Population, Malthus Believed There Were Two Types of "Checks" That in All Times and Places Kept

1.
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of a species an environment can support a reflection of the courts' view of how an effective and meaningful process of judicial review
indefinitely. Every species has a carrying capacity, even humans. should be conducted.
(wiki) the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without 9. The tragedy of the commons is an economic problem in which every individual tries to reap the
environmental degradation. greatest benefit from a given resource. As the demand for the resource overwhelms the supply,
every individual who consumes an additional unit directly harms others who can no longer enjoy
2. The biophilia hypothesis suggests that humans possess an innate tendency to seek connections
the benefits. Generally, the resource of interest is easily available to all individuals; the tragedy of
with nature and other forms of life. Edward O. Wilson introduced and popularized the hypothesis
the commons occurs when individuals neglect the well-being of society in the pursuit of personal
in his book, Biophilia (1984). He defines biophilia as "the urge to affiliate with other forms of
gain.
life".
3. Hard-Look Doctrine is a principle of Administrative law that says a court should carefully The tragedy of the commons is a very real economic issue where individuals tend to exploit
review an administrative-agency decision to ensure that the agencies have genuinely engaged in shared resources so the demand greatly outweighs supply, and the resource becomes
reasoned decision making. A court is required to intervene if it becomes aware, especially from unavailable for the whole. Garrett Hardin, an evolutionary biologist by education, wrote a
a combination of danger signals, that the agency has not really taken a hard look at the salient scientific paper titled "The Tragedy of the Commons" in the peer-reviewed journal Science in
problems. The Administrative Procedure Act instructs federal courts to invalidate agency 1968. The paper addressed the growing concern of overpopulation, and Hardin used an example
decisions that are arbitrary or capricious. Close judicial scrutiny helps to discipline agency of grazing land when describing the adverse effects of overpopulation.
decisions and to constrain the illegitimate exercise of discretion. The hard look doctrine is simply
a reflection of the courts' view of how an effective and meaningful process of judicial review
should be conducted. 10. Malthusianism is the idea that population growth is potentially exponential while the growth of
4. the food supply is arithmetical at best. It derives from the political/economic thought of the
Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, as laid out in his 1798 writings, An Essay on the Principle of
5. Intergenerational equity is a concept that says that humans 'hold the natural and cultural Population, Malthus believed there were two types of "checks" that in all times and places kept
environment of the Earth in common both with other members of the present generation and population growth in line with the growth of the food supply: "preventive checks", such as moral
with other generations, past and future' (Weiss, 1990, p. 8). restraints (abstinence, delayed marriage until finances become balanced), and restricting
marriage against persons suffering poverty or perceived as defective, and "positive checks",
Intragenerational equity is concerned with equity between people of the same generation. which lead to premature death: disease, starvation, war, resulting in what is called a Malthusian
This is separate from intergenerational equity, which is about equity between present and catastrophe. The catastrophe would return population to a lower, more "sustainable", level.
future generations. Intragenerational equityincludes considerations of distribution of Malthusianism has been linked to a variety of political and social movements, but almost always
resources and justice between nations. refers to advocates of population control.
Intragenerational equity is concerned with equity between people of the same generation. Neo-Malthusianism is the advocacy of population control programs, to ensure resources for
This is separate from intergenerational equity, which is about equity between present and current and future populations.
future generations. Intragenerational equity includes considerations of distribution of
resources and justice between nations.
6. Subsidiarity is an organizing principle that matters ought to be handled by the smallest, lowest
or least centralized competent authority. Political decisions should be taken at a local level if
possible, rather than by a central authority.
7. A city hits "climate departure" when the average temperature of its coolest year from then on is
projected to be warmer than the average temperature of its hottest year between 1960 and
2005."
8. Hard-Look Doctrine is a principle of Administrative law that says a court should carefully
review an administrative-agency decision to ensure that the agencies have genuinely engaged in
reasoned decision making. A court is required to intervene if it becomes aware, especially from
a combination of danger signals, that the agency has not really taken a hard look at the salient
problems.The Administrative Procedure Act instructs federal courts to invalidate agency
decisions that are arbitrary or capricious. Close judicial scrutiny helps to discipline agency
decisions and to constrain the illegitimate exercise of discretion. The hard look doctrine is simply

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