List Major Muscles Involved in Respiration (Inspiration and Expiration) at Rest and During Exercise
List Major Muscles Involved in Respiration (Inspiration and Expiration) at Rest and During Exercise
List major muscles involved in respiration (inspiration and expiration) at rest and
during exercise
Inspiratory muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Diaphragm
Expiration muscle
Internal intercostals
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Salam,
1. List major muscles involved in respiration (inspiration and expiration) at rest and during exercise:
Inspiration :
Diaphragm - Thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle inserted at the lower ribs. Contraction of the
diaphragm moves the abdomen downward and forward increasing the vertical dimensions of the
chest cavity. The ribs are also lifted outward increasing the diameter of the thorax. In normal tidal
breathing, the diaphragm moves about 1cm (may move up to 10cm during forced expiration.
Paralysis of the diaphragm causes paradoxical movement in which it moves up rather
than down with inspiration. This occurs when a person sniffs.
External Intercostal Muscles - Connect adjacent ribs and under contraction, the ribs move upward
and forward. Paralysis of the intercostal muscles does not seriously affect breathing because the
diahragm is so effective.
Accessory Muscles of Inspiration
o scalen muscles - Elevate the first two ribs
o sternomastoids - Raise the sternum (may contract vigorously during exercise)
o alae nasi - Flare the nostrils
o Other small muscles in the neck and head
Expiration :
Transport of Oxygen:
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in between the lungs and blood. The
greater part of oxygen diffuses into the blood and at the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses out.
Here the question is where the oxygen would go.
The most part oxygen (about 97%) is now carried by the erythrocytes or R. B. Cs. In which it
combines with the hemoglobin, the iron containing respiratory pigment under high concentration
forming loose chemical compound the oxy-hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin is purple colored but oxy-hemoglobin is of bright red color. Along the blood stream
during circulation, the oxy-hemoglobin reaches the tissues, breaks up releasing most of its oxygen,
and regains its normal purple color as hemoglobin, there by the blood acts as an efficient oxygen
carrier.
A small portion of oxygen (about 3%) also dissolves in the plasma and is carried in the form of
solution to the tissues blood stream. Now this free oxygen, before entering into the tissue proper first
passes into the tissue fluid and then enters the tissue by diffusion. In return, the carbon dioxide is
given out by the tissues, dissolves in the tissue fluid and finally passes into the blood stream and
conveyed of blood is 10 to 26 volumes of oxygen per 100 volumes of blood.
The oxygen transport from lungs to tissues is achieved because hemoglobin has the highest affinity
for oxygen at 100 mm Hg PO2 (which is almost present in the alveolar air) and low affinity for
oxygen at 40 mm Hg PO2 which is prevalent in the tissues. So oxygen readily combines with the
reduced hemoglobin of Venus blood in the lungs and it is readily given off to the tissues by the
arterial blood. The release of oxygen from blood is further increased by the fall in pH increased
CO2 tension, and rise in temperature.
The resultant carbon dioxide, which is produced from metabolism and given out by the tissue, is
passed into blood through the tissue fluid and conveyed back to the respiratory surfaces along with
the blood stream. But by plasma and hemoglobin of blood. Blood transports carbon dioxide in three
ways, namely:
(3) As carbominohemoglobin
All these compounds are reversible compounds. About 10% of total carbon dioxide is carried by the
blood in the dissolved state as carbonic acid (CO 2 + H2O H2CO3) but 80% of CO2 as Sodium
bicarbonate in the plasma and as potassium bicarbonate in the plasma and as potassium
bicarbonate in the corpuscles and the remaining 10% as carbamino-hemoglobin (a loose compound
formed by CO2 + hemoglobin).The carbon dioxide so formed is removed by diffusion before the
blood leaves the lung. This transportation of gases also comes under external respiration.
3. Identify the location and functions of chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors that are thought to
play a role in regulations of breathing.
Location :- a) In the carotid bodies: At the bifurcation of carotid arteries, innervated by the
glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve b) In the aortic bodies: Above and below the aortic arch, innervated by
the vagus (X) nerve
A chemoreceptor is a specialized sensory end organ adapted for excitation by chemical substances
(for example, olfactory and gustatory receptors) or specialized sense organs of the carotid body that
are sensitive to chemical changes in the bloodstream.