Chapter 4 - Pure Bending
Chapter 4 - Pure Bending
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
4 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Pure Bending
David F. Mazurek
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
Contents
Pure Bending
Other Loading Types
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Bending Deformations
Strain Due to Bending
Stress Sue To Bending
Moment of Inertia
Centroid
Centroid Location of Some Common Area
Beam Section Properties
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials
Stress Concentrations
Pure Bending
Pure Bending:
Prismatic members
subjected to equal
and opposite
couples acting in
the same
longitudinal plane
Eccentric Loading:
Axial loading which does not pass
through section centroid produces
internal forces equivalent to an axial
force and a couple (Fig. a)
Transverse Loading:
(a)
Concentrated (Fig. b) or distributed
transverse load produces internal
forces equivalent to a shear force and
a couple (Fig. c)
(b)
Principle of Superposition:
The normal stress due to pure bending
may be combined with the normal stress
(c) due to axial loading and shear stress
due to shear loading to find the complete
state of stress.
Fx x dA ; Fy xy dA ; Fz xz dA
Applying the equation of equilibrium to the loaded beam:
M y z ( x dA) 0
M z y ( x dA) M
M x y ( xz dA) z ( xy dA) 0
(c)
Bending Deformations
(a )
(b )
Decrease in length of layer PQ: Since E & R are constants in (iii) therefore the stress
at any layer along the beam section is directly
= PQ - PQ ---- (i) proportional to the distance y measured from the
Also from the geometry of the figure, note that: n.a.
Length PQ= TU = R i.e. y
Length PQ = (r-y) when y = 0 or n.a.: = 0
from Eq. 1: = PQ PQ = R - (R-y) and
= y -----(ii) max will occur at the outer most ; layer where y is
maximum.
Elastic strain
y
PQ R
y
(iii )
R
E
R E
y Eq.1
y R
E
i.e. y (iii )
R
F ' dA y
E
(dA) (ii ) M E
R Eq.(3)
Taking the moment of this force F I y R
about the n.a.:
E 2
M ' F' y y (dA) (iii )
R
BD 3 bd 3 DB3 db3
B Ix 12 and Iy (c)
12
(a)
y
iii. Solid circular section
y
d 4 r 4
Ix Iy r
64 4
x
d o
(b)
IPG = IG + Ah3
Where
A = area of cross-section
h = distance between parallel axis
Centroid
x
A.x and y
A. y
A A
This is accomplish by subdividing the area into
segments as shown in Fig (b) and computing the
moments of these area segments about the
coordinate axes e.g.:
Coordinate:
Origin o =(0,0) x
A.x A x A x A x
1 1 2 2 3 3
A A A A 1 2 3 x and yare
G1 = (x1,y1) y A1 y1 A2 y2 A3 y3 measured from
y
G2 = (x2,y2) A A1 A2 A3 the origin o
G3 = (x3, y3)
h h G
h 2a b
.
G 3 ab
h/3
A B
C b/2
B b/3 b
B
(c) Trapezoidal area
(a) Triangular area
y y
y x z x (ii )
R R
Also the tension above the neutral surface and compression
below it will induce an in-plane curvature of R (center at C in
Fig. a) and the transverse deformation can be expressed as:
y y
y z (iii )
R R
Comparing Eqs (ii) and (iii),
1
anticlastic curvature
R R
SOLUTION:
Locate the c.g. of the T section and hence the n.a.
Assign coordinate axes and divide the section into
two rectangular segments as shown below.
The section is symmetrical about the a-a axis, hence
only y need to be found.
y a
G1 Coordinate:
G1 = (45,50)
A 3000 yA 114 10 3
( 121 b1d1 A1 h1 ) ( 121 b2 h2 A2 h2 )
3 2 3 2
A. y
A y A2 y2 114 x103
1
12 90 203 1800 12 2 1
12 30 403 1200 182
1 1 38mm
A A1 A2 3000 I G 868 103 mm 4 868 10-9 m 4
Find IG about the axis passing through To find maximum tensile and compressive stress due to
the c.g. by using parallel axis theorem: bending:
A T(max)
M M yA yc
n.a.
C
G1 ya
h1
B C(max)
G h2 y
G2
y
y2 Based on the direction of applied moment, M, area of the
o x beam above the n.a. will be under tension, whereas area
a Distance: beneth the n.a. will be under compression.
h1 = y1-y = 50-38 = 12 Therefore, max. tensile stress will occur at A whereas max
h2 = y-y2 = 38-20 = 18 compression stress will occur at B.
We have:
A T(max)
M = 3000 Nm
M M yA yc IG = 868 x 10-9m4
n.a.
C E = 165 GPa
ya
yA = 60-38 = 22 mm
C(max) yb = y = 38 mm
M y A 3 000Nm 0.022 m yc = 40-38 = 2mm
A T (max) 76 M Pa (T)
IG 868 10 9 m 4
M yB 3 000Nm 0.038 m
B C (max) 131.3 M Pa (C)
IG 868 10 9 m 4
To find C
The stresses at C can be found either by applying the simple bending equation at C or by applying
similar triangular rule to the stress distribution diagram shown above.
To find R
9 4
From simple Bending equation: M E EIG 165 GPa x 868 x10 m
; R 47.74 m
IG R M 3000 Nm
Case (a)
In this case, the neutral axis of each materials of the composite section coincide with
each other
Let:
E1 = modulus of elasticity of material 1
I1 = moment of inertia of material 1
M M
M1 = moment of resistance of material 1
n.a.
1 = max. bending stress induced in
material 1
Rule 1: S1 = section modulus of material 1 = I1/ymax
Radius of curvature of composite section, E2,I2,2 and S2 be the corresponding
parameters for material 2
R1 = R2 = R
Rule 2:
I
From simple bending equation: M .S
ymax
M 1 1.S1 & M 2 2 .S 2
Case (a)
Rule 3:
Total moment of resistance of the composite section:
M = M1 =M2 = 1.S1 + 2.S2 -----Eq. (i)
Rule 4
For the composite section.at any distance from the n.a.; the strain in both materials must be
equal, i.e.
1 2
1 2 Eq. (2)
E1 E2
Solving Eq .(i) and Eq. (ii), the bending stresses in two section s can be found.
In case (b), when the neutral axis of the two original material does not coincide with the
neutral axis (n.a.) of the composite section where the bending moment is applied, then one
area of the material is converted into an equivalent area of the other
Case (b)
In this case, the neutral axis of each materials of the composite section DO NOT
coincide with each other
Consider the
example shown in
Fig (A), note that the
axis passing through
1 1 E1 y
1 the c.g. of each
R
materials (i.e. axis 1-
M M 2
E1 y 1 and 2-2) does not
R
coincide with the
2 2 neutral axis of the
E2 y
2 composite section
R
that passes through
the centroid of the
composite section.
Under such circumstances, there is a need to convert the section of one material to
an equivalent section of the other.
Case (b)
Conversion of Section
Objective
(i) Locate the centroid of the composite section
(ii) To obtained IG about the n.a. of the composite section to facilitate the calculation
Both (i) and (ii) is obtained using the area as means of calculation, with the assumption that
the whole section is made of the same material. Hence, there is a need for conversion of
section.
Conversion Factor (n)
The conversion factor is based on the ratio between the Youngs Modulus of the two materials
n = E big / E small
Theory
1/A ; Therefore the strength of the material is reduced by increasing the area or vice-versa.
E.g. to convert steel section (strong) to an equivalent (wood)steel section (weak), the area of
the original steel section must be increased to obtain an equivalent (wood) steel section.
note: since the depth (d) of the original section, must be preserved (i.e. to maintain stability),
the width (b) of the original section is increased by n time.
i.e. equivalent area = d x (nb)
Stress Concentrations
Example 4.03
bd 3 (10)(75) 3
n.a. I1 I 3 I G b 3.52 x10 7 m 4
12 12
bd 3 (18)(75) 3
I 2 I Gs 6.33 x10 7 m 4
12 12
Example 4.03
Example
Solution:
Timber Since the neutral axis of both material sections does not coincide
with the n.a. of the composite section, conversion of section is
200 mm necessary.
Conversion factor (n)
Given that Es = 20 Et; therefore n =20
It follows that: s= 20T ---- (i)
10 mm
& At = 20As ----- (ii) since s/s = 20 T/T ; FS/AS = 20 (FT/AT)
Steel
100 mm
a a
Timber T Timber
T 200 mm 200 mm
b b T/S
100 mm 100n = 2000 mm
Locate the c.g. of the inverted T section and Locate the c.g. of the inverted T section and
hence the n.a. hence the n.a.
y
I n . a . I1 I 2
I n.a. ( I G1 A1h1 ) ( I G 2 A2 h2 )
2 2
1 1
( b1d1 A1h1 ) ( b2 d 2 A2 h2 )
3 2 3 2
12 12
G1
1
n.a. Coordinate: ( .100.2003 20,000.(110 57.5) 2 )
G1 = (1000, 110)
12
y 1
G2 = (1000, 5) ( .2000.103 20,000(57.5 5) 2 )
12
G2 I n.a. 177.08 x106 mm4 1.77 x10 4 m 4
(0,0) x
A 40,000 yA 230 10 4 yc
c c
y
A. y A y A y 1 1 2 2
230 x10 4
57.5mm
To find YC = 57.5 mm
max
Since ya > yc, max. stress will occur at the outer most layer (at a) of the original wood section.
Assume (max) = a = T(max) = 10 MPa and before we can proceed, we have to check whether the
corresponding stress induced at c is below the safe allowable limit of T/S(max) = 7.5 Mpa.
Checking for C
a = 10 MPa
From similar triangular rule
10
ya = 152.5 mm tan c ; c 3.77 MPa; i.e. 7.5MPa
152.5 57.5
To Find M
From simple bending equation
M max (10MPa )(1.77 x104 m 4 )
; M 11.6kNm
I n.a. ymax 152.5mm