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  • Three-Wire and Reciprocal Leveling

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    Adonis C. Bibat
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    The document describes the three-wire method of precise differential leveling where three horizontal hairs are read rather than a single hair. It also discusses reciprocal leveling which is used when backsights and foresights cannot be kept short and equal, such as when leveling across wide rivers. The sample problem shows reciprocal level readings taken between two points, X and Y, across a river to determine their difference in elevation.

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    The document describes the three-wire method of precise differential leveling where three horizontal hairs are read rather than a single hair. It also discusses reciprocal leveling which is used when backsights and foresights cannot be kept short and equal, such as when leveling across wide rivers. The sample problem shows reciprocal level readings taken between two points, X and Y, across a river to determine their difference in elevation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2K views13 pages

    Three-Wire and Reciprocal Leveling

    Uploaded by

    Adonis C. Bibat
    The document describes the three-wire method of precise differential leveling where three horizontal hairs are read rather than a single hair. It also discusses reciprocal leveling which is used when backsights and foresights cannot be kept short and equal, such as when leveling across wide rivers. The sample problem shows reciprocal level readings taken between two points, X and Y, across a river to determine their difference in elevation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 13

    A more precise method of differential levelling can be attained by the

    three-wire method of leveling.


    It is a method of determining difference in elevation wherein three
    horizontal hairs (or threads) are read and recorded rather than from a
    single horizontal hair.
    For each backsight and foresight, all three horizontal hairs are read to
    the nearest millimeter and the average of the three readings is taken
    as the correct value.
    Since three-wire leveling is employed for high precision work, only
    precise levelling rods should be used.
    The backsight and corresponding foresight distances should always
    be maintained at equal lengths.
    Where:
    a = upper stadia hair reading
    b = lower stadia hair reading
    c = horizontal cross-hair reading or rod reading on P
    s = stadia intercept or the difference between the upper stadia hair
    reading and the lower stadia hair reading
    m =mean of three-hair readings
    HD = horizontal distance from the level to the rod held at P
    K = stadia interval factor
    C = instrument constant
    HI = height of the line of sight above datum or mean sea level
    Elev of P = unknown elevation of station P
    NOTE: The arithmetic check is the same for differential leveling
    SAMPLE. Complete the differential level notes shown below and perform the
    customary arithmetic check.
    BACKSIGHT HI FORESIGHT
    STA ELEV
    HAIR MEAN s HAIR MEAN s
    RDGS RDG RDGS RDG
    1.152
    BM1 0.935 444.242 m
    0.718
    2.784 1.117
    TP1 2.420 0.899
    2.057 0.682
    1.713 1.900
    TP2 1.440 1.537
    1.166 1.172
    2.591 1.450
    TP3 2.094 1.177
    1.599 0.904
    0.913 2.210
    TP4 0.730 1.714
    0.547 1.218
    1.593
    BM2 1.410
    1.227
    Reciprocal leveling is employed to determine the difference
    in elevation between two points when it is difficult or impossible to
    keep backsights and foresights short and equal. Such a condition
    usually exists when running a line of levels across wide rivers,
    lakes, or in rugged terrain where deep canyons and ravines are
    encountered. In this method of levelling, two sets of rod readings
    are observed. One set is taken with the instrument set up close to
    one point and another with the instrument set up close to the other
    point.
    SAMPLE. In leveling across a deep and wide river, reciprocal level readings
    were taken between two points, X and Y, as follows:
    a.) With instrument set up near X, the rod readings on X are 1.283 and 1.285
    meters; on the distant point Y, the rod readings are 2.618, 2.619, 2.621 and
    2.622 meters.
    b.) With instrument set up near Y, the rod readings on Y are 3.478 and 3.476
    meters; on the distant point X, the rod readings are 2.143, 2.140, 2.146, 2.144
    meters.
    Determine the true difference in elevation between the two points and
    the elevation of Y if the known elevation of X is 290.082 meters.
    SAMPLE. In leveling across a wide river, reciprocal level readings were taken between two
    points A and B as shown in the accompanying tabulation. Determine the following:
    a) Difference in elevation between the two points.
    b) Elevation of B if the elevation of A is 951.750 m.

    Instrument Set-Up Near A Instrument Set-Up Near B


    STA BS FS STA BS FS
    1.283 1.478
    1.284 1.480
    a b
    1.286 1.476
    1.283 1.478
    0.675 2.143
    0.674 2.140
    0.677 a 2.145
    b
    0.674 2.142
    0.677 2.143
    0.678 2.146
    SUM SUM
    MEAN MEAN

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