(J. A Short) Drilling A Source Book On Oil and Ga PDF
(J. A Short) Drilling A Source Book On Oil and Ga PDF
"Jim" Short
~~~~!n~g~~y
Tulsa, Oklahoma
(
Copyright @ 1983 by
PennWell Publishing Company
1421 South Sheridan Road/P.O. Box 1260
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74101
Short, J. A.
Drilling: a source book on oil and gas well
drilling from exploration to completion.
12345 87 86 85 84 83
DEDICATION
The drilling industry was created by pioneers. Two of them were a rancher's son
and a merchant's daughter who joined together and spent a lifetime in the effort.
This book is dedicated with.love and respect to Mother and Dad.
Where does oil come from? How do you find it and get it out of the ground? I
have been asked these questions numerous times over the years by many people
both in and out of the industry. Those in the industry ask for both general and
detailed information to find out how their work fits into the overall picture. The
answers to these questions invariably lead to other questions searching for more
information.
These questions indicate a widespread interest from a variety of people.
They also emphasize the need for one source that (I) covers the entire industry,
(2) contains detailed, specific information and answers, (3) allows the reader to
select and review areas of special interest, and (4) presents the material in a clear,
understandable manner for anyone interested in the industry.
The purpose of drilling is to drill and complete a commercial oil and
gas well. The purpose of this book is to explain, describe, and illustrate the
process.
x
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
'.
xi
Drilling started as the simple process of digging a hole. This text begins with a
historical review. Oil and gas hydrocarbons formed from organisms in the geo-
logic past. Natural geological processes created favorable conditions for migra-
tion and accumulation in underground reservoir traps. Areas where these traps
occur are located by various methods of exploration. The right to drill wells and
produce oil and gas is obtained from the landowner. Then a drilling program
containing information about the prospect and instructions on drilling the well is
prepared.
A drilling contractor has drilling rigs with operating personnel. The rig has
a rotating system to turn the drilling bit to drill the hole, a tower and hoisting
system to run tools in the hole and pull them out of the hole, and other equipment
needed to drill the well. Then the rig is moved to the drillsite and assembled.
A large-diameter hole is drilled by rotating a joint of drillpipe with a bit
fitted on the bottom end. Fluid is circulated down the inside of the pipe and up the
outside to remove the pieces of earth drilled by the bit. Additional joints of
drillpipe are connected to drill the hole deeper. Large pipe or casing is placed in
the hole with cement around the pipe. A slightly smaller hole is drilled deeper
through the casing. Slightly smaller casing is placed in this hole and cemented.
The sequence is repeated using successively smaller sizes until the last, smallest
casing is run through the oil trap thousands of feet below the surface.
Many drilling problems occur such as loose pieces of formation falling in
the hole and sticking the drill tools. A particularly dangerous problem occurs
when the hole is drilled into high-pressure formations. Fluids from the reservoir
can flow up the wellbore and blow hundreds of feet into the air causing a blowout.
These types of problems must be handled to drill the well successfully. Tests
provide information about the oil and gas in the formations and are taken during
and after drilling. Many holes are drilled that do not encounter oil and gas. These
dry holes are plugged with cement and abandoned. Wells with good oil and gas
potential are completed.
xii
xiii
Introduction
The well is completed by perforating holes through the casing into the
formation. Natural forces cause the oil and gas to flow from the reservoir through
the perforations into the casing where they flow upward to the surface. Other oil
traps in the well can be perforated to make multiple completions. Contaminating
agents in the reservoir may cause a low flowrate from the well. The flow rate can
be increased by removing these with special treatments. Different kinds of treat-
ments are used to improve low flow rates. Oil production from reservoirs with
low pressures can be increased by placing a pump in the well. The top of the
casing is fitted with valves that control pressures and flow rates. Impurities are
removed, and produced volumes are measured in surface facilities. Gas is piped
to market; oil is piped or hauled in tanker trucks.
The text expands this abbreviated summary explaining why the procedures
are needed and how the operations are performed. Over 200 photographs and
illustrations provide additional clarification and information. The material is pre-
sented in a building-block manner following the natural sequence of events.
Basics are covered first, followed by more advanced subjects in a stepwise fash-
ion. This serves a dual purpose. The novice can start at the beginning, laying a
foundation and building upon it. The more advanced reader can go directly to
topics of interest. Many special and sometimes colorful terms are used in the
industry. These are.defined as they are encountered and then are used as common
terminology.
A complete list of contents provides easy, quick access to sections of inter-
est. Specific topics can be located in an expanded index. The appendix also
contains listings of additional sources of information.
142
DRILLING
SIZE
1, 1312
MUD WEIGHT
I DEPTH
8,000 ft
=
9,6 Iblg.1 x 0.0519 0.4982psilft
, CASINGDESCRIPTION
TOPTO BOTTOM
GRADE &
_ COLlAPSE' - _ 8URST' - _ TENSION' -
ITEM FEETI LBI END SETTING DESIGN DESIGN ACCUMSTRENGTH DESIGN
NO. SECTION FOOTFINISHDEPTH LOAD STRENGTH FACTORLOAD STRENGTH FACTORWEIGHT1,000 LB FACTOR
1 3,700 68.00 N808TC 3,700 1.843 2.089 1.133 3,986 5.020 1.259 580.000 1.585 2.733
2 2.300 72.00 5958TC 6.000 2.989 3.385 1,132 3,986 6.390 1.603 328.400 1.935 5.892
3 2,000 81.40 5958TC' 8.000 3.986 4.860 1.219 3.986 7.140 1.791 162.800 1.885 11.579
DESIGNCONDITIONS
Drift in design is 5.879in. 1. Tensioneffect on collapseconsidered
2. Burst load '" wellheadpressureplus depth x (Insideminus outside pressuregradient)
Outsidepressuregradient-.!.. (Zero for productionstrings. MQQ....for intermediatesurfacestrings)"
Inside pressure gradient (ero).
Wellheadshutin pressure (Bonomcollapsepressure)"Basedon 0.6 sp gr gas columnand BHPof
12.588 psi
3. Buoyancynot considered"
.Unlessotherwise
specified
Split Crew
~
Pos~ionand connectmud pumps,
drawworks, rotary, air compressor,
andfuel andwaterlinesto the rig
floor.Startandtest engines.
\
Install pipe rack,
I connect pump suctions to mud pits standpipe, and m
S Ii C
Inst~" floor-level dogh~use, and mud line, and finish connecting p t rew
engine shed, safety ralls, and mud-mixing equipment, water lines, '.. .
miscellaneous
equipment. andwaterstorage.Startfillingwater Stringup dnlllnglinebetweencrown
Unloadandpositionlightplant, storage. I linesonto drawworksdrumand clam
BOP accumulator un~, and
remote BOP control unit. Lay
t
Test run mud pumps. Pressure
end of the substructure. Inspect and c
the traveling block hook to the base o
BOP lines to the substructure. test mud lines to the rig floor inspection. Then raise mast and pin
Install now or after spud-in- and mud-mixing lines. Begin Note: Most masts are damaged whil
\
begin mixing spud mud. lights, hook drillpipe tongs to the tong lines, and finish catwa
/
miscellaneous floor and mast hook-up work. Pick up shea.t
swivel and connect to the kelly, place kelly-drive on pip
bushings on the kelly, and connect the kelly hose. drillpip
.. racks.
Break Tour Break' Tour
Drillthe ratholeand mouseholeif not drilledbeforemovingin.
Spu~ In
Begin drilling.