Practical Malay GR 00 Shelia La
Practical Malay GR 00 Shelia La
MALAY GRAMMAR
COMPILED HY
EKV. W. G. SHELLABEAK,
MISSIONARY OK THK METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH :
Author of
"
A Malay-English Vocabulary " "; the Erolit tion of
"
Malay S{.wiling; etc., etc.
THIRD EDITION.
SINGAPORE :
Grammar."
towns, The chief of these are the use of the verb knse-h or ka-*i
IV PREFACE.
W. G. S.
Methodist Episcopal Mission, Singapore,
Sor ember 1899.
sitated the printing of a second edition, the whole hook has been
Paragraph 101, on the use of the prefix m, has heen re\\ Til-
ten : and a more complete list of compound words has Ixvu
substituted for the old list in Lesson XXVII. This latter change
has heen made possible owing to the publication of my Malay-
Knglish Vocabulary, to which the student is referred where the
Page
PRONUNCIATION AND OUTIEOGKAI'HY .. .. .. 1
LESSONS :
Possessive Pronouns . . . . . . . . 7
Interrogative Pronouns . . . . . . . . 8
I V. Relative Pronouns .. .. .. .. 9
Deflective Pronouns . . . . . . 10
V. Adverbs 11
Collective numbers . . . . . . 14
.VIII. Time 15
IX. The Verb 16
Auxiliaries . . . . . . . . 17
X. The Verb Ada 19
XVI.
PRONUNCIATION AND ORTHOGRAPHY.
presenting this vowel sound are open to the great objection that
they mislead both Europeans and natives into giving it an
incorrect pronunciation. Experience has shown that the best
way to spell words containing the short vowel sound, with
a view to helping the student to a correct pronunciation, is to
omit the vowel altogether. This omission of the short vowel is
the peculiar feature of the system of romanising used in this
grammar. The exact sound of this " short vowel " can only be
learnt by ear; it does not occur in any English word of one sylla-
ble, but is almost identical with the half-vowel sound in
the first syllable of such words as "machine," and "balloon."
.When two consonants come together without a vowel between,
2 PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR.
than on the closed syllables doh and rut; whereas in such words
as pada, gigi, jodo and susu there is an equal heavy stress on both
syllables; and so also in such words as nanjarg, chin chin, /,ondok,
burykus, where both syllables are closed, the stress is equal in the
two syllables, but is much lihgter than in open syllables, and the
vowel therefore appears to have a shorter sound.
It should perhaps be remarked here that English-speaking
"but is about half way between those sounds, so that some persons
write an o and others a u; for instance, one may write either ukor
or -uktir, rambot or rambul, jmpot or jmput. It matters little
which way such words are written; their true pronunciation can
only be learnt from a Malay.
When two vowels come together, both must be sounded, but
the first must be run into the second ; thus au becomes very nearly
"
the sound of ow in cow,"' as pisau, mau; and ai has almost the
" "
sound of the English i in ice as siur/ai, pakai, kdai.
Consonants.
The consonants
Malay are pronounced as in English, ex-
in
cept that should always be sounded much more clearly
the r
.and with more of a ring than in English. The consonant vg
represents a single sound in Malay, and should be pronounced
like the ng in "singer," never as in "single;" the latter sound is
ated as follows : d-> th, 7" kh, 3 dh, j. z, ^J> sh, ,_/=> dl, tl,
c-
gh, v_9 /. The nasal letter ? which changes its sound
according to the vowel written with
it, represented by a
is
LESSOR I.
EXERCISE I.
1
A 2
short letter.
great king. A The big door. 4 A new coat.
3
5
The bad
person. The road c
is straight.
7
The day was hot. 8 A
10
horse is strong. "The water was cold. The new coat is long.
11
The small boy was lazy. 12 The long road is good. 13 The big
horse is strong.
LESSOR II.
Personal Pronouns.
6. The following are the personal pronouns most commonly
in use:
baju-Tcu, my coat.
rumah-mu, your house.
kuda-rya, his horse.
VOCABULAEY.
SUBSTANTIVES. ADJECTIVES.
PRONOUNS.
al'n., saliya, I, me. dia, ia, he, she, her, him.
kita,kami, we, us. dia, dia orarg, orarg itu,
aiykau, tuan, kamu, you. they, them.
8 PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR.
-kit, aku punja, etc., my, mine. -niu, aiykau punja, etc., your,
kita punja, kami puiya, our, yours.
ours. dia puiya, -tya, his, her,
hers, their, theirs.
EXEECISE IT.
1
1 am You are a small child. 3 My carriage is
a great king.
-
5
new. 4 Your hlaek horse
is strong. You are rich, we are poor.
"
Sea water. The child's hand. 8
Bullock cart. 9 I am the child
10
of the king of Malacca. The animal's foot is sore. J1 He is
12 13 14
my master. They are clever. His coat is white. Their
15
boy is tall. The empty box is yours. 16 The hot water is theirs.
17
The small boy is hers.
LESSON III.
Demonstrative Pronouns.
16. The demonstrative pronouns in Malay are: itu, that, those;
ini, this, these. They can both be used either as adjectives or as
true pronouns ; when used as adjectives they follow the noun which
they qualify. Examples:
itu-lali dia, that is he.
ia'itu, 1 ,, ,,
,. ,.. f thev, that, the same.
dia itu, \
Tcuda Tf.cliil, ia'itu-lah baik, small horses, (they) are the good ones.
ia'ini anak orarg kaya, this one is the rich man's child.
Interrogative Pronouns.
18. The following are the interrogative pronouns in Malay:
apa, what; siapa, who; mana, which, what; apa macham, what
kind of.
/>? what?
siapa? who?
inana? which? what?
apa mdcham? what kind of?
EXERCISE III.
1
This is your chair.
2
This table is dear. 3 This cup is dirty.
4 5
This is a clean. cloth. This is red wood, that is hard. "This
7 8
one is the lame man. What is that ? That is a hen's egg.
' 10
Who is man?
this This is my new cook. "Which man is
LESSON IV.
Relative Pronouns.
20. The relative pronouns in Mala} are:
7
The last four forms are used only when the noun is not express).
21. In Malay yarg is often used between the noun and the
adjective which qualifies it, where no relative pronoun is required
in English, as, orarg yarg baik, a good man, literally, "a man
who is good." Yarg must be used before the adjective when the
noun is a compound word, as, tukarg kayu yarg pandai, a clever
carpenter.
Reflective Pronouns.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. ADJECTIVES.
EXERCISE IV.
1
What is
yours. Whoever is angry is wrong, 3 It is
mine is
2
4
the gardener who is lazy. Which is the fork that is bent?
* 6
This is a clever blacksmith. Whichever is ripe is good.
7 8
Which man is dead ? This is the cake which is sweet- That
X1
is the fat boy. 10
"It is I myself who am angry. You are brave-
12 13
yourself. The carpenter himself is stupid. His own knife i
14 15
sharp. This is your own spoon. This fork is your own.
LESSON V.
Adverbs.
25. The following are some of the more -common adverbs, which*
will be used in subsequent exercises :
Adverbs of Time.
Adverbs of Place.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. ADJECTIVES.
EXERCISE V.
1 2
Wher,e your father now?
is Formerly he was fat. now he, is-
3
thin. Bad people are quickly angry. * This place is not clean
5
yet. The rice is not ready yet. 6 Which is the man who is almost
7 8
dead ? Here is a dry place. To-morrow is a convenient day.
12 PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR.
LESSON VI.
Prepositions.
26. The more common prepositions are :
Conjunctions.
28. The following are the principal conjunctions:
dan, and. Iaiau, or.
pun, and, also. kalau, if.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. ADVERBS.
EXERCISE VI.
2
1
Whence is this friend of yours? Where is the basket which
was here just now? 3
Onthe round table with the bread and meat.
4 5
My father's shop, is far from here. If it is coarse, it will certain-
ly be cheap.
6
How much is this mutton ? 7 How many goats are
there in the shed ?
8
Why is this bread so hard? 9
How much were
your expenses yesterday?
10
How is it that this beef is so soft?
LESSON VII.
Numerals.
29. The cardinal numbers in Malay are:
satu or s-, one. anam, six.
30. The addition of bias to the numerals from one to nine forms
those from eleven to nineteen, as: s-blas, dva-blas, etc. up to
smbilan-blas.
32. The units satu to sntbilari are placed after the tens to form
the intermediate numbers above twenty, as: dua-piiloli-satu, dua-
puloh-dua, etc.
14 PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR.
Without the yarg, the forms Tcdua, ktiga, k'ampat, etc., mean
-"both," "all three," "all four," etc. Example: k'ampat-puloh-
iya, the whole forty.
Fractional Numbers.
35. A half expressed by trgali or s-trgali or sparoh, and a
is
<juarter by suku, or s-suku; all other fractions are formed from the
cardinal numbers by means of the prefix per, thus :
Collective Numbers.
36. The following are the collective numbers in Malay:
pasarg, pair, couple.
dusin, dozen.
kodi, score.
VOCABULAEY.
Nouxs. NOUNS.
batu, stone, mile. jauli, distance.
brat, weight. leasut, shoe.
bulan, moon, month. kaijn, roll of cloth.
ddlam, depth. kodi, score.
dpa, fathom. pasaiy, pair, couple.
elaf yard. rirggit. dollar.
gaji, wages. kanan, right.
greja, church. sblah kiri, left.
EXERCISE VII.
1
My debt is twenty dollars. Two white stones and eleven black.
2
4
3
Three pair of shoes. His wages are fourteen dollars a month.
5
How long is this string? 6 Two fathoms. 7 How many yards of
8
cloth are there in this roll ? This church is one hundred and
9
forty-five feet in height. The depth of this sea is twelve hundred
fathoms. 10
A man is seldom so heavy, he would perhaps be two
1X
pikuls in weight. The fourth house on the right is mine.
a2
Your son's land is distant three-quarters of a mile from the sea.
LESSON VIII.
Time.
37. Time is expressed in Malay by the use of the word pukol
(which literally means
strike), for the hours of the clock; thus,
pukol tiga, three o'clock. Suku, s-tiyah, and tiga-suku are used
for the quarters and half hours, and are placed after the. hours,
without a conjunction ; thus, pukol tiga suku, pukol ampat s-trgah,
etc.
38. The minutes from the hour to the half hour follow the
same rule as the quarter and half hours; thus, pukol lima dna
juiloli niin it, twenty minutes past five.
39. The minutes from the half hour to the hour are expressed
by subtracting them from the following hour by the use of the
word I- ran/, less; the minutes are usually given first, and then the
ii
hour, thus, knrarg s-puloli minit pukol anam, ten minutes to six.
The third quarter may also be expressed in the same way, as,
in rn KJ suku pukol tujoh, a quarter to seven.'
LESSON IX.
The Verb.
42. Verbs in Malay may be divided into two classes, primitive
and derivative.
Primitive verbs are those which are verbs in their root forms.
Derivative verbs are formed from roots which
may be verbs,
substantives, adjectives, or any other parts of speech, by the
addition of prefixes or suffixes, or both.
The verb has generally the same
position in the sentence as in
English.
PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR. 17
Auxiliaries.
49. The way in which some Malay verbs are used differs so
iniu-h from the English idiom that their use requires explanation.
18 PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR.
as, sail sudah <lapt, I have found it. Similarly such words as
i/a
" some '' and " one "
are not translated when they form the object
of the sentence; as, 'pergi cliari, go and look for one; saliya sndah
icirint, I have sent some.
VOCABULARY.
VERBS. suka, rejoice, be glad, like.
Larg-im, rise, get up. s u roh, order, tell.
EXERCISE IX.
1 2
If you go too quickly you will perhaps fall. Call the cook
3 4
and tell him to come up. Tell the carpenter to wait here. 1
think he has not yet returned from the market. I want to get
r>
10
9
I have lived here for thirteen years. You ought to look for
X1
a well on this hill. 1 have looked, but have not yet found one.
12
This is the man who went into your house the day before yester-
13
day. 1 have not looked for it yet.
LESSON X.
The Verb " ada."
50. The verb ada is not by any means the exact equivalent
"
of the English verb to be."
" "
We have already seen that when the verb to be is the copula,
and has no other value than to assert some attribute of the noun,
it isnot expressed in Malay.'
Whenever the verb " to be " asserts presence or existence it must
be expressed by ada, as,
51. Owing to the fact that ada has this somewhat restricted
meaning, it is sufficient in itself to express presence, where in
" " " "
English it is necessary to use such words as here or present ;
"
thus, Your carriage is here," should be translated simply tuan
puiya If r eta ada.
52. Ada
often used impersonally where in English the verb
is
" "
"to have " used; for instance,
is if you have a knife should be
translated Jcalau ada pisau, literally "if there is a knife"; "I
have a knife," pisau ada, etc. If it is necessary to express the
pronoun or the noun, the same construction may be used with
the addition of the preposition pada, thus, ada dita pasarg Jcasut
pada-nja, he has two pair of shoes. Colloquially sama is often
used in place of pada, as, surat itu ada sama tuan, you have the
letter.
55. (a) English people frequently use the words ambil and
bawa wrongly. This probably arises from the fact that the Eng-
lish word "take" has a double meaning, and in vocabularies ambil
" "
is usually given as take," and bawa as bring." It should be
" "
remembered, however, that ambil only means take in the sense
" "
of receive," and never in the sense of convey. Take," in the
sense of "convey," is bawa. But bawa means to convey in any
" " "
direction, and therefore stands for bring as well as take/'
Where it is necessary to specify the direction in which anything
is to be conveyed some other word must be added to bawa, as -bawa :
sini, bring it here; bawa sana, take it there; bawa pergi, take it
away.
(6) If the object to be conveyed is not already in the hands of
the person who is to convey it, it is usual in Malay to combine
the words ambil or argkat with bawa, as, ambil bawa masok, take
it and take it in; aiykat bawa pulanj, lift it and take it home.
NOUNS. NOUNS.
elder brother. tikar, mat.
adek, younger brother tpory, flour.
or sister. tukajy jahit, tailor.
bilek, room. tukanj kasut, shoemaker.
liny a, flower.
VERBS.
cliatykol, hoe.
China, Chinese. (imbil, fetch, take, get.
dapur, oven, kitchen. air/kat, lift, take up, carry.
kakak, elder sister. bawa, take, bring, convey.
payorg, umbrella. bli, buy.
pisarg, banana. dudoTc, sit.
*
The shoemaker is sitting outside. ^ How many persons are pre-
6
sent to-day ? Your tailor is here now. 7 There was a Chinaman
8
in the kitchen just now. For three weeks my elder brother has
been The gardener has the hoe. 10 If 3-011 have an umbrella
ill.
" Take these flowers to 12
Take
go and get it. your elder sister.
that mat outside. 13
Go and get niy shoes. 14
A man is bringing
them.
LESSOR XI.
you come?
l>olch-kah aiykau datary? can
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. ADJECTIVES.
LESSOX XII.
buTcan, I am not.
as, "is the water boiling," "is the fruit ripe," the Malay would
invariably say Hum, where in English we should often say simply
"no." It may in fact be taken as a rule that bhun must be u-i'il
where there is a probability, or an intention on the part of the-
speaker, that the statement which now requires a negative will
eventually require an affirmative. Examples:
I am not read}-, sahya Miuu sdia.
he is unmarried, dia bhun kahicin.
73. In imperative sentences, the negative is always expressed
by jargon, as,
itek, duck.
VERBS.
EXERCISE XII.
1
Did the washerman No sir, it was torn before.
tear this shirt?
2
Have you paid him? "Does that man know how to sew?
No.
4
No, he does not. Are you going to eat ? Oh no. 5 Do you want
to bu}' anything? No. 6 Do you know the name of this plant?
8
No, I don't.
7
Do you want to sell this cat ? Certainly not. Is
9
this your dog ? No. He
shut the gate of the fence so that the
10
people should not come in. Are there no fish in the pond? X1 1?
not this your fan? 12 Have you eaten or not? 13 Is your house
14
let ? No. Tell the cook not to buv a duck to-dav.
LESSON XIII.
get wounded.
J
.-n a luka, to
VOCABULARY.
VERBS. NOUNS.
binasa, destroy. dnda, fine.
iipu, deceive.
write. ADJECTIVES.
tulis,
ttakal, naughty.
EXERCISE XIII.
-
1
The oranges are all utterly spoilt. The salt and pepper are
3 4
nearly finished. Is the kerosine finished or not ? Have you
5
finished writing that letter? Naughty boys ought to be beaten.
*
He suffered much loss by gambling. 7 It is not only rich people
who get robbed.
8
He was fined a dollar because he came late. I
10
told him in order that he might not be deceived. Tell the watch-
man not to let the people n
in. I shall certainly forget if you do
not remind me.
LESSON XIV.
Formation of the Plural.
80.In Malay it can often only be decided by the context
whether the .singular or the plural is intended, but when there is
nothing whatever to indicate the number, the noun may generally
be assumed to be in the plural, as,
bli pisarg, buy bananas.
j'ual iiek, sell ducks.
81. With certain nouns the plural may be expressed by
reduplication of the noun itself, as,
raja, a king.
raja-raja, kings.
28 PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR.
animate objects.
82. In writing, the plural is very commonly expressed by the
use of some word meaning "all," especially *yala, as,,
drgan sgala anak-iya, with his children.
Jcami smoa tahu, we know.
Compound words cannot be reduplicated, and therefore this
use of sgala, etc., and reduplication of the adjective, are the only
ways of expressing the plural.
tukarg kai/u itu smoa-rya orarg China,
those carpenters are Chinamen.
Numeral Co-efficients or Classifiers.
83. The Malay idiom requires that when the number of any
objects are mentioned there shall be used, in addition to the
numeral, words which grammarians have designated
certain
classifiers, different words being used according to the class of
" "
objects referred to. Thus, as we in English use the phrase head
of cattle, so in Mala}' eA-or (tail), is used for all animals, as.
84. The following are the classifiers which are most commonly
used :
Orarg (person), is used with all beings superior .-to animals in?
Biji (seed), with sm,all objects not included in the last mentioned
class.
(d) Both gosok and sapu may be used to translate the English
word " wipe," but they must be carefully distinguished. Gosok
must be used where rubbing is implied, as in wiping plates; sapu
is simply to sweep or brush either with a broom or a cloth.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS.
yosok, rub, wipe.
babi, pig. karam, founder.
Ixitniy, stem, stalk. inasak, cook.
biji, seed. mint a, ask, request.
blluli, (classifier.) mndideh, bubble, boil.
ckor, tail. pakai, use, wear.
Mai, lai, (classifier.) pliliara, keep, take care of.
kjiiiy,piece. rbus, boil.
lapis, fold. sapu, sweep, brush.
niata-waia, policeman. in /tan,
.^i
keep, put by.
pirirg, plate, saucer. tarykap, catch.
prahu, vessel, boat. tanja, ask, inquire.
pitch ok,yourg shoot. taroli, put, put by.
Pulati Pinaty, Penang.
ADJECTIVES.
taiyga, ladder.
'
muda, young.
VERBS.
syala, all.
buboli, put, place.
30 PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR.
EXERCISE XIV.
-
him wipe the cups and saucers.
1
Tell to M;my small vessels
*
foundered. z
Ask those boys to come here. That man has
5
bought a great many large houses. Those policemen came here
~
from Penang. c
How many pigs do you keep? Tell the cook to
boil two eggs.
8
Go and' buy two or throe planks. How many ''
LESSON XV.
Gender.
87.Gender is Malay by placing the words laid-
expressed in
laki, man, and prempuan, woman, after the noun, in the case of
rational beings, and similarly the words jantan, male, and Mina,
female, in th.3 case of animals. Jantan is, however, commonly
used in speaking of male children, and even sometimes of grown
up persons.
Comparison of Adjectives.
89. The comparative
of superiority is expressed by the use of
Ibeh, more, placed before the adjective, and the preposition dcii-
pada or dcri, than, following it. Thus,
Ibeli bmr kerbait deri-pada Imbu,
buffaloes are larger than oxen.
ADJECTIVES.
rajln, diligent, industrious.
jnntan, 1 ibal, thick.
111 ill 6.
laki-laki, j
5
finer. The cloth which I bought before was thicker than this.
~
*
This wheel gets looser and looser. This meat is not very hot.
"*
Chilli is hotter than black pepper. Which meat is the most
lender? 10 He is the most industrious boy in the school. " That
12
coat is as much worn out as the other. His house was in a very
extensive field.
LESSOX XVI.
Derivative Verbs.
96. As stated in section 42, derivative verbs may be formed
from any part of speech. They may be either transitive or in-
transitive.
Intransitive Verbs.
One of the uses of the prefix ber is to form intransitive
97.
verbs. Thus the intransitive verb berburyi, to sound, is formed
from the noun butyi, a noise; and beraiylcat, to start on a journey,
from the transitive verb air/bat, to lift.
98.In the words blayer, and blaboh, the " r " is elided before
"" " "r"
1 ; and in blajar, which is derived from ajar, the has be-
"1 " " "
come an the r ; is also sometimes dropped when the next
"
syllable is a closed syllable ending with r ", as bkerja from kerja,
bserta from serta, etc.
Transitive Verbs.
Transitive verbs are formed from all other parts of speech,
99.
by the addition of one of the two suffixes -lean and -i. Some
roots will only take the suffix lean, and others will only take i, but
PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR. 33
INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
EXEKCISK XVI.
-
1
That cow is very weak, she unable to stand.is The steamer
"
Avill sail the day after The children all go into
to-morrow.
4
School when the hell rings. If the men are still working, tel!
them to stop.
"'
Why have you not got the hed ready yet? " Hang
7 8
up n iv trowsers.
coat and
They are hanging there. Do no;
throw those shoes away, hetter give them to that poor man.
9 10
Children ought to honour their parents. Tell him to lock tin:
of the fence.
n Call that man who is fruit and fell
gate selling
him to fill this basket.
LESSOX XV I f.
(c) The prefix m is omitted when the object precedes the verb..
as,
xiiirj(t-ii/<t itn <l<ij>'i1
L'it/i hunt, we can do all that.
VOCABULARY.
VERBS. cross over.
ft
jar, teach. l>a<tam, put out, extinguish.
bun oh, kill. />n oh I, fill.
EXERCISE XVII.
1
Take care notput out that lamp.
to When your brother2
comes, ask him to open this box. When he heard the news he
::
4
was very sad. That gentleman is clever at writing (com-
5 6
posing letters). I have come here to see the town. Children
7
ought to obey the commands of their parents. It is stupid to
LESSON XVIII.
The Passive Voice.
105. The passive is formed by the prefix di; as,
di-makan oleh lirimau, eaten by a tiger.
106. The
use of the preposition oleh with the passive construc-
tion is
optional. When oleh is used, it is frequently placed (with
the agent) before the verb ; as,
oleh maharaja di-suroli-nja bunoh orarg itu,
the king ordered that the man should be killed.
But the more usual order of the sentence is for the agent to
follow the verb, when in the passive; and when the agent is a
pronoun, it invariably follows the verb ; as,
explained above in the case of the prefix di, but simply expresses
a state or condition, as,
.
Thedifference in the use of these prefixes may well be seen in
" "
the following sentences from Sjarah Mlayu di-tikam oleh :
Harg Kasturi, tertikam pada papan dindiry istana itu, Ikat kris-
112. The prefix ter sometimes gives to the verb the meaning
of succeeding in doing a thing, or having accomplished, as :
S-ribu orary, tiada juya tersororg, though there were 1,000 men,
they did not succeed in moving it forward. Literally : it was not
moved forward.
38 PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR.
VOCABULARY.
YKKBS. Norxs.
bnkar, burn. hntttni, herald.
nag u, sago.
takdir, will (of God).
EXEECISE XVIII.
(The passive or the participle should be used in every sentence.)
1
He '
The maharaja stabbed him with
carried the king's child.
a kris. The king ordered them to till it with sago. 4 The herald
3
received it, and gave it to the preacher, and the preacher read it.
5
On his ten fingers he placed ten rings. 'MY hen the Chinese saw
'
LESSOX XIX.
The Prefix " Ber."
113. The Present Participle, though it is occasionally formed
by the prefix ter, or by the verb ad a, as described in sections
110 and 53. is most usually expressed by means of the prefix ber,
as: lari, run, berlari, running; c/antoxj, hang, bergnntonj, lianging.
114. In many cases, however, the prefix ba- expresses not merely
a state or condition, as explained in the above paragraph, but has
even a possessive force: as, bcnymrd, having life, living- bi-rbini,
having a wife, married: bo-lninjn, having flowers. Howi-ring: ber-
"
raja, having a king, not being a king.''
PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR. 39
11<S. The prefix ter may be used in some cases v/ith these
derivatives formed with per, to form the' past participle; in which
case the / of the ter is elided, as explained in section 98.
The only derivative of this kind which is in common use, and
that only in literature, is ipernma'l, in the phrase tiada tpermna'i,
incalculable.
VOCABULAEY.
VERBS. sni; call, cry out.
rli i m pon, assemble. ia n bah, increase.
i
VOCABULARY".
Xor.vs. . moustache.
jnis, sort, kind. fyaira, life, soul.
kota, fort, fortified town. taman, garden.
, time. mast.
EXERCISE XIX.
1 -
The people of Indrapura at that time had no king. That
house lias a rock foundation.
3
A
ship with three masts.
*
Four-
6
legged animals. The children were playing in the garden. The-
'
LESSOX XX.
Derivative Nouns.
119. Xouns may be derived from verbs and other parts of
speech by means of prefixes and suffixes.
(a) The Prefix " p."
120. Xouns formed with the preiix p usually denote the agent:
as, pnninini. a drunkard, from minion, to drink.
121. This prefix is modified according to the initial letter of
the root to which it is affixed in precisely the same manner as-
described in paragraph 102 in the case of the prefix in. Thus:
pnrlmrl from churi.
pmbunoh from bunoh.
/ /i from sap u.
i/a
Exceptions to this rule are pryuroli, which means not the sender
but the person sent, and ptyakii. which means illness, disease. The
root suroli has also the irregular form psurcJi, which has the same-
meaning as ptyuroh.
123. Nouns formed with the prefix per are usually of the nature
of verbal nouns. The distinction between the prefixes per and p
seems to be that per is used with roots which take the prefix her
(that is, for the most part, intransitive verbs) whereas p is used
with roots which take the prefix m (that is, transitive verbs).
Thus we have:
Bertmu, meet: pei-tmuan, a meeting.
Bermain, play; pcrmainan, a game.
Berkata, speak; pcrkaia'an, a saying, word.
Berpraiy, fight ; ppratynn, fighting, battle.
Berlayer, sail; playeran, voyage.
For the elision of the r in bcr and per before /, or before another
closed syllable ending in r, and for the change from r to I before
a vowel, see para. 98.
124. In a few cases the derivatives (b] and (c) may both be
formed from the same root, in which case there is a difference
in the meaning, as,
VOCABULABY.
VERBS. VERBS.
ADJECTIVES. ADJKCTIVKS.
I a in ir, tasteless, fix -si i
(not till/an, in aeeordance
j
salt). with.
, like.
i, trap. r, teacher.
lt-.
pirate. , -., ,,A, paddle.
pmbohotg, liar. j>ii/</<ili, spade.
pmbnnoh, murderer. /iKj/iiiln, chief.
(Para. !!!.!
(Para. 123.)
EXERCISE XX.
1
Because lie had no employment be became a thief and a
murderer. 2 That woman is the chiefs wife. That disease could ::
*
not he cured. It was a meeting place for pirate^ thieves and
murderers. Those who will not receive instruction cannot gain
'
LESSON XXI.
Derivative Nouns (continued).
fix namely kiilniniluk, will, desire, from hndak, wish: and kkaseh,
/,-,
beloved, from kaw'h, love. This form is so rare that it seems prob-
able that it is not a proper Malay construction, but is merely the
Javanese past-participle. Ktuhni is similarly formed from tahu;
kluar is probably a combination of the adverb iuar with the pre-
1
position A .
oraiy itu Tcahilargan pi-zau-iya, that man has lost his knife.
" her " and suffix " an."
(g) The prefix
129. The prefix ber and suffix an, usually with reduplication of
the root, form a kind of verbal noun. A> bersukq-suka'ap, rejoic-
ing; berknraiy-kurargan , gradually diminishing; tierrtimai-rarhdian,
in crowds; berlari-larian, running.
The suffix " an " with
(7i) reduplication.
130. In nouns, the reduplication of the root, with the addition
of the suffix an, expresses diversity or multiplicity, in a manner
somewhat similar to that explained in paragraph 115 in the easo
of verbs ; thus :
-
buah-buahan, various fruits. bau-bauan, scents, incense.
puji-pujian, words of praise. manis-manixan, sweets.
kayu-kayuan, various trees. sayur-sayuran, vegetables.
131. Ber
sometimes prefixed to derived nouns, as,
is
EXERCISE XXI.
1
Folly often causes a man's destruction.
2
Do not long for the
3
glory and grandeur of the world. It is through your own fault
*
that you are suffering want. Each one should seek the good of
others.
5
That letter was not his own composition. 6 It is useless
7
to make complaints if one has no evidence to justify them. That
8
work ought not to be given to an untrustworthy person. It was
heard that the ambassador from the kingdom of Siam was come.
*
Ask him for what purpose he has come here. 10 Which clothes
did you tell me to dry in the sun, sir ?
46 PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR.
LESSOX XXII.
Interjections.
132. The following are the interjections which are most com-
monly used :
hei, 0!
adohi, alas.
a in hoi. an expression of astonishment.
rlu'li. pshaw, an expression of disgust or scorn.
Punctuation words.
or argument, or in-
Tambalian-jnila opens -up a further reason
troduces additional matter of. any kind.
'Hata, ai-kian, and l-alal'ian introduce iu-\v subjects, and are often
followed by uta'ka.
Compound Sentences.
ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES.
134. When Adjectival clauses are introduced in English by
" >k " "
the relatives who/' which," what," that," the corresponding-
Malay relatives are used, as,
they did not know which was the man who had killed him.
VOCABULARY.
Nouxs. VERBS.
-
joke.
,
Allan , UocL , ,
,, ,
1 1 n ilo it/, shelter.
divine power.
ltd rat.
rbah, fall.
nabi, prophet. ,
EXERCISE XXI I.
2
1
Tush, this man is exceedingly stupid. 0h! my child, yon
3
jniist l)e very patient. Be it known unto my
prophet lord,
if (Jod.
4
When lie was joking with other young men, he said
Pshaw! 1 must have an admiral as an opponent. 5 Pshaw I !
young tiger
7
He ordered them to call the two men who were
!
8
standing outside. The house in which you live. This is the
man whose hand is wounded. 10 The elephant on which he was
.sitting fell down.
LESSOX XXIII.
Compound Sentences (continued).
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.
138. Clauses are introduced by conjunctions and
Adverbial
conjunctive adverbs expressing Time, Cause, Object or Purpose,
Condition, Manner, and Concession. The Adverbial Clause is
usually placed first, followed by the principal clause, which is
.generally introduced by the conjunction mal-a or bahwa, or some-
times by nscliaya or intu, meaning "certainly,'' or lain, "then,"
etc. The peculiarities of the Malay construction with the different
-classes of conjunctions can best be learnt from the examples given
.below, all of which are taken from the '*'
Sjarah Mlayu."
139. Conjunctions denoting Time :
spaya jargan,
jaiyan, I that not, spaya, supaya, in order that,
takot, lest, for so that, that.
[
kalau, J fear.
Jikalau tuatt-liutnba bukan iuan k-pada Itamba, jika tiada Inibirg ini
ku tombakkan di dada bukan->ya haniba anak laki-laki,
Avere you not my master, I should not be a man if I did not cast
this javelin at your breast.
ttapi,
-
inlainkan, } } et, still, nevertheless.
juga,
kerna pada liamba jikalau sluroli tanah Jawa ilu skali-pun, jika
anak saluj'i tindi tiada sama pada saliya.
for though I had the whole of Java, it would not be the same to*
me if mv child were dead.
VOCABULABY.
Noun's. VERBS.
ADVERBS. PRONOUXS.
amat, very. hamba, I (addressing a su^
nscliaya, certainly. perior).
sargat, very. tuan-hamba, you (ditto).
CONJUNCTION. |
majesty came.
2
When
he thus thought, he returned to his house
and went up the stairs.
3
He acted thus owing to his being a Malay
4
retainer unwilling to rebel. You must not forget this, so that you
may be great (Malay possess greatness) in this world and the
next. 5
No one rebuked him, because he was a great man. 6 All
of the boxes were soldered down, so that they could not be opened
7
any more. If two duties come to you, put your duty to God first,
and leave your worldly duty. 8 If he had desired to kill him, at
8
that time he could (have done it). According to the customs of
10
great kings, thus they did. Though it was so, yet he would not
1X
go there. What you desire, ask of us; whatever it may be we
12
will not withhold it. However much they fired bombs, the
elephant did not mind (hisabkan).
LESSOR XXIV.
The use of Prepositions.
pandai m nulls,
clever at writing.
position, as,
ia nimbri liormat akan bndahara,
Verbs expressing motion take deri, from, and k-, to, when it is
motion from or to a place, and deri- pad a or k-pada, from or to
persons. In many cases the preposition k- only is used where we
should expect Jc-dalarn or k-pada, as,
150. With some verbs the preposition akan may be used with
the direct object, as,
the verb by itself, or with the addition of -iah being quite sufficient
in the phrases given above, which should be; Patyyil, or paigyil
dia; ikut-lali; buka.
VOCABITLARY.
VERBS. VERBS.
VERBS. NOUNS.
cliampur, mix. nun, earth, ground.
It
PREPOSITIONS.
Denoting Plaze.
, around. di liadapan, before.
antara, between, among. di blakarg, behind.
Denoting Order.
dliuln deri-pada, ) ,
f
I kmdian deri-pada, ) ,,
7, f oeiore. .,
7 c aiicr.
s-blum, } s-uali, \
Denoting Union.
dalam, during. lain deri-pada, besides.
EXEECISE XXIV.
1
There were some people standing on the shore waiting for the
Ijoat to come.
2
All the common people waited for the bndahara
to eat.
3
He asks for the nails which were left here yesterday.
4
He lent the horse to his son. 5 Much blood was spilt on the
c
.ground. AVhoever met him was ordered by him to turn back.
"'
Do not be covetous of (other) people's possessions. 8
If a man
found anyone's belongings, and did not return them to the owner
(yaiy ampuiya), the king ordered his hand to be cut off.
9
Xo
10
one trusts a man who drinks to excess. She quarrelled with her
ai
mother-in-law. Do not trust an old woman to come into your
12
Louse. Do you (tuan-hamba) love rne?
LESSOX XXV.
Elementary Malay Idioms.
151. Malays speak much more tersely than Europeans, but their
abrupt sentences, which seem rude to western ears, convey no idea
of impoliteness to the native mind. For instance, where we should
-.say,
"
Would you like to take something to eat? " the Malay would
not be wanting in politeness if he said, Mau-kali mdkan nasi?
Such terse phrases as the following are found in classical Malay :
"
appearance is the sime: "I like hi> best would be. IxtiL- nil; "I
have no more," i'nda lagi.
direct interrogations :
I think I had better not sell it, pada bichara salnja, jatyan Ji-jimL.
I heard that he was dead, oraty kata dia sudah wati.
POLITE PHRASES.
157. The following remarks on polite phrases will be found
useful.
When making a request, the words minla, ask, clioua, try. and
tolorg, help, are frequently added for politeness' sake, as we use
"
the word please," thus,
has come to mean to invite to sit down, and hence to invite generally.
It is also used \erv much in the same way as the English word
"please/" sometimes in the form silakan as well as *ila.
The following examples will explain the use of these words.
silo, tuan masok, please come in, sir.
$il<t daianj k-runiah saliya, please come to my house.
etc.
Malay pun.
(a) Juga emphasises a comparison of equality, as in the phrases:
juga, just the same; bgitu juga, dmkian juga, just like that;
i dltulu juga, just as before; also in the idiomatic expression
ini juga, just now.
(6) The word juga may itself express such a comparison in the
same way as the English word " likewise."
inaka Xn Rama pun xudah mati; anak-nja pula berglar Sri Rama
juga:
now Sri Kama also died, and his son in his turn had the title Sri
Kama likewise*.
(c) On the other hand juga is frequently used to qualify an
epithet or a statement of fact, in the same way that we use the
"
word " pretty '' thus balk juga means " pretty good ; pandai juga,
:
*
fairly clever." So in the following*' sentences from the Sjarah
Mlayu :
the first time he saw his wife. " It was not until last
night that I
r2
hoard you were ill. 1 am going to sail this very (juga) day.
13
Do you like (suka makan) jack-fruit? 14 Pretty well.. 15
How-
ever many of the Malacca men were killed and wounded, yet they
would not retreat.
60 PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR.
LESSON XXVII.
Words of Similar Meaning.
163. In some classes of words, especially in the case of verb:-*
.
(in pieces), pcliali. (substitute), ganti
Call (call for, call by name), (exchange, barter), tular.
paiggfl. Cry (weep), targis.
(call on, visit), mlawat. (wail), ra la/,.
(call in at a place in pass- (shout), sm, trial.
No exercises have been prepared for this and the following lessons r
the number of words in each lesson being so great that they could
not be dealt with adequately in the space available. Moreover the
further elucidation.
proper use of these words hardly requires
LESSOR XXVII.
Compound Words.
164. The Malays use a large number of compound words-
Some of these have already been, given in previous lessons, but
a more complete list will probably be found useful, especially as-
some are very idiomatic. The references to Shellabear's Vocab-
ulary will give the student a larger number of words than could
possibly be printed here.
'akal budi, intelligence. bnaiy ararg, chalk line.
'alam maut, 'alam barzakh, borgkar sauli, weigh anchor.
Hades. brapa puloh, how many tens ?
alas runiah, foundations. bri, see A'ocabulary.
arnpat persgi, square. bsi brani, magnet.
rumdli, household.
?-s-/ 1m ah Imbot, meek.
jab at targan, shake hands. lobarg liidorg, nostrils.
jalan bliasa, idiom. mabok laid, seasick.
jalan raya, main road. vidk-bapa, parents.
jdri, see A^ocabulary. inakan, see A'ocabulary.
jarorn chuchok, bodkin. urai, gold dust.
janh malam, late at night. ti -nnikd, scowling, sulky.
mata, see
Vocabulary. !
sarorg, see Vocabulary.
merah ilor, yolk of an egg. sepak raga, Malay football.
mini a,see Vocabulary. siarg-siarg, very early.
minjak tanah, mineral oil. xikat rambot, comb.
LESSOR XXVIII.
Religious Terms.
Christian Terms.
LESSOX XXIX.
The Mohammedan Calendar.
The Mohammedan era (tarilth) dates from the "migration"
(In j rah), or departure of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina, which
look place in the year 622 of the Christian era. The Mohammedan
year is lunar, and amounts to nearly 354 days and 9 hours, or about
11 days less than the solar j'ear.
The twelve lunar months are known among the Malays by their
Arabic names:
Muharram. Rajab,
Safar, Sli'aban,
Tialjiu 'l-awwal, Ramadlan,
Eabi'u 'l-akliir, Shawwal,
Jumadi 'l-awwal, Dhu 'l-k
The days of the week (jum'at) are also known among Malays by
their Arabic names, or corruptions of them :
Currency.
Singapore, Malacca, and Selangor.
4 duit ($ cent) = 1 sen (cent).
2 sen = 1 waiir.
10 warg 1 suku.
4 suku = 1 rirggit (dollar).
Length.
2 jrgkal (span) hasta (cubit),
2 hasta ela (yard),
4 hasta dpa (fathom),
"2 dpa jumba.
40 dpa rlorg.
Area.
400 jumba 1 rlorg (1^ acre nearly).
70 PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR.
BEADING EXERCISES.
The following exercises are intended to give the student an idea
of Malay literary style. An interlinear, word for word translation
is given, in order that the difference in idiom and in the construc-
tion of sentences may be more readily seen; and a free translation
of each passage is appended. The numerals in parentheses refer to
the paragraphs in the Grammar where an explanation will be
found of some peculiarity in the preceding word. The student is
recommended to make a very careful study of these exercises. The
English translations should afterwards be put into Malay by the
student as an exercise in composition, without reference to the
original, with which the student's composition should then be com-
pared.
Beading Lesson I.
If perchance you are lowly, ask of those who are noble; and
if you are poor, ask of those who are rich and if your know- ;
ness, and has three children: the eldest is called Mr. Liar, the
second Mr. Thief, the third Mr. Murderer. It is these three which
-destroy the world. Hikayat Abdullah.
And
one day Eadin di Klang went to Kampong Kling to amuse
himself. And a man ran " amok," and all the people scattered and
ran away every one of them. But Eadin di Klang stood still and
drew his dagger, waiting for the amok-runner; and the amok-
runner came and had a stabbing encounter with Eadin di Klang;
and they stabbed at the same time and each struck the other's^
breast, and both died, one falling to the left and the other to the-
right. Sjarah Mlayu.
PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR. 7$
Beading Lesson V.
Ada stiatu hutan, di dalam-iya baiyak kra dudok di atas-
Was a jungle, in it many monkeys lived upon
chabaig kayu. Maka datarg s'orarg utas hndak
branches of trees. Noiu came a workman in order to-
maka ia pun turun deri atas pohon kayu itu lalu naik k'atas-
he comedown from tree that and got up on
bucli bichara-iya.
wisdom counsel of them.
tlie workman split the log, putting in wedges. Now when it was
midday, he left the log with the wedges, and went back to his house
to eat. And one monkey when he saw the man go home, came
down from the tree, and got upon the log which the man was split-
ting, and kept shaking it, and the wedges came out and its tail was
pinched in the crack of the log, and he could not get it free; so the
monkey dr.'d. Xow the man who was splitting the log came and
saw a monkey dead through being nipped, and he took it and threw
it away. This is the way with people who mind other people's
business and not their own, they just bring destruction upon them-
selves owing to their lack of wisdom. Kalilah dan Daminali.
There was a stork which laid its eggs on a tree, and every day
its eggs were stolen by a snake. Now one day it saw that its eggs
were gone, and the stork went to its friend, a crab, and related all
the circumstances of its eggs being stolen by the snake.
" And now
what shall I do? Show me some plan so that the snake may be
killed." The crab answered, "Is there any difficulty in killing the
roiake? Go and fetch a great many fish, and lay out the fish fiom
the hole of the mongoose to the snake's hole, and when the mongoose
76 PRACTICAL MALAY Gil AMI! A R.
sees the fishlie will certainly follow them up, and when the mon-
goose gets there he will certainly kill the snake." When the stork
had heard the crab's instructions, ho did so. And the mongoose
came out and followed up the fish, and when he reached the hole o
the snake, he met the snake and killed it. Krililah dan Daminah.
" kali
diri masirg-masiig. Serta berfikir s'ekor srigala, Apa
"
each other. And thought one jackal, What
maka di-lihat -
lya s'oraig pun tiada, haiya-lah
and was seen by him one man even was not, only
dahan kayu juga (162 e) mmalu gndrarg itu;
.the branches of the trees merely were striking the drums;
- di-lihat -
lalu di-blahkan rya gndraig itu, lya
.and then were split by him the drums, and was seen by him
EXERCISE I.
1 2 3
Raja bsar. Surat pendek. Pintu bsar, or, pintu bsar itiu
4 5 "
Baju bharu. Oraig jahat, or, orarg jahat itu. Jalan itu lurus,
7 8
or, lurus jalan itu. Panas-lah hari itu, or, bari itu panas. Kuat-
9 10
lab kuda. Ayer itu sjuk, or, sjuk aver itu. Panjarg baju bhani
ll
itu, or, baju bbaru itu panjarg. Malas-lah budak kchil itu, or r
budak kchil itu malas. 12 Jalan panjarg itu baik, or, baik jalart
13
panjaig itu. Kuat-lah kuda bsar itu, or, kuda bsar itu kuat.
EXERCISE II.
3 2
1
AkuArgkau anak kcbil.
raja bsar. Kreta sahya bharu.
4
Tuan purya kuda hitam itu kuat, or, kuat-lah tuan puiya kuda
hitam. 5 Tuan kaya, kami miskin. Aver latit. 7 Targan anak
itu.
8
Kreta Imbu. 9
Aku anak raja Malaka. 10 Sakit kaki bina-
J1
taig itu, or, kaki binatarg itu sakit. Dia-lah tuan sahya.
12 13 14
Pandai orarg itu. Puteh baju-rya itu. Budak-rya itu tirggL
15 16
Pti kosorg itu argkau purya. Ayer panas itu dia pun/a.-
17
Budak kchil itu dia purya.
EXERCISE III.
1 2
Ini-lah tuan (or, argkau) purya kursi. Mahal meja ini.
3 * 5
Maigkok ini kotor. la'ini (or, ini-lah) kain berseh. Ini-lab
76
kayu merah, laini-loh oraig temparg.
ia'itii kras. Apa itu?
8 10 9
Itu-lah tlor ayam. Siapa oraig ini ? Ini-lah sahya purya
ai 12
kuki bharu. Orarg mana temparg? Siapa purya topi ini?
13
Buah mana itu ? 14 Apa macham ikan itu ? 15 Siapa purya kain
kotor ini ? 16 Siapa tukaig itu ? 17 Apa buah itu ?
EXERCISE IV.
1 2
Bararg yarg aku purya, ia'itu aigkau purya. Baraig-siapa
3 4
yarg marah, ia'itu salah. Tukaig kbun itu yarg malas. Garfu
mana }-arg bergkok ? 5 la'ini-lah tukarg bsi yarg pandai. 6 Mana
7 8
yarg masak, itu-lah yarg baik. Orarg mana yarg mati? Ini-lah
9 10
kueh yarg manis. Itu-lah budak yarg gmok. Aku sndiri-lah
1X 12
yaixr marah. Tukarg ka} u itu sndiri
r
Argkau sndiri brani.
bodoh. 13 Pisau-rya sndiri itu tajam. 14 Ini-lah tuan sndiri purya*
sendok. 15 Garfu itu tuan sndiri pun/a-
PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR. 7S>
EXERCISE V.
2
1
Mana argkau
puiya bapa (or, bapa-mu) skararg? Dhulu ia'
3 *
gmok, skararg kurus. Oraig jaliat Ikas marah. Tmpat ini
blum berseh. 5 Xasi blum sdia. Oraig mana yaig hampir mati?"
7 8
Sini tmpat yarg krirg. Besok bari yaig snaig.
EXERCISE VI.
~
1
Deri mana argkau
puiya ka\van ini? Mana bakul yaig di
sini tadi ?
3
Di atas meja bulat drgan roti dan dagiig itu. 4 Kdai'
5
bapa sahya jauh deri sini. Kalau kasar tntu murah. Brapa
7
herga dagiig kambiig ini? Brapa kambirg dalam baigsal itu?
8 9
Knapa roti ini bgitu kras? Brapa aigkau purya blanja klmarin?'
10
Bgimana dagiig Imbu ini bgini Imbot ?
EXERCISE VII.
1 -
Hutarg sahya dua-puloh riiggit. Batu pnteh dua, hitanv
3 4
s-blas. Kasut tiga pasaig. Gaji-rya ampat-blas riiggit satu
5 6 7
bulan. Brapa panjarg-rya tali ini ? Dua dpa. Kayu kain
8
ini brapa ela ? Greja ini s-ratus ampat-puloh-lima kaki tirg-gi-
ira.
n
Laut ini s-ribu dua-ratus dpa dalam-rya. 10 Jararg orarg
1X
bgitu brat, barargkali dua pikul brat-iya. Eumah yaig k'ampat
12
sblab kanan, itu-lah sabya puwa. Tanah anak-mu itu tiga sukii'
batu jauh-n/a deri laut.
EXERCISE VIII.
1
Pukol brapa skararg? - Hampim pukol satu. 3 Lama sudalr
4 5
glap. Brapa lama lagi hujan bgini ? Brapa lama sudah papan
6
ini basah bgini? Dua jam tiga suku. 7 Kurarg suku pukol tiga.
8 9
Bgini lambat oraig tntu pnat. Pukol dua-blas kurarg dua-puloh--
10 ll
lima minit. Tadi pagi pukol ampat s-tigali. Pukol tiga^
12
ptaig. Deri tigali hari sampai pukol ampat dua-puloh minit.
EXERCISE IX.
1 2
Kalau jalan terlalu Ikas, barargkali argkau jatoh. Parggil
knki, suroh dia naik. Suroh tukarg kayu nanti sini. 4 Sahya
3
5
fikir dia blum pularg deri pasar. Sahya mau bargun besok pagi'
G
kuraig suku pukol anam. Tikus boleh masok lobarg itu. 7 Kirim
8
surat ini k-pada bapa-mu, dia tntu suka trima. Sahya man
9
pindah deri negri ini. Sahya sudah tirggal di sini tiga-blas tahun
lamn-iya.
10
Patut aigkau chari prigi di atas bukit ini. " Sudah
12
saliva chari, ttapi blum dapat. Ini-lah oraig yaig masok tuan
1S
purya rumah klmarin dhulu. Sahya blum chari.
;$0 PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR.
EXERCISE X.
2
1
Ada plita dalam bilek-mu. Ada sdikit tpoig dalam-iya.
Kalau ada pisaig di pasar, suroh kuki bli. 4 Tukarg kasnt ada
3
dudok di hiar. 5 Brapa oraig ada ini hari? 6 Tuan puiya tukarg
jahit ada skararg.
7
Ada oraig China dalam dapur tadi. "Ada
tiga miiggo lama-iya abaig sahya sakit. Chaigkol ada sima
10 X1
;tukarg kbun. Kalau ada pa)org, pergi ambil. Bawa buiga
12 13
ini k-pada kakak-mu. Aigkat likar itu bawa k-luar. Pergi -
14
, ambil kasut sahya. Ada orarg bawa.
EXERCISE XI.
1
Budak tabu main bola-kah? Talm. 2 Lusa boleh
kchil itu
3
.datarg k-gudaig? Boleh. Besok pagi kapal yaig mana sam-
4 5
pai? Aigkau knal bini adek sahya? Knal. Sais sudah taroh
6
;bakul lama itu di sana? Sudah. Tukaig roti ada? Ada.
7
Boleh dapat ubi dan lain sayur dalam kamporg ini? Boleh.
8
Tuan tiiggal di atas bukit ini-kah ? Sahya. Aigkau takot-kah ?
10 " Sudah-kah
'Takot, Oraig mana
tuan. yaig mandi tadi?
.argkau paiggil tukaig chukor? Sudah.
EXERCISE XII.
1
Dhobi sudah koyak kmeja ini ? Ticlak, tuan, sudah koyak
- 3
.dhulu. Tuan sudah bayer? Blum. Oraig itu tahu jahit-kah?
4
Tidak, dia ta'tabu. Aigkau mau makan? Blum.
5
Tuan mau
6
'bli apa-apa? Ta'mau. Aigkau tahu nama pokok ini? Ta'tahu.
7
Mau
jual kuchiig ini? Mana boleh. * Ini tuan puiya anjiig?
9
Bukan. l)ia tutop pintu pa gar spaya jaigan oraig masok.
10
Tiada-kah ikan di dalam kolam? X1 Bnkan-kah argkau puiya
12 13
ikipas ini? Sudah argkau makan-kah blum? Tuan puiya
rumah sudah sewa-kah ? Blum. 14 Suroli kuki jaigan bli itek
ini hari.
EXERCISE XIII.
1
Smoa limau manis sudah Garam dan la<la
habis rosak.
2
3 4
hampir habis. Miiyak tanah sudah habis-kah blum? Tuan
5
sudah habis tulis surat itu? Budak yaig nakal patut kna pukol.
6 "
Dia kna baiyak rugi oleh main judi. Bukan-iya orarg kaya
8
sahaja yaig kna churi. Dia kna dnda satu riiggit sbab lambat
" 10
.
dataig. Sahya sudah bri tahu spaya jaigan ia kna tipu. Suroh
.
orarg jaga jaigan bri orarg masok. "Sahya tntu lupa kalau
.tuan tiada bri irgat.
PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR. 81
EXKHCISE XIV.
-
gosnk maigkok dan piriig.
1
4 5
Oraig itu sudah bli tori a In batyak rnmali yarg bsar-bsar. Mata-
"
niata itu smoa-iya dataig sini deri Pulau Pinarg. Brapa ekor
babi lu plihara? T
Suroh kuki masak tlor dua biji. s Pergi bli
9
papan dua tiga kpirg. Tuan siulah bli rumah brapa pintu di
ll
jalan itu? '"Brapa hlai baju tuan taroh dalain pti itu. Oraig
itu ada pakai baju dua lapis bila ia kna taigkap oleh mata-mata,
a-
Minta tukaig roti bawa lima biji bosok pagi.
EXERCISE xv.
Kanak-kanak ini jantan-kah atau prempuan? 2 S'ekor kuda
1
3 *
btina sudah lari blum taigkap. Guntirg ini lagi tajam. Jaroia
ini lagi halus. Kain yaig .sahya sudah bli dhulu itu Ibeh tbal
''
B
dori-pada ini. Eoda ini makin lama makin loiggar. 7 Dagirg ini
8 "
kurarg pauas. Cliabai ll^eh pdas deri -pa da lada liitam. Dagirg
mana yarg terlbeh hnbot. 10 Ia-lah budak yaig torlbeh rajin dalara
ll ''-
skola ini. Baju itu sain a burok sperti yaig lain. Humah-iya
di dalain ladaig yaig amat. luas.
EXERCISK XVI.
1
Lmbu btina itu ban^ak hnah ta'boleb ia berdij'i.
-
Lusa kapal
3
api itu mau blayor. Budak-budak smoa-n/a masok skola apabila
*
locherg berburyi. Jikalau orarg lagi bkerja, suroh dia berhentL
6 "
Knapa argkau~ blum sdiakan tmpat tidor? (Jautoigkan baju dan
sluar sahya. Ada bergantoig di situ. 8 Jargan buaigkan kasut
9
itu, Ibeh baik Patut anak-anak
brikan k-pada orarg miskin itu.
10
liormatkan orarg tua-rya. Suroh dia kunchikan pintu pagar.
Paiggil oraig yaig berjual buah itu, urob dia isikan bakul ini.
1
EXERCISK XVII.
1 -
Jaga baik-baik jaigan padam plita itu. Apabila saudara-nm
3
dataig, minta dia buka pti ini. Apabila ia mmgar khabar itu r
4 5
torlalu susah-hati-iya. Tuan itu pandai mrgaraig surat. Sahya
sudah datatg mlihat nogri. "Patut anak-anak nmurut prentah
'
KXDUCISK XVJII.
1
r>
oleh khatib. K-s-puloh jari-iya di-buboh-rya s-puloh" bntok chin-
chin. Tlah
di-lihat oleh China, di-turut-iya. Di-suroh-iyu
8
kupas ul)i it u. Bukit itu di-sbot oraig Bukit China. u Oleh Sul-
tan Mansur Shah di-bri hginda ayer hasoh kaki; maka oleh raja
China aver b a soli kaki itu di-minum dan di-maudikan. lu Tiada
]1
terhitorg baryak-iya. Drgan takdir Allah istana itu pun ti-r-
bakar.
EXERCISE xix.
1
Orarg Indrapura pada niasa itu tiada berraja.
-
Kumah itu
:! 4
beralas batu. Kapal bertiarg tiga. Binataig berkaki anipat.
5
Bndak-budak itu bermain-main di dalain taman. Tuan yaij?
7
lataijj itu tiada bermisai. Eaja itu tiada beranak laki-laki.
8
Di-liliat-iya anak itu berlari-lari di hadapan bginda.
<J
Baraig
k-mana ia pergi bersama-sama juga digan Tun Manda. 10 Sgala
bnroig di dalam taman itu berbniyi, berbagai-bagai Inuyi-iya.
11
Aigiii bertiop ^Berpgarg dua-dua taigan-iya.
terlalu kras.
a:: 1*
()raig itu bersru-sru deri kapal. Pa gar istana di-perbuat-ii a r
kota.
EXERCISE XX.
1
6
Perkata'an inanis mnjadi pnawar akan marah orarg. 7 Jikalau
ada l)ai'aig ])erminta'an atau pigaduau patut di-bri tabu skararg.
* 9
Dalam pj)raigan lyata-lah siapa-kah pnakot. Perbuatan-iya
10
tiada s-tuju digan |)erjanjian-iya. Pmbohojg atan pminum tiada
kperehaya'an.
KXKRCISE XXI.
1
Kbodohan oraig krap kali mndatargkan kbinasa'an-iya.
-.'aigan-laliaigkau iigin akan kmulia'an kbsaran dunia ini.
4
;:
Sbab ksalahan sndiri aigkau mrasa kkuraigan. Hndak-lah
5
masiig-masiig mm-hari kbajikan orarg lain. Surat kiriman itu
l)iikan karaigan-iya sndiri.
''
Perehuma orarg mrgadu jikalau tiada
T
ktraigan. Tiada patut pkerja'an itu di-bri k-pada oraig yaig
bukan oraig kperchaya'an. 8 Kdigaran-lah bahwa ntusan kraja'an
Siam itu dataig. ''
3 *
nTgkau bairak sabar. Ktahni oleh tuan-ku, ya'nabi Allah. Apa-
bila ia bergurau sama mnda-inuda. kata-n'a. Cheh! laksamana
PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR. 83
lawau-ku. 5
Cheh ku sargka brani Sri Bija ''Diraja ini. 6 Hei
! !
7
hei ! lihat-lah anak hrimau itu Di-suroli-rya parggil kdua
!
EXERCISE XXIII.
1
S-tlah Sultan mnigar bndahara sargat sakit, maka bginda
2
pun dataig. Tlah dmkian fikir-rya, maka ia pun berbalek k-
3
riunah-n/a lalu naik targga. Dcri-pada ia hamba Mlayu tiada
*
mau derhaka, maka dmkian laku-iya. Hndak-lah jargau kamu
5
lupa'i,spaya kbsaran dunia akhirat kamu peroleh. Tiada siapa
6
nmegur dia, kern a ia oraig bsar. Pti itu smoa-rya di-tuaigi-rya
7
timah, spaya Jargan dapat di-buka oraig lagi. Jikalau dataig
]>ada-mu dua pkerja'an, maka dhulukan oleh-niu pkerja'an Allah,
8
tiiggalkan pkerja'an dunia. Jikalau hndak di-bunoh-iya, pada
u
inasa itu dapat. Bgimana 'adat raja-raja yaig bsar-bsar, dmkian-
Sui^goh pun drakian, tiada juga ia mau
10
lah di-perbuat oraig.
1X
pergi k-sana. Apa kahandak-mu pinta-lah pada kita; Jikalau
12
.^ipa skali pun tiada kita tahani. Bbrapa di-pasaig oraig priok
.pi, tiada di-hisabkan oleh gajah itu.
EXERCISE XX] V.
1
Ada mnantikan sampan dataig. 2 Smoa
oraig berdiri di tbiig
orarg baryak mnantikan bndahara makan. 3 Dia minta paku yaig
4
tertirggal sini klmarin. Di-pinjami-iya kuda itu akan anak-iya.
5
Darah baryak tumpah k-bumi. Baraig-siapa bertmu digan dia
7 8
<3i-suroh-n,-a berbalek. Jargan tm'a akan herta orarg. Jikalau
oraig mndapat herta
orarg, jika tiada di-pulaigkan pada yarg
9
-anipurya, di-suroh bginda kodorg targan-iya. Tiada s'orarg pun
10
perch ay a akan oraig yarg minum mabok. la berbantah djgan
J1
mntua-rya. Jargan kamu perchaya akan prempuan tua masok
12
k-rumah-mu. Kaseh-kah tuan-hamba akan hamba?
EXERCISE XXV.
1
Jalaii mana yaig baik?
2
Mana suka. 3
Tuan purya ipar da-
4 5
taig kliabar-iya. Kibot mau
dudok di atas
turun rupa-iya. Sila
~
6
baigku ini. Choba bawa meja ini k-
Gila orarg ini rupa-rya.
dalam bilek sblah. 8 Tuan minta kopi. 9 Brapa panjarg balak ini
10
agak-rya. Pada masa itu bharu-lah ia mlihat akan istri-rya.
51
Bharu s-malam sahya mnigar tuan ,^akit. 12 Ini hari juga sahya
mau blayer. 1S Tuan suka makan buah nargka? 14 Suka
15
Bbrapa orarg Malaka itu mati dan luka, tiada ia mau undor.
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