in
the cross and of the one who was about these things, for everything is in him and
to suffer, that they might realize, he says, for him.
that if they refused to hope in him, they 8 Again, why does Moses say to Jesus
would be attacked forever. And so Moses the son of Nauel when he gave this name
stacked weapons one on the other in the to him who was a prophet, that all the
midst of the battle and standing high people should listen to him alone? Be-
above all the people he began stretching cause the Father reveals everything about
out his hands; and so Israel again gained his Son Jesus.
the victory. But then, when he lowered 9 And so, after Moses gave Jesus the
his hands, they began to be killed.67 son of Nauem this name, he sent him as
3 Why was that? So that they may a reconnaissance scout over the land and
know that they cannot be saved unless said, Take a small book in your hands
they hope in him. and record what the Lord says, that in the
4 And again in another prophet he last days the Son of God will chop down
says, All day long I have stretched out the entire house of Amalek at its roots.71
my hands to a disobedient people that 10 Again you see Jesus, not as son of
opposes my upright path.68 man but as Son of God, manifest here in
5 Again Moses made a type of Jesus, the esh as a type. And so, since they are
showing that he had to suffer and that he about to say that the Christ is the son of
will again make alivethis one whom David, David himself speaks a prophecy
they will think they have destroyed. This in reverential awe, understanding the er-
type came in a sign given when Israel ror of the sinners, The Lord said to my
was falling. For the Lord made every Lord, Sit at my right side until I make
serpent bite them and they were dying your enemies a footstool for your
(since the act of transgression came by feet. 72
Eve through the serpent). This was to 11 And again Isaiah says the follow-
convince them that they will be handed ing: The Lord said to Christ my Lord,
over to the afiction of death because of I have grasped his right hand that the
thier transgression. nations will obey him, and I will shatter
6 Moreover, even though Moses him- the power of kings 73 See how David
self issued this commandYou will calls him Lord; he does not call him son.
have no molten or carved image as your
god69he himself made one, that he
l
might show forth a type of Jesus. And so Or: Joshua the son of Nun; Jesus is the Greek equiva-
lent of the Hebrew name Joshua mOr: Joshua the son
Moses made a bronze serpent and dis- of Nun; Jesus is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew
played it prominently, and he called the name Joshua
people through a proclamation. 67
Cf. Exod 17: 813. 68Cf. Isa 65:2. 69Cf. Lev 26:1;
7 And when they came together they Deut 27:15. 70Cf. Num 21:48. 71Cf. Exod 17:14.
begged Moses to offer up a prayer on 72
Ps 110:1. 73Cf. Isa 45:1.
THE LETTER OF BARNABAS 231
hearts that were already paid out to death 4 Pay attention, children, to what it
and given over to the lawlessness of means that he nished in six days. This
deceit. means that in six thousand years the Lord
6 For it is written how the Father com- will complete all things. For with him a
manded him to prepare for himself a holy day represents a thousand years. He him-
people after he redeemed us from self testies that I am right, when he says,
darkness. See, a day of the Lord will be like a
7 And so the prophet says, I the Lord thousand years.86 And so, children, all
your God called you in righteousness; things will be completed in six days
and I will grasp your hand and strengthen that is to say, in six thousand years.
you. I have given you as a covenant of 5 And he rested on the seventh day.
the people, as a light to the nations, to This means that when his Son comes he
open the eyes of the blind, to bring out will put an end to the age of the lawless
of their bondage those in shackles and one, judge the impious, and alter the sun,
out of prison those who sit in darkness.80 moon, and stars; then he will indeed rest
And so we know the place from which on the seventh day.
we have been redeemed. 6 Moreover, it says, Make it holy with
8 Again the prophet says, See, I have pure hands and a pure heart. We are very
set you as a light to the nations, that you much mistaken if we think that at the
may bring salvation to the end of the present time anyone, by having a pure
earth; so says the Lord God who redeems heart, can make holy the day that the
you.81 Lord has made holy.
9 Again the prophet says, The Spirit 7 And so you see that at that time,
of the Lord is upon me, because he when we are given a good rest, we will
anointed me to preach the good news of make it holybeing able to do so be-
grace to the humble; he sent me to heal cause we ourselves have been made up-
those whose hearts are crushed, to pro- right and have received the promise,
claim a release to the captives and re- when lawlessness is no more and all
newed sight to the blind, to call out the things have been made new by the Lord.
acceptable year of the Lord and the day Then we will be able to make the day
of recompense, to comfort all those who holy, after we ourselves have been made
mourn.82 holy.
8 Moreover he says to them, I cannot
arose from the dead, and appeared, and temple built by hand; for it was full of
ascended into heaven. idolatry and was a house of demons, be-
cause we did everything that was op-
is the good paymaster of the reward. to walk in them. For the one who does
Guard the injunctions you have received, these things will be gloried in the king-
neither adding to them nor taking away. dom of God. The one who chooses those
Completely hate what is evil. Give a fair other things will be destroyed, along with
judgment. his works. This is why there is a resur-
12 Do not create a schism, but make rection; this is why a recompense.
peace by bringing together those who are 2 I ask those of you who are in high
at odds. Confess your sins. Do not come positions, if you are willing to receive
to prayer with an evil conscience. This is advice from my good counsel: keep some
the path of light. people among yourselves for whom you
can do good, and do not fail.
236
THE PREACHING OF PETER 237
is one God who made the beginning of serving angels and archangels, the
all things and has power over their end, month and the moon: and if no moon
and The invisible who sees all things, be seen, they do not celebrate what is
uncontainable, who contains all, who called the rst sabbath, nor keep the
needs nothing, of whom all things stand new moon, nor the days of unleavened
in need and for whose sake they exist, bread, nor the feast of tabernacles, nor
incomprehensible, perpetual, incorrupti- the great day (of atonement).
ble, increated, who made all things by Then he adds the nale of what is
the word of his power . . . that is, the required: So then learn in a holy and
Son. Then he goes on, This God you righteous manner that which we deliver
must worship, not after the manner of to you, observe, worshipping God
the Greeks . . . showing that we and the through Christ in a new way. For we have
notable Greeks worship the same God, found in the Scriptures, how the Lord
though not according to perfect knowl- said, Behold, I make with you a new
edge for they had not learned the tradi- covenant, not as the covenant with your
tion of the Son. Do not, he says, fathers in mount Horeb.1 He has made a
worshiphe does not say the God new one with us: for the ways of the
whom the Greeks worship, but not in Greeks and Jews are old, but we are
the manner of the Greeks: he would Christians who worship him in a new
change the method of worship of God, way as a third generation.
not proclaim another God. What, then,
is meant by not in the manner of the
Greeks? Peter himself will explain, for Clement of Alexandra Strom. 6.5.43
he continues, Carried away by igno-
rance and not knowing God as we do,
according to the perfect knowledge, but
shaping those things over which he gave
3 Therefore Peter says that the Lord
said to the apostles, If then any of
Israel will repent and believe in God
them power for their use, wood and through my name, his sins shall be for-
stones, brass and iron, gold and silver, given him: and after twelve years go out
forgetting their material and proper use, into the world, lest any say, We did not
they set up things subservient to their hear.
existence and worship them; and what
things God has given them for food, the
fowls of the air and the creatures that Clement of Alexandria Strom. 6.6.48
swim in the sea and creep on the earth,
wild beasts and four-footed cattle of the
eld, weasels too and mice, cats and
dogs and apes; even their own food-
4 For example, in the Preaching of
Peter the Lord says, I chose you
twelve, judging you to be disciples wor-
stuffs do they sacrice to animals that thy of me, whom the Lord willed, and
can be consumed and, offering dead thinking you faithful apostles I sent you
things to the dead as if they were gods, into the world to preach the gospel to
they show ingratitude to God since by people throughout the world, that they
these practices they deny that he ex- should know that there is one God; to
ists. . . . He continues again in this
fashion, Neither worship him as the
Jews do for they, who suppose that they
alone know God, do not know him, 1
Jer 31:3132
238 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
The Letter now known as Pseudo-Titus is later than most of the other
apocrypha included in this collection. It was unknown until discovered late
in the nineteenth century in a very badly translated Latin manuscript pro-
duced some time in the eighth century, probably from a Greek original.
The author claims to be Titus, the companion of Paul, to whom one of
the letters of the New Testament itself is addressed. This alleged connection
with the apostle provides the writer with the authority he needs to set forth
his clear agenda: to promote chastity for all Christians, urging even those
who are married to abstain from the pleasures of sex as detrimental to
salvation. Why, asks the pseudonymous author, do you strive against
your own salvation to nd death in love?
The author quotes numerous sources, including the books of the Old
and New Testaments, in support of his views. In particular, though, he
appears to be familiar with the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles, which, as
we have seen, are themselves ascetic and world-denouncing in their
orientation.
It is difcult to date this strident attack against the pleasures of the
esh, but most scholars place it some time in the fth century.
239
240 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
this . . . and instant of our pilgrim- with thee. Thou despisest God, whilst
age on the earth they may display an striving to please a man.
angelic appearance. As the Lord says, Wherefore contemplate the footprints
Such are to be called angels.1 of our ancestors! Consider the daughter
Those then who are not deled with of Jephthah: willing to do what had been
women2 he calls an angelic host. Those promised by her father and vowing her
who have not abandoned themselves to own self as a sacrice to the Lord, she
men, he calls virgins, as the apostle of rst manifested her connection with God
Christ says: the unmarried think day and and took other virgins with her that in
night on godly things,3 i.e. to act prop- the mountains throughout sixty days they
erly and to please Him alone, and not to might bewail her virginity.7 O luminous
deny by their doings what they have secrets which disclose the future in ad-
promised in words. Why should a virgin vance! Virgin is joined with virgin, and
who is already betrothed to Christ be in love to her she bewails the peril of her
united with a carnal man? esh until the day of her reward comes!
It is not lawful to cling to a man and Rightly does he say sixty days, since
to serve him more than God. Virgin! he means the sixtyfold reward of holiness
Thou hast cast off Christ, to whom thou which the ascetic can gain through many
wert betrothed! Thou has separated thy- pains, according to the teaching of the
self from Him, thou who strivest to re- apostle: Let us not lose courage, he says,
main united to another! O beauteous in the hardest labours, in afiction, in
maidenhood, at the last thou art stuck fast grief, in suffering abuse: we suffer per-
in love to a male being! O (holy) ascetic secution, but we are not forsaken, be-
state, thou disappearest (when) the saints cause we bear in our body the passion of
match human offences! Christ. Wherefore we are by no means
O body, thou art put to the yoke of the overcome.8 And again the same apostle
law of God, and ever and again commit- left an example behind him, describing
test fornication! Thou art crucied to this his own disasters and saying: I have
world,4 and continuest to act up to it! If labored much, I have frequently been im-
the apostle Paul forbade communion to a prisoned, I have suffered extremely many
woman caught in an adulterous relation oggings, I have often fallen into deadly
with a strange man,5 how much more peril. Of the Jews, he says, I have ve
when those concerned are saints dedi- times received forty stripes save one,
cated to Christ! Thou art caught in the three times have I been beaten with rods,
vile fellowship of this world, and yet once have I been stoned; thrice have I
regardest thyself as worthy of the blood suffered shipwreck, a day and a night I
of Christ or as united with his body! But have spent in the depth of the sea; I have
this is not the case: if thou eat of the esh often journeyed, often been in peril of
of the Lord unworthily, then thou takest rivers in peril of robbers, in peril among
vainly instead of life the re of thine
everlasting punishment! O virgin: if thou
strivest to please (another), then thou hast
already committed a sin of volition, for 1
Mark 12: 25 par. 2Rev 14:4. 31 Cor 7:34. 4Cf.
the Evangelist says: one cannot serve Gal 6:14. 5This happening is recorded in detail in the
Actus Petri cum Simone. The name of the woman
two masters, for he obeys the one, and concerned is there given as Runa. 6Matt 6:24.
despises the other.6 O virgin! so is it also 7
Jdg. 11:38. 82 Cor 4:8ff.
PSEUDO-TITUS 241
tence before the court of the elders, i.e., (now) be augmented beyond the rst
of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, whose punishment.
charge it is to investigate the case of their Therefore, beloved, we must combat
children. Then will the fathers disown the works of the esh because of the
their own children as evildoers. And - coming retribution. In order then that ye
nally the malefactors will cry amidst the may escape eternal torment, ye must
torment of their punishment: Hear us, O struggle, daughters, against esh and
Lord God, for our father Abraham has blood so long as a period for that contin-
not known us, and Isaac and Jacob have ues and a few days still remain wherein
disowned us! Thus then let the children ye may contend for life. Why should the
conduct themselves that (some day) they man who hast renounced the esh be held
may nd themselves in the bosom of fast in its lust? Why, O virgin, thou who
father Abraham. That is to say, that they has renounced a man, dost thou hug this
may remain praiseworthy in his remem- physical beauty? Why (ascetic) givest
brance and be not as the daughters of thou up to a strange woman (i.e., one
Zion whom the Holy Spirit reproaches belonging to Christ) the body which was
through Isaiah: They moved together not made for that? Why strivest thou
through the streets, dancing with their against thine own salvation to nd death
heads erect. And they engaged them- in love? Hear the apostle who says to
selves to men in the villages of Jerusalem, you: See, he says, that ye give not
and heaped up iniquity to the sky, and place to the esh through the liberty of
the Lord was angry and delivered them God.18 And again: Fulll not the lusts
up to king Nebuchadnezzar to slavery for of the esh. For the esh lusteth against
seventy years.17 the Spirit and the Spirit against the esh.
You also are disobedient and undisci- These are opposed to one another.
plined, you who do something even Therefore, he says, do not what ye would.
worse than the rst committed. In the end Otherwise the Spirit of God is not in
you also will be delivered up to the you.19 O inherently false one, to despise
wicked king Nebuchadnezzar, as he says, the commandments of the holy law and
i.e., to the devil who will fall upon you. (through) a deceitful marriage to lose in
And as they (the Jews), after they had secret the life everlasting! O honeyed
spent seventy years in anguish, returned cheat, to draw on torment in the future!
to their own places of abode, so a period O unbridled passion for glory, to offend
of seven years is (now) appointed under against the devotion that has been vowed
Antichrist. But the pain of these seven to God! O steps that lead astray from the
years presents eternal anguish. And as, way, that a virgin is fond of the esh of
after their return to their homeland, they another! O faith(less) craving, theft of
henceforth experienced much evil, so is re, honor entangled in crime! O broken
it also now with (these): after death the promise, that the mind blazes up for a
soul of each one will be tormented unto stranger! O pledge of lust, beauty in-
the judgment day. And again, after the clined to crime! O alluring symbol of
slaughter of the beast, the rst resurrec- vice that brings disdain! O seminari da
tion will take place; and then will the
faithless souls return to their dwellings;
and according to the increase of their 17
The source of this apocryphal quotation cannot be
(earlier) evil-doings will their torment traced. 18Gal. 5:13. 19Gal. 5:16.
PSEUDO-TITUS 243
indeed of such unchastity as is never met Bewail the house which you have pulled
with among the Gentiles, that one lives on yourselves and endure of yourselves
with his fathers wife. And ye are yet the punishment of indignation.28 Does
puffed up, and do not rather mourn, that the Lord mean perhaps the house or the
such an evil-doer may be removed from eld of this time when he warns us
your midst. I am indeed absent in the against pressing them together? (No)
body, but in the spirit am among you and rather it is a matter here of warnings in
already, as if I were present, I have passed reference to holiness, in which the sepa-
sentence of on the evil-doer: to hand over ration of man and woman is ordered. So
that man to Satan in the name of the Lord also admonishes us through Jer-
Christ.24 emiah, saying, It is an excellent thing for
O invention of the devil, sport for those a man that he bear the yoke in his youth;
about to perish! Oh poison instead of he will sit alone when his hope is real; he
honey, to take a fathers wife in the same will keep quiet and have patience.29 To
way as any bride dedicated to Christ bear the yoke is then to observe Gods
whom in thine heart thou hast craved for! order. And in conclusion the Lord says:
O man, thou hast lent no ear to the wis- Take my yoke upon you.30 And further,
dom that says to thee: the lust of the in his youth means in his hope. Thus he
ascetic dishonors the virgin.25 So also did has commanded that salvation be pre-
the rst created man fall because of a served in lonely celibacy, so that each one
virgin: when he saw a woman giving him of you may remain as a lonely tower ac-
a smile, he fell. His senses became tied cording to the saying of the Evangelist
to a craving which he had never known that house should not remain upon house,
before, assuredly he had not experienced but should come down at once. Why then,
earlier its avour and the sweetness that O man, dost thou make haste to build you
proved his downfall. O man who fearest a ruin upon a strange house and thus to
not the face of this criminal person, pass- occasion not only your own destruction
ing by whom many have lost their lives. but also that of the bride of Christ who is
The disciple of the Lord, Judas Jacobi, united to you?
brings that to our remembrance when he And also if thou art free from unchas-
says: Beloved, I would bring to your tity, already thou committest a sin in
remembrance, though ye know, what keeping up connections with women; for
happened to them who were oppressed nally, thus says the Lord in the Gospel:
by the corruption of the esh, as for in- He who looks upon a woman to lust
stance the genuine persons (veraces) who after her hath committed adultery with
did not preserve their dignity, but aban- her already in his heart.31 On this ac-
doned their heavenly abode and, enticed count a man must live for God sincerely
by lust, went to the daughters of men to and free from all lust. In Daniel also we
dwell with them.26 read: As these false old men, who had
Today also they forfeit the angelic craved for the beauty of Susanna, were
character who crave to dwell with strange unable to practise any unchastity with
daughters, according to the word of the her, they slandered her. Susanna was
Lord who proclaimed by Isaiah: Woe
unto you who join house to house and 24 25 26
1 Cor 5:1ff. Ecclus 20:4? Gen 6:2 (cf. Jud. 1:
add eld to eld that they may draw nigh 5f.) 27Isa 5:8. 28
Mic 1:11 (?) 29
Lam 3:2728.
one another.27 And in Micah it is said: 30
Matt 11:29. 31
Matt 5:28.
PSEUDO-TITUS 245
brought before their court, and these writing the history of the rst men, and
rogues had her stand before them with the holy Elias (was given the task) of
her head uncovered so that they might registering the new deeds of this later
satisfy their craving at least in looking on people!
her beauty.32 And thus they were unable All that has thus to be construed ac-
to escape capital punishment. How much cording to the condition of (our) time:
more when the last day comes! What, each of the two springs from his own
thinkest thou, will Christ do to those who age, Enoch (as a symbol) of righteous-
have surrendered their own members to ness and Elias (as a symbol) of holiness.
rape? The apostle has already shown the But we must comply with the rule of our
future in advance, saying: Let no temp- holiness, as the apostle says: In body
tation take hold of you, he says, save and spirit genus must resemble genus and
what is human!33 O temptation to sen- the disciple the master.37 And the spirit
suality! Man is not able to control him- of Elias rested nally on Elisha. He also
self, and inicts on himself the predicted begged of him that he might immediately
fatal wounds! O exhalations of the esh! receive from him a double blessing like
The glowing re hidden deep in the heart the one which (later) the Lord gave to his
nourishes a conagration! O ignoble advanced disciples, saying, He that be-
ght, to strike root in a dark night! O tree lieves on me will also do the works that
of seducing fruit that shows thick foliage! I do, and will do greater works than
O false lips, out of which honey drops these.38 But such grace is granted only
and which in the end are as bitter as to those who full the commandments of
poison! O charming eloquence, the words the Master. What should we now say? If
of which shoot arrows into the heart! O Elisha served in the house of Elias to
madness of love: death fetters the young comply with the rule of propriety and the
as a chain, whilst wisdom announces the boy Gehazi assisted the (prophet) Elisha
future, that is, what it always orders: as Baruch (the prophet) Jeremiah, in or-
Avoid, my son, every evil and every- der to leave us an (instructive) remem-
thing that resembles it.34 And further: brance, why does a man today take a
And every man who takes part in a foot- woman as servant under a semblance of
race abstains from all things that he may holiness? If it is a matter of a close rela-
be able to obtain the crown that is pre- tive, then that will do; but not if she is a
pared for him.35 strange woman. After the ood the sons
Why takest thou, O man, a woman as of Noah looked for places for themselves
a servant? Consider the conduct of (our) where they might build cities, and they
holy ancestors. Thus Elias, a noble man named them after their wives. Precisely
who still lives in the body, took a young so do these (men) now behave who are
man as servant, to whom also he left his united (to women).
mantle as a holy keepsake when he was O ascetics of God who look back at
taken up into paradise in a chariot of women to offer them gifts, to give them
re.36 There Enoch also lives in the body,
who was carried away (there) in the rst
age. O holy dispensation of God, who
has provided for the coming age! Enoch, 32
Cf. Dan 13:32 (Susanna in Apocrypha). 33Cf. 1
Cor 10:13. 34Didache 3:1 351 Cor 9:25. 362 Kings
the righteous, from among the rst peo- 2:15. 37The source of this Paul-saying is unknown.
ple, was commissioned to commit to 38
John 14:12
246 NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS
property, to promise them houses, to other he held fast a sword, always ready
make them presents of clothes, to surren- to contend against the enemy. Apprehend
der to them their own souls and yield to then the mystery, how one should build
their name all that belongs to them! If the sanctuary of celibacy: in ascetic lone-
thou then, O man, behavest rightly and liness one hand must be engaged in the
innocently, why dost thou not take thine work that an extremely beautiful city may
own sister with thee? Why doest thou not be built for God, whilst the other grasps
give her all that belongs to thee, and thou the sword and is always ready for action
wilt possess every thing? Further and fur- against the wicked devil. That is then to
ther thou separatest thyself from her: thou be interpreted in this way: both hands,
hatest her, thou persecutest her. And yet i.e. the spirit and the esh, have in mutual
they greatest safety is in her. Nay, sepa- harmony to bring the building to com-
rated from her thou attachest thyself to pletion, the spirit being always on the
another. And thus dost thou think to re- lookout for the enemy and the esh build-
main wealthy in body and not be con- ing on the bedrock of good conduct.
trolled by any lust, and dost say that thou Therefore it is said in the Gospel: Let
possessest the heavenly hope. Hear a your works shine before men that they
word that holds good for thee. Consider may glorify your Father in heaven.41 Be-
what the Lord in the Gospel says to hold what a splendid structure is built in
Mary: Touch me not, says he, for I am the heavenly Jerusalem. In this city one
not yet ascended to my Father!39 O di- contends rightly in a lonely position,
vine examples which have been written without any intercourse with the esh, as
for us! And Paul, the chosen vessel (of it stands in the Gospel: In the coming
the Lord) and the impregnable wall age, says the Lord, they will neither
among the disciples, admonishes us when marry nor be given in marriage, but will
in the course of his mission the virgin be as the angels in heaven.42 Thus we
Thecla, full of innocent faithfulness to must endeavour through blameless con-
Christ, wished to kiss his chainmark duct to gain for ourselves everlasting
thou what the apostle said to her: Touch honor in the future age. O man, who
me not, he said, because of the frailty of understandest nothing at all of the fruits
(this) time.40 Thou dost see then, O of righteousness, why has the Lord made
young man, what the present Lord and the divine phoenix and not given it a little
the recorded testament of the disciple wife, but allowed it to remain in loneli-
have said against the esh. For they did ness? Manifestly only on purpose to
not order the women to withdraw for show the standing of virginity, i.e., that
their own sakes, for the Lord cannot be young men, remote from intercourse with
tempted and just as little can Paul, his women, should remain holy. And its res-
vicar, but these admonitions and com- urrection points nally to life. In this
mands were uttered for the sake of us connection David says in the Psalms: I
who are now members of Christ. will lay me down and sleep in peace for
Above all the ascetic should avoid thou, O Lord, makest me to dwell lone-
women on that account and see to it that some in hope.43 O peaceful rest given
he does (worthily) the duty entrusted to
him by God. Consider the rebuilding of
Jerusalem: at the time of this laborious 39
John 20:17. 40The scene is described in the surviv-
work every man was armed and mailclad, ing Acts of Paul and Thecla c. 18. 41Matt 5:16.
and with one hand he built whilst in the 42
Mark 12:25 and pars. 43Ps 4:8. 44Cf. Prov 6:27.
PSEUDO-TITUS 247
without interruption! O great security, law this word that holds good for thee:
when a man lives lonesome in the body! The people sat down to eat and to drink;
Thou canst not expect to bind glowing and they rose to make merry; and of them
coals on thy garment, and not set the robe 23,000 fell there? For they had begun to
alight.44 Should you do such a thing, then have intercourse with the daughters of
you will remain naked and your shame men, i.e. they allowed themselves to be
will be manifest. Add to this the word of invited by them to their unclean sacri-
the prophet: All esh is grass.45 That a ces, and the children of Israel dedicated
man then may not go up in ames, let themselves to Baalpeor. . . .
him keep far from re. Why exposest
thou thine eternal salvation to loss
through a trie? Hast thou not read in the 45
Is. 40:6 46
Exod. 32:6, 28.
This page intentionally left blank
NON-CANONICAL
APOCALYPSES AND
REVELATORY
TREATISES
250 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
Introduction
The Shepherd was a popular book among Christians of the rst four
centuries. Written by Hermas, brother of Pius, bishop of Rome, during the
rst half of the second century, the book was regarded by some churches
as canonical Scripture. It was eventually excluded from the canon, however,
in part because it was known not to have been written by an apostle.1 Even
so, it was still included as one of the books of the New Testament in the
fourth-century codex Sinaiticus and is mentioned by other authors of the
time as standing on the margins of the canon.2
The book takes its name from an angelic mediator who appears to
Hermas in the form of a shepherd. Other angelic beings appear here as well,
in particular an old woman who identies herself as the personication of
the Christian church. These various gures communicate divine revelations
to Hermas and, upon request, interpret their meaning to him.
The book is divided into a series of ve visions, twelve sets of com-
mandments (or mandates), and ten parables (or similitudes). The visions
and similitudes are enigmatic and symbolic; they are usually explained to
Hermas as having a spiritual signicance for the Christian here on earth.
The mandates are somewhat easier to interpret, consisting for the most part
of direct exhortations to speak the truth, give alms, do good, and avoid
sexual immorality, drunkenness, gluttony, and other vices.
Indeed, the entire book is driven by an ethical concern: what can
Christians do if they have fallen into sin after being baptized? A number of
early Christians had insisted that those who returned to lives of sin after
joining the church had lost any hope of salvation. An alternative view is
advanced by Hermas, who maintains, on the basis of divine revelations, that
Christians who have fallen again into sin after their baptism have a second
chance (but only one second chance) to repent and return to Gods good
graces. Those who refuse to avail themselves of this opportunity, however,
or who revert to sin again thereafter, will be forced to face the judgment of
God on the day of reckoning soon to come.
1 2
See the Muratorian Canon. See the Canons of Eusebius and Athanasius.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, in The Apostolic Fathers, vol. 2 (Loeb Classical Library;
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003); used with permission.
251
252 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
The Shepherd of Hermas is the longest work to survive from the rst
hundred years of the Christian church. The following extracts are represen-
tative of the whole.
to myself, If this sin is recorded against committed. For you yourself have been
me, how can I be saved? Or how will I brought to ruin by the affairs of daily
appease God for the sins I have recently lifebecause of their sins and lawless
committed?a What words can I use to ask acts.
the Lord for mercy? 2 But the Lords compassion has
2 While I was mulling these things granted you and your household mercy,
over in my heart and trying to reach a and it will make you strong and establish
decision, I saw across from me a large you in its glory. But you must not relax;
white chair, made of wool, white as snow. instead, take courage and strengthen your
And an elderly woman came, dressed in household. For as the coppersmith ham-
radiant clothes and holding a book in her mers his work to master the material as
hands. She sat down, alone, and ad- he wants, so also the upright word spoken
dressed me, Greetings, Hermas. And I every day masters all evil. Do not stop
said, still upset and weeping, Greetings exhorting your children. For I know that
Lady. if they repent from their whole heart, they
3 She said to me, Why are you sad, will be recorded with the saints in the
Hermasyou who are patient, slow to books of the living.
anger, and always laughing? Why are you 3 When she nished these words, she
so downcast, and not cheerful? I replied said to me, Do you want to hear me
to her, Because of a very good woman read? I replied to her, Yes, Lady, I do.
who has been telling me that I sinned She said to me, Be a hearer and hear the
against her. glories of God. I heard great and amaz-
4 And she said, May such a thing ing matters that I could not remember.
never happen to a slave of God! But For all the words were terrifying, more
probably something did rise up in your than a person can bear. But I have re-
heart about her. This kind of notion membered the nal words, for they were
brings the slaves of God into sin. For benecial to us, and gentle:
when someone longs to do what is evil, 4 Behold, the powerful God, who
it is an evil and shocking notion, directed with his invisible power, might, and great
against a fully reverend and tested spirit understanding created the world, and by
especially for Hermas, the self- his glorious plan encompassed his crea-
controlled, who abstains from every evil tion with beauty, and by his powerful
desire and is full of all simplicity and word xed the sky and founded the earth
great innocence. upon the waters, and by his unique wis-
dom and foreknowledge created his holy
(I, 3) church, which he also blessedbehold,
who are upright, and the days of repen- 3 How fortunate are all those who do
tance for all the saints are complete. But righteousness. They will never perish.
the outsidersc will be able to repent until 4 Say to Maximus, See, afiction is
the nal day. coming. If it seems right to you, make
6 And so, say to those who lead the another denial.d The Lord is near to those
church that they are to make their paths who convert, as is written in the Book of
straight in righteousness, that they may Eldad and Modat,e who prophesied to the
fully receive the promises with great people in the wilderness.
glory.
7 You who do what is righteous should
(II, 4)
stand rm and not be of two minds, that
your path may lie with the holy angels.
How fortunate are all you who endure
8 While I was sleeping, brothers, I
received a revelation from a very
beautiful young man, who said to me:
the great afiction that is coming and do
The elderly woman from whom you re-
not deny your life.
ceived the little bookwho do you think
8 For the Lord has sworn by his Son,
she is? The Sibyl, I replied. You are
that those who deny their Lord have lost
wrong, he said; it is not she. Who
their lifethat is, those who are about to
then is it? I asked. The church, he said.
deny him in the days that are coming.
I said to him, Why then is she elderly?
But through his great compassion, mercy
Because, he said, she was created rst,
has been given to those who denied the
before anything else. That is why she is
Lord previously.
elderly, and for her sake the world was
created.
2 And afterward I saw a vision in my
(II, 3)
house. The elderly woman came and
7 But you, Hermas, must no longer
hold a grudge against your children
nor leave your sister to her own devices,
asked if I had already given the book to
the presbyters. I said that I had not. You
have done well, she said. For I have
that they may be cleansed from their for-
some words to add. Then, when I com-
mer sins. For they will be disciplined with
plete all the words, they will be made
an upright discipline, if you bear no
known through you to all those who are
grudge against them. A grudge produces
chosen.
death. But you, Hermas, have experi-
3 And so, you will write two little
enced great afictions of your own be-
books, sending one to Clement and the
cause of your familys transgressions,
other to Grapte. Clement will send his to
since you paid no attention to them. You
the foreign cities, for that is his commis-
neglected them and became enmeshed in
sion. But Grapte will admonish the wid-
your own evil deeds.
ows and orphans. And you will read
2 But you are saved by not straying
yours in this city, with the presbyters who
from the living God, and by your sim-
lead the church.
plicity and great self-restraint. These
things have saved you, if you continue;
and they save all those who do them and
who proceed in innocence and simplicity. c
Literally: Gentiles; or nations d The quotation may
continue to the end of the verse e This was an apoc-
Such people will overcome all evil and ryphal book written in the names of the two prophets
persist to eternal life. mentioned in Num. 11:26. It no longer survives.
256 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
Vision Three said to her, Lady, let the elders sit rst.
Do what I tell you, she said. Sit.
(III, 1) 9 But then, when I wanted to sit on the
Look, do you not see a great tower being it to the brothers that they can become
built upon the water across from you, more cheerful; for when they hear these
with bright, squared stones? things they will know the Lord in great
5 The tower was being built in a square glory.
by the six young men who had come with 2 She said, Many will indeed hear;
her. And thousands of other men were and some of those who hear will rejoice,
bringing stones, some of them from the but some will weep. But even these latter,
depths of the sea and some from the land, if they hear and repent, will rejoice as
and they were handing them over to the well. Hear therefore the parables of the
six young men, who were taking them tower. For I will reveal everything to you.
and building. Then trouble me no further about the
6 Thus they placed all the stones drawn revelation. For these revelations are com-
from the depths in the building; for they pleted and fullled. But you will not stop
t together and were straight at their asking about revelations, because you are
joints with the other stones. And they shameless.
were placed together so that their joints 3 The tower, which you see being built,
were invisible. The building of the tower is I, the church, who has appeared to you
seemed to have been made out of a single both now and previously. And so, ask
stone. whatever you wish about the tower and I
7 But they tossed aside some of the will reveal it to you, that you may rejoice
other stones that were brought from the with the saints.
dry land, while others they placed in 4 I said to her, Lady, since you have
the building. Others they broke up and on this one occasion considered me wor-
cast far from the tower. thy to reveal all things to me: reveal
8 Many other stones were lying around them. She said to me, Whatever can be
the tower, and they did not use them in revealed to you, will be revealed. Only
the building. For some of them had a let your heart be set on God, and do not
rough surface, others had cracks, others be of two minds, whatever you see.
were broken off, and others were white 5 I asked her, Why, Lady, is the tower
and round, and did not t in the building. built upon water? I have told you al-
9 I saw other stones cast far from the ready, she said, and you keep seeking;
tower; these came onto the path, but did it is by seeking, therefore, that you nd
not remain there, but rolled from the path the truth. As to why the tower is built
onto the rough terrain. Others fell into upon water, listen: it is because your life
the re and were burned. And others fell was saved and will be saved through wa-
near the water, but could not be rolled ter. But the tower is founded on the word
into it, even though they wanted to be. of the almighty and glorious name, and
it is strengthened by the invisible power
(III, 3) of the Master.
entire creation, so that they could in- building, who t together at their joints
crease, build up, and rule over it all. Thus, with the other stones already built in it?
through these the building of the tower These are those who have suffered on
will be brought to completion. account of the name of the Lord.
2 But the otherthe ones bringing 3 But I also want to know, Lady, who
the stoneswho are they? They also the other stones are, the ones brought
are holy angels of God; but these six are from the dry land. She said, Those that
superior to them. And so the building of go into the building without being hewn
the tower will be completed, and then all are ones the Lord has approved, because
of them will rejoice together around the they walk in the uprightness of the Lord
tower and glorify God, because the build- and carry out his commandments.
ing of the tower has been completed. 4 And who are the ones brought and
3 I asked her, Lady, I want to know placed in the building? These are those
about the destination of the stones, and who are new in the faith and faithful.
about what they mean. And she an- They are admonished by the angels to do
swered me, This will be revealed to you, good; for this reason, no evil has been
but not because you are more worthy than found in them.
everyone else. For others are ahead of 5 But who are the ones who were
you and better than you; and these visions tossed aside and cast out? These are
should have been revealed to them. But those who have sinned but wish to repent.
that the name of God may be gloried, For this reason they are not cast far away
the matter has been revealed to you and from the tower, because they will be use-
will be revealed, for the sake of those ful for the building, if they repent. And
who are of two minds, who debate in so if those who are about to repent do so,
their hearts whether these things are so they will be strong in faithif they re-
or not. Tell them that all these things are pent now while the tower is still under
true, that none of them is outside the construction. But if the building is com-
truth, but that everything is rm and cer- pleted, they will no longer have a place,
tain and established. but will be outcasts. This alone is to their
advantage, that they lie next to the tower.
(III, 5)
the saints. This is why they are of no path onto the rough terrain, these are the
use. ones who have believed, but have left
3 But who are the ones with cracks? their true path because they are of two
These are those who hold a grudge minds. They are lost, thinking they can
against one another in their hearts and nd a better path; and they are miserable,
have no peace among themselves. Even walking over the rough terrain.
though they seem to be peace-loving, 2 But the ones that fell into the re and
when they leave one anothers presence, were burned are those who completely
their wickedness remains in their hearts. abandoned the living God; and they no
These are the cracks the stones have. longer think about repenting because of
4 But the ones that are broken off are their licentious desires and the wicked
those who have believed and live, for the deeds they have performed.
most part, in righteousness, but also have 3 But who are the other ones, which
a certain share of lawlessness. This is fall near the water but cannot be rolled
why they are broken off and not whole. into it? These are the ones who have
5 But who are the white stones, Lady, heard the word and wanted to be baptized
which are rounded and do not t into the in the name of the Lord. But then when
building? She replied to me, How long they recall what the life of true purity
will you be foolish and ignorant, asking involves, they change their minds and
everything and understanding nothing? return to pursue their evil desires.
These are the ones who have faith, but 4 And so she completed her interpre-
also are wealthy in this age. But when tation of the tower.
afiction comes, because of their wealth 5 But being completely shameless, I
and their business affairs, they deny their asked her yet another question, whether
Lord. these stones that were tossed aside and
6 And I responded to her, And so not t into the building of the tower could
when, Lady, will they be useful for the repent and have a place in the tower.
building? When the wealth that be- They can repent, she said, but they
guiles them is cut off from them, she cannot be t into this tower.
said, then they will be useful to God. 6 They will be t into a greatly inferior
For just as a round stone cannot be made placeand then only after they have
square unless it has something cut off been tormented and have completed the
and discarded, so also with those who are days of their sins. That is why they will
rich in this age: if their wealth is not cut be removed from there, because they
off from them, they cannot be useful to have taken part in the righteous word.
the Lord. And then they will be removed from the
7 You should know this above all from torments inicted for the evil deeds they
your own case. When you were wealthy, did. But if deep down they do not want
you were of no use; but now you are to repent, they will not be saved, because
useful and helpful in life. All of you of their hardened hearts.
should be useful to God. For you yourself
are also being taken from the same (III, 8)
stones.
(III, 7)
16 And so, when I stopped asking
her about all these things, she
said to me, Do you want to see some-
said to me, Do you see seven women you and the saintsalong with the re-
around the tower? I see them, Lady, I newal of your spirits.
replied. This tower, she said, is sup- 10 These things have not been revealed
ported by them according to the com- for your sake alone; for you are to show
mandment of the Lord. them to all the others,
3 Hear now about the work they do. 11 in three days; rst, however, you
The rst of them, the one clasping her must think. But I enjoin you rst, Her-
hands, is called Faith. Those who are mas, with these words I am about to say;
chosen by God are saved through her. you are to speak them all in the ears of
4 And the other one, the one wearing the saints, that once they have heard and
a belt and acting like a man,f is called done them they may be cleansed from
Self-restraint. She is the daughter of their wicked deeds, and you along with
Faith. Whoever follows her will be for- them.
tunate in his life, because he will abandon
all his evil deeds, believing that if he
(III, 9)
abandons every evil desire, he will inherit
eternal life.
5 And the others, Lady, who are
17 Listen to me, children. I raised
you with great simplicity, in-
nocence, and reverence because of the
they? They are daughters of one an-
mercy of the Lord, who drizzled his
other, called Simplicity, Knowledge, In-
righteousness upon you that you may be
nocence, Reverence, and Love. And so,
made upright and puried from all evil
when you perform all the works of their
and perversity. Yet you do not wish to
mother, you will be able to live.
stop doing your wicked deeds.
6 I replied, I wish to know, Lady,
2 And so, now, listen to me: be at peace
about the power that each of them has.
with one another, take care of one an-
Listen, she said, to the powers they
other, help one another; and do not take
have.
an overabundance of Gods creations for
7 Their powers are connected and fol-
yourselves, but share with those in need.
low one another in the order of their birth.
3 For those who enjoy many kinds of
From Faith is born Self-restraint, from
food make their esh weak and harm it;
Self-restraint Simplicity, from Simplicity
but the esh of those without enough
Innocence, from Innocence Reverence,
food is harmed by lack of proper nour-
from Reverence Knowledge, and from
ishment, and their body wastes away.
Knowledge Love. And so their deeds are
4 This disparity is harmful to you who
pure, reverent, and godly.
have but do not share with those in need.
8 Whoever serves as their slave and is
5 Consider the judgment that is com-
able to adhere to their deeds will have a
ing. You who have an abundance should
place to reside in the tower, along with
therefore seek out the hungry before the
the saints of God.
tower is completed. For after the tower is
9 I began to ask her about the times,
completed you will long to do good but
about whether the end had already come,
will have no opportunity.
and she cried out with a great voice, You
6 And so, take heed, you who exult in
fool! Do you not see that the tower is still
your wealth, lest those in need complain
under construction? Only when its con-
struction is nished will the end arrive.
But it will be built quickly. No longer ask
me anything. This reminder is enough for f
Or: the one girded and courageous
THE SHEPHERD OF HERMAS 261
and their complaint rises up to the Lord, she was completely cheerful and seated
and you be shut out from the gate of the on a couch.
tower, along with your goods. 6 I was very sad, wanting to know
7 And so now I say to you who lead about this revelation. Then I saw the el-
the church and sit in its chief seats. Do derly woman in a night vision, saying to
not be like the sorcerers. For the sorcerers me, Every request requires humility.
carry their potions in boxes, but you And so fast, and you will receive from
carry your potion and poison in the heart. the Lord what you ask.
8 You have grown calloused and refuse 7 So I fasted one day, and in that night
to cleanse your hearts and to join your a young man appeared to me and said,
minds together in clean hearts, so as to Why do you constantly ask for revela-
receive mercy from the great king. tions in your prayer? Take care, or you
9 And so take heed, children, lest these will harm your esh by asking so much.
dissensions deprive you of your life. 8 These revelations are enough for
10 How can you want to discipline the you. How can you manage to see reve-
Lords chosen ones, when you yourselves lations even more powerful than the ones
have no discipline? And so, discipline you have already seen?
one another and be at peace among your- 9 I replied to him, Lord, I am asking
selves, that I also may stand before the only about the three forms of the elderly
Father cheerfully and so render an ac- woman, that the revelation may be com-
count to our Lord for all of you. plete. He answered me, How long will
you people be ignorant? You have be-
come ignorant from being of two minds,
(III, 10) not having your hearts set on the Lord.
anxieties upon the Lord. Your mind has mediately he forgets his former griefs and
been wounded and you have grown old thinks about nothing but the news he has
in your sorrows. heard. And he is strengthened from that
4 I also want to know, Lord, why she time on to do what is good, and his spirit
was seated in a chair. Because anyone is rejuvenated because of the exciting
who is weak sits in a chair out of weak- news he has received. So also your spirits
ness, to support the weakness of the body. have been rejuvenated from seeing these
Now you have the meaning the rst good things.
vision. 3 And you saw her seated on a couch
because that is a strong position, since
(III, 12) the couch has four legs and stands rmly.
a voice answered me, Do not be of two 2 From my earlier visions I knew that
minds, Hermas. I began to debate with she was the church, and I became cheer-
myself, How can I be of two minds, ful. She welcomed me, Greetings, my
when I have been rmly established by man. And I welcomed her in return,
the Lord and seen his glorious deeds? Greetings, Lady.
5 I passed on a bit, brothers, and sud- 3 She said to me, Did anything meet
denly saw a cloud of dust, reaching up to you? I responded, An enormous wild
the sky. And I began saying to myself, beast, Lady, able to destroy entire peo-
Is that a herd of cattle coming, raising ples. But by the power of the Lord and
the dust? But it was still about two hun- his great compassion, I escaped it.
dred yards away from me. 4 You escaped well, she said, be-
6 And as the dust cloud grew larger cause you cast your anxiety upon God
and larger, I realized that it was some- and opened your heart to the Lord, be-
thing supernatural. The sun began to lieving that you could not be saved except
shine a bit and suddenly I saw an enor- through his great and glorious name. For
mous wild beast, something like a sea this reason the Lord sent his angel, named
monster, with ery locusts spewing from Thegri, who is in charge of the wild
its mouth. The beast was nearly a hun- beasts; and he shut the beasts mouth, so
dred feet long, and its head looked like a that it could not harm you. You have
ceramic jar. escaped a great afiction because of your
7 And I began to weep and ask the faith, and because you were not of two
Lord to save me from it. Then I remem- minds even though you saw such an enor-
bered the word I had heard: Do not be mous wild beast.
of two minds, Hermas. 5 And so, go and explain the great acts
8 And so, putting on the faith of the of the Lord to his chosen ones, and tell
Lord, brothers, and remembering the them that this wild beast is a foreshad-
great things he had taught me, I coura- owing of the great afiction that is com-
geously gave myself over to the beast. ing. If then all of you prepare and repent
And so it came on with a roar, enough to before the Lord from your whole heart,
lay waste a city. you will be able to escape itif your
9 But when I approached it, the enor- heart becomes clean and blameless and
mous sea monster stretched itself out on you serve the Lord blamelessly the rest
the ground and did nothing but stick out of your days. Cast your anxieties upon
its tongue; otherwise it did not move at the Lord and he will take care of them.
all until I had passed it by. 6 Trust in the Lord, you who are of
10 And the beast had four colors on its two minds, because he can do all things;
head: black, re- and blood-red, gold, he both diverts his anger from you and
and white. sends punishments to you who are
double-minded. Woe to those who hear
(IV, 2) these words and disobey. It would be
matters. Yes Lady, I said, explain said, I have been sent from the most
these things to me. reverend angel to live with you for the
2 Listen, she said. The black is this rest of your life.
world, in which all of you live. 3 I thought he had come to put me to
3 The re- and blood-red shows that the test, and I said to him, Who are you?
this world must be destroyed through For I know the one to whom I have been
blood and re. entrusted. He said to me, Do you not
4 But you who escape this world are recognize me? No, I replied. He said,
the part that is gold. For just as gold is I am the shepherd to whom you have
tested through re and thus becomes use- been entrusted.
ful, so also you who dwell among themi 4 While he was speaking his appear-
are put to the test. Those who endure and ance changed, and I recognized him,
are burned by them will be made pure. since he was in fact the one to whom I
For just as gold casts off its dross, so also had been entrusted. And I was suddenly
you will cast off every grief and tribula- thrown into confusion, seized with fear,
tion, and be cleansed and made useful and entirely broken up by grief, because
for the building of the tower. I had given him such a wicked and fool-
5 But the part that is white is the age ish response.
that is coming, in which the chosen ones 5 But he said to me, Do not be con-
of God will dwell. For those who have fused, but become strong in my com-
been chosen by God for eternal life will mandments, which I am about to give
be spotless and pure. you. For I was sent, he said, to show
6 And so do not stop speaking in the you yet again all the things that you saw
ears of the saints. You now have the fore- before, since these are what will chiey
shadowing of the great afiction that is benet you. First, though, write my com-
coming. But if you wish, it will come to mandments and parables; but write the
nothing. Remember the things written other things just as I show them to you.
before. This is why, he said, I am commanding
7 When she said these things she de- you rst to write the commandments and
parted; but I did not see where she went. parablesthat you may read them regu-
For there was a noise, and I turned around larly and so be able to keep them.
out of fear, thinking that the beast was 6 And so I wrote the commandments
coming. and parables, just as he commanded me.
7 If then, after you hear them, you keep
them and walk in them and accomplish
Vision Five them with a pure heart, you will receive
from the Lord everything he promised
(V) you. But if you do not repent once you
can be saved. Why? he asked. Be- does such an evil deed brings death upon
cause, Lord I said, I have never in my himself.
entire life spoken a true word, but have 3 So be on the alert and avoid this
always lived craftily with everyone, and notion. For where reverence dwells, law-
have portrayed my lie as truth to all. And lessness should not rise up in the heart
no one has ever contradicted me, but has of an upright man.
trusted my word. How then, Lord, I 4 I said to him, Lord, allow me to ask
asked, can I live, having done such you a few questions. Go ahead, he
things? replied. Lord, I said, if someone is
4 Your thoughts are good and true, married to a woman who believes in the
he said. For you should have been con- Lord, but he discovers that she is having
ducting yourself as a slave of God; and a an adulterous relationship, does the man
wicked conscience should not have dwelt then sin if he continues to live with her?
with the spirit of truth or brought grief 5 As long as he is ignorant of the
to the reverend and true spirit. Never, affair, he replied, he does not sin. But
I replied, have I heard such words so if the husband knows about her sin, and
accurately. the wife does not repent, but remains in
5 You are hearing them now, he said. her sexual immorality, and the husband
Guard these matters so that the lies you continues to live with her, he becomes
spoke before in your daily life may them- guilty of her sin and a partner in her
selves become trustworthy when these immorality.
other words are found to be true. For even 6 What then should the husband do,
those other ones can become trustworthy. Lord I said, if the wife continues in her
If you guard these matters and from now passion? He should divorce her, he
on speak only the truth, you will be able replied, and live alone. But if he marries
to give yourself life. And whoever hears someone else after the divorce, he also
this commandment and avoids lying most commits adultery.
wickedly will live to God. 7 But, Lord, I said, if after the wife
is divorced she repents and wants to re-
turn to her husband, should she not be
taken back?
Fourth Commandment 8 Yes indeed, he replied. If her hus-
band does not take her back, he sins, and
(IV, 1) drags a great sin upon himself; for the
to live in your midst. Otherwise you also ments, once he has heard them, will live
share in his sin. to God.
10 This is why you have been ordered
to remain by yourselves, whether a hus- (IV, 3)
band or wife; for repentance is possible
in such cases.
11 And so, he said, I am not giving
31 I still have some things to ask,
Lord, I said. Go ahead, he
replied. I have heard from some teach-
an occasion for matters to turn out this ers, Lord, I said, that there is no repen-
way; I am saying that the sinner should tance apart from the one that came when
sin no more. But with respect to his for- we descended into the water and received
mer sin, there is one who can provide forgiveness for the sins we formerly
healing. For he has the authority over all committed.
things. 2 He said to me, You have heard well,
for that is so. For the one who has re-
(IV, 2) ceived forgiveness of sins must sin no
curately. For I know that if I no longer sitive, feels cramped; and not having a
increase my sins, I will be saved. You pure place it seeks to leave. For it is
will be saved, he replied, as will every- suffocated by the evil spirit, not having a
one else who does these things. place to serve the Lord as it wishes, being
polluted by the irascibility. For the Lord
(IV, 4) dwells in patience, but the devil in
cause the power of God is with them. But with patience and stand against irascibil-
it misleads those who are empty and of ity and bitterness, and you will be found
two minds. with the reverence that is loved by the
2 For when it sees such people at rest Lord. Take care that you never neglect
it inserts itself into their hearts, and with this commandment. For if you master it,
no warning the woman or man becomes you will be able to guard the other com-
embittered on account of some business mandments, which I am about to give
deals, or because of food or something you. And so, be strong and empowered
trivial, or because of a friend or some- in them, and may everyone who wishes to
thing received or given, or because of proceed in them be so empowered. . . .
other such foolish matters. For all these
things are foolish, empty, senseless, and
unprotable for the slaves of God. The Parables That He
3 But patience is great and mighty; it Spoke With Me
has a forceful power that ourishes in a
spacious arena; it is cheerful, glad, and (I)
free of anxiety, glorifying the Lord at all
times, having no bitterness in itself but
remaining always meek and mild. This
50 He said to me, You know that
you slaves of God are living in
a foreign land. For your own city is a
patience, therefore, dwells with all those long way from this one. If, then, he said,
who hold on to faith intact. you know your own city, where you are
4 But irascibility is rst of all foolish, about to live, why are you preparing
ckle, and senseless. And then, from elds, expensive furnishings, buildings,
senselessness comes bitterness, from bit- and pointless rooms for yourselves here?
terness anger, from anger wrath, and 2 Anyone who prepares these things in
from wrath rage. Then this rage, which this city, therefore, cannot return to his
is compounded of such evil things, be- own city.
comes a great and incurable sin. 3 You foolish, double-minded, and
5 For when these spirits dwell in one miserable person! Do you not understand
and the same vessel with the holy spirit, that all these things belong to another and
the vessel no longer has sufcient space are under someone elses control? For the
but is stuffed to the brim. ruler of this city will say, I do not want
6 And so the sensitive spirit, which is you living in my city; leave it, because
not accustomed to dwelling with an evil you are not living by my laws.
spirit nor with harshness, leaves the per- 4 And so, you who have elds and
son and seeks to live with meekness and houses and many other possessions
mildness. when he casts you out, what will you do
7 Then when it leaves the one it had with your eld and house and whatever
inhabited, the person becomes devoid of else you have prepared for yourself? For
the upright spirit and at last, being lled the ruler of this country rightly says to
with evil spirits, vacillates in everything you, Either live by my laws or leave my
he does, being dragged back and forth by country.
the evil spirits, entirely blinded from any 5 And so what will you do, you who
good understanding. This then is what have a law from your own city? Will you
happens to everyone who is irascible. completely renounce your own law for
8 And so, avoid irascibility, which is the sake of your elds and whatever else
the most wicked spirit. Clothe yourself you own, and follow the law of the city
270 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
pense before God. For the poor person is 10 Happy are those who have posses-
rich in his petition and confession, and sions and understand that their riches
his petition has a great effect before God. have come from the Lord; for the one
And so the rich person supplies every- who understands this will also be able to
thing to the one who is poor, without perform a good ministry.
hesitation.
6 And then the poor person, having his
needs supplied by the one who is rich, Third Parable
prays to God and thanks him for the one
who has given him what he needs. And (III)
that one becomes even more eager to help
out the poor person, so that he may lack
nothing in his life. For he knows that the
52 He showed me many trees that
did not have leaves but ap-
peared to me to be withered. And they
petition of the poor person is acceptable were all alike. He said to me, Do you
and rich before the Lord. see these trees? I see them, Lord, I
7 And so both accomplish their work. replied. They are like one another and
The poor person works at his prayer in withered. He replied, These trees you
which he is rich and which he received see are the people who dwell in this age.
from the Lord; and he gives it back to 2 Why, then, Lord, I asked, do they
the Lord who supplied it to him in the seem withered and like one another?
rst place. So too the rich person does Because, he said, neither the upright
not hesitate to supply his wealth to the nor the sinners stand out clearly in this
poor person, since he received it from the age, but they are like one another. For
Lord. And this is a great and acceptable this age is a winter for those who are
thing to do before God, because the rich upright: they do not stand out clearly
person has gained understanding by his while dwelling with the sinners.
wealth and has worked for the poor per- 3 For just as the trees that shed their
son out of the gifts provided by the Lord, leaves in the winter all look alike, with
and he has accomplished his ministry the withered indistinguishable from the
well. living, so too in this age it is not clear
8 And so, people may think that the who the upright are and who the sinners,
elm tree bears no fruit; but they neither but they all appear alike.
know nor understand that when a drought
comes, the elm nourishes the vine by
holding water; and the vine, since it has Another Parable
an undiminished supply of water, pro-
duces fruit for two, both for itself and for (IV)
the elm. Thus also those who are poor
who pray to the Lord on behalf of the
rich bring their own wealth to comple-
53 He showed me again a number
of trees, some of them budding,
others withered. And he said to me, Do
tion; and again those who are rich and you see these trees? I see them, Lord,
supply the poor with what they need I replied. Some of them are budding and
bring their souls to completion. others withered.
9 Both then share in an upright work. 2 These trees that are budding, he
And so the one who does these things said, are the upright who are about to
will not be abandoned by God, but will dwell in the age that is coming. For the
be recorded in the books of the living. coming age is a summer for the upright,
272 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
but a winter for sinners. And so, when Another Parable, Five
the mercy of the Lord shines forth, those
who serve as slaves to God will stand out (V, 1)
clearly, and everyone will be able to rec-
ognize them.
3 For just as the fruits of each individ-
54 While I was fasting and sitting
on a certain mountain, thanking
the Lord for everything he had done for
ual tree appear in the summer and their me, I saw the shepherd sitting next to me.
species are recognized, so too the fruits And he said to me: Why have you come
of the upright will appear, and they will here so early? Because, Lord, I said,
all be known in that age because they I have a duty to perform.k
will be blossoming. 2 What is the duty?l he asked. I am
4 But the outsiders and sinnerswho fasting, Lord, I replied. But what is this
are the withered trees you sawwill be fast you people are keeping? he asked.
found withered and fruitless in that age, I am fasting according to my custom,
and they will be burned like withered Lord, I said.
trees and shown for what they are, be- 3 You people do not know how to fast
cause they did what was evil in their for God, he said, and this worthless fast
lifetimes. The sinners will be burned for you are keeping for him is not a fast.
sinning and not repenting. But the outsid- Why do you say this, Lord, I asked. I
ers will be burned for not knowing the say this, he said, because what you
one who created them. think you are keeping is not a fast. But I
5 You, therefore, bear fruit in your- will teach you a fast that is acceptable
self, that your fruit may appear in that and complete to the Lord. Yes, Lord,
summer. But avoid many business activ- I said, you will make me blessed if you
ities and you will not sin at all. For show me the fast acceptable to God.
those involved with numerous business Listen, he said.
dealings are also involved in numerous 4 God does not want this kind of vain
sins, since they are distracted by their fast. For when you fast like this to God
affairs and do not serve as the Lords you do nothing at all righteous. But fast
slaves. to God as follows:
6 How then, he continued, can some- 5 Do no evil in your life, but serve as
one like this receive anything he asks the Lords slave with a pure heart, keep-
from the Lord, if he does not serve as the ing his commandments and proceeding
Lords slave? For his slaves will receive in his injunctions; and let no evil desire
what they request, but those who are not rise up in your heart. Trust in God, be-
his slaves will receive nothing. cause if you do these things and fear
7 But if someone should engage in him and are self-restrained from every
just one kind of business,j he will also evil deed, you will live to God. If you
be able to serve as the Lords slave. For do these things, you will accomplish a
his thoughts will in no way be cor- fast that is great and acceptable to the
rupted away from the Lord, but he will Lord.
be enslaved to him, keeping his
thoughts pure.
8 So then, if you do these things you
will be able to bear fruit in the age that
is coming. And whoever else does these j
Or: one business transaction k
Literally: I have a sta-
things will bear fruit. tion lOr: What is a station?
THE SHEPHERD OF HERMAS 273
55
to fasting.
Listen to this parable I am
about to tell you; for it relates
this slave if he did what I commanded
him. And he did what I commanded and
an additional good work in my vineyard
2 There was a person who owned a besides. He has pleased me greatly. In
eld and many slaves, and he planted a exchange for the work he has done I want
vineyard in part of the eld. And he chose to make him a fellow heir with my son;
a certain slave who was most trustworthy for when he thought of the good deed,
and pleasing to him; and when he was he did not leave it alone, but he accom-
about to go on a journey, he called him in plished it.
and said to him, Take this vineyard that I 8 The masters son approved of the
have planted and build a fence around it idea that the slave should become his
before I return, and do nothing else to the fellow heir.
vineyard. Do what I have commanded 9 After some days the master of the
and I will set you free. And the master of house gave a dinner and sent a number
the slave went away on his journey. of foods to the slave from his table.
3 When he had gone, his slave took the When the slave received the food his
vineyard and built a fence around it. And master sent, he took what he needed
when he nished the fence he saw that and distributed the rest to his fellow
the vineyard was full of weeds. slaves.
4 And so he reasoned to himself, I 10 His fellow slaves took the food
have nished what the lord commanded; gladly, and began also to pray for him,
so now I will dig in this vineyard. Once that he might nd even greater favor with
it is dug it will be more attractive, and the master, since he had treated them so
without the weeds it will give more fruit, well.
since it will not be choked by the weeds. 11 The master heard everything that
So he dug the vineyard and removed all happened and was again extremely
the weeds that were in it. And that vine- pleased at what the slave had done. And
yard became more attractive and ourish- so he once more assembled his friends
ing, since there were no weeds that could and his son, and he reported to them what
choke it. the slave had done with the foods he had
5 After some time the master of both received. And they approved even more
eld and slave returned and came into heartily his plan to make the slave his
the vineyard. When he saw that the vine- sons fellow heir.
yard was attractively fenced and even
more that it was dug, with all the weeds (V, 3)
removed, and that the vines were our-
ishing, he was extremely pleased with
what the slave had done.
56 I said to him, Lord, I do not
know what these parables mean
and cannot understand them, unless you
6 So he called his beloved son, who explain them to me.
was to be his heir, and his friends, who 2 I will explain everything to you,
served as his advisors, and he told them he said, and show you the meaning of
everything he had commanded his slave everything I tell you. Guard what the
and everything he found accomplished. Lord commands and you will be accept-
And they congratulated the slave for the able to him and enrolled among those
good testimony that the master had given who keep his commandments.
him. 3 But if you do anything good beyond
274 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
asking for the interpretations of the par- sins through great labor, bearing up under
ables. But since you are so persistent, I his many labors. For a vine cannot be
will interpret for you the parable of the dug around without labor or toil.
eld and everything that follows it, that 3 And so, when he had cleansed the
you may make these things known to all. sins of the people he showed them the
Listen, now, he said, and understand paths of life, giving them the law, which
these things. he received from his Father.
2 The eld is this world. And the lord 4 You see, then, he said, that he is
of the eld is the one who created all the Lord of the people, having received
things and completed them and empow- all authority from his Father. But listen
ered them. The son is the Holy Spirit and to what it means that the Lord took his
the slave is the Son of God. The vines Son, along with the glorious angels, as a
are this people, which he has planted. counselor about the slaves inheritance.
3 The fence-posts are the Lords holy 5 God made the Holy Spirit dwell in
angels who surround his people. The the esh that he desired,m even though it
weeds that were removed from the vine- pre-existed and created all things. This
yard are the lawless deeds of the slaves esh, then, in which the Holy Spirit
of God. The foods that he sent to him dwelled, served well as the Spirits slave,
from his dinner are the commandments for it conducted itself in reverence and
he has given his people through his Son. purity, not deling the Spirit at all.
The friends and advisors are the holy 6 Since it lived in a good and pure way,
angels who were created rst. And the cooperating with the Spirit and working
absence of the master is the time that with it in everything it did, behaving in
remains until his coming. a strong and manly way, God chose it to
4 I said to him, Lord, all these things be a partner with the Holy Spirit. For the
are great, marvelous, and glorious. How conduct of this esh was pleasing, be-
could I have understood them? No one cause it was not deled on earth while
else could have understood them either, bearing the Holy Spirit.
even if he were extremely insightful. Yet, 7 Thus he took his Son and the glori-
Lord, I said, explain to me what I am ous angels as counselors, so that this
about to ask you. esh, which served blamelessly as the
5 Say what you wish, he said. Why, Spirits slave, might have a place of res-
Lord, I asked, is the Son of God rep- idence and not appear to have lost the
resented as a slave in the parable? reward for serving as a slave. For all esh
in which the Holy Spirit has dwelled
(V, 6) and which has been found undeled and
said. And now listen, he replied: the faith of the Lord and proceed in them.
Guard this esh of yours to keep it clean For I will empower you to do them.
and undeled, so that the spirit dwelling 3 These commandments are protable
in it may bear a good testimony to it, and to those who are about to repent. For if
your esh may be made upright. they do not proceed in them, their repen-
2 Take care that the thought never oc- tance is in vain.
cur to you that this esh of yours is 4 And so, you who repent should cast
corrupt, and never misuse it in a deling aside the evil affairs of this age, which
way. If you dele your esh, you dele wear you down. For when you are
the Holy Spirit as well. And if you dele clothed with every righteous virtue, you
your esh, you will not live. will be able to keep these commandments
3 But Lord, I said, if anyone was and no longer increase your sins. And so,
ignorant earlierbefore having heard by not increasing them, you will greatly
these wordsand deled his esh, how cut off your former sins. Proceed there-
will he be saved? God alone, he re- fore in my commandments, and you will
plied, can bring healing to those who live to God. For I have spoken these
were ignorant earlier. For all authority is things to all of you.
his. 5 After he spoke these things to me,
4 But guard these things for now, and he said, Let us go into the country, and
the Lord who has great compassion will I will show you the shepherds of the
provide healing for these things, if here sheep. Yes, Lord, I said, let us go.
at the end you dele neither your esh We came to a certain plain and he showed
nor your spirit. For these two go together, me a young shepherd, wearing a bright
and one cannot be deled without the yellow suit of clothes.
other. Keep both of them pure, therefore, 6 He was tending a large ock of
and you will live to God. sheep. These sheep were luxuriously fed
and extremely frisky and cheerful, leap-
ing about here and there; and the shep-
herd also was cheerful with his ock. The
Parable Six shepherds appearance was very cheerful,
and he was running about among the
(VI, 1) sheep.
done. For the rest of their lives they will your heart and serve God. Take care, he
serve as the Lords slave with pure hearts, said, lest the time be fullled and you
and they will prosper in their every deed, be found foolish. Listen, now, he said,
receiving everything they ask from the to what you want to know, so that you
Lord. Then they glorify the Lord, be- may understand these things.
cause they have been delivered over to 3 The one who lives in luxury and de-
me, and they no longer suffer any evil. ceit for a single day, doing whatever he
wants, is clothed with great foolishness
(VI, 4) and does not understand what he is doing.
by their own pleasure. And so this kind 4 But look, Lord, I said, they have
of luxury can be protable for the slaves in fact repented from their whole heart.
of God, and provides life to such a per- I myself know they have repented from
son. But the harmful luxuries that I men- their whole heart, he replied. But do
tioned before provide torments and pun- you think, he said, that the sins of those
ishments. If people remain in them who repent are forgiven on the spot? Not
without repenting, they provide death for at all! But the one who repents must
themselves. torment his own soul and become might-
ily humble in his every deed and be af-
icted with many and various afictions.
Parable Seven And if he should endure the afictions
that come upon him, the one who created
(VII) and empowered all things will be fully
1 2
For a full discussion, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 2427. See the Muratorian Canon and the
Canon of Eusebius.
280
THE APOCALYPSE OF PETER 281
forth: many shall become martyrs at his command hell to open its bars of adamant
hand. Enoch and Elijah shall be sent to and give up all that is therein.
teach them that this is the deceiver who And the wild beasts and the fowls
must come into the world and do signs shall he command to restore all the esh
and wonders in order to deceive. And that they have devoured, because he wills
therefore those who die by his hand shall that people should appear; for nothing
be martyrs, and shall be reckoned among perishes before God and nothing is im-
the good and righteous martyrs who have possible with him, because all things are
pleased God in their life. his.
For all things come to pass on the day
that place of re; and they shall say one forth and turn and torment them for ever
to another, We did not know that we with their husbands because they forsook
should come to everlasting punishment. the commandments of God and slew their
And the murderers and those who children. As for their children, they shall
have made common cause with them be delivered to the angel Temlakos. And
shall they cast into the re, in a place full those who slew them shall be tormented
of venomous beasts, and they shall be eternally, for God wills it so.
tormented without rest, feeling their
pains; and their worms shall be as many
in number as a dark cloud. And the angel
Ezrael shall bring forth the souls of those
9 Ezrael the angel of wrath shall
bring men and women, with half
of their bodies burning, and cast them
who have been slain, and they shall be- into a place of darkness, the hell of men;
hold the torment of those who slew them and a spirit of wrath shall chastise them
and say one to another, Righteousness with all manner of torment, and a worm
and justice is the judgment of God. For that never sleeps shall devour their en-
we heard, but we believed not, that we trails; and these are the persecutors and
should come into this place of eternal betrayers of my righteous ones.
judgment. And beside those who are there, shall
be other men and women, gnawing their
they drive them up to the top of the height Beside them shall be girls clad in
and they cast themselves down. And this darkness for a garment, and they shall be
they do continually and are tormented for seriously punished and their esh shall
ever. These are they who have cut their be torn in pieces. These are they who did
esh as apostles of a man: and the women not preserve their virginity until they
with them . . . and these are the men who were given in marriage and with these
deled themselves together as women. torments shall they be punished and shall
And beside them . . . and beneath feel them.
them shall the angel Ezrael prepare a And again, other men and women,
place of much re: and all the idols of gnawing their tongues without ceasing,
gold and silver, all idols, the work of hu- and being tormented with everlasting re.
man hands, and the semblances of images These are the servants who were not obe-
of cats and lions, of creeping things and dient to their masters; and this then is
wild beasts, and the men and women that their judgment for ever.
have prepared the images thereof, shall
be in chains of re and shall be chastised
because of their error before the idols,
and this is their judgment for ever.
12 And near by this place of tor-
ment shall be men and women
who are dumb and blind and whose rai-
And beside them shall be other men ment is white. They shall crowd one upon
and women, burning in the re of the another, and fall upon coals of unquench-
judgment, and their torment is everlast- able re. These are they who give alms
ing. These are they who have forsaken and say, We are righteous before God,
the commandment of God and followed whereas they have not sought after
the (persuasions?) of devils. righteousness.
Ezrael the angel of God shall bring
one voice, Have mercy upon us, for now for a light came from them, shining more
we know the judgment of God, which he than the sun and their raiment also was
declared to us before-time and we did not shining and cannot be described and
believe. And the angel Tatirokos shall nothing is sufcient to be compared to
come and chastise them with even greater them in this world. And the sweetness of
torment, and say to them, Now do you them . . . that no mouth is able to utter
repent, when it is no longer the time for the beauty of their appearance, for their
repentance, and nothing of life remains. aspect was astonishing and wonderful.
And they shall say, Righteous is the And the other, great, I say, shines in his
judgment of God, for we have heard and aspect above crystal. Like the ower of
perceived that his judgment is good, for roses is the appearance of the color of his
we are recompensed according to our aspect and of his body . . . his head. And
deeds. upon his shoulders . . . and on their fore-
heads was a crown of nard woven from
you, and has veiled your understanding; and Elijah and went to another heaven.
and the good things of this world prevail And the word of the scripture was ful-
against you. Your eyes therefore must be lled: This is the generation that seeks
opened and your ears unstopped that you him and seeks the face of the God of
may see a tabernacle, not made with hu- Jacob.6 And great fear and commotion
man hands, which my heavenly Father took place in heaven, and the angels
has made for me and for the elect. And pressed one upon another that the word
we beheld it and were full of gladness. of the scripture might be fullled which
says, Open the gates, you princes.7
288
THE APOCALYPSE OF PAUL 289
sides; there was the revelation of Saint the body, they immediately kissed as if it
Paul, and his shoes in which he walked were familiar to them, saying to it, Be
teaching the word of God. But he feared of good courage, for you have done the
to open that box and brought it to the will of God while placed on earth. And
judge; when he had received it, the judge, there came to meet it the angel who
because it was sealed with lead, sent it to watched it every day, and said to it, Be
the emperor Theodosius, fearing lest it of good courage, soul; I rejoice in you,
might be something else; when the em- because you have done the will of God
peror had received it he opened it, and on earth; for I related to God all your
found the revelation of Saint Paul, a copy works just as they were. Similarly also
of which he sent to Jerusalem, and re- the spirit proceeded to meet it and said,
tained the original himself. Soul, fear not, nor be disturbed, until
you come to a place which you have
might worship in the sight of God, and angels as have no mercy, and because you
an angel of God showed it God who did no right, so neither did they act com-
made it after his own image and likeness. passionately with you in your hour of
Moreover its angel ran before it saying, need. Confess your sins which you com-
Lord God Almighty, I am the angel of mitted when placed in the world. And it
this soul, whose works I presented to you answered and said, Lord, I did not sin.
day and night, not acting in accordance And the Lord, the just Lord, was angered
with your judgment. And the spirit like- in fury when it said, I did not sin, be-
wise said, I am the spirit who dwelt in cause it lied; and God said, Do you think
it from the time it was made; in itself I you are still in the world where any one
know it, and it has not followed my will; of you, sinning, may conceal and hide his
judge it, Lord, according to your judg- sin from his neighbor? Here nothing
ment. And there came the voice of God whatever shall be hidden, for when the
to it and said, Where is your fruit which souls come to worship in sight of the
you have made worthy of the goods throne both the good works and the sins
which you have received? Have I put a of each one are made manifest. And
distance of one day between you and the hearing these things the soul was silent,
just person? Did I not make the sun to having no answer. And I heard the Lord
arise upon you as upon the just? But the God, the just judge, again saying, Come,
soul was silent, having nothing to answer, angel of this soul, and stand in the midst.
and again there came a voice saying, And the angel of the sinful soul came,
Just is the judgment of God, and there having in his hands a document, and said,
is no respect of persons with God, for These, Lord, in my hands, are all the
whoever shall have done mercy, on him sins of this soul from its youth till today,
shall have mercy, and whoever shall not from the tenth year of its birth; and if you
have been merciful, neither shall God command, Lord, I will also relate its acts
pity him. Let it therefore be handed over from the beginning of its fteenth year.
to the angel Tartaruchus, who is set over And the Lord God, the just judge, said, I
the punishments, and let him cast it into say to you, angel, I do not expect of you
outer darkness, where there is weeping an account of it since it began to be f-
and gnashing of teeth, and let it be there teen years old, but state its sins for ve
till the great day of judgment. And after years before it died and before it came
these things I heard the voice of angels hither. And again God, the just judge,
and archangels saying, You are just, said, For by myself I swear, and by my
Lord, and your judgment is just. holy angels, and by my virtue, that if it
had repented ve years before it died, on
thirst after righteousness and those who me, These are they who devoted them-
aficted themselves for the sake of the selves to God with their whole heart and
name of God, God will give seven times had no pride in themselves. For all those
greater than these, which I shall now who rejoice in the Lord God and sing
show you. . . . psalms to the Lord with their whole heart
are here led into this city. . . .
And I asked him and said, Who are The angel answered and said to me,
these, sir, immersed up to their knees in Why do you weep? Are you more mer-
re? He answered and said to me, ciful than God? For though God is good,
These are they who when they have he knows that there are punishments, and
gone out of church occupy themselves he patiently bears with the human race,
with idle disputes. Those who are im- allowing each one to do his own will in
mersed up to the navel are those who, the time in which he dwells on the earth.
when they have taken the body and blood
of Christ, go and fornicate and do not
cease from their sins till they die. Those
who are immersed up to the lips are those
34 I observed the ery river and
saw there a man being tortured
by Tartaruchian angels having in their
who slander each other when they assem- hands an iron instrument with three
ble in the church of God; those up to the hooks with which they pierced the bow-
eyebrows are those who nod to each other els of that old man; and I asked the angel
and plot spite against their neighbor. and said, Sir, who is that old man on
whom such torments are imposed? And
are in this punishment. And I asked, said, Sir, what is this place? And he
Sir, who is this? And he said to me, said to me, Into that pit stream all the
This man whom you see was a deacon punishments. And I saw men and
who devoured the oblations and commit- women immersed up to the lips, and I
ted fornication and did not do right in the asked, Sir, who are these? And he said
sight of God; for this cause he unceas- to me, These are the magicians who
ingly pays this penalty. prepared for men and women evil magic
And I looked closely and saw along- arts and did not cease till they died.
side of him another man, whom they de- And again I saw men and women with
livered up with haste and cast into the very black faces in a pit of re, and I
ery river, and he was in it up to the sighed and lamented and asked, Sir, who
knees; and the angel who was set over are these? And he said to me, These are
the punishments came with a great ery fornicators and adulterers who committed
razor, and with it he cut the lips of that adultery, having wives of their own; like-
man and the tongue likewise. And sigh- wise also the women committed adultery,
ing, I lamented and asked, Who is that, having husbands of their own; therefore
sir? And he said to me, He whom you they unceasingly suffer penalties.
see was a reader and read to the people,
but he himself did not keep the precepts
of God; now he also pays the proper
penalty.
39 And I saw there girls in black
raiment, and four terrifying an-
gels having in their hands burning chains,
and they put them on the necks of the
cause they unceasingly pay these And I saw other men and women cov-
penalties. ered with dust, and their countenance was
And I saw other men and women hang- like blood, and they were in a pit of pitch
ing by their eyebrows and their hair, and and sulphur running in a ery river, and
a ery river drew them, and I said, Who I asked, Sir, who are these? And he
are these, sir? And he said to me, These said to me, These are they who com-
are they who join themselves not to their mitted the iniquity of Sodom and Go-
own husbands and wives but to whores, morrah, the male with the male, for
and therefore they unceasingly pay the which reason they unceasingly pay the
proper penalties. penalties. . . .
The Secret Book of John
The Secret Book (sometimes called Apocryphon) of John was one of the
most remarkable discoveries of the Nag Hammadi Library (see p. 19), where
it was found in multiple versions that differ from one another in some ways.1
Cast as a post-resurrection discussion of Jesus with his disciple, John the
son of Zebedee, the book contains one of the clearest expositions of the
Gnostic myth of creation and redemption, an exposition designed, ultimately,
to explain the existence of evil in the world and the path of escape for those
who recognize their plight.2
In intricate detail the account discusses the propagation of the divine
realm from the one invisible, imperishable, incomprehensible God prior to
creation, and the tragic mistake of the aeon Sophia, who produced an
offspring apart from her divine consort. The result was the monster Creator
God, whom Sophia named Yaltabaoth; this, in fact, is none other than the
God of the Bible, who is portrayed here as a malformed and imperfect
divine being, who out of ignorance proclaims I am God, and there is no
other God beside me (Isa 45:56).
Yaltabaoth is ultimately responsible for the creation of the world and
humans; but he is tricked into breathing the breath of life into the human
he has made, thus imparting the power of his mother, Sophia, to them,
making them animate, with an element of the divine within. As with other
forms of the Gnostic myth, a good deal of the Secret Book of John represents
a creative exposition of the stories of creation found in Genesis 14. The
tale continues with the appearance of Christ from above to provide the
divine souls entrapped within mortal bodies the knowledge necessary for
escape.
Since this particular version of the Gnostic myth was known, in a
slightly different form, to the late second-century church father Irenaeus,
most scholars date the Secret Book of John sometime prior to 180 ce.
1 2
See further Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 12325. For a fuller explanation of Christian Gnosticism,
see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 12225.
297
298 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
The teaching [of the savior], and [the are not unfamiliar with this image, are
revelation] of the mysteries, [and the] you?that is, do not [be] timid!I am
things hidden in silence, [even these one who is [with you (pl.)] always. I [am
things which] he taught John, [his] that Father], I am the Mother, I am the
disciple. Son. I am the undeled and incorruptible
[And] it happened one [day], when one. Now [I have come to teach you]
John, [the brother] of Jameswho are what is [and what was] and what will
the sons of Zebedeehad come up to the come to [pass], that [you may know the]
temple, that a Pharisee named Arimanius things which are not revealed [and those
approached him and said to him, Where which are revealed, and to teach you]
is your master [whom] you followed? concerning the [unwavering race of] the
And he [said] to him, He has gone to perfect [Man]. Now, [therefore, lift up]
the [place] from which he came. The your [face, that] you may [receive] the
Pharisee [said to him, With deception things that I [shall teach you] today, [and]
did this Nazarene] deceive you (pl.), and may [tell them to your] fellow spirits who
he lled [your ears with lies], and closed [are from] the [unwavering] race of the
[your hearts (and) turned you] from the perfect Man.
traditions [of your fathers.] [And I asked] to [know it, and he said]
[When] I, [John], heard these things [I to me, The Monad [is a] monarchy with
turned] away from the temple [to a desert nothing above it. [It is he who exists] as
place]. And I grieved [greatly in my heart [God] and Father of everything, [the in-
saying]. How [then was] the savior [ap- visible] One who is above [everything,
pointed], and why was he sent [in to the who exists as] incorruption, which is [in
world] by [his Father, and who is his] the] pure light into which no [eye] can
Father who [sent him, and of what sort] look.
is [that] aeon [to which we shall go?] For He [is the] invisible [Spirit] of whom
what did he [mean when he said to us], it is not right [to think] of him as a god,
This aeon to [which you will go is of or something similar. For he is more than
the] type of the [imperishable] aeon, [but a god, since there is nothing above him,
he did not teach] us concerning [the latter for no one lords it over him. [For he does]
of what sort it is.] not [exist] in something inferior [to him,
Straightway, [while I was contemplat- since everything] exists in him. [For it is
ing these things,] behold, the [heavens he who establishes] himself. [He is eter-
opened and] the whole creation [which nal] since he does [not] need [anything].
is] below heaven shone, and [the world] For [he] is total perfection. [He] did not
was shaken. [I was afraid, and behold I] [lack anything] that he might be com-
saw in the light [a youth who stood] by pleted by [it; rather] he is always com-
me. While I looked [at him he became] pletely perfect in [light]. He is [illimita-
like an old man. And he [changed his] ble] since there is no one [prior to him]
likeness (again) becoming like a servant. to set limits to him. He is unsearchable
There was [not a plurality] before me, [since there] exists no one prior to him
but there was a [likeness] with multiple to [examine him. He is] immeasurable
forms in the light, and the [likenesses] since there [was] no one [prior to him to
appeared through each other, [and] the measure] him. [He is invisible since no]
[likeness] had three forms. one saw [him. He is eternal] since he
He said to me, John, John, why do [exists] eternally. He is [ineffable since]
you doubt, or why [are you] afraid? You no one was able to comprehend him to
THE SECRET BOOK OF JOHN 299
ed the invisible One and Barbelo, the the holy Spirit and the perfect fore-
one for whose sake they had come into thought for whose sake it had come forth.
being. And it requested to give it a fellow
And Barbelo requested to grant her worker, which is the mind, and he con-
eternal life. And the invisible Spirit con- sented [gladly]. And when the invisible
sented. And when he had consented, eter- Spirit had consented, the mind came
nal life came forth, and [they attended] forth, and it attended Christ glorifying
and gloried the invisible [Spirit] and him and Barbelo. And all these came into
Barbelo, the one for whose sake they had being in silence.
come into being. And the mind wanted to perform a
And she requested again to grant her deed through the word of the invisible
truth. And the invisible Spirit consented. Spirit. And his will became a deed and it
And [when he had] consented truth came appeared with the mind; and the light
forth, and they attended and gloried the gloried it. And the word followed the
invisible, excellent Spirit and his Bar- will. For because of the word, Christ the
belo, the one for whose sake they had divine Autogenes created everything.
come into being. And the eternal life and his will and
This is the pentad of the aeons of the the mind and the foreknowledge attended
Father, which is the rst man, the image and gloried the invisible Spirit and Bar-
of the invisible Spirit; it is the fore- belo, for whose sake they had come into
thought, which is Barbelo, and the being.
thought, and the foreknowledge, and the And the holy Spirit completed the di-
indestructibility, and the eternal life, and vine Autogenes, his son, together with
the truth. This is the androgynous pentad Barbelo, that he may attend the mighty
of the aeons, which is the decad of the and invisible, virginal Spirit as the divine
aeons, which is the Father. Autogenes, the Christ whom he had hon-
And he looked at Barbelo with the ored with a mighty voice. He came forth
pure light which surrounds the invisible through the forethought. And the invisi-
Spirit and (with) his spark, and she con- ble, virginal Spirit placed the divine Au-
ceived from him. He begot a spark of togenes of truth over everything. And he
light with a light resembling blessedness. subjected to him every authority, and the
But it does not equal his greatness. This truth which is in him, that he may know
was an only-begotten child of the the All which had been called with a
Mother-Father which had come forth; it name exalted above every name. For that
is the only offspring, the only-begotten name will be mentioned to those who are
one of the Father, the pure Light. worthy of it.
And the invisible, virginal Spirit re- For from the light, which is the
joiced over the light which came forth, Christ, and the indestructibility, through
that which was brought forth rst by the the gift of the Spirit the four lights (ap-
rst power of his forethought which is peared) from the divine Autogenes. He
Barbelo. And he anointed it with his expected that they might attend him. And
goodness until it became perfect, not the three (are) will, thought, and life. And
lacking in any goodness, because he had the four powers (are) understanding,
anointed it with the goodness of the in- grace, perception, and prudence. And
visible Spirit. And it attended him as he grace belongs to the lightaeon Armozel,
poured upon it. And immediately when which is the rst angel. And there are
it had received from the Spirit, it gloried three other aeons with this aeon: grace,
THE SECRET BOOK OF JOHN 301
truth, and form. And the second light (is) not repent at once, but who persisted for
Oriel, who has been placed over the sec- a while and repented afterwards; they are
ond aeon. And there are three other aeons by the fourth light Eleleth. These are
with him: conception, perception, and creatures which glorify the invisible
memory. And the third light is Daveithai, Spirit.
who has been placed over the third aeon. And the Sophia of the Epinoia, being
And there are three other aeons with him: an aeon, conceived a thought from herself
understanding, love, and idea. And the and the conception of the invisible Spirit
fourth aeon was placed over the fourth and foreknowledge. She wanted to bring
light Eleleth. And there are three other forth a likeness out of herself without the
aeons with him: perfection, peace, and consent of the Spirithe had not ap-
wisdom. These are the four lights which provedand without her consort, and
attend the divine Autogenes, (and) these without his consideration. And though
are the twelve aeons which attend the son the person of her maleness had not ap-
of the mighty one, the Autogenes, the proved, and she had not found her agree-
Christ, through the will and the gift of ment, and she had thought without the
the invisible Spirit. And the twelve aeons consent of the Spirit and the knowledge
belong to the son of the Autogenes. And of her agreement, (yet) she brought forth.
all things were established by the will of And because of the invincible power
the holy Spirit through the Autogenes. which is in her, her thought did not re-
And from the foreknowledge of the main idle and something came out of her
perfect mind, through the revelation of which was imperfect and different from
the will of the invisible Spirit and the will her appearance, because she had created
of the Autogenes, the perfect Man it without her consort. And it was dissim-
(appeared), the rst revelation, and the ilar to the likeness of its mother for it has
truth. It is he whom the virginal Spirit another form.
called Pigera-Adamas, and he placed him And when she saw (the consequences
over the rst aeon with the mighty one, of) her desire, it changed into a form of
the Autogenes, the Christ, by the rst a lion-faced serpent. And its eyes were
light Armozel; and with him are his pow- like lightening res which ash. She cast
ers. And the invisible one gave him a it away from her, outside that place, that
spiritual, invincible power. And he spoke no one of the immortal ones might see it,
and gloried and praised the invisible for she had created it in ignorance. And
Spirit, saying, It is for your sake that she surrounded it with a luminous cloud,
everything has come into being and and she placed a throne in the middle of
everything will return to you. I shall the cloud that no one might see it except
praise and glorify you and the Autogenes the holy Spirit who is called the mother
and the aeons, the three: the Father, the of the living. And she called his name
Mother, and the Son, the perfect power. Yaltabaoth.
And he placed his son Seth over the This is the rst archon who took a
second aeon in the presence of the second great power from his mother. And he
light Oriel. And in the third aeon the seed removed himself from her and moved
of Seth was placed over the third light away from the places in which he was
Daveithai. And the souls of the saints born. He became strong and created for
were placed (there). And in the fourth himself other aeons with a ame of lu-
aeon the souls were placed of those who minous re which (still) exists now. And
do not know the Pleroma and who did he joined with his arrogance which is in
302 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
him and begot authorities for himself. the sixth is Adonin, he had a monkeys
The name of the rst one is Athoth, face; the seventh is Sabbede, he has a
whom the generations call [the reaper]. shining re-face. This is the sevenness of
The second one is Harmas, who [is the the week.
eye] of envy. The third one is Kalila- But Yaltabaoth had a multitude of
Oumbri. The fourth one is Yabel. The faces more than all of them so that he
fth one is Adonaiou, who is called Sab- could put a face before all of them, ac-
aoth. The sixth one is Cain, whom the cording to his desire, when he is in the
generations of men call the sun. The sev- midst of seraphs. He shared his re with
enth is Abel. The eighth is Abrisene. The them; therefore he became lord over
ninth is Yobel. The tenth is Armoupieel. them. Because of the power of the glory
The eleventh is Melceir-Ardonein. The he possessed of his mothers light, he
twelth is Belias, it is he who is over the called himself God. And he did not obey
depth of Hades. And he placed seven the place from which he came. And he
kingseach corresponding to the rma- united the seven powers in his thought
ments of heavenover the seven heav- with the authorities which were with him.
ens, and ve over the depth of the abyss, And when he spoke it happened. And he
that they may reign. And he shared his named each power beginning with the
re with them, but he did not send forth highest: the rst is goodness with the rst
from the power of the light which he had (authority), Athoth; the second is fore-
taken from his mother, for he is ignorant knowledge with the second one, Eloaio;
darkness. and the third is Astraphaio; the fourth is
And when the light had mixed with lordship with the fourth one, Yao; the fth
the darkness, it caused the darkness to is kingdom with the fth one, Sabaoth;
shine. And when the darkness had mixed the sixth is envy with the sixth one, Ado-
with the light, it darkened the light and it nein; the seventh is understanding with
became neither light nor dark, but it be- the seventh one, Sabbateon. And these
came dim. have a rmament corresponding to each
Now the archon who is weak has aeon-heaven. They were given names ac-
three names. The rst name is Yaltabaoth, cording to the glory which belongs to
the second is Saklas, and the third is heaven for the [destruction of the] pow-
Samael. And he is impious in his arro- ers. And in the names which were given
gance which is in him. For he said, I am to [them by] their Originator there was
God and there is no other God beside power. But the names which were given
me,3 for he is ignorant of his strength, them according to the glory which be-
the place from which he had come. longs to heaven mean for them destruc-
And the archons created seven powers tion and powerlessness. Thus they have
for themselves, and the powers created two names.
for themselves six angels for each one And having created [ ] everything
until they became 365 angels. And there he organized according to the model of
are the bodies belonging with the names: the rst aeons which had come into be-
the rst is Athoth, he has a sheeps face; ing, so that he might create them like the
the second is Eloaiou, he has a donkeys indestructible ones. Not because he had
face; the third is Astaphaios, he has a
[hyenas] face; the fourth is Yao, he has
a [serpents] face with seven heads; the
fth is Sabaoth, he has a dragons face; 3
Isa 45:56; cf. Exod 20:23.
THE SECRET BOOK OF JOHN 303
seen the indestructible ones, but the holy Spirit poured over her from their
power in him, which he had taken from whole pleroma. For it was not her consort
his mother, produced in him the likeness who came to her, but he came to her
of the cosmos. And when he saw the through the pleroma in order that he
creation which surrounds him and the might correct her deciency. And she
multitude of the angels around him which was taken up not to her own aeon but
had come forth from him, he said to them, above her son, that she might be in the
I am a jealous God and there is no other ninth until she has corrected her
God beside me.4 But by announcing this deciency.
he indicated to the angels who attended And a voice came forth from the ex-
him that there exists another God. For if alted aeon-heaven: The Man exists and
there were no other one, of whom would the son of Man. And the chief archon,
he be jealous? Yaltabaoth, heard (it) and thought that the
Then the mother began to move to voice had come from his mother. And he
and fro. She became aware of the de- did not know from where it came. And
ciency when the brightness of her light he taught them, the holy and perfect
diminished. And she became dark be- Mother-Father, the complete foreknowl-
cause her consort had not agreed with edge, the image of the invisible one who
her. is the Father of the all (and) through
And I said, Lord, what does it mean whom everything came into being, the
that she moved to and fro? But he smiled rst Man. For he revealed his likeness in
and said, Do not think it is, as Moses a human form.
said, above the waters.5 No, but when And the whole aeon of the chief ar-
she had seen the wickedness which had chon trembled, and the foundations of the
happened, and the theft which her son abyss shook. And of the waters which
had committed, she repented. And she are above matter, the underside was illu-
was overcome by forgetfulness in the minated by the appearance of his image
darkness of ignorance and she began to which had been revealed. And when all
be ashamed. And she did not dare to the authorities and the chief archon
return, but she was moving about. And looked, they saw the whole region of the
the moving is the going to and fro. underside which was illuminated. And
And the arrogant one took a power through the light they saw the form of
from his mother. For he was ignorant, the image in the water. And he said to
thinking that there existed no other ex- the authorities which attend him, Come,
cept his mother alone. And when he saw let us create a man according to the image
the multitude of the angels which he had of God and according to our likeness that
created, then he exalted himself above his image may become a light for us.6
them. And they created by means of their re-
And when the mother recognized that spective powers in correspondence with
the garment of darkness was imperfect, the characteristics which were given.
then she knew that her consort had not And each authority supplied a character-
agreed with her. She repented with much istic in the form of the image which he
weeping. And the whole pleroma heard had seen in its natural (form). He created
the prayer of her repentance and they
praised on her behalf the invisible, vir-
ginal Spirit. And he consented; and when
the invisible Spirit had consented, the 4
Exod 20:5; Isa 45:56, 12. 5
Gen 1:2. 6
Gen 1:26.
304 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
a being according to the likeness of the helper to Adam, luminous Epinoia which
rst, perfect Man. And they said, Let us comes out of him, who is called Life.
call him Adam, that his name may be- And she assists the whole creature, by
come a power of light for us. . . . And all toiling with him and by restoring him to
the angels and demons worked until they his fullness and by teaching him about
had constructed the natural body. And the descent of his seed (and) by teaching
their product was completely inactive and him about the way of ascent, (which is)
motionless for a long time. the way he came down. And the luminous
And when the mother wanted to re- Epinoia was hidden in Adam, in order
trieve the power which she had given to that the archons might not know her, but
the chief archon, she petitioned the that the Epinoia might be a correction of
Mother-Father of the All who is most the deciency of the mother. . . . And the
merciful. He sent, by means of the holy archons took him and placed him in par-
decree, the ve lights down upon the adise. And they said to him, Eat, that is
place of the angels of the chief archon. at leisure, for their luxury is bitter and
They advised him that they should bring their beauty is depraved. And their luxury
forth the power of the mother. And they is deception and their trees are godless-
said to Yaltabaoth, Blow into his face ness and their fruit is deadly poison and
something of your spirit and his body their promise is death. And the tree of
will arise. And he blew into his face the their life they had placed in the midst of
spirit which is the power of his mother; paradise.
he did not know (this), for he exists in And I shall teach you (pl.) what is the
ignorance. And the power of the mother mystery of their life, which is the plan
went out of Yaltabaoth into the natural which they made together, which is the
body which they had fashioned after the likeness of their spirit. The root of this
image of the one who exists from the (tree) is bitter and its branches are death,
beginning. The body moved and gained its shadow is hate and deception is in its
strength, and it was luminous. leaves, and its blossom is the ointment of
And in that moment the rest of the evil, and its fruit is death and desire is its
powers became jealous, because he had seed, and it sprouts in darkness. The
come into being through all of them and dwelling place of those who taste from it
they had given their power to the man, is Hades and the darkness is their place
and his intelligence was greater than that of rest.
of those who had made him, and greater But what they call the tree of knowl-
than that of the chief archon. And when edge of good and evil, which is the Epi-
they recognized that he was luminous, noia of the light, they stayed in front of
and that he could think better than they, it in order that he (Adam) might not look
and that he was free from wickedness, up to his fullness and recognize the na-
they took him and threw him into the kedness of his shamefulness. But it was
lowest region of all matter. I who brought about that they ate.
But the blessed One, the Mother- And I said to the savior, Lord, was it
Father, the benecent and merciful One, not the serpent that taught Adam to eat?
had mercy on the power of the mother The savior smiled and said, The serpent
which had been brought forth out of the taught them to eat from wickedness of
chief archon, for they (the archons) might begetting, lust, (and) destruction, that he
gain power over the natural and percep- (Adam) might be useful to him. And he
tible body. And he sent, through his be- (Adam) knew that he was disobedient to
necent Spirit and his great mercy, a him (the chief archon) due to light of the
THE SECRET BOOK OF JOHN 305
Epinoia which is in him, which made him Epinoia appeared to them as a light (and)
more correct in his thinking than the chief she awakened their thinking.
archon. And (the latter) wanted to bring And when Yaldabaoth noticed that
about the power which he himself had they withdrew from him, he cursed his
given him. And he brought a forgetful- earth. He found the woman as she was
ness over Adam. . . . preparing herself for her husband. He
was lord over her though he did not know
Then the Epinoia of the light hid herself the mystery which had come to pass
in him (Adam). And the chief archon through the holy decree. And they were
wanted to bring her out of his rib. But afraid to blame him. And he showed his
the Epinoia of the light cannot be angels his ignorance which is in him. And
grasped. Although darkness pursued her, he cast them out of paradise and he
it did not catch her. And he brought a clothed them in gloomy darkness. And
part of his power out of him. And he the chief archon saw the virgin who stood
made another creature in the form of a by Adam, and that the luminous Epinoia
woman according to the likeness of the of life had appeared in her. And Yalda-
Epinoia which had appeared to him. And baoth was full of ignorance. And when
he brought the part which he had taken the foreknowledge of the All noticed (it),
from the power of the man into the fe- she sent some and they snatched life out
male creature, and not as Moses said, his of Eve. . . .
rib-bone.7
And he (Adam) saw the woman be- And the two archons he set over prin-
side him. And in that moment the lumi- cipalities so that they might rule over the
nous Epinoia appeared, and she lifted the tomb. And when Adam recognized the
veil which lay over his mind. And he likeness of his own foreknowledge, he
became sober from the drunkenness of begot the likeness of the son of man. He
darkness. And he recognized his counter- called him Seth according to the way of
image, and he said, This is indeed bone the race in the aeons. Likewise the
of my bones and esh of my esh.8 mother also sent down her spirit which
Therefore the man will leave his father is in her likeness and a copy of those who
and his mother and he will cleave to his are in the pleroma, for she will prepare a
wife and they will both be one esh. For dwelling place for the aeons which will
they will send him his consort, and he come down. And he made them drink
will leave his father and his mother. water of forgetfulness, from the chief ar-
And our sister Sophia (is) she who chon, in order that they might not know
came down in innocence in order to rec- from where they came. Thus the seed
tify her deciency. Therefore she was remained for a while assisting (him) in
called Life, which is the mother of the order that, when the Spirit comes forth
living, by the foreknowledge of the sov- from the holy aeons, he may raise up and
ereignty of heaven and [ ] to him [ ]. And heal him from the deciency, that the
through her they have tasted the perfect whole pleroma may (again) become holy
Knowledge. I appeared in the form of an and faultless.
eagle on the tree of knowledge, which is And I said to the savior, Lord, will all
the Epinoia from the foreknowledge of the souls then be brought safely into the
the pure light, that I might teach them
and awaken them out of the depth of
sleep. For they were both in a fallen state
and they recognized their nakedness. The 7
Gen 2:2122. 8
Gen 2:23.
306 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
pure light? He answered and said to me, ible one, it is saved and it is taken up to
Great things have arisen in your mind, the rest of the aeons.
for it is difcult to explain them to others And I said, Lord, those, however, who
except to those who are from the immov- have not known to whom they belong,
able race. Those on whom the Spirit of where will their souls be? And he said
life will descend and (with whom) he will to me, In those the despicable spirit has
be with the power, they will be saved and gained strength when they went astray.
become perfect and be worthy of the And he burdens the soul and draws it to
greatness and be puried in that place the works of evil, and he casts it down
from all wickedness and the involve- into forgetfulness. And after it comes out
ments in evil. Then they have no other of (the body), it is handed over to the
care than the incorruption alone, to which authorities, who came into being through
they direct their attention from here on, the archon, and they bind it with chains
without anger or envy or jealousy or de- and cast it into prison and consort with
sire and greed of anything. They are not it until it is liberated from the forgetful-
affected by anything except the state of ness and acquires knowledge. And if thus
being in the esh alone; which they bear it becomes perfect, it is saved. . . .
while looking expectantly for the time
when they will be met by the receivers And I said, Lord, these also who did not
(of the body). Such then are worthy of know but have turned away, where will
the imperishable, eternal life and the call- their souls go? Then he said to me, To
ing. For they endure everything and bear that place where the angels of poverty go
up under everything, that they may nish they will be taken, the place where there
the good ght and inherit eternal life. is no repentance. And they will be kept for
I said to him, Lord, the souls of those the day on which those who have blas-
who did not do these works, (but) on phemed the spirit will be tortured, and
whom the power and Spirit descended, they will be punished with eternal pun-
will they be rejected? He answered and ishment. . . . And behold, now I shall go
said to me, If the Spirit descended upon up to the perfect aeon. I have completed
them, they will in any case be saved and everything for you in your hearing. And
they will change (for the better). For the I have said everything to you that you
power will descend on every one, for might write them down and give them se-
without it no one can stand. And after cretly to your fellow spirits, for this is the
they are born, then, when the Spirit of mystery of the immovable race.
life increases and the power comes and And the savior presented these things
strengthens that soul, no one can lead it to him that he might write them down
astray with works of evil. But those on and keep them secure. And he said to
whom the counterfeit spirit descends are him, Cursed be everyone who will
drawn by him and they go astray. exchange these things for a gift or for
And I said, Lord, where will the souls food or for drink or for clothing or for
of these go when they have come out of any other such thing. And these things
their esh? And he smiled and said to were presented to him in a mystery, and
me, The soul, in which the power will immediately he disappeared from him.
become stronger than the counterfeit And he went to his fellow disciples and
spirit, is strong and it ees from evil and, related to them what the savior had told
through the intervention of the incorrupt- him.
On the Origin of the World
This tractate, which was discovered for the rst time as part of the Nag
Hammadi Library (see p. 9), is not provided with a title in its manuscript.
Modern scholars have called it On the Origin of the World simply as a
summation of its contents. The unknown author appears to be writing for
outsiders, and is concerned to provide in involved and intricate detail a
Gnostic view of how the world came into being. Many important aspects of
Gnostic mythology are covered here: the existence of the divine pleroma
before all things, the emergence of Yaldabaoth the creator God, his gener-
ation of other divine beings, the creation of the material world, and the
formation of the human race. As with other Gnostic myths, On the Origin
of the World is largely based on an imaginative exposition of the opening
chapters of Genesis, in which a number of the gaps of the narrative (includ-
ing the events that transpired before Gen 1:1) are lled in.
In many ways the mythological exposition here is similar to what can
be found in other important treatises of the Nag Hammadi Library; but as
a comparison with the Secret Book of John shows, there are key differences
as well. Gnostic Christians did not have a single myth at the root of their
religion, but a number of different ways of explaining the existence of the
world and the place of humans within it.
Scholars debate the dating of the work; possibly it was written near the
end of the third century. The following excerpt gives approximately two-
thirds of the treatise, from its beginning through the creation of Adam.
Seeing that everybody, gods of the world with the origin of chaos, nor with its root.
and humankind, says that nothing existed Here is the demonstration. How well it
prior to chaos, I in distinction to them suits all people, on the subject of chaos,
shall demonstrate that they are all mis- to say that it is a kind of darkness! But
taken, because they are not acquainted in fact it comes from a shadow, which
307
308 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
has been called by the name darkness. their worlds has been apparent. Now as
And the shadow comes from a product for that jealousy, it was found to be an
that has existed since the beginning. It is, abortion without any spirit in it. Like a
moreover, clear that it (viz., the product) shadow it came into existence in a vast
existed before chaos came into being, and watery substance. Then the bile that had
that the latter is posterior to the rst come into being out of the shadow was
product. thrown into a part of chaos. Since that
Let us therefore concern ourselves day, a watery substance has been appar-
with the facts of the matter; and further- ent. And what sank within it owed away,
more, with the rst product, from which being visible in chaos: as with a woman
chaos was projected. And in this way the giving birth to a childall her superu-
truth will be clearly demonstrated. ities ow out; just so, matter came into
After the natural structure of the im- being out of shadow and was projected
mortal beings had completely developed apart. And it (viz., matter) did not depart
out of the innite, a likeness then ema- from chaos; rather, matter was in chaos,
nated from Pistis (Faith); it is called So- being in a part of it.
phia (Wisdom). It exercised volition and And when these things had come to
became a product resembling the prime- pass, then Pistis came and appeared over
val light. And immediately her will man- the matter of chaos, which had been ex-
ifested itself as a likeness of heaven, pelled like an aborted fetussince there
having an unimaginable magnitude; it was no spirit in it. For all of it (viz.,
was between the immortal beings and chaos) was limitless darkness and bot-
those things that came into being after tomless water. Now when Pistis saw what
them, like . . . : she (Sophia) functioned had resulted from her defect, she became
as a veil dividing mankind from the disturbed. And the disturbance appeared,
things above. as a fearful product; it rushed [to] her in
Now the eternal realm (aeon) of truth the chaos. She turned to it and [blew]
has no shadow outside it, for the limitless into its face in the abyss, which is below
light is everywhere within it. But its ex- all the heavens.
terior is shadow, which has been called And when Pistis Sophia desired to
by the name darkness. From it there ap- cause the thing that had no spirit to be
peared a force, presiding over the dark- formed into a likeness and to rule over
ness. And the forces that came into being matter and over all her forces, there ap-
subsequent to them called the shadow peared for the rst time a ruler, out of the
the limitless chaos. From it, every waters, lionlike in appearance, androgy-
[kind] of divinity sprouted up . . . to- nous, having great authority within him
gether with the entire place, [so that] also, and ignorant of whence he had come into
[shadow] is posterior to the rst product. being. Now when Pistis Sophia saw him
It was in the abyss that [it] (shadow) moving about in the depth of the waters
appeared, deriving from the aforemen- she said to him, Child, pass through to
tioned Pistis. here, whose equivalent is yalda baoth.
Then shadow perceived that there was Since that day there appeared the prin-
something mightier than it, and felt envy; ciple of verbal expression, which reached
and when it had become pregnant of its the gods and the angels and mankind.
own accord, suddenly it engendered jeal- And what came into being as a result of
ousy. Since that day, the principle of jeal- verbal expression, the gods and the an-
ousy amongst all the eternal realms and gels and mankind nished. Now as for
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE WORLD 309
and cast him down into Tartaros. Since his father. Then when Sabaoth was illu-
that day, the heaven, along with its earth, mined, he received great authority
has consolidated itself through Sophia against all the forces of chaos. Since that
the daughter of Yaldabaoth, she who is day he has been called Lord of the
below them all. Forces.
Now when the heavens had consoli- He hated his father, the darkness, and
dated themselves along with their forces his mother, the abyss, and loathed his
and all their administration, the prime sister, the thought of the prime parent,
parent became insolent. And he was hon- which moved to and fro upon the waters.
ored by all the army of angels. And all And because of his light all the authori-
the gods and their angels gave blessing ties of chaos were jealous of him. And
and honor to him. And for his part he when they had become disturbed, they
was delighted and continually boasted, made a great war in the seven heavens.
saying to them, I have no need of any- Then when Pistis Sophia had seen the
one. He said, It is I who am God, and war, she dispatched seven archangels to
there is no other one that exists apart from Sabaoth from her light. They snatched
me.1 And when he said this, he sinned him up to the seventh heaven. They stood
against all the immortal beings who give before him as attendants. Furthermore
answer. And they laid it to his charge. she sent him three more archangels and
Then when Pistis saw the impiety of established the kingdom for him over
the chief ruler she was lled with anger. everyone so that he might dwell above
She was invisible. She said, You are the twelve gods of chaos.
mistaken, Samael, that is, blind god. Now when Sabaoth had taken up the
There is an immortal man of light who place of repose in return for his repen-
has been in existence before you and who tance, Pistis also gave him her daughter
will appear among your modelled forms; Zoe (Life) together with great authority
he will trample you to scorn just as pot- so that she might instruct him about all
ters clay is pounded. And you will de- things that exist in the eighth heaven. And
scend to your mother, the abyss, along as he had authority, he made himself rst
with those that belong to you. For at the of all a mansion. It is huge, magnicent,
consummation of your (pl.) works the seven times as great as all those that exist
entire defect that has become visible out in the seven heavens.
of the truth will be abolished, and it will And before his mansion he created a
cease to be and will be like what has throne, which was huge and was upon a
never been. Saying this, Pistis revealed four-faced chariot called Cherubin.
her likeness of her greatness in the wa- Now the Cherubin has eight shapes per
ters. And so doing she withdrew up to each of the four corners, lion forms and
her light. calf forms and human forms and eagle
Now when Sabaoth the son of Yalda- forms, so that all the forms amount to
baoth heard the voice of Pistis, he sang sixty-four formsand (he created) seven
praises to her, and [he] condemned the archangels that stand before it; he is the
father . . . at the word of Pistis; and he eighth, and has authority. All the forms
praised her because she had instructed amount to seventy-two. Furthermore,
them about the immortal man and his
light. Then Pistis Sophia stretched out her
nger and poured upon him some light
from her light, to be a condemnation of 1
Isa 45:56, 12.
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE WORLD 311
from this chariot the seventy-two gods he engendered Death out of his death:
took shape; they took shape so that they and he (viz., Death) was established over
might rule over the seventy-two lan- the sixth heaven, for Sabaoth had
guages of the peoples. And by that throne been snatched up from there. And thus
he created other, serpent-like angels, the number of the six authorities of chaos
called Saraphin, which praise him at all was achieved. Then Death, being androg-
times. ynous, mingled with his (own) nature and
Thereafter he created a congregation begot seven androgynous offspring.
(ekklesia) of angels, thousands and myr- These are the names of the male ones:
iads, numberless, which resembled the Jealousy, Wrath, Tears, Sighing, Suffer-
congregation in the eighth heaven; and a ing, Lamentation, Bitter Weeping. And
rstborn called Israelwhich is, the these are the names of the female ones:
man that sees God; and another being, Wrath, Pain, Lust, Sighing, Curse, Bit-
called Jesus Christ, who resembles the terness, Quarrelsomeness. They had in-
savior above in the eighth heaven and tercourse with one another, and each one
who sits at his right upon a revered begot seven, so that they amount to forty-
throne, and at his left, there sits the virgin nine androgynous demons.
of the holy spirit, upon a throne and glo- Their names and their effects you will
rifying him. And the seven virgins stand nd in the Book of Solomon.
before her, . . . possessing thirty harps, And in the presence of these, Zoe, who
and psalteries and trumpets, glorifying was with Sabaoth, created seven good
him. And all the armies of the angels androgynous forces. These are the names
glorify him, and they bless him. Now of the male ones; the Unenvious, the
where he sits is upon a throne of light Blessed, the Joyful, the True, the Unbe-
with a great cloud that covers him. grudging, the Beloved, the Trustworthy.
And there was no one with him in the Also, as regards the female ones, these
cloud except Sophia the daughter of are their names: Peace, Gladness, Rejoic-
Pistis, instructing him about all the things ing, Blessedness, Truth, Love, Faith (Pis-
that exist in the eighth heaven, so that the tis). And from these there are many good
likenesses of those things might be cre- and innocent spirits.
ated, in order that his reign might endure Their inuences and their effects you
until the consummation of the heavens of will nd in the Congurations of the Fate
chaos and their forces. of Heaven That Is Beneath the Twelve.
Now Pistis Sophia set him apart from And having seen the likeness of Pistis
the darkness and summoned him to her in the waters, the prime parent grieved
right, and the prime parent she put at her very much, especially when he heard her
left. Since that day, right has been called voice, like the rst voice that had called
justice, and left called wickedness. Now to him out of the waters. And when he
because of this they all received a realm knew that it was she who had given a
(kosmos) in the congregation of justice name to him, he sighed. He was
and wickedness, . . . stand . . . upon a ashamed on account of his transgression.
creature . . . all. And when he had come to know in truth
Thus when the prime parent of chaos that an immortal man of light had been
saw his son Sabaoth and the glory that existing before him, he was greatly dis-
he was in, and perceived that he was turbed; for he had previously said to all
greatest of all the authorities of chaos, he the gods and their angels, It is I who
envied him. And having become wrathful am god. No other one exists apart from
312 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
me.2 For he had been afraid they might Pronoia. He is very lovely in his beauty,
know that another had been in existence having a charm beyond all the creatures
before him, and might condemn him. of chaos. Then all the gods and their
But he, being devoid of understanding, angels, when they beheld Eros, became
scoffed at the condemnation and acted enamored of him. And appearing in all
recklessly. He said, If anything has ex- of them he set them are: just as from a
isted before me, let it appear, so that we single lamp many lamps are lit, and one
may see its light. and the same light is there, but the lamp
And immediately, behold! Light came is not diminished. And in this way Eros
out of the eighth heaven above and became dispersed in all the created be-
passed through all of the heavens of the ings of chaos, and was not diminished.
earth. When the prime parent saw that Just as from the midpoint of light and
the light was beautiful as it radiated, he darkness Eros appeared and at the mid-
was amazed. And he was greatly point of the angels and mankind the sex-
ashamed. As that light appeared, a human ual union of Eros was consummated so
likeness appeared within it, very wonder- out of the earth the primal pleasure blos-
ful. And no one saw it except for the somed. The woman followed earth. And
prime parent and Pronoia, who was with marriage followed woman. Birth fol-
him. Yet its light appeared to all the forces lowed marriage. Dissolution followed
of the heavens. Because of this they were birth.
all troubled by it. After that Eros, the grapevine sprouted
Then when Pronoia saw that emissary, up out of that blood, which had been shed
she became enamored of him. But he over the earth. Because of this, those who
hated her because she was on the dark- drink of it conceive the desire of sexual
ness. But she desired to embrace him, union. After the grapevine, a g tree and
and she was not able to. When she was a pomegranate tree sprouted up from the
unable to assuage her love, she poured earth, together with the rest of the trees,
out her light upon the earth. Since that all species, having within them their seed
day, that emissary has been called Adam from the seed of the authorities and their
of Light, whose rendering is the lumi- angels.
nous man of blood, and the earth spread Then Justice created Paradise, being
over him, holy Adaman, whose rendering beautiful and being outside the orbit of
is the Holy Land of Adamantine. Since the moon and the orbit of the sun in the
that day, all the authorities have honored Land of Wantonness, in the East in the
the blood of the virgin. And the earth was midst of the stones. And desire is in
puried on account of the blood of the the midst of the beautiful, appetizing
virgin. But most of all, the water was trees. And the tree of eternal life is as it
puried through the likeness of Pistis So- appeared by Gods will, to the north of
phia, who had appeared to the prime par- Paradise, so that it might make eternal
ent in the waters. Justly, then, it has been the souls of the pure, who shall come
said: through the waters. The holy wa- forth from the modelled forms of poverty
ter, since it vivies the all, puries it. at the consummation of the age. Now the
Out of that rst blood Eros appeared, color of the tree of life is like the sun.
being androgynous. His masculinity is
Himireris (i.e., Himeros), being re from
the light. His femininity that is with him
a soul of bloodis from the stuff of 2
Isa 45:56, 12.
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE WORLD 313
And its branches are beautiful. Its leaves authorities created out of the waters all
are like those of the cypress. Its fruit is species of beast, and the reptiles and
like a bunch of grapes when it is white. birdsdifferent kindscontaining the
Its height goes as far as heaven. And next seed of the authorities and their angels.
to it (is) the tree of acquaintance (gnosis), But before all these, when he had ap-
having the strength of God. Its glory is peared on the rst day, he remained upon
like the moon when fully radiant. And its the earth, something like two days, and
branches are beautiful. Its leaves are like left the lower Pronoia in heaven, and
g leaves. Its fruit is like a good appetiz- ascended towards his light. And imme-
ing date. And this tree is to the north of diately darkness covered all the universe.
Paradise, so that it might arouse the souls Now when she wished, the Sophia who
from the torpor of the demons, in order was in the lower heaven received author-
that they might approach the tree of life ity from Pistis, and fashioned great lu-
and eat of its fruit and so condemn the minous bodies and all the stars. And she
authorities and their angels. put them in the sky to shine upon the
The effect of this tree is described in earth and to render temporal signs and
the Sacred Book, to wit: It is you who seasons and years and months and days
are the tree of acquaintance, which is in and nights and moments and so forth.
Paradise, from which the rst man ate And in this way the entire region upon
and which opened his mind; and he loved the sky was adorned.
his female counterpart and condemned Now when Adam of Light conceived
the other, alien likenesses and loathed the wish to enter his lighti.e., the
them. eighth heavenhe was unable to do so
Now after it, the olive tree sprouted up, because of the poverty that had mingled
which was to purify the kings and the with his light. Then he created for himself
high priests of righteousness, who were a vast eternal realm. And within that eter-
to appear in the last days, since the olive nal realm he created six eternal realms
tree appeared out of the light of the rst and their adornments, six in number, that
Adam for the sake of the unguent that were seven times better than the heavens
they were to receive. of chaos and their adornments. Now all
And the rst soul (psyche) loved Eros, these eternal realms and their adornments
who was with her, and poured her blood exist within the innity that is between
upon him and upon the earth. And out of the eighth heaven and the chaos below it,
that blood the rose rst sprouted up, out being counted with the universe that be-
of the earth, out of the thorn bush, to be longs to poverty.
a source of joy for the light that was to If you (sg.) want to know the arrange-
appear in the bush. Moreover after this ment of these, you will nd it written in
the beautiful, good-smelling owers the Seventh Universe of the Prophet
sprouted up from the earth, different Hieralias.
kinds, from every single virgin of the And before Adam of Light had with-
daughters of Pronoia. And they, when drawn in the chaos, the authorities saw
they had become enamored of Eros, him and laughed at the prime parent be-
poured out their blood upon him and cause he had lied when he said, It is I
upon the earth. After these, every plant who am God. No one exists before me.3
sprouted up from the earth, different
kinds, containing the seed of the author-
ities and their angels. After these, the 3
Isa 45:56, 12
314 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
When they came to him, they said, Is namely, the female instructor of life. Her
this not the god who ruined our work? offspring is the creature that is lord. Af-
He answered and said, Yes. If you do terwards, the authorities called it Beast,
not want him to be able to ruin our work, so that it might lead astray their modelled
come let us create a human being out of creatures. The interpretation of the
earth, according to the image of our beast is the instructor. For it was found
body and according to the likeness of to be the wisest of all beings.
this being (viz., Adam of Light), to serve Now, Eve is the rst virgin, the one
us; so that when he (viz., Adam of Light) who without a husband bore her rst off-
sees his likeness he might become en- spring. It is she who served as her own
amored of it. No longer will he ruin our midwife.
work; rather, we shall make those who For this reason she is held to have said:
are born out of the light our servants for It is I who am the part of my
all the duration of this eternal realm. mother;
Now all of this came to pass according And it is I who am the mother;
to the forethought of Pistis, in order that It is I who am the wife;
a human being should appear after his It is I who am the virgin;
likeness, and should condemn them be- It is I who am pregnant;
cause of their modelled form. And their It is I who am the midwife;
modelled form became an enclosure of It is I who am the one that
the light. comforts pains of travail;
Then the authorities received the ac- It is my husband who bore me;
quaintance (gnosis) necessary to create And it is I who am his mother,
man. Sophia Zoeshe who is with Sab- And it is he who is my father and
aothhad anticipated them. And she my lord.
laughed at their decision. For they are It is he who is my force;
blind: against their own interests they ig- What he desires, he says with
norantly created him. And they do not reason.
realize what they are about to do. The I am in the process of becoming.
reason she anticipated them and made her Yet I have borne a man as lord.
own human being rst, was in order that Now these through the will . . . .
he might instruct their modelled form The souls that were going to enter the
how to despise them and thus to escape modelled forms of the authorities were
from them. manifested to Sabaoth and his Christ.
Now the production of the instructor And regarding these the holy voice said,
came about as follows. When Sophia let Multiply and improve! Be lord over all
fall a droplet of light, it owed onto the creatures. And it is they who were taken
water, and immediately a human being captive, according to their destinies, by
appeared, being androgynous. That drop- the prime parent. And thus they were
let she molded rst as a female body. shut into the prisons of the modelled
Afterwards, using the body she molded forms. . . . And at that time, the prime
it in the likeness of the mother which had parent then rendered an opinion concern-
appeared. And he nished it in twelve ing man to those who were with him.
months. An androgynous human being Then each of them cast his sperm into
was produced, whom the Greeks call the midst of the navel of the earth. Since
Hermaphrodites; and whose mother the that day, the seven rulers have fashioned
Hebrews call Eve of Life (Eve of Zoe), man with his body resembling their
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE WORLD 315
body, but his likeness resembling the wards he appeared as prior to him. He
man that had appeared to them. His became a soul-endowed man. And he
modelling took place by parts, one at a was called Adam, that is, father, ac-
time. And their leader fashioned the cording to the name of the one that ex-
brain and the nervous system. After- isted before him.
The First Thought in
Three Forms
Discovered at Nag Hammadi (see p. 19), the First Thought in Three Forms
(sometimes called the Trimorphic Protennoia) contains a series of three
mystical discourses on the world, humans, and salvation through knowledge,
placed on the lips of a female aeon ( divine being). Comparable in many
ways to the Secret Book of John, the discourses contain several of the key
elements of the Gnostic myth. Particularly emphasized are the revelations
of divine knowledge from on high, culminating in the incarnation of the
Word (cf. John 1:118).
The First Thought ( Protennoia), is the rst emanation from the
one true inscrutable God. She begins her discourse by revealing her own
mysterious greatness, which is so great that it cannot even be spoken of.
She then describes the three descents that she made from the heavenly realm
in order to bring humans the heavenly knowledge that can illuminate their
souls, delivering them from darkness into light. Each of these descents is
associated with one of her three forms, since she is the Thought of the
Father (or Voice), the Mother (or Sound), and the Son (or Word, i.e., the
Logos). It is her nal descent in the appearance of human esh that brings
the ultimate illumination to those who dwell in ignorance and darkness,
leading to their ascent into the world of Light.
It is difcult to date this work, but many scholars think it was written
around 200 ce.
[I] am [Protennoia, the] Thought that among those who [came to be, she who
[dwells] in [the Light. I] am the move- exists] before the All. [She (Protennoia)
ment that dwells in the [All, she in whom is called] by three names, although she
the] All takes its stand, [the rst]-born dwells alone, [since she is perfect]. I
316
THE FIRST THOUGHT IN THREE FORMS 317
am invisible within the Thought of the of the Father and through me proceeded
Invisible One. I am revealed in the [the] Voice, that is, the knowledge of the
immeasurable, ineffable (things). I am everlasting things. I exist as Thought for
incomprehensible, dwelling in the in- the [All]being joined to the unknowa-
comprehensible, I move in every crea- ble and incomprehensible ThoughtI re-
ture. vealed myselfyes, Iamong all those
I am the life of my Epinoia that dwells who recognize me. For it is I who am
within every Power and every eternal joined with everyone by virtue of the hid-
movement and (in) invisible Lights and den Thought and an exalted Voice,
within the Archons and Angels and De- even a Voice from the invisible Thought.
mons and every soul dwelling in [Tarta- And it is immeasurable, since it dwells
ros] and (in) every material soul. I dwell in the Immeasurable One. It is a mystery;
in those who came to be. I move in every- it is [unrestrainable] by [the Incompre-
one and I delve into them all. I walk hensible One]. It is invisible [to all those
uprightly, and those who sleep I [awak- who are] visible in the All. [It is a Light]
en]. And I am the sight of those who dwelling in Light.
dwell in sleep. It is we [also who] alone [have sepa-
I am the Invisible One within the All. rated] [from the] visible [world] since we
It is I who counsel those who are hidden, [are saved by the] hidden [wisdom by
since I know the All that exists in it. I am means of the] ineffable, immeasurable
numberless beyond everyone. I am im- [Voice]. And he who is hidden within us
measurable, ineffable, yet whenever I pays the tributes of his fruit to the Water
[wish, I shall] reveal myself of my own of Life.
accord. I [am the head of] the All. I exist Then the Son who is perfect in every
before the [All, and] I am the All, since respectthat is, the Word who originated
I [exist in] everyone. through that Voice; who proceeded from
I am a Voice [speaking softly]. I exist the height; who has within him the Name;
[from the rst. I dwell] within the Silence who is a Lighthe (the Son) revealed
[that surrounds every one] of them. And the everlasting things and all the un-
[it is] the [hidden Voice] that [dwells knowns were known. And those things
within] me, [within the] incomprehensi- difcult to interpret and secret, he re-
ble, immeasurable [Thought, within the] vealed, and as for those who dwell in
immeasurable Silence. Silence with the First Thought, he
I [descended to the] midst of the un- preached to them. And he revealed him-
derworld and I shone [down upon the] self to those who dwell in darkness, and
darkness. It is I who poured forth the he showed himself to those who dwell in
[water]. It is I who am hidden within the abyss, and to those who dwell in the
[radiant] waters. I am the one who grad- hidden treasuries he told ineffable mys-
ually put forth the All by my Thought. It teries, and he taught unrepeatable doc-
is I who am laden with the Voice. It is trines to all those who became Sons of
through me that Gnosis comes forth. [I] the Light.
dwell in the ineffable and unknowable Now the Voice that originated from my
ones. I am perception and knowledge, Thought exists as three permanences: the
uttering a Voice by means of thought. [I] Father, the Mother, the Son. Existing per-
am the real Voice. I cry out in everyone, ceptibly as Speech, it (Voice) has within
and they recognize it (the voice], since a it a Word endowed with every glory,
seed indwells [them]. I am the Thought and it has three masculinities, three
318 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
powers, and three names. They exist in [he] established [them. The] rst Aeon,
the manner of Three which are he established [over the rst]: Armedon,
quadranglessecretly within a silence of Nousa[nios, Armozel; the] second he es-
the Ineffable One. tablished [over the second Aeon]:
[It is he] alone who came to be, that Phaionios, Ainios, Oroiael; the third over
[is, the Christ. And] as for me I anointed the third Aeon: Mellephaneus, Loios,
him as the glory [of the] Invisible [Spirit] Daveithai; the fourth over the fourth:
with [goodness]. Now [the Three] I es- Mousanios, Amethes, Eleleth. Now those
tablished [alone in] eternal [glory] over Aeons were begotten by the God who
[the Aeons in the] Living [Water], that was begottenthe Christand these
[is, the glory that surrounds him] who Aeons received as well as gave glory.
rst came forth to the Light of those They were the rst to appear, exalted in
exalted Aeons, and it is in glorious Light their thought, and each Aeon gave myr-
that he rmly perseveres. And [he] stood iads of glories within great untraceable
in his own Light that surrounds him, that lights and they all together blessed the
is, the Eye of the Light that gloriously Perfect Son, the God who was begotten.
shines on me. He perpetuated the Father Then there came forth a word from the
of all the Aeons, who am I, the great Light Eleleth and said, I am King!
Thought of the Father, Protennoia, that Who belongs to Chaos and who belongs
is, Barbelo, the [perfect] Glory and the to the underworld? And at that instant
[immeasurable] Invisible One who is hid- his Light appeared radiant, endowed with
den. I am the Image of the Invisible Spirit the Epinoia. The Powers of the Powers
and it is through me that the All took did not entreat him and likewise imme-
shape, and (I am) the Mother (as well as) diately there appeared the great Demon
the Light which she appointed as Virgin, who rules over the lowest part of the
she who is called Meirothea, the incom- underworld and Chaos. He has neither
prehensible Womb, the unrestrainable form nor perfection, but on the contrary
and immeasurable Voice. possesses the form of the glory of those
Then the Perfect Son revealed himself begotten in the darkness. Now he is
to his Aeons who originated through him, called Saklas, that is, Samael, Yal-
and he revealed them and gloried them tabaoth, he who had taken power; who
and gave them thrones and stood in the had snatched it away from the innocent
glory with which he gloried himself. one (Sophia); who had earlier over-
They blessed the Perfect Son, the Christ, powered her who is the Lights Epinoia
the only-begotten God. And they gave (Sophia) who had descended, her from
glory, saying, He is! He is! The Son of whom he (Yaltabaoth) had come forth
God! The Son of God! It is he who is! originally.
The Aeon of Aeons beholding the Aeons Now when the Epinoia of the [Light]
which he begot! For you have begotten realized that [he (Yaltabaoth)] had
by your own desire! Therefore [we] glo- begged him (the Light), for another [or-
rify you: ma mo o o o eia ei on ei! The der, even though he was lower] than she,
[Aeon] of [Aeons! The] Aeon which he she said, Grant [me another order so
gave! that] you may become for me [a dwelling
Then, moreover, the [God who was place lest I dwell] in disorder [forever.
begotten] gave them (the Aeons) a power And the order of the] entire house of
of [life, on which they might rely] and glory [was agreed] upon her word. A
THE FIRST THOUGHT IN THREE FORMS 319
blessing was brought for her and the Enemy, indeed all these I explained to
higher order released it to her. those who are mine, who are the Sons of
And the great Demon began to produce the light, in order that they might nullify
aeons in the likeness of the real Aeons, them all and be saved from all those
except that he produced them out of his bonds and enter into the place where they
own power. were at rst.
Then I too revealed by Voice secretly, I am the rst one who descended on
saying, Cease! Desist, (you) who tread account of my portion which remains,
on matter; for behold I am coming down that is, the Spirit that (now) dwells in the
to the world of mortals for the sake of my soul, (but) which originated from the Wa-
portion that was in that place from the ter of Life and out of the immersion of
time when the innocent Sophia was con- the mysteries, and I spoke, I together with
quered, she who descended, so that I the Archons and Authorities. For I had
might thwart their aim which the one re- gone down below their language and I
vealed by her appoints. And all were dis- spoke my mysteries to my owna hid-
turbed, each one who dwells in the house den mysteryand the bonds and eternal
of the ignorant light, and the abyss trem- oblivion were nullied. And I bore fruit
bled. And the Archigenetor of ignorance in them, that is, the Thought of the un-
reigned over Chaos and the underworld changing Aeon, and my house, and their
and produced a man in my likeness. But [Father]. And I went down [to those who
he neither knew that that one would be- were mine] from the rst and I [reached
come for him a sentence of dissolution them and broke] the rst strands that [en-
nor does he recognize the power in him. slaved them. Then] everyone [of those]
But now I have come down and within me shone, and I prepared [a pat-
reached down to Chaos. And I was [with] tern] for those ineffable Lights that are
my own who were in that place. [I am within me. Amen.
hidden] within them, empowering [them
and] giving them shape. And [from the I am the Voice that appeared through my
rst day] until the day [when I will grant Thought, for I am He who is syzygetic,
mighty power] to those who [are mine, I since I am called the Thought of the
will reveal myself to] those who have Invisible One. Since I am called the
[heard my mysteries], that is, the [Sons] unchanging Speech, I am called She
of [the] Light. who is syzygetic.
I am their Father and I shall tell you a I am a single one (fem.) since I am
mystery, ineffable and indivulgeable by undeled. I am the Mother [of] the Voice,
[any] mouth: Every bond I loosed from speaking in many ways, completing the
you, and the chains of the Demons of the All. It is in me that knowledge dwells,
underworld, I broke, these things which the knowledge of things everlasting.
are bound on my members, restraining It is I [who] speak within every creature
them. And the high walls of darkness I and I was known by the All. It is I who
overthrew, and the secure gates of those lift up the Speech of the Voice to the ears
pitiless ones I broke, and I smashed their of those who have known me, that is, the
bars. And the evil Force and the one who Sons of the Light.
beats you, and the one who hinders you, Now I have come the second time in
and the Tyrant, and the Adversary, and the likeness of a female and have spoken
the one who is King, and the present with them. And I shall tell them of the
320 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
coming end of the Aeon and teach them too are at a loss about it since we did not
of the beginning of the Aeon to come, know what was responsible for it. But
the one without change, the one in which arise, let us go up to the Archigenetor
our appearance will be changed. We shall and ask him. And the Powers all gath-
be puried within those Aeons from ered and went up to the Archigenetor.
which I revealed myself in the Thought [They said to] him, Where is your boast-
of the likeness of my masculinity. I set- ing in which [you boast]? Did we not
tled among those who are worthy in the [hear you say], I am God [and I am]
Thought of my changeless Aeon. your Father and it is I who [begot] you
For I shall tell you a mystery [of] this and there is no [other] beside me? Now
particular Aeon and tell you about the behold, there has appeared [a] Voice be-
forces that are in it. The birth beckons: longing to that invisible Speech of [the
[hour] begets hour, [day begets day]. The Aeon] (and) which we know not. And
months made known the [month. Time] we ourselves did not recognize to whom
has [gone round] succeeding [time]. This we belong, for that Voice which we lis-
particular Aeon was completed in [this] tened to is foreign to us, and we do not
fashion, and it was estimated, and it (was) recognize it; we did not know whence it
short, for it was a nger that released a was. It came and put fear in our midst
nger and a joint that was separated from and weakening in the members of our
a joint. Then when the great Authorities arms. So now let us weep and mourn
knew that the time of fulllment had ap- most bitterly! As for the future, let us
pearedjust as in the pangs of the par- make our entire ight before we are im-
turient it (the time) had drawn near, so prisoned perforce and taken down to the
also had the destruction approachedall bosom of the underworld. For already the
together the elements trembled, and the slackening of our bondage has ap-
foundations of the underworld and the proached, and the times are cut short and
ceilings of Chaos shook and a great re the days have shortened and our time has
shone within their midst, and the rocks been fullled, and the weeping of our
and the earth were shaken like a reed destruction has approached us so that we
shaken by the wind. And the lots of Fate may be taken to the place we recognize.
and those who apportion the domiciles For as for our tree from which we grew,
were greatly disturbed over a great thun- a fruit of ignorance is what it has; and
der. And the thrones of the Powers were also its leaves, it is death that dwells in
disturbed since they were overturned, and them, and darkness dwells under the
their King was afraid. And those who shadow of its boughs. And it was in de-
pursue Fate paid their allotment of visits ceit and lust that we harvested it, this
to the path, and they said to the Powers, (tree) through which ignorant Chaos be-
What is this disturbance and this shak- came for us a dwelling place. For behold,
ing that has come upon us through a even he, the Archigenetor of our birth,
Voice belonging to the exalted about whom we boast, even he did not
Speech? And our entire habitation has know this Speech.
been shaken, and the entire circuit of our So now, O Sons of the Thought, listen
path of ascent has met with destruction, to me, to the Speech of the Mother of
and the path upon which we go, which your mercy, for you have become worthy
takes us up to the Archigenetor of our of the mystery hidden from (the begin-
birth, has ceased to be established for us. ning of) the Aeons, so that [you might
Then the Powers answered, saying, We receive] it. And the consummation of this
THE FIRST THOUGHT IN THREE FORMS 321
[particular] Aeon [and] of the evil life spring [that supports me] as my founda-
[has approached and there dawns the] tion. And it (the Speech) exists from the
beginning of the [Aeon to come] which beginning in the foundations of the All.
[has no change forever]. But there is a Light [that] dwells hid-
I am androgynous. [I am Mother (and) den in Silence and it was rst to [come]
I am] Father since [I copulate] with my- forth. Whereas she (the Mother) alone
self. I [copulated] with myself [and with exists as Silence, I alone am the Word, in-
those who love] me, [and] it is through effable, unpolluted, immeasurable, in-
me alone that the All [stands rm]. I am conceivable. It (the Word) is a hidden
the Womb [that gives shape] to the All Light, bearing a Fruit of Life, pouring
by giving birth to the Light that [shines forth a Living Water from the invisible,
in] splendor. I am the Aeon to [come. I unpolluted, immeasurable Spring, that is,
am] the fulllment of the All, that is, the unreproducible Voice of the glory of
Me[iroth]ea, the glory of the Mother. I the Mother, the glory of the offspring of
cast [voiced] Speech into the ears of those God; a male Virgin by virtue of a hidden
who know me. Intellect, that is, the Silence hidden from
And I am inviting you into the exalted, the All, being unreproducible, an im-
perfect Light. Moreover (as for) this measurable Light, the source of the All,
(Light), when you enter it you will be the Root of the entire Aeon. It is the
gloried by those [who] give glory, and Foundation that supports every move-
those who enthrone will enthrone you. ment of the Aeons that belong to the
You will accept robes from those who mighty Glory. It is the Foundation of
give robes and the Baptists will baptize every foundation. It is the Breath of the
you and you will become gloriously glo- Powers. It is the Eye of the Three Perma-
rious, the way you rst were when you nences, which exist as Voice by virtue of
were Light. Thought. And it is a Word by virtue of
And I hid myself in everyone and re- Speech; it was sent to illumine those who
vealed [myself] within them, and every dwell in the [darkness].
mind seeking me longed for me, for it is I Now behold [I will reveal] to you [my
who gave shape to the All when it had no mysteries] since you are my fellow
form. And I transformed their forms into [brethren, and you shall] know them all
(other) forms until the time when a form [ . . . ]. I [told all of them about my mys-
will be given to the All. It is through me teries] that exist in [the incomprehensi-
that the Voice originated and it is I who ble], inexpressible [Aeons]. I taught
put the breath within my own. And I cast [them the mysteries] through the [Voice
into them the eternally holy Spirit and I that exists] within a perfect Intellect [and
ascended and entered my Light. [I went I] became a foundation for the All, and
up] upon my branch and sat [there among [I empowered] them.
the] Sons of the [holy] Light. And [I The second time I came in the
withdrew] to their dwelling place which [Speech] of my Voice. I gave shape to
[ . . . ] become [glorious. . . . Amen]. those who [took] shape until their
consummation.
I am [the Word] who dwells [in the] in- The third time I revealed myself to
effable [Voice]. I dwell in undeled them [in] their tents as Word and I re-
[Light] and a Thought [revealed itself] vealed myself in the likeness of their
perceptibly through [the great] Speech of shape. And I wore everyones garment
the Mother, although it is a male off- and I hid myself within them, and [they]
322 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
did not know the one who empowers me. therhood. And [he received] the Five
For I dwell within all the Sovereignties Seals from [the Light] of the Mother,
and Powers and within the Angels and in Protennoia, and it was [granted] him [to]
every moment [that] exists in all matter. partake of [the mystery] of knowledge,
And I hid myself within them until I and [he became a Light] in Light.
revealed myself to my [brethren]. And So, now [ . . . I was] dwelling in them
none of them (the Powers) knew me, [in the form of each] one. [The Ar-
[although] it is I who work in them. chons] thought [that I] was their Christ.
Rather [they thought] that the All was Indeed I [dwell in] everyone. Indeed
created [by them] since they are ignorant, within those in whom [I revealed my-
not knowing [their] root, the place in self] as Light [I eluded] the Archons. I
which they grew. am their beloved, [for] in that place I
[I] am the Light that illumines the All. clothed myself [as] the Son of the Ar-
I am the Light that rejoices [in my] breth- chigenetor, and I was like him until the
ren, for I came down to the world [of] end of his decree, which is the igno-
mortals on account of the Spirit that re- rance of Chaos. And among the Angels
mains [in] that which [descended] (and) I revealed myself in their likeness, and
came forth [from] the innocent Sophia. [I among the Powers as if I were one of
came] and I delivered [ . . . ] and I [went] them, but among the Sons of Man as if
to [ . . . ] which he had [formerly and I I were a Son of Man, even though I am
gave to him] from the Water [of Life, Father of everyone.
which strips] him of the Chaos [that is in I hid myself within them all until I
the] uttermost [darkness] that exists [in- revealed myself among my members,
side] the entire [abyss], that is, the which are mine, and I taught them about
thought of [the corporeal] and the psy- the ineffable ordinances, and (about) the
chic. All these I put on. And I stripped brethren. But they are inexpressible to
him of it and I put upon him a shining every Sovereignty and every ruling
Light, that is, the knowledge of the Power except to the Sons of the Light
Thought of the Fatherhood. alone, that is, the ordinances of the Fa-
And I delivered him to those who gives ther. These are the glories that are higher
robesYammon, Elasso, Amenaiand than every glory, that is, [the Five] Seals
they [covered] him with a robe from the complete by virtue of Intellect. He who
robes of the Light; and I delivered him possesses the Five Seals of these partic-
to the Baptists and they baptized him ular names has stripped off the gar-
Micheus, Michar, and Mn[e]sinousand ments of ignorance and put on a shining
they immersed him in the spring of the Light. And nothing will appear to him
[Water] of Life. And I delivered him to that belongs to the Powers of the Ar-
those who enthroneBariel, Nouthan, chons. Within those of this sort darkness
Sabenaiand they enthroned him from will dissolve and [ignorance] will die.
the throne of glory. And I delivered him And the thought of the creature which [is
to those who glorifyAriom, Elien, scattered will] present a single appear-
Pharieland they gloried him with the ance and [dark Chaos] will dissolve and
glory of the Fatherhood. And those who [ . . . ] and the [ . . . ] incomprehensible
snatch away snatched awayKamaliel. [ . . . ] within the [ . . . ] until I reveal my-
[ . . . ]anen, Samblo, the servants of self [to all my fellow brethren] and until
the great holy Luminariesand they I gather [together] all [my fellow] breth-
took him into the light-[place] of his Fa- ren within my [eternal kingdom]. And I
THE FIRST THOUGHT IN THREE FORMS 323
proclaimed to them the ineffable [Five And those who watch over their dwelling
Seals in order that I might] abide in them places did not recognize me. For I, I am
and they also might abide in me. unrestrainable together with my Seed,
As for me, I put on Jesus. I bore him and my Seed, which is mine, I shall
from the cursed wood, and established [place] into the Holy Light within an
him in the dwelling places of his Father. incomprehensible Silence. Amen.
The Hymn of the Pearl
1 When I was a little child, in my fa- sions and sent me out from the
thers palace, East, our homeland.
2 And enjoyed the wealth and luxury 4 From the wealth of our treasury they
of those who nurtured me, gave me a great burden,
3 My parents equipped me with provi-
1
See further Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 3941.
324
THE HYMN OF THE PEARL 325
5 Which was light so that I could carry 24 But I saw one of my kinsmen there,
it by myself: a freeborn man from the East,
6 Gold from the land above, silver from 25 A youth fair and beautiful, the son of
great treasuries, courtiers.
7 And stones, chalcedonies of India and 26 He came and kept me company.
agates from Kushan. 27 And I made him my intimate friend,
8 And they girded me with steel, a comrade with whom I commu-
9 And they took away from me the nicated my business.
garment set with gems and 28 Being exhorted to guard against the
spangled with gold Egyptians and against partaking
Which they had made out of love for of unclean things,
me 29 I clothed myself in garments like
10 And the yellow robe which was made theirs, so that I would not be seen
for my size, as a stranger
11 And they made a covenant with me 30 And as one who had come from
And wrote it in my mind that I might abroad to take the pearl,
not forget: Lest the Egyptians might arouse the
12 If you go down to Egypt and bring serpent against me.
the one pearl 31 But somehow they learned that I was
13 Which is in the land of the devouring not their countryman.
serpent, 32 They dealt with me treacherously,
14 You shall put on again that garment and I tasted their food.
set with stones and the robe which 33 I no longer recognized that I was a
lies over it, kings son, and I served their
15 And with your brother, our next in king.
command, you shall be a herald 34 I forgot the pearl for which my par-
for our kingdom. ents had sent me.
16 So I departed from the East on a 35 And I fell into a deep sleep because
difcult and frightening road led of the heaviness of their food.
by two guides, 36 While I was suffering these things my
17 And I was very young to travel on it. parents were aware of it and
18 I passed over the borders of the Mos- grieved over me,
ani, where there is the meeting- 37 And a proclamation was heralded in
place of the merchants of the our kingdom that all should pres-
East, ent themselves at our doors.
19 And reached the land of the Baby- 38 The kings of Parthia and those in
lonians. ofce, and the great men of the
20 I went down to Egypt, and my com- East
panions parted from me. 39 Resolved that I should not be left in
21 I went straight to the serpent and Egypt.
stayed near his den 40 So the courtiers wrote me a letter:
22 Until he should slumber and sleep, so 41 From your father the king of kings
that I might take the pearl from and your mother, the mistress of
him. the East
23 Being alone I altered my appearance 42 And their brothers, who are second
and seemed an alien even to my to us, To our son in Egypt,
own people, greetings!
326 NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
43 Awake, and rise from your sleep. 68 And with familial love leading me
44 Listen to the words in this letter, Re- and drawing me on
member you are the son of kings, 69 I passed by the Labyrinth, And leav-
You have fallen beneath the yoke ing Babylon behind on the left,
of slavery. 70 I reached Meson which is a great
45 Remember your gold-spangled gar- coast.
ment, 75 But I could not recall my splendor,
46 Recall the pearl for which you were For it had been when I was still a
sent to Egypt, child and quite young that I had
47 Your name has been called to the left it behind in my fathers
book of life, palace.
48 Together with that of your brother 76 But, when suddenly I saw my gar-
whom you have received in our ment reected as in a mirror,
kingdom. 77 I perceived in it my whole self as
49 And the king sealed it to make it an well
ambassador, And through it I knew and saw
50 Because of the wicked Babylonian myself.
children and the tyrannical de- 78 For though we originated from the
mons of the Labyrinth. one and the same we were par-
53 I rose from sleep when I recognized tially divided,
its voice, Then again we were one, with a sin-
54 I took it up and kissed it and I read. gle form.
55 And what was written concerned 79 The treasurers too who had brought
that which was engraved on my the garment
heart. 80 I saw as two beings, but there existed
56 And I immediately remembered that a single form in both,
I was a son of kings and that my One royal symbol consisting of two
freedom demanded my people. halves.
57 I remembered the pearl for which I 81 And they had my money and wealth
had been sent to Egypt, in their hands and gave me my
58 And the fact that I had come to snatch reward:
it from the terrifying serpent. 82 The ne garment of glorious colors,
59 I subdued it by calling out my fathers 83 Which was embroidered with gold,
name, precious stones, and pearls to give
61 And I snatched the pearl and turned a good appearance.
about to go to my parents. 84 It was fastened at the collar.
62 And I took off the dirty clothing and 86 And the image of the King of Kings
left it behind in their land. was all over it.
63 And directed my way forthwith to the 87 Stones of lapis lazuli had been skill-
light of our Eastern home. fully xed to the collar,
64 And on the road I found a female 88 And I saw in turn that motions of
who lifted me up. knowledge were stirring through-
65 She awakened me, giving me an or- out it,
acle with her voice, and guided 89 And that it was prepared to speak.
me to the light, 90 Then I heard it speak:
66 The Royal silken garment shone be- 91 It is I who belong to the one who is
fore my eyes. stronger than all people and for
THE HYMN OF THE PEARL 327
whose sake I was written about of the father who had sent it to
by the father himself. me.
92 And I took note of my stature, 100 For it was I who had obeyed his
93 And all the royal feelings rested on commands
me as its energy increased. And it was I who had also kept the
94 Thrust out by his hand the garment promise,
hastened to me as I went to re- 101 And I mingled at the doors of his
ceive it, ancient royal building.
95 And a longing aroused me to rush 102 He took delight in me and received
and meet it and to receive it. me in his palace.
96 And I stretched out and took it and 103 All his subjects were singing hymns
adorned myself with the beauty with harmonious voices.
of its colors. 104 He allowed me also to be admitted
97 And I covered myself completely to the doors of the king him-
with my royal robe over it. self,
98 When I had put it on I ascended to 105 So that with my gifts and the pearl
the land of peace and homage. I might appear before the king
99 And I lowered my head and pros- himself.
trated myself before the splendor
This page intentionally left blank
CANONICAL LISTS
330 CANONICAL LISTS
Introduction
Among the many writings that still survive from early Christianity are
several that discuss the issue of which books ought to be included in the
canon of Scripture. These discussions provide us with our clearest indica-
tions that no set canon of the New Testament existed, even among orthodox
Christians, prior to the end of the fourth century. I have included in this
collection several of the fullest discussions available, all of them from
forebears of orthodoxy: no heretical canon list survives.
Among other things, these lists show that even though the contours of
the canon were still very much in ux in the early Christian centuries, there
was a broad agreement in proto-orthodox circles that the canon was to
include the four Gospels, the writings of Paul, and several other apostolic
texts. They also reveal the criteria for canonicity that were considered in
such circles: for a book to be accepted as canonical, it needed to be ancient
(near the time of Jesus), apostolic (connected to one of his closest followers),
catholic (used widely by like-minded churches throughout the world), and
orthodox (promoting the right kind of belief rather than heresy).
It appears that of all the criteria, orthodoxy was primary: if a writing
did not promote a perspective that was considered orthodoxso the argu-
ment wentit could not very well be apostolic. Those who made the
argument found the point obvious: no apostle would support heresy. Any
book, therefore, that was written in the name of an apostle, yet supported
an aberrant perspective, was necessarily forged. These may not be the
grounds scholars use today to determine the authorship of ancient texts, but
the arguments proved both persuasive and powerful for the formation of the
Christian canon.
The rst author to list the twenty-seven books of our New Testament
as the canonical books (these and no others) was the bishop of Alexandria,
Athanasius, in 367 ce. Even then, however, debates continued, even in
orthodox circles. In some parts of the Christian church, there never has been
complete agreement.1
1
See the discussion in Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 22946.
The Muratorian Canon
1 2
This is probably not the Letter to the Laodiceans that survives. See p. 165. On the views of
Marcion, see Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 103109.
Translation by Bruce M. Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Devel-
opment, and Signicance (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987) 3057; used with permission.
331
332 CANONICAL LISTS
esteem of the Church catholic for the of Rome, 75 while bishop Pius, his
regulation of ecclesiastical discipline. brother, was occupying the [episcopal]
There is current also [an epistle] to 64 the chair 76 of the church of the city of
Laodiceans, [and] another to the Alex- Rome. 77 And therefore it ought indeed
andrians, [both] forged in Pauls 65 name to be read; but 78 it cannot be read pub-
to [further] the heresy of Marcion, and licly to the people in church either among
several others 66 which cannot be re- 79 the prophets, whose number is com-
ceived into the catholic church 67 for plete,7 or among 80 the apostles, for it is
it is not tting that gall be mixed with after [their] time. 81 But we accept noth-
honey. 68 Moreover, the Epistle of Jude ing whatever of Arsinous or Valentinus
and two of the above-mentioned (or, or Miltiades, 82 who also composed 83 a
bearing the name of) John are counted new book of psalms for Marcion, 84
(or, used) in the catholic [Church],6 and 5 together with Basilides, the Asian
[the book of] Wisdom, 70 written by the founder of the Cataphrygians. . . .
friends of Solomon in his honor. 71 We
receive only the apocalypses of John and
Peter, 72 though some of us are not will-
ing that the latter be read in church. 6
It may be, as Zahn (Geschichte, ii, 66) and others
have supposed, that a negative has fallen out of the
73 But Hermas wrote the Shepherd text here. 7Perhaps the Fragmentist means that there
74 very recently, in our times, in the city are three major Prophets and twelve minor Prophets.
The Canon of Origen
of Alexandria
Origen was the most brilliant, prolic, and inuential author of the rst
three centuries of Christianity. Born in 185 ce, he was raised by Christian
parents in Alexandria, Egypt. Already as a child, Origen was recognized as
a prodigy. While still a teenager, according to the church historian Eusebius,
he was appointed to be head of the famous Catechetical School in Alexan-
dria, a kind of institution of Christian higher learning. Origen soon became
the leading proto-orthodox spokesperson of his day, with extensive writings
that included detailed expositions of Scripture, sermons, theological trea-
tises, defenses of the faith against its cultured despisers, and refutations of
heretics. His inventive theological explorations were seen as acceptable by
the proto-orthodox of his day; but he was later condemned as a heretic,
largely because of the ways his views were developed by his successors.
As a result of this condemnation, many of his writings were destroyed. But
a good many also survive, revealing the true brilliance of Origens mind.
None of these surviving writings provides a full listing of the books
that Origen considered to belong to the New Testament canon. He does
make scattered references to the canon, however, and these can help show
how the canon was taking shape in the early third century in proto-orthodox
circles of Alexandria. The following partial lists are drawn from Origens
Commentaries on Matthew and John and his Homilies on the Epistle to the
Hebrews, as these are quoted in the writings of Eusebius (see below).
As can be seen, Origen accepted the four Gospels that were eventually
agreed upon: the Pauline epistles (which he does not enumerate in this
fragment), one letter of Peter, allowing for the possibility of a second, one
letter of John and possibly two more, and the Apocalypse of John. In the
nal fragment given here, he addresses the problem posed by the book of
Hebrews, accepting it as canonical, but expressing his opinion that Paul was
not its actual author.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, based on the Greek text in Gustave Bardy, Eusebe de
Cesaree, Histoire Ecclesiastique (SC, 41; Paris: Cerf, 1951).
334
THE CANON OF ORIGEN OF ALEXANDRIA 335
Now in the rst volume of his Commen- why do we need to speak of the one
tary on the Gospel of Matthew, [Origen] who reclined on Jesus breast, John,
defends the canon of the church, testify- who left behind one Gospel, while
ing that he recognizes only four Gospels. admitting that he could produce so
This is what he says: many that the world would not be
Among the four Gospelsthe able to contain them [John 21:25]?
only ones not disputed by the church He also wrote the Apocalypse, after
of God under heavenI have being ordered to be silent and not to
learned from the tradition that the write what was spoken by the voices
rst written was that according to of the seven thunders [Rev. 10:34].
Matthew, the former tax collector He also left behind an epistle of a
and then apostle of Jesus Christ, who very few lines, and possibly a sec-
delivered it to believers coming out ond and third. For not everyone
of Judaism, drawing it up in Hebrew agrees that these are genuine. But
letters. Second was that according to taken together, both do not contain
Mark, who recorded it as he was a hundred lines.
instructed by Peter, who acknowl- In addition to these, he says the following
edges him as his son in the Catholic about the letter to the Hebrews in his
epistle he wrote, where he says, Homilies on it:
The church in Babylon, chosen The writing style of the epistle
with you, sends you greetings, as entitled To the Hebrews does not
does my son Mark, [1 Pet. 5:13]. have the unskilled character of the
The third was that according to apostle, who admitted that he was
Luke, the Gospel praised by Paul an unskilled writer [2 Cor. 11:6], at
and made for those among the Gen- least with regard to style. The epistle
tile Christians. And after all these is better Greek in its composition, as
was that according to John. everyone able to evaluate differ-
And in the fth volume of his Expositions ences in style will admit. At the
on the Gospel of John, the same author same time, everyone who attends
[Origen] said these things concerning the closely to the reading of the apos-
apostolic epistles: tolic text will agree that the thoughts
Paul was made worthy to be a of the epistle are marvelous and in
minister of the new covenant, a cov- no way inferior to the acknowledged
enant based not on the letter but the writings of the apostle.
Spirit [2 Cor. 3:6]; and he spread the After a few other matters he adds the
gospel from Jerusalem and its vicin- following:
ity, as far as Illyricum [Rom 15:19]. But I would say that the thoughts
He did not write to all the churches of the epistle appear to be those of
he had taught; but to those he did the apostle, whereas the style and
write, he sent letters of just a few composition of the letter are those
lines. But Peter, on whom the church of someone who had his writings in
of Christ was built and against mind, and wrote down the words of
which the gates of hell will not pre- his teacher at his leisure. And so any
vail [Matt. 16:18], left behind one church that considers the epistle to
letter that is acknowledged, and pos- be Pauls should be approved for
sibly a second, for it is disputed. And their view; for the ancients had good
336 CANONICAL LISTS
1
See further, Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 16468; 17276.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, based on the Greek text of Gustave Bardy, Eusebe de
Cesaree, Histoire Ecclesiastique (SC, 41; Paris: Cerf, 1951).
337
338 CANONICAL LISTS
Having reached this point, it is reason- ing to the Hebrews, which is particularly
able to summarize the writings already celebrated among those who have ac-
referred to as belonging to the New Tes- cepted Christ from among the Hebrews.
tament. Among the rst books must be All these should be counted among the
located the holy quaternion of the Gos- disputed books; but nonetheless we have
pels, which are followed by the Acts of felt compelled to make a list of them,
the Apostles. After this must be reckoned distinguishing between writings that are
the epistles of Paul. Then to be conrmed acknowledged as true and genuine by the
are the rst epistle bearing the name of tradition of the church and those that are
John and likewise that of Peter. After notbooks that do not belong in the New
these is to be placed, if it seems right, the Testament but are disputed, yet are
Apocalypse of John; we will set forth known to the majority of church people.
other opinions about it at the appropriate In this way we are able to know which
time. These, then, are among the ac- are in that category and which are set
knowledged books. forth by heretics in the names of the
But among the disputed books, which apostles, whether Gospels allegedly by
are nonetheless known by many, are Peter, Thomas, Matthias, and of some
found the epistle of James, as it is called, other than these, or Acts allegedly of
that of Jude, the second epistle of Peter, Andrew, John, and other apostles. No one
and those called the second and third standing in the succession of the true
epistles of John, whether they come from churches ever thought it worthwhile to
the evangelist or from someone with the mention any of these in any of his trea-
same name. tises. And their literary character differs
Among those that are spurious are to greatly from the style characteristically
be placed the Acts of Paul and the book found in the apostolic writings; while the
called the Shepherd, the Apocalypse of opinions they express and their choice of
Peter, the surviving Epistle of Barnabas, material clearly reveal that they are as
and the book called Teachings [ the different as possible from truly orthodox
Didache] of the Apostles, and, as I have works, since they are, after all, fabrica-
said, the Apocalypse of John, if that tions of heretics. For that reason they
seems righta book that some reject but should not be counted even among the
others judge to belong to the acknowl- spurious works, but are to be rejected in
edged books. But some people also num- every way as absurd and godless. (Eu-
ber among these the Gospel accord- sebius, Church History, 3. 25, 17)
The Canon of Athanasius
of Alexandria
1
See further, Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 23031.
Translation by Bart D. Ehrman, based on the Greek text in Daniel J. Theron, Evidence
of Tradition (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1957) 118.
339
340 CANONICAL LISTS
And now without hesitation I should add the following, indicating out of ne-
again speak of the books of the New cessity that there are books other than
Testament. For they are as follows. The these that are not, on the one hand, in-
four Gospels according to Matthew, cluded in the canon, but that have none-
Mark, Luke, and John. Then after these theless been designated by the fathers as
the Acts of the Apostles and the seven books to be read to those who have re-
books by the apostles called the Catholic cently come to the faith and wish to be
Epistles: one of James, two of Peter, then instructed in the word of piety: the Wis-
three of John, and after them one of Jude. dom of Solomon, the Wisdom of Sirach,
In addition to these are the fourteen epis- Esther, Judith, Tobit, the book called the
tles of the apostle Paul, written in the Teaching [ Didache] of the Apostles and
following order: rst to the Romans, then the Shepherd. Nonetheless, brothers,
two to the Corinthians, and after these to while the former are in the canon and the
the Galatians and next to the Ephesians; latter are to be read, there should be no
then to the Philippians and to the Colos- mention at all of apocryphal books cre-
sians, two to the Thessalonians and then ated by heretics, who write them when-
to the Hebrews; after these are two to ever they want but try to bestow favor on
Timothy, one to Titus, and, nally, one them by assigning them dates, that by
to Philemon. In addition is the Apoca- setting them forth as ancient, they can be,
lypse of John. on false grounds, used to deceive the
But for the sake of greater accuracy I simple minded.
The Canon of the Third
Synod of Carthage
Besides the canonical Scriptures, noth- canonical Scriptures are these: [then fol-
ing shall be read in church under the lows a list of Old Testament books]. The
name of divine Scriptures. Moreover, the [books of the] New Testament: the Gos-
1
See further Ehrman, Lost Christianities, 22947.
Translation by Bruce M. Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Devel-
opment, and Signicance (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987) 315; used with permission.
341
342 CANONICAL LISTS
pels, four books; the Acts of the Apostles, of John. Concerning the conrmation of
one book; the Epistles of Paul, thirteen; this canon, the transmarine Church shall
of the same to the Hebrews, one Epistle; be consulted. On the anniversaries of
of Peter, two; of John, apostle, three; of martyrs, their acts shall also be read.
James, one; of Jude, one; the Revelation
REVELATION