Lateral Design For Wood Buildings: Design Principles and Loads

Vancouver Wood Solutions Fair April 2011
Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Design Principles and Loads
Robert Jonkman, P.Eng.

Jasmine Wang, Ph.D.
April 2011
CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Design Principles and Loads, Jonkman and
Wang 1
Outline
Lateral loads introduction
Shearwalls and diaphragms: load paths
Wind loads
Seismic loads
Performance of wood frame construction
Experience from earthquakes and hurricanes
Lab tests
Designing for lateral loads
Using CWC Engineering Guide
Structural design for shearwalls and diaphragms
New seismic design considerations in CSA O86-09
Using WoodWorks software
LATERAL LOADS INTRODUCTION

Wang 2
Understanding the Load Paths
Shearwall and Diaphragm Action

Plate type structural elements designed to
transmit force in their own plane
Diaphragm:
Horizontal element
Floor
Roof
Shearwalls:
Vertical elements
Walls

Wang 3
Lateral Load Path - Wind Loads
Sum:
Pressure
+
Suction
Wall Sheathing/Cladding to Studs

Wang 4
Studs to Diaphragms
Diaphragms to Shearwalls
Shear Forces

Wang 5
Shear Forces
Overturning Forces

Wang 6
Upper Storey Shearwalls to Lower Storey

Shearwalls
Shear Forces
Froof F
Froof +Ffloor
Upper Storey Shearwalls to Lower Storey

Shearwalls
Overturning
Rroof Forces, R
Rroof +Rfloor

Wang 7
Shearwalls to Foundation
Shear Forces
Froof +Ffloor2 +Ffloor1
Shearwalls to Foundation
Overturning
Forces
Rroof +Rfloor

Wang 8
Wind Loads
Wind Calculation
Three procedures for determining design
wind loads on buildings (NBCC 4.1.7)
The Static Procedure
Most low and medium-rise buildings
Cladding of buildings
The Dynamic Procedure
Primarily tall buildings and slender structures
The Experimental Procedure
Wind tunnel testing or other experimental methods

Wang 9
Design Flow Chart

Figure I-1
Structural
Commentary
q: NBCC Appendix C
Structural Building structure

components
& Cladding Yes Tall
H>120m
No
Yes Slender
H/W>4
No
Susceptible Yes Vibration

Dynamic Procedure
to vibrations
No
Static Procedure Static Procedure
Wood Frame
Ce: NBCC 4.1.7.1.(5)
H20 m and Yes

CpCg: Fig. I-7 Pe=IwqCeCgCp
H/Ds<1

Wang 10
Wind Calculation
Exposure Factor Ce Open Terrain
Open terrain Ce = (h/10)0.2 > 0.9

Wang 11
Exposure Factor Ce Rough Tarrain
Buildings near the

lake may be
required to be
designed for open
terrain exposure
Rough terrain Ce = 0.7(h/12)0.3 >0.7
Exposure factor Ce Changes in

Terrain
Interpolation
formula provided in
Commentary
Near the road: Open
In the built-up area:
intermediate
exposure (or rough
depending on the
distance from the
road)

Wang 12
I-7 Composite Coefficients, CpCg
External Pressure Coefficients for

Structural Components & Cladding
For wood frame buildings, the appropriate
Figures from I-8 to I-14 would be used to
determine the loads for:
sheathing
Studs
Roof joists and rafters
mono slope or parallel chord roof trusses
uplift connections for roof joists and mono
slope or parallel chord roof trusses

Wang 13
I-15 External pressure coefficient & gust effect factor
Rectangular
buildings
H>20m or their
smaller plan
dimension
Cg:
Cg =2 for whole
building & main
structural
members
Cg =2.5 for small
elements
including cladding
Summary (SC Table I-2)

Wang 14
Internal Pressure
The internal pressure, Pi, is determined from
Pi = Iw q Ce Cgi Cpi
where
Cgi = internal gust effect factor
Cpi = internal pressure coefficient
Internal pressure coefficient & gust effect

factor
Cpi:
Category 1: Buildings without large openings, -0.15 to 0.0
Category 2: Buildings with large openings that will routinely be
closed during storms, -0.45 to 0.3
Category 3: Sheds and industrial buildings with shipping doors,
which cannot be closed during storms, -0.7 to 0.7
Cgi: 2.0
Wind Wind
Wind
Enclosed Structure Internal Pressurization

Wang 15
Seismic Loads
How do we design for Earthquake

motion
National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) Part 4.1.8
and Structural Commentary J
More guidance in:
CWC Introduction to Wood Design
Wood Design Manual (WDM)
Structural Engineering Association of California (SEAOC)
Earthquakes Canada (NRCan)
http://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/
US Geological Survey http://earthquake.usgs.gov/

Wang 16
Procedures to analyze seismic force

Dynamic Analysis Procedure preferred (default)
but more complicated
Equivalent Static Force Procedure - easier method,
approximation, allowed if:
Seismic IEFaSa(0.2)<0.35, any structure
Any seismic IEFaSa(0.2), Regular shape, H<60 m, Ta<2 s
Any seismic IEFaSa(0.2), Irregular shape, H<20 m, Ta<0.5 s
(except torsional sensitivity, Dynamic analysis required)
Typical wood structures: T<0.50 seconds, H<20m (65ft)

Some other restrictions apply see 4.1.8.10
Earthquake loads
Static equivalent lateral seismic
force: based on the assumption that
the main features of the dynamic
response can be represented by a
single mode response at the
fundamental period, Ta.
Newtons Second Law
F = m* a
V = W* S(Ta) *factors
S (Ta) = Design acceleration based on the buildings period

Wang 17
Static Analysis 4.1.8.11

Base shear V = S(Ta) x W x Mv x IE / (RdRo)
Min: V = S(4.0) x W x Mv x IE / (RdRo)
2
Max: V = S(0.2) x W x Mv x IE / (RdRo)
3
S(Ta) = Acceleration as a function of Ta
Ta = Fundamental period of building
W = Weight of building
Mv = Higher mode effect factor
IE = Importance factor
Rd = Ductility-related force modification factor
Ro = Overstrength-related force modification factor
Shape: irregular shape trigger restrictions
and special requirements
The Acceleration
V = S(Ta) x W x Mv x IE / (RdRo)
S(T): The design spectral response acceleration
Function of soil conditions and Sa(T)
S(T) = FvSa(T) or FaSa(T) (NBCC 4.1.8.4)

Sa(T): The 5% damped spectral response acceleration based
on latitude and longitude (location specific)
Function of period
S(Ta): for the buildings period specifically Ta

Wang 18
Find location acceleration Sa(T) spectrum:

Appendix C: Table C-2
Design Data for Selected Locations in Canada
Find location acceleration Sa(T) spectrum:
http://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/hazard/interpolator/index_e.php

Wang 19
Sa(T): Vancouver area
http://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/hazard/interpolator/index_e.php
Multiply by soil factor

S(T) = FaSa(T)
Site Class C: Vancouver: Sa(0.2)

Very dense soil and soft rock (0.84 to 1.02)
STRONG ground shaking, the
variation of the soil influence is less
(short period structures)

Wang 20
S(T) = FvSa(T) or FaSa(T)
Enter city in WoodWorks software:
Buildings Period Ta
Code formula for shearwall structures
(NBCC 4.1.8.11 3))
Ta code = 0.05 hn 3 4
Ta > 0.50 only for h > 22m (77ft)
Other established methods of mechanics

For shearwall structures: Ta 2 Ta code

Wang 21
S(Ta)
NBCC 4.1.8.4. Site Properties
(6) The design spectral acceleration values of S(T) shall be

determined as follows, using linear interpolation for
intermediate values of T:
S(T) = FaSa(0.2) for T = 0.2 s
= FvSa(0.5) or FaSa(0.2) for T = 0.5 s
= FvSa(1.0) for T = 1.0 s
= FvSa(2.0) for T = 2.0 s
= FvSa(2.0)/2 for T = 4.0 s
Design Spectral Response Acceleration
S (Ta) specific to building
If Ta = 0.20 seconds and Fa = 1.0

then S(Ta):
Toronto: 0.28
Ottawa: 0.67
Vancouver: 0.96

Wang 22
Weight
V= S(Ta) x W x Mv I
x E / (RdRo)
Dead load floors, walls, roof as defined in
4.1.4.1 and 4.1.8.2 (partitions need not
exceed 0.50 kPa)
Includes 25% of the snow load
Includes 60% of storage load
Includes 100% of full tank contents
Modal value
V= S(Ta) x W x Mv I
x E / (RdRo)
Accounts for higher mode effect on base shear (4.1.8.11)
1.0 for wood buildings with Ta<1.0

Wang 23
Ductility Factor Rd
V= S(Ta) x W x Mv I
x E / (RdRo)
Ranges from: 1 (brittle) to 5 (ductile)

Shearwalls: Rd =3 (wood sheathing only)
Rd =2 (wood /GWB combo)
Source of ductility in wood frame

structures
Tension parallel and perpendicular to the
grain: not ductile, low energy dissipation
Source: FEMA

Wang 24
Source of ductility in wood frame

structures
Compression perpendicular to grain:
nonlinear behavior and can be a good
one-time energy dissipater.
However, for cyclic loading, it becomes a
poor energy dissipater because the wood
wont recover from the crushing
Source: FEMA
Source of ductility in woodframe walls

Note similarities between single nail hysteresis and
global shear wall hysteresis.
Shear wall behavior, globally, is a product of local
fastener hysteresis.
Note: Screws and glue result in brittle behaviour
Source:
FEMA

Wang 25
Overstrength Factor Ro
V= S(Ta) x W x Mv I
x E / (RdRo)
Considers tested results, for wood:

Member size Rsize 1.15
Material resistance (0.70 for timber) Rmat 1.43
Yield Strength (steel fasteners) Ryield 1.00
Strain hardening of steel (steel fasteners) Rsh 1.05
Redundancy Rmech 1.00
Shearwalls code value: Ro 1.7
Rd and Ro
V= S(Ta) x W x Mv x IE / (RdRo)
Rd (ductility force modification factor
Ro (overstrength force modification factor
Wood sheathed shearwalls have the

ductility and overstrength properties
to reduce elastic base shear by over 5
times
server.carleton.ca/~gma/download/oceerc.pdf

Wang 26
V = S(Ta) x W x Mv x IE / (RdRo)
Distributing Forces Vertically

Force at each level x:
Extra portion Ft is assumed to be at the top, except:

when period is < 0.7 sec, Ft = considered zero
Need not exceed 0.25 V
Ft = 0.07*Ta*V

Wang 27
Irregularities 4.1.8.6
Vertical
(elevation)
Horizontal
(plan)
http://http-server.carleton.ca/~gma/download/oceerc.pdf
Shear wall locations move, requiring large shear forces to be

transferred across the diaphragm. May require capacity level design of
some components - NBCC 2010 4.1.8.15 (4)

Wang 28
Lots of openings in a lower level.

Not permitted unless IEFaSa(0.2) < 0.20 and RdRo =1
(NBCC 2010 4.1.8.10)
If IEFaSa(0.2) >0.35 and torsionally sensitive, then dynamic analysis

required, as per NBCC 2010 4.1.8.11 (10) (b)

Wang 29
Irregularities
Performance of wood frame houses

Wang 30
Performance of wood frame houses
Hurricanes
Earthquakes
Lab tests
Damage to Housing in Hurricanes
Critical Details: Roof Sheathing

Gable end bracing details

Wang 31
Seismic Performance of Wood-

Frame Buildings
Strength and stiffness
High strength-to-weight ratio
Plywood or OSB Shearwalls are effective in resisting the
racking forces
Non-structural elements contribute to the lateral resistance
Ductility
Allows building to dissipate energy
Redundancy
Numerous load paths provide an extra level of safety
Performance of Wood-Frame
Buildings in Past Earthquakes
Recent California earthquakes
San Fernando Earthquake 1971
Loma Prieta Earthquake 1989
Northridge Earthquake 1994
The majority of the wood-frame houses
performed well
Lessons learned from past earthquakes

Wang 32
Cripple Walls
Failure of cripple wall in the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake.
Chimneys
Chimney damage from the Northridge Earthquake.

Wang 33
Connections to Foundations
This wooden residence sustained major damage when it moved off its
foundation in the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake.
Weak and brittle sheathing material
Stucco failure

Wang 34
Weak First Storey
Openings in first storeys created soft storeys

that led to failures
CUREE-Caltech Woodframe Project

Wang 35
Hold-downs next w/out finishes, non-

w/finishes, non- to full height Hold-downs @ symmetrical
symmetrical openings segments corners only openings
40
Fully
Phase 10 sheathed Phase 6 Phase 7 Perforated Phase 9
30 Engineered Shearwalls
Maximum Base Shear (kips)
Constructio
Phase 5
20
Phase 8 Conventional
Construction
No hold-downs
Level 5, Rinaldi, PGA = 0.89g (s )
10 Level 4, Canoga Park, PGA = 0.50g (l)
Level 3, Canoga Park, PGA = 0.36g (n)
Level 2, Canoga Park, PGA = 0.22g (u)
Level 1, Canoga Park, PGA = 0.05g (-)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Peak Roof Relative Displacement (in)
Source: http://www.curee.org/projects/woodframe/
CUREE Project Conclusions

Wall finishes improve the seismic
performance dramatically.
Hold-downs increase the lateral stiffness
Effect of non-symmetrical openings
Slight reduction in lateral stiffness

Wang 36
NEESWood Capstone Project
NEESWood Capstone Project

Conclusions
Current design codes are adequate but
dont prevent substantial damage during
strong earthquakes
Behaviour of drywall can be modeled and
contributes significantly to stiffness and
strength
Cumulative elongation of hold-down rods
contributes substantially to drift
Source: www.nsf.gov/news/newsmedia/neeswood/index.jsp

Wang 37
DESIGN FOR LATERAL LOADS
Bracing to Resist Lateral Loads Due to Wind

and Earthquake (2010 NBCC 9.23.13 and Table A9.23.13)
Wind (HWP) Earthquake Sa(0.2)

Low to Low to
High Extreme High Extreme High Extreme
moderate moderate
Applicable 0.7< 0.7<
requirements HWP<0.80 0.80HWP HWP>1.20 Sa(0.2) Sa(0.2) Sa(0.2)
Sa(0.2) Sa(0.2)
kPa <1.20 kPa kPa 0.7 >1.1 >1.2
1.1 1.2
All con-
All construction Heavy construction(1) Light construction
struction
Design
requirements
in 9.27., X(2) N/A N/A X N/A N/A N/A N/A
9.29.,
9.23.16.2
Bracing
requirements X X N/A X X(3)(4) N/A X(4)(5) N/A
in 9.23.13
Part 4 or
X X X X X X X X
CWC Guide
X = requirements are applicable

Wang 38
Hierarchy of lateral load design methods:
Most stringent, most widely applicable

NBCC 2010 Part 4 (Load) + CSA O86 (Design)
CWC Engineering Guide Part B/D (Load + Design)
International Residential Code (US)
CWC Engineering Guide Part C (orig based on IRC)
NBCC 2010 9.23.13 (NEW 2010)
NBCC 2010 9.27, 9.29, 9.23.17 (existing)
Least stringent, most limitations to applicability
Design for Lateral Loads

Part 9 buildings

Wang 39
CWC Engineering Guide for

Wood Frame Construction
good
engineering
practice
(NBCC 9.23.13)

Wang 40
2009 Edition conforms to NBCC 2010

Originally published in 2001 to
address atypical Part 9 buildings
Acts as a bridge between prescriptive
Part 9 and Part 4
Meets or exceeds Part 9
requirements
Part 9 Wood Frame Construction

Requirements Part B: Engineered design of Part 9 buildings with
some limits, simplifications, leniency to CSA O86
Part C: How many braced walls required based on size of

Guidelines building and wind/seismic severity (prescriptive).
Note: Seismic limits and wind limits
Part D: Tables related to lateral Use Part 4, Guide n/a

Tables Wind and Seismic Load
Braced wall spacing
Use Guide Part B

Diaphragm and Shearwall Design Design and option
to use Part D tables
Parts B and D for use by qualified Professional Engineer
Use Guide Part C

Prescriptive
Wind and seismic Load

Wang 41
Requirements Part B
Limits
1.2 Building Size Limitations

(600 m2, 3 storeys, 3.5m/storey)
1.3 Building Configuration Limitations
(12.2 m clear spans, 12:12 roof slope)
1.4 Occupancy Limitations
1.5 Load Limitations
Requirements Part B
with detailed guidance for example
showing shear wall offset force transfer

Wang 42
12m x 20m
Tables Part D
Load 23
Seismic Loads at Shearwalls (Roof + 1 Storey)

2 Storey Building
Total Factored Shear Force (kN)
Roof Building dimension perpendicular to roof ridge (m)

Snow 8 12 16
Load Building dimension parallel to roof ridge (m)
Sa(0.2) kPa 8 12 16 20 24 8 12 16 20 24 8 12 16 20 24
0.25 1 4.0 5.6 7.3 8.9 11 5.7 8.1 10 13 15 7.5 11 14 17 20
1.5 4.2 5.9 7.7 9.4 11 6.0 8.5 11 13 16 7.9 11 14 18 21
2 4.4 6.2 8.1 10 12 6.3 8.9 12 14 17 8.3 12 15 19 22
2.5 4.5 6.5 8.4 10 12 6.6 9.4 12 15 18 8.7 12 16 20 23
3 4.7 6.8 8.8 11 13 6.9 10 13 16 19 9.1 13 17 21 24
0.50 1 7.9 11 15 18 21 11 16 21 25 30 15 21 27 33 39
1.5 8.3 12 15 19 22 12 17 22 27 32 16 22 29 35 42
2 8.7 12 16 20 24 13 18 23 28 34 17 23 30 37 44
2.5 9.1 13 17 21 25 13 19 24 30 35 17 25 32 39 46
3 9.5 14 18 22 26 14 20 26 31 37 18 26 33 41 49
0.75 1 12 17 22 27 32 17 24 31 38 45 23 32 41 50 59
1.5 12 18 23 28 33 18 26 33 40 48 24 33 43 53 62
Shearwall example
Part B: 10.2.10.2 Shearwalls Using Structural Wood-Based Panels

The factored shear resistance for a shearwall segment of structural wood-
based panels shall be taken as:
b) For blocked shearwalls:

Vrs = vdKDKSFJspJhdJuLs

Wang 43
Requirements Part B
Jhd Hold down factor 10.2.9.5
<1.00 if sheathing and anchorages are used to transfer
forces instead of hold downs
F
Tension Zone
2
Pij H H Vhd P
J hd 1 2 S S 1.0 J hd 1.0
Vhd LS LS Vhd
Requirements Part B
Ju Uplift factor 10.2.9.6 (unique-to-Guide factor, not CSA O86)
<1.00 if sheathing used to transfer shear force F and uplift
force u from upper storey to lower
Ju = 1 2 Ju = 1- = u *Ls/Vhd

Wang 44
Guidelines Part C
Braced Wall Concept
Instructions for how to determine how many
standard construction wall segments are needed to
resist expected loads
Historical performance: standard wood wall
construction works well
Used to create new 2009 NBCC 2010 9.23.13,
which Engineering Guide meets or exceeds
Guidelines Part C
Braced Wall Panels and Bands
Braced walls not engineered shear walls
Wood, GWB or other Sheathing fastened as per
NBCC 9.23.3.5
Consists of segments of 4ft (1.2m) or 8ft (2.4)m
minimum

Wang 45
Guidelines Part C (and NBCC 9.23.13.4 9.23.13.7)

Braced Wall Bands and Panels
NBCC 2ft
Spacing of bands
dependent on
wind and seismic
Braced Wall Band
width: 4ft max
NBCC 2.5ft
Min Length of Braced Wall Panel

Guide: 4ft / 8ft + min % of band length
Max spacing b/t Max distance from
NBCC: 2ft / 2 ft
panels: 21ft corner: 8ft
Guidelines Part C
Braced Walls Bands vs Load
Use Part 4, Guide n/a
Braced wall band max spacing
24m (78ft)
Vancouver
Use Guide Part B High seismic (governs)
Design and option Sa (0.2) = 0.96 (< 1.00)
to use Part D tables
12.2m (40ft) Low to moderate wind
10.6m (35ft)
q1/50 = 0.48 (< 0.70)
7.6m (25ft) Low to
mod High High Extreme Use Guide Part C
9.23.13.1 9.23.13.2 9.23.13.2 9.23.13.3 Prescriptive
Sa (0.2) Seismic and Wind load severity

Normal weight <0.70 <1.00 <1.20
Concrete topping / tile roof <0.70 <1.00 <1.10
q1/50 wind <0.70 <0.80 <1.20

Wang 46
Table C1 b: Braced Wall Panels for High Wind or High Seismic Loads
Normal weight construction: Tile roof or concrete topping floor:
wind: 0.80 q 1/50 < 1.20 kPa wind: 0.80 q 1/50 < 1.20 kPa
seismic: 0.70 Sa (0.2) < 1.20 seismic: 0.70 Sa (0.2) < 1.10
Heavy weight
Normal weight
Braced wall Min Panel

description length

Wang 47
Engineering Guide Procedure for reducing length of braced panels to

less than 1.2m (Table C2) as long as
Increased percentage of full height sheathing
each segment has aspect ratio of 3.5:1
25% 8-0 34%
2-3
25% 34%
40% 52%
Guidelines Part C High Wind High Seismic
Extra considerations for:
High Wind 0.80 q 1/50 1.20 kPa

High Seismic 0.70 Sa (0.2) 1.20 (or 1.10 tile, conc)

Wang 48

Wood sheathed braced panel spacing limit
(Table C1b note 5, NBCC 9.23.13.5 (2) + 9.23.13.6 (6) )
Interior foundations
15 m
15 m Max

Nailing of braced walls
(Table C4, NBCC 9.23.3.4)
Rim/floor joists/blocking to lower storey wall plate
3 nails at 150 mm o.c.
Bottom plate to joists or blocking

3 nails at 150 mm o.c.

Wang 49

Anchor bolts
(Table C5, NBCC 9.23.6.1)
Anchor bolt diameter: 12.7mm () or 15.9mm (5/8 )

Spacing: 2.4m (7-10) o.c.
End distance: 0.5m (20) from end of foundation

Garages
(Table C6, NBCC 9.23.13.5 (5))
Braced wall panels not required at the
front of an attached garage where
50% wood sheathed Garage

braced panels
7.6 m
25% wood sheathed
braced panels
and supports roof and one floor max

(normal weight)

Wang 50

Glazed spaces (porches, sunrooms)
(Fig C4, NBCC 9.23.13.5 (4))
not required to comply

with bracing
requirements
Projection is 3.5m max

or half of perp plan
dimension
and is integral with the roof

of the rest of the building and
not supporting floor
19 minute presentation with audio
http://www.nationalcodes.ca/eng/presentations/lateral_loads/player.html

Wang 51
Design for Lateral Loads

Part 4 buildings
Failure Modes

Wang 52
Failure Modes
Courtesy of APA
Diaphragm Design
Deep beams
Shear resistance : sheathing (Web)
Flexural resistance: chords (Flanges)

Wang 53
Diaphragm Shear Resistance

Diaphragm depth
LD
Shear force/unit
Shear Resistance:
depth
Sheathing
= wL/(2LD)
Thickness
Fasteners
Size or number
Framing
Material strength(species)
Framing density

Wang 54
Diaphragm Flexural Resistance

Diaphragm depth
LD
M=wL2/8
Tension Compression Pf=Tf=M/h
w
Pf Pf
Compression Chord
h M M
Tf Tension Chord Tf
L
Shear Resistance of Nailed Diaphragms
Vrs = vd K D K SF Jsp LD
Modification Factors
KD (1.15) duration factor
CSA O86 - 4.3.2
KSF (0.27 to 1.00) service factor for nailed connections

CSA O86 - Table10.2.1.5
JSP (0.70 to 1.00) species factor

CSA O86 - 9.4.3

Wang 55
Alternative Nails in Diaphragms

Jn = nail diameter factor
dF1 2
= dF2
Where,
dF1 = diameter of the nail being considered
dF2 = diameter of the common wire nail given in the tables.
Deflection of diaphragm
Simply supported blocked diaphragm (9.7.2 CSA O86-09)
5vL2 vL c x
d = + + 0.000614Len +
96EALD 4Bv 2LD
Bending Shear Chord
Nail slip
deflection deflection member slip
Where
d = lateral deflection at mid-span
v = maximum shear force per unit length due to specified lateral loads
L = diaphragm span perpendicular to the direction of the load
A = cross-sectional area of chord members
E = modulus of elasticity of chords
LD = depth of diaphragm parallel to the direction of the load
Bv = shear-through-thickness rigidity (Tables 7.3 A~C of CSA O86)
en = nail deformation for a particular load per nail (Table 8.2 of WDM)
c x = sum of the individual chord-splice values, c, on both sides of the
diaphragm, each multiplied by its distance x to the nearest support

Wang 56
5vL2 vL c x
d = + + 0.000614Len +
96EALD 4Bv 2LD
c1 c2 c3 c4
x1 x4
x2 x3
c x = 2 c1x1 + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + c4 x4
c4
c1 c2 c3
Shearwall Design
c Shearwall a

Wang 57
Shearwalls
Vertical cantilevered
member
Shear resistance:
Sheathing, nailing & framing
Flexural resistance
Shearwall chords
Shearwall Shear Resistance

Shearwall length, Ls
F
Shear Resistance:
Storey Sheathing
height Thickness
H+h Fasteners
Size or number
Framing
Material strength(species)
Framing density

Wang 58
Shearwall Overturning Resistance

Shearwall length, Ls
Applied Force
F
Storey
height
H+h
Overturning design:
Hold-downs or anchorages
Chord force Chords (end studs) designed:
tension & compression
Shearwall Design
1- Distribute lateral loads to shearwalls
Flexible or rigid diaphragm assumption
2- Lateral force distribution to a line of shearwall segments
a) Based on relative capacity
b) Based on relative stiffness
3- Determine panel layout and nailing schedule
T9.5.1A & B of CSA, or Shearwall Selection Tables in WDM
Ls F
Vf
Ls1 Ls2

Wang 59
Shear Wall Aspect Ratio

Blocked shearwall
Maximum aspect ratio (height-to-length ratio): 3.5:1
Unblocked shearwall
Maximum aspect ratio: 2:1
H4.88 m
Unblocked:
2,
H 4.88
Multiple Layers (CSA 9.3.4)

Vr1
Shear resistance Shear resistance
Vr2 =Vr1
r2 =Vr1+Vr2
If gypsum wallboard
Two layers of panels on one side Two-sided shearwall

Wang 60
Dissimilar Materials
Vr1 Vr2 Vr3 Vr1 Vr2 Vr3
Vr=Vr1+Vr2+Vr3 Vr=3 * min(Vr1, Vr2, Vr3)
Contribution of Gypsum
limitations
In combination with structural Seismic Rd factor is 2
wood-based panels Seismic Loads + 50%
Used in platform frame Limited percentage of shear
construction - H3.6m force resisted by gypsum

Wang 61
Factored Shear Resistance of Nailed

Shearwalls
Nailed shearwalls:
Vr = Vrs
Shearwall segments of Wood-based panels or diagonal lumber
sheathing
Vrs = vd K D K SF Jub Jsp Jhd Ls
Shearwall segments of gypsum wallboard
Vrs = vd Jhd Ls
Modification Factors
KD (1.15) duration factor (CSA O86 - 4.3.2)
KSF (0.27 to 1.00) service factor for nailed connections (CSA O86 -10.2.1.5)
JSP (0.70 to 1.00) species factor for framing material (CSA O86 9.4.3)
Jub Factor for unblocked shearwalls (CSA O86 - 9.4.4)
Hold-down

Wang 62
Shearwall Segments Without Hold-downs

Design Based on Research by FPInnovations
Overturning tension force is resisted by the

sheathing
Applied Force
F
Tension Zone
Nails resist overturning
Applied Force
F
Tension Zone

Wang 63
Shear capacity is reduced
Applied Force
F
Tension Zone
Hold-down Effect Factor Jhd

CSA O86 - 9.4.5
Case 1- Jhd = 1 if hold-downs are designed to resist all of the
tension forces due to overturning
Case 2- if there are no hold downs at either end
2
Pij H H
J hd 1 2 S S 1.0
Vhd LS LS
Case 3- If a lower storey segment is held at the bottom but

not the top, and there is uplift force at the top
Vhd P
J hd 1.0
Vhd

Wang 64
Eliminating hold-downs:
Using Anchorages
Advantages: Builders will like you
Disadvantage:
Anchorages: Jhd calculation steps
1. Divide into segments

2. Calculate the dead load to resist overturning
3. Calculate Jhd for each of the segments.
4. Calculate the shear resistance of each segment (Vrs).
5. Distribute storey shear based on segment resistance.
6. Calculate the resultant overturning force
7. Repeat steps 2 to 6 for lateral loads acting in the opposite direction.

8. Repeat steps 1 to 7 for each lower storey shearwall.

Wang 65
Calculating upper storey Jhd

Roof dead load
Wall self weight

Segment 21 Segment 22
Segment 11 Segment 12
Calculating upper storey Jhd

Roof dead load
Wall self weight

P21
2
Pij Hs Hs
Jhd = 1+2 + 1
Vhd Ls Ls

Wang 66
Jhd
Case2: Jhd (there is no hold down, and Pij0)
2
Pij Hs Hs
Jhd = 1+2 + 1
Vhd Ls Ls
Case3: Jhd (there is a

hold down at the
bottom of the panel
and there is uplift
force at the top
Vhd + P
Jhd = 1
Vhd
Dont worry - WoodWorks Shearwalls software

automatically calculates hd J

Wang 67
Resistance to Overturning
Hold down connections
Anchorages

Wang 68
F2
PD2
Hold-down connections
Anchorages
F1 Chords design
PD1 Tension
Compression
Pf Tf
Wind design:
M M
Pf = + 1.25PD , Tf = 0.9PD
h h
Seismic design:
M M
Pf = + PD , Tf = PD
h h
Where:
Mi = nj=i Vfsj Hsj + dj , Vfsi = n
j=i Fj , PDi = n
j=i PDj
Drag struts design
Shear transferred from the diaphragm (unit shear)Usually the top

plates
Reaction from shearwall Reaction from shearwall

segment 1 (unit shear) segment 2 (unit shear)
Axial force diagram in drag strut

Wang 69
Load Distribution within a Shear Line
Lateral load distribution to a line

of shearwall segments
Distribute lateral load based on relative capacity
Vfsij = factored shear load at storey i on the segment j
Vrj
= Vfsi Vrj
Segments may not have the same deflection

Distribute lateral load based on relative stiffness
Kj Vfsij
Vfsij = Vfsi , where K j =
Kj j
New deflection Clause 9.7 CSA O86-09 makes it possible

Iterative process
Segments reach the same deflection

Wang 70
Deflection of shearwall
Blocked, single storey shearwall segment (CSA 9.7.1)
2vHs 3 vHs Hs
sw = + + 0.0025Hs en + da
3EALs Bv Ls
sw
Unblocked: ub = Jub
Where
sw = horizontal in-plane deflection at the top of the shearwall
segment
Jub = adjustment factor for unblocked shearwall segment (CSA
T9.4.4)
Note: shall be multiplied by / to give realistic values of
anticipated deflections.
2vHs 3 vHs Hs
sw = + + 0.0025Hs en + da
3EALs Bv Ls
en = nail deformation for a particular load per nail (Table 8.2 of WDM)
Hs = shearwall segment height
A = cross-sectional area of chord members
E = modulus of elasticity of chords
Ls = length of shearwall segment
Bv = shear-through-thickness rigidity (Tables 7.3 A~C of CSA O86)
Ls = length of shearwall segment
da = total vertical elongation of the wall anchorage system

Wang 71
Example of lateral load distribution
North South
0.3m
Factored wind
load 42 kN
(specified force
30 kN)
3m
Hold-
down
Segment 1 Segment 2
4m 2m 2m
Example of lateral load distribution

Segment 1 Segment 2 . Iteration 0 Iteration 1
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 1 Segment 2
Ls (mm) 4000 2000 Ls (mm) 4000 2000 4000 2000
Vfs (N) 42000 42000
vr (N/mm) 7.86 7.86 Vfsi (N) 28000 14000 29100 12900
Vsi (N) 20000 10000 20800 9190
Vr (N) 31440 15720
vsi (N/mm) 5 5 5.20 4.59
42000 da (mm) 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33
Vfs (N) (factored)
s (mm) 75 75 75 75
Vfsi (N) (factored) 28000 14000 load per nail
375 375 390 344
(N)
Based on relative capacity en (mm) 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.18
i (mm) 3.54 4.02 3.70 3.67
Vfsij Abs(2-1)
0.47 0.03
Kj = (mm)
j Ki (N/mm) 5640 2490 5620 2500
Check i Vfsi revised 29100 12900 29000 12900
Kj (N)
Vfsij = Vfsi
Kj
Based on relative stiffness

Wang 72
New in CSA O86-09 9.8:

SEISMIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
FOR DIAPHRAGMS AND SHEARWALLS
Seismic design considerations for diaphragms and shearwalls (CSA 9.8)

capacity based design philosophy of the NBCC
Structural collapse is prevented by ensuring:

The ductile shearwall will achieve its full capacity before
elements holding it in place or transferring load to it will yield
Hold downs, anchor bolts, inter-storey connections (9.8.2) and force

transfer elements (drag struts, diaphragm chords etc) (9.8.6) must be
designed for increased seismic force

Wang 73
Over-capacity of wood-based SFRS (CSA O86 9.8.3)

1st two storeys contribute the most to the buildings seismic response
(Based on results from four storey platform framed dynamic analysis)
Storey
3
Capacity 2 >> 1:
2 2 may not yield under seismic load,
causing a soft-storey effect at 1
Capacity 2 << 1:
2 may yield without transferring the
1 forces to 1, causing a soft-storey effect at
the second storey.
Storey over-capacity coefficient Ci (CSA O86 9.8.3)
Vri
Ci = 1.0 (9.8.3.1)
Vfi
Vri = factored resistance of shearwalls for storey i
Vfi = factored seismic load for storey i

. < . (9.8.3.2)

Structures of three or more storeys

IEFaSa(0.2) 0.35

Wang 74
Storey over-capacity coefficient Ci (CSA O86 9.8.3)
Storey shearwall resistance

F3 = 3000
Vf3 = 3000 VR3 = 6500 C3 = 6500/3000
= 2.16
F2 = 3000
Vf2 = 6000
VR2 = 6500 C2 = 6500/6000
= 1.08
F1 = 3000
Vf1 = 9000
VR1 = 10000 C1 = 10000/9000
= 1.11

. < .

Accumulated storey shear force = 0.97 OK
Storey shear force
Diaphragm Force and Cdi (CSA O86 9.8.4.2)

Cdi = minimum { Ci , 1.2}
Cd3 = 1.2 C3 = 6500/3000

= 2.16
Cd2 = 1.08 C2 = 6500/6000

= 1.08
Cd1 = 1.11 C1 = 10000/9000

= 1.11

Wang 75
Diaphragm Force and Cdi (CSA O86 9.8.4.2)

Seismic design force for diaphragm = seismic shear force using RdRo
for wood shearwalls x overcapacity coefficient Cdi
F3 = 3000
Vf3 = 3000 VD3 = 3000 x 1.2 Cd3 = 1.2
= 3600
F2 = 3000
Vf2 = 6000
VD2 = 3000 x 1.08 Cd2 = 1.08
= 3240
F1 = 3000
Vf1 = 9000
VD1 = 3000 x 1.11 Cd1 = 1.11
= 3330
Accumulated storey shear force

Storey shear force
Force Transfer Elements in Diaphragm (CSA O86 9.8.6)

Seismic design force for diaphragm chords is 20% higher than
diaphragm design force VDi
VD3 = 3000 x 1.2 Cd3 = 1.2

= 3600 x 1.2
= 4320
VD2 = 3000 x 1.08 Cd2 = 1.08

= 3240 x 1.2
= 3888
VD1 = 3000 x 1.11 Cd1 = 1.11
= 3330 x 1.2
= 3996

Wang 76
Shear transfer to shearwall (CSA O86 9.8.2 and 9.8.6)
Seismic design force for
Vf3 = 3000 x 1.2

= 3600
Vf2 = 6000x 1.2

= 7200
Vf1 = 9000x 1.2

= 10800
Accumulated storey shear force
Seismic Diaphragm Design options
Diaphragm Design in the NBCC
Wood Diaphragms on Wood Shearwalls

Use Rd Ro for wood shearwalls
Introduce over-capacity coefficient Ci
Check if 0.9 C2/C1 1.2 for three
story and higher buildings Wood diaphragm on SFRS other than
Increase diaphragm forces by CDi wood shearwalls
(maximum 20%) Use NBCC Article 4.1.8.15.1 Use Rd Ro
Increase loads on force transfer of the SFRS
elements by 20% Increase diaphragm force by
Yes No a) 1.2Ci for wood SFRS other than
Diaphragm wood shearwall
May Yield b) i for non-wood SFRS
Force need not be greater than force
Wood diaphragms on other SFRS calculated using Rd Ro = 1.3
Choose Rd Ro = 2.0 or Rd Ro of SFRS
Increase loads on force transfer
Larger force governs diaphragm design elements by 20%
Increase loads on force transfer
elements by 20%

Wang 77
Diaphragms, Rigid and Flexible
Horizontal Distribution of Loads

Forces need to be distributed to shear walls.
Two approaches are used, but can lead to very different solutions:
Source: Source:
APA APA

Wang 78
Distribute loads based on Flexible or Rigid Diaphragms?

Structural Engineering Association of California (SEAoC):
Structural Seismic Design Manual
Example 1 is a typical 2800 sqft single family wood framed house.

Source: SEAOC Vol 2 2006 IBC page 46

Structural Engineering Association of California:
Find through calculations:
Typical wood frame construction

results in rigid diaphragm.
Diaphragm deflection: 0.04

Story shear wall drift is 0.50
Diaphragm would need to deflect > 1

to be considered flexible
Further info: SEAOC Vol 2 2006 IBC page 90 Source:

APA

Wang 79
American Society of Structural Engineers:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures ASCE7-05
Smaller buildings can be exempt from rigid

diaphragm distribution assumption:
ASCE7-05 12.3.1.1:
One and two family residential buildings of light
frame construction

International Code Council:
International Building Code IBC 2006
Smaller buildings can be exempt from rigid

diaphragm distribution assumption:
2006 IBC 1613.6.1:

Nearly all light frame construction, provided:
Concrete topping is non structural and less than 1.5 inches
Each line of vertical elements complies with allowable storey drift (ASCE7-05
Table 12.12-1)
Vertical elements are light framed walls sheathed with wood structural panels
or steel sheets

Wang 80

Structural Engineering Association of California:
Perform analysis using both assumptions, take worst case

Example:
Rigid analysis yield 5% to one line and 95% to another line
Flexible analysis it is found to be 50/50,
Recommendation - the engineer should probably design for the

larger of the two loads for the individual walls
Source: SEAOC Vol 2 2006 IBC page 90
Example: Torsional moments,

Rigid diaphragm

Wang 81
Torsional moment:
Calculate
eccentricity (e):
1.22m
Difference between 9.14m 9.14m
center of loading Centre of loading
(mass)
center of resistance e
(rigidity).
Centre of resistance
The bigger e is the
12.19m
more torsional
moment.
Center of Load:
Starting with flexible diaphragm distribution, locate the center of load.
Flexible distribution allows a preliminary calculation of capacities of

wall segments (capacity / unit length).
Flexible distrib = 6.6 kN
Seismic load = 13.2 kN Centre of loading

9.14/2m
Flexible distrib = 6.6 kN

Wang 82
Center of resistance:
Length x capacity per unit length = strength =k
Strength x moment arm = effect of strength, locations= ky
Length capacity k y ky
12.19m x 2.59 = 31.54 x 0 = 0
1.22m x 5.92 = 7.22 x 9.14 = 66.0
Sum 38.8 66.0
Center of resistance 1.22m, 5.92kN/m

= 66.0 / 38.8
= 1.70m
9.14m
1.70m
12.19m, 2.59 kN/m
Eccentricity e= 2.87m
9.14m
Centre of loading
e= 9.14/2 1.70m = 2.87m

Wang 83
Direct Shear based on shear line rigidity

Length capacity k
12.19m x 2.59 = 31.54 31.5 /38.8 = 81%
1.22m x 5.92 = 7.22 7.2 /38.8 = 19%
Sum 38.8
Direct Shear Vd = Seismic load x relative rigidity
Vd (19%) = 2.5kN
Seismic load = 13.2 kN
Vd (81%) = 10.7kN
Direct Shear needs to be amplified by the

torsional effect
4.1.8.11. Equivalent Static Force Procedure for Structures Satisfying
the Conditions of Article 4.1.8.6.
(10): Torsional effects shall be accounted for

by applying torsional moments about a vertical axis at each level
throughout the building derived for each of the following load cases
considered separately,
(i) Tx = Fx(ex + 0.10 Dnx), and

(ii) Tx = Fx(ex 0.10 Dnx)

Wang 84
Torsional moment
= Direct load x (eccentricity + accidental)
Torsional moments
= Direct load x e = 13.2 x (2.87 +/-10% x 9.14)
= 49.9 kNm (max)
= 37.8 kNm (without accid)
= 25.8 kNm (min)
9.14m
Centre of loading
e
Accidental eccentricity
=10% of building width Centre of resistance
= 0.914m
Calculation of J, accounts for the relative

rigidity in both directions and the distance
of the walls from the center of resistance.
k dy k dy2
31.54 -1.7 91
7.22 +7.44 400
491 12.19m
k dx k dx2
k = 22.16
k = 22.16
22.16 -6.1 825 k = 7.22

+7.44m
22.16 +6.1 825

13.2 1650
9.14m
J = 491 + 1650 = 2141

-1.7m
k = 31.54

Wang 85
Torsional force
= Torsional moment x relative rigidity x distance to the wall / J
FLEX: 6.6
RIGID: Direct 2.5 + Torsion 1.2
RIGID: Total 3.7 kN
FLEX: 6.6
RIGID: Direct 10.7 + Torsion (-0.6)
RIGID: Total 10.1 kN
SIZER since 1993/1994

Gravity Design
Concept mode
Column mode
Beam mode
SHEARWALLS since 1998/2000

Lateral Design (Wind and
Seismic)
CONNECTIONS since 1995/2000 CUSTOMIZABLE

Fasteners Canada/US MATERIALS
DATABASE

Wang 86
SHEARWALLS
What can Shearwalls do?
SHEARWALLS
CAD Import in Windows Metafile format (.wmf)

Wang 87
SHEARWALLS
Automatic Wind and Seismic Load Generation:
Plug in city in OR wind and seismic reference information
from Building code
Additional loads can be added manually
SHEARWALLS Distributes loads based on
Rigid diaphragm:
Stiffness: choose
capacity or deflection*
derived stiffness
*summer 2011, v8
Flexible diaphragm:
Tributary area

Wang 88
SHEARWALLS
Some or all Hold-downs

omitted
Hold-downs each
Segment Anchorage used rely on
AND sheathing
tension
to transfer
Hold-downs
SHEARWALLS
Elevation view
3664 lbs = shear wall force 73.3 plf = distributed shear
828 lbs = max drag strut force
121.0 plf = shearwalls

456 lbs = anchorage force base shear

Wang 89
SHEARWALLS
Shearwall schedule:
SHEARWALLS
Equations - see .log file

Wang 90
SHEARWALLS
Equations - see .log file
For further training:

1. Read User Guide (pdf), do tutorials
2. Do other tutorials on website
3. See help menu for engineering
questions and assumptions

Wang 91
www.woodworks-software.com
Tutorials
Demonstration version
Robert Jonkman, P.Eng.

Manager, Structural Engineering

Wang 92

Lateral Design For Wood Buildings: Design Principles and Loads

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Vancouver Wood Solutions Fair April 2011

Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Robert Jonkman, P.Eng.

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

LATERAL LOADS INTRODUCTION

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Understanding the Load Paths

Shearwall and Diaphragm Action

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Lateral Load Path - Wind Loads

Wall Sheathing/Cladding to Studs

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Upper Storey Shearwalls to Lower Storey

Upper Storey Shearwalls to Lower Storey

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Froof +Ffloor2 +Ffloor1

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Design Flow Chart

Structural Building structure

Susceptible Yes Vibration

H20 m and Yes

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Exposure Factor Ce Open Terrain

Open terrain Ce = (h/10)0.2 > 0.9

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Exposure Factor Ce Rough Tarrain

Buildings near the

Rough terrain Ce = 0.7(h/12)0.3 >0.7

Exposure factor Ce Changes in

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

I-7 Composite Coefficients, CpCg

External Pressure Coefficients for

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

I-15 External pressure coefficient & gust effect factor

Summary (SC Table I-2)

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Internal pressure coefficient & gust effect

Enclosed Structure Internal Pressurization

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

How do we design for Earthquake

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Procedures to analyze seismic force

Typical wood structures: T<0.50 seconds, H<20m (65ft)

S (Ta) = Design acceleration based on the buildings period

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Static Analysis 4.1.8.11

S(T) = FvSa(T) or FaSa(T) (NBCC 4.1.8.4)

S(Ta): for the buildings period specifically Ta

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Find location acceleration Sa(T) spectrum:

Find location acceleration Sa(T) spectrum:

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

Sa(T): Vancouver area

Multiply by soil factor

Site Class C: Vancouver: Sa(0.2)

CWC Lateral Design for Wood Buildings:

S(T) = FvSa(T) or FaSa(T)

Enter city in WoodWorks software:

Other established methods of mechanics