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Ferroresonance Studies
Ferroresonance Studies
POWER SYSYTEM
Kamlesh Pandey
VJTI Siemens AICTE HV Lab, VJTI Mumbai, India
1. Introduction 2. History
We can define the ferroresonance The word ferroresonance was introduced in
phenomena as it is a special case of jump 1920 by Boucherot. Due to practical interest,
resonance phenomena. Jump resonance this phenomenon was investigated heavily in
refers to circuits containing a nonlinear the 1930s when it was discovered that a
inductor and a linear capacitor with or series line capacitor and the nonlinear
without some other elements present. For inductance of a transformer core can trigger
certain circuit parameters, if an incremental ferroresonance under some conditions.
change in the amplitude or frequency of the Research on the ferroresonance problem has
input to the circuit causes a sudden jump in been carried out using two different
signal amplitude somewhere in the circuit, approaches. The first one uses experimental
jump resonance is said to have occurred. investigations, while the second
Thus, the jump can be one of voltage, concentrates on developing models and
current, flux linkages, or all three. analytical tools to investigate the behavior of
Ferroresonance is a term which describes the the ferroresonance phenomenon.
wide range of current and voltage distortions
that can occur in circuits containing 2.1 Experimental Investigation of
important factor in the initiation of Ferroresonance:
The conditions for predicting ferroresonance This analysis used a graphical method.
are calculated through conducting Odessey and Weber studied a series circuit
experiments on actual system elements. In consisting of a sinusoidal input voltage, a
1931, Weller noticed that opening a line capacitor, a resistor, and a saturable-core
conductor can result in an abnormal voltage reactor as shown in Fig 1.4. The steady-state
in a lightly loaded power transformer bank. voltage of the circuit can be denoted as
Clarke conducted an experiment with a I 2
transformer bank made up of three single- E = ( IR) 2 + ( EL - ) (1)
wC
phase transformers, a transmission circuit,
fuses, and a three-phase power generator. where I is current of the series circuit,
Similarly, three-phase core type and shell EL=f(I) is the voltage across the non linear
type transformers were investigated. Clarke inductor which is a function of the current,
noticed for the three-phase transformers if and is the angular frequency of the input
the power generator is grounded and the voltage. Hence,EL is the volt ampere
transformer is lightly loaded and grounded, characteristic of the non linear reactor.
there is no overvoltage across the
transformer terminals. On the other hand, if
the power generator is ungrounded and one
or two conductors are opened, a high
sustained voltage results which can damage
the transformer bank. Furthermore, if the
system is loaded, the ferroresonance Fig1
overvoltage will be mitigated or eliminated Under sinusoidal conditions the following
totally. condition holds,
I
2.2 Theoretical Investigation of EL = E - ( IR) 2 + (2)
wC
Ferroresonance:
The general characteristics of ferroresonance Odessey and Weber found the solution of the
in power system transformers have been above equation by plotting the left and the
known for some time. However, in order to right side of the equation.
determine specifically the behavior of such a
phenomenon, an analytical treatment is
necessary. With such an analysis it is
possible to gain insight helpful for
investigating the conditions under which the
ferroresonance can occur and methods to
remedy the problem. In the past 82 years,
two approaches for analytical treatments for
ferroresonance problem were explored; the
time domain and the frequency
Fig.3.
Similarly, during voltage transformer
ferroresonance an oscillation occurs between
Fig.5 Reduced equivalent ferroresonance circuit
the nonlinear inductance of the VT [3] and
the capacitance of any network remaining In Fig. 5, E is the rms supply phase voltage,
connected to the VT. In this case, energy is Cseries is the circuit breaker grading
coupled to the nonlinear core of the voltage capacitance and Cshunt is the total phase-to-
transformer via the open circuit breaker
earth capacitance of the arrangement. The For analytical purposes it is desirable to
resistor R represents voltage transformer have (6) in the form
core loss that has been found to be an
important factor in the initiation of iL = c1l + c3l 3 + c 5l 5 + ... (7)
ferroresonance. For an actual transformer it was found that
di d l
eo = Ri + L + (3)
dt dt
1 dl
C icdt =
dt
(4)
Fig.7. Block diagram representation of the system
i = iL + iC (5)
iL = f ( l ) (6) Incremental Describing Function
where is the flux linkages of the
transformer. The theory is based on the "incremental
describing function" of West, Douce, and
Livesley [5]. This theory is known as the As the increment "passes through" the
incremental input describing function nonlinearity N it is multiplied by a factor K (
analysis. This method assesses the stability lm , F ), i.e., a transfer function dependent
of the feedback system by adding the input on lm and F ). It is then multiplied by a
signal to an incremental input with the same
frequency but different phase and check the factor G(j), i.e., a transfer function
stability of the incremental system using dependent on w. Thus the stability criterion
Nyquist criterion. According to the theory, it is
is possible to define the gain of the non- K (lm , f ).G ( jw ) = -1 (17)
linear element for a sinusoidal signal as -1
or G ( jw ) = (18)
K (lm , f )
0.3
-0.2
transmission lines and varying the
-0.3
magnitude of the input voltage and
-0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1
the line inductance of the system,
the system can have different
solutions. Some of these solutions Fig. 8 Incremental describing function
are stable while others are
unstable. Fig.8 shows the plot of incremental
Consider the system of Fig. 4 to be describing function by varying lm and F .
operating under steady state conditions. This gives the non-linearity envelope under
Suppose there is an incremental perturbation this zone ferroresonance will occur. To
on (t). The increment may have any phase validate this, in the G(j) values of the all
relationship with respect to the phasor for the parameters were substituted. For a
(t), that is, particular set of parameters R=0.002pu,
l (t ) = lm cos(wt + F) + m cos w t (16) =1pu, C=50pu and L=0.021pu.
where m is the peak value of (t), u the
incremental perturbation (<< m), and F
0.1
the phase angle between the main signal and
the perturbation.
0
-0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
Nyquist-plot returning to a state of non
encirclement of the minus-one point. Fig.9 Loci of G(j) for L=0.021 pu
1
0.9
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.1
Fig. 12 Determination of equivalent inductance
0
-0.1
-0.5
(critical m) or m. after jump has occurred,
-0.6
voltages and currents in the system are of
-0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 interest. Since the system is in the steady
state, normal phasor calculations can be
Fig.10. Loci of G(j) for L=0.025 pu used with the transformer magnetizing
inductance taken from Fig. 12.
Fig.10, shows the interaction incremental
describing function with G(j). For L = Hence, from this method we can conclude
0.025 pu, G(j) falls inside the nonlinearity that incremental describing function model
envelope, ferroresonance will occur. is very useful in determining the stability
This shows that, for a particular system, of and for a particular system, of course,
course, having particular fixed parameters, having particular fixed parameters, only one
only one point need be plotted to determine point need be plotted to determine whether
whether or not ferroresonance will occur. or not ferroresonance will occur.
This is shown in the figure.
0.3
5. Conclusions
0.2
0.1
1. Ferroresonance is becoming more
0
common due to the increased use of inset
-0.1
cables and low loss transformers on OHL
-0.2
networks.
-0.3
2. Circuits can be identified as to their
-0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 susceptibility to ferroresonance.
3. Ferroresonance can be avoided by the use
Fig.11 Ferroresonance condition for varying L of efficient 3-phase switching.
4. Installing a temporary resistive load on
Fig.11 shows the interaction with different the secondary side of the transformer can
values of L. This plot gives the critical value reduce or eliminate ferroresonance when
of the inductance i.e. 0.023 pu. After this linesmen are working on the line.
value the system goes into the 5. When re-energizing a circuit, the precise
ferroresonance. switching procedure is important.
6. Surge arresters can be used to control
ferroresonance.
Acknowledgement
I wish to acknowledge Prof. Dr. H. A.
Mangalvedekar for the discussions we had.
References
[1] Critical conditions in ferroresonance, AIEE
Trans. Vol. 57, 1938, pp. 444-452
[2]J.R. Marti, Ferroresonance in power systems:
Fundamental solutions, IEE proceedings-c, vol. 138,
no. 4, july 1991
[3]B.A.T. Al Zahawi, Z. Emin and Y.K. Tong, Chaos
in Ferroresonant Wound Voltage Transformers:
Effect of Core Losses and Universal Circuit
Behaviour.
[4] EMTP-ATP Rule book.
[5] J. C. West, J. L. Douce, and R. K. Livesley, "The
dual input describing function and its use in the
analysis of non-linear feedback systems," Proc. IEE
(London), vol. 103B, pp. 463-472, 1956.
[6]GLENN W. SWIFT,An Analytical Approach to
Ferroresonance, IEEE transactions on power
apparatus and systems, vol. pas-88, no. 1, january
1969
[7] R. C. Dugan, Examples of ferroresonance in
distribution systems, in Proc. IEEE Power
Engineering Society General Meeting, 2003, vol. 2,
pp. 12131215.
[8] Modeling and Analysis Guidelines for Slow
TransientsPart III: The Study of Ferroresonance
IEEE transactions on power delivery, vol. 15, no. 1,
january 2000.