Tallinn University

research paper

Folk Dance
authors name and surname

2011
Table of Contents
1 FOLK DANCE ....................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 3

1.2 EUROPE ............................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 ASIA .................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.1 Middle Eastern dance................................................................................................ 5
1.3.2 Dance in India ........................................................................................................... 6
1.3.2.1 Classical dance.............................................................................................................. 7
1.3.2.2 Kathakali....................................................................................................................... 8
1.3.2.3 Ottan Tullal ................................................................................................................... 8
1.3.2.4 Dasi Attam .................................................................................................................... 9
1.3.2.5 Mohini Attam ............................................................................................................... 9
1.3.3 Persian dance .......................................................................................................... 10
1.4 LATIN AMERICA ................................................................................................................ 11
1.4.1 Mexico ..................................................................................................................... 12
1.4.2 Central America ...................................................................................................... 13

2 FOLK DANCE IN ESTONIA ............................................................................................ 14

BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 16
1 Folk dance
The term folk dance describes dances that share some or all of the following
attributes:

They are dances performed at social functions by people with little or no

professional training, often to traditional music or music based on
traditional music.
They are not designed for public performance or the stage, although
traditional folkdances may be later arranged and set for stage
performances.
Their execution is dominated by an inherited tradition rather than by
innovation (although like all folk traditions they do change over time)
New dancers often learn informally by observing others and/or receiving
help from others.

More controversially, some people define folk dancing as dancing for which there
is no governing body or dancing for which there are no competitive or
professional performances. (Wikipedia, 2011)

1.1 Terminology
The term "folk dance" is sometimes applied to dances of historical importance in
European culture and history; typically originated before 20th century. For other
cultures the terms "ethnic dance" or "traditional dance" are sometimes used,
although the latter terms may encompass ceremonial dances.

There are a number of modern dances, such as hip hop dance, that evolve
spontaneously, but the term "folk dance" is generally not applied to them, and the
terms "street dance" or "vernacular dance" are used instead. The term "folk dance"
is reserved for dances which are to a significant degree bound by tradition and
originated in the times when the distinction existed between the dances of
"common folk" and the dances of the "high society".

A number of modern ballroom dances originated from folk ones.

The terms "ethnic" and "traditional" are used when it is required to emphasize the
cultural roots of the dance. In this sense, nearly all folk dances are ethnic ones. If

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some dances, such as polka, cross ethnic boundaries and even cross the boundary
between "folk" and "ballroom dance", ethnic differences are often considerable
enough to mention, e.g., Czech polka vs. German polka.

Not all ethnic dances are folk dances; for example, ritual dances or dances of
ritual origin are not considered to be folk dances. Ritual dances are usually called
"Religious dances" because of their purpose. (Wikipedia, 2011)

1.2 Europe
Types of European folk dance include:

Polonez (Polish),
clogging,
English country dance,
international folk dance,
Irish dance,
Maypole dance,
Morris dance,
Welsh Morris Dance,
Nordic polska dance,
Ball de bastons,
square dance, and
sword dance.

Sword dances include Longsword dances and rapper dancing. Some

choreographed dances such as contra dance, Scottish country dance, and modern
Western square dance, are called folk dances, though this is not true in the strictest
sense. Country dance overlaps with contemporary folk dance and ballroom dance.
Most country dances and ballroom dances originated from folk dances, with
gradual refinement over the years.

People familiar with folk dancing can often determine what country a dance is
from even if they have not seen that particular dance before. Some countries'
dances have features that are unique to that country, although neighboring
countries sometimes have similar features. For example, the German and Austrian
schuhplattling dance consists of slapping the body and shoes in a fixed pattern, a

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feature that few other countries' dances have. Folk dances sometimes evolved long
before current political boundaries, so that certain dances are shared by several
countries. For example, some Serbian, Bulgarian, and Croatian dances share the
same or similar dances, and sometimes even use the same name and music for
those dances.

Although folk dancing was historically done by the common people of the local
culture, international folk dance has received some popularity on college
campuses and community centers within the United States and other countries.
(Wikipedia, 2011)

1.3 Asia
Most famous folk dance styles in Asia are: Dances of the Middle East, Indian
dance, and Persian dance.

But following styles are also well known:

Attan - The national dance of Afghanistan

Azerbaijani dances
Kurdish dance
Assyrian folk dance
Georgian Folk Dances
Mtiuluri
Bhangra a Punjabi harvest dance and music style that has become popular
worldwide.
Ghoomar a traditional Bhil tribe women's folk dance of Rajasthan, India.
Ghumura Dance: War Dance from Kingdom of Kalahandi, Orissa, India
Kalbelia is one of the most sensuous dance forms of Rajasthan, performed
by the kalbelia tribe.
Israeli folk dance (Wikipedia, 2011)

1.3.1 Middle Eastern dance

The traditional dances of the Middle East (also known as oriental dance) span a
large variety of folk traditions throughout North Africa, Southwest Asia, Central
Asia (Greater Persia), sometimes also to the inclusion of the Balkans and South
Asia (Greater India).

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"Belly dance" is a western term properly applied to raqs sharqi, which is the
Arabic for "oriental dance", but strictly a style developed in the interbellum period
for professional performance in cabarets and the early Egyptian film industry on
the basis of traditional Egyptian dance, by Samia Gamal, Tahiya Karioka, Naima
Akef and others..

Raqs sharqi (Arabic: ; literally "oriental dance") is the style

more familiar to Westerners, performed in restaurants and cabarets around
the world. It is more commonly performed by female dancers but is also
sometimes danced by men. It is a solo improvisational dance, although
students often perform choreographed dances in a group.
Raqs baladi, (Arabic: ; literally "dance of country", or "folk"
dance) is the folkloric style, danced socially by men and women of all ages
in some Middle Eastern countries, usually at festive occasions such as
weddings.
Ghawazi, traditional performative dance of the Egyptian Dom people
iftetelli, Turkish folk dance found in the core territories of the former
Ottoman Empire
Persian dance
Traditional dance of Central Asia (Wikipedia, 2011)

1.3.2 Dance in India

Dance in India covers a wide range of dance and dance theatre forms, from the
ancient classical or temple dance to folk and modern styles.

Three best-known Hindu deities, Shiva, Kali and Krishna, are typically
represented dancing. There are hundreds of Indian folk dances such as Bhangra,
Bihu, Ghumura Dance, Sambalpuri, Chhau and Garba and special dances
observed in regional festivals. India offers a number of classical Indian dance
forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. The
presentation of Indian dance styles in film, Hindi Cinema, has exposed the range
of dance in India to a global audience.The gods and goddesses are invoked
through the religious folk dance forms from good old times. Mention may be
made of Ram-lila Nach, Kirtaniya Nach, Kunjvasi Nach and Naradi Nach,
Bhagata Nach, Vidapat Nach and Puja Art Nach in this category. Minimum use is

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made of musical instruments and dancer performs the dances without humming
the tune. (Wikipedia, 2011)

1.3.2.1 Classical dance

Each form represents the culture and ethos of a particular region or a group of
people. The criteria for being considered as classical is the style's adherence to the
guidelines laid down in Natyashastra by the sage Bharata Muni, which explains
the Indian art of acting."The date and authorship of the Bharata Natya Shastra
[Figure 1] are both in dispute. The book has been variously dated from the 2nd
century B.C to the 3rd century A.D, but there is even less certainty about the
author. 'Bharata' originally meant a dancer-actor so that the title could mean
simply 'A Shastra on Drama for the Dancer-Actor'. On the other hand 'Bharata' is
also a name, and so it is possible that the title means 'A Shastra on Drama by
Bharata'. However, for practical purposes, whatever his real name might have
been, the saga of the Natya Shastra is called Bharata". Acting or natya is a broad
concept which encompasses both drama and dance. (Wikipedia, 2011)

Figure 1 Classic Indian dance (Wikipedia)

Those who worship Vishnu are considered Vaishnavas. The dance style
performed by Sri Krishna (an Avatar of Vishnu) and the gopis in Vrindavan is
called Rasa-Lila, and is considered as a form of devotional dance. Many other
Indian classical dances are used to illustrate events from the Puranas related to or
describing Vishnu.

The national Sangeet Natak Akademi currently confers classical status on nine
Indian dance styles: Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu), Gaudiya Nritya (Bengal),
Kathak (North India), Kathakali (Kerala), Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Manipuri
(Manipur), Mohiniyattam (Kerala), Orissi (Orissa), and Sattriya (Assam).

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1.3.2.2 Kathakali
The origins of the Kathakali come from Kerala, one of the smallest states of the
Indian Union. This is where traders from other countries first came, for the
Malabar coast has the longest history in India of contact with different lands. The
Kathakali is, in fact, the result of a marriage between the pre-Aryan Dravidian
dances and the later ones which were introduced by the Brahmins. It combines the
consciousness, the religious practices and the techniques of these two cultural
streams in perfect harmony and balance. In the dance, the Chakkyiar was
accompanied on a large copper drum called a mizhavu, by a drummer who was
always of the Nambiar caste, and also by a woman who played a pair of small
brass cymbals. She was of the same cste but was known as a Nangiar. Hse beat
out the time solemnly, for she was expected to remain serious an straight-faced,
no matter how amusing the performance of the Chakkyiar. This solo performance
had two other names, Pradhand-kuttu and sometimes Kathaprasangam
Manthrakam. (Wikipedia, 2011)

1.3.2.3 Ottan Tullal

The Ottan Tullal means, literally, running and jumping. It was created by the
poet Kunjan Nambiar in the mid-eighteenth century. According to one story,
Nambiar was a member of a troupe maintained by the Raja of Ambalapuzha. One
particular performance he was, it seems, overlooked for a part, which he felt, was
in accordance with his talent and experience. However, he satisfied his ego by
taking an artist;s revenge. On the day of the performance he stationed himself
opposite the palace and began to sing at the top of his voice as he danced to the
accompaniment of the loud drumming. The content of is song was satirical in its
criticism of the establishment. He attracted crowds, and Ottan Tullal was born. In
the second account, Nambiar is said to have been playing the drum for a
performance of Chakkiyar-kuttu and at one point made a mistake. Embarrassed at
this public rebuke, Kunjan resolved to prove his worth and redeem his good name.
The next day the Chakkiyar was performing as usual in his corner of the templ,
with an attentive and admiring audience around him, but this time he had
competition. In another part of the temple stood Kunjan Nambiar. He was dressed
in an entirely new kind of costume, his singing and dancing too were quite
different from anything the people had ever seen. At first they turned to him from

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sheer curiosity but gradually as they listened, they became absorbed in this novel
exposition until finally Chakkiyar was left with hardly anyone to pay attention to
him. Ottan Tullal has now become known as the poor mans Kathali. This is
because, in comparison, with that dane-drama, it is cheap to put on. There is only
one performer, who plays all the parts in turn. The musical accompaniment is also
simple, for it requires only one drummer, who plays on anelongated drum called
the maddalam, one cymbal player who keeps the tal on his little cymbals, and
sometimes a singer. The singer assists and occasionally takes over the singing
from the dancer, who normally does at least some of the singing himself. The
technique of the dance is also very similar to the Kathakali, but not quite as formal
and inflexible.. There are also no settings, no props, not even a curtain. The make-
up od the dancer is not very intricate and though the costume is very colorful, it is
not as elaborate as that of Kathakali. (Wikipedia, 2011)

1.3.2.4 Dasi Attam

The home of Dasi Attam is in the south, in the area covered by the States of Tamil
Nadu, Andhra and Karnataka. Like all the other classical dances of India, Dasi
Attam too has its roots in the Natya Shastra of Bharata. It derives its name from
its chief exponents in ancient times who were the devadasis or woman in the
service of the gods, and so Dasi Attam means "the dance of the devadasis".
Relatively recently the term "Bharata Natyam" has come into general use for the
dance hitherto known as Dasi attam. This change may well have been made in an
attempt to dissociate the art from the devadasis who had come to be regarded as
disreputable practitioners. (Wikipedia, 2011)

1.3.2.5 Mohini Attam

Mohini Attam is named after the seductress supreme of Hindu mythology who
appears in several stories. But the original, far from being a mortal woman, was in
fact the god Vishnu who had assumed feminine form. The gods and asuras, it is
said, once churned the oceans, in order to extract Amrita, the elixir of life. All
went well until the elixir had been extracted, but then there arose a dispute as who
was to have it the gods or the demons? Since the gods considered that the demons
were being unfair, Vishnu decided to take the matter into his own hands.
Accordingly, he assumed the form of the most beautiful woman imaginable. This
Mohini had the graceful curves of a vine, her limbs shone with the full bloom of

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youth, her face enchanted all who looked upon it. As soon as the asuras saw
Mohini they desired her. She fled and they followed. In this way the asuras were
enticed away from Amrita and the gods carried it off. From stories such as these,
the name Mohini came to be synonymous with the essence of feminine beauty and
allurement, and Mohini Attam is a dance which displays just such qualities. It is a
solo dance, reserved exclusively for woman. Its history is not very certain. What
is known is that it was patronized about 150 years age by a prince of Travancore,
and became very popular. In technique it lies somewhere between Dasi Attam and
the lasya aspect of was eminently suitable for use by loose woman, and was
frequently used by them to attract would-be clients. This led to its unpopularity
and eventual decline at the beginning of the century. (Wikipedia, 2011)

1.3.3 Persian dance

Persian dance [Figure 2] refers to the type of dancing from Iran. Persian dance is
very sensual, circular and slow which makes it a dance that is unique to Iran
amongst all other Middle Eastern dance forms.

Figure 2 Persian dancers from 17th century (wikipedia)

Persian dance is almost entirely performed to 6\8 time signatures and is the only
dance that is performed and known by all Iranians regardless of ethnicity, the
dance itself is highly individualistic and also heavily relies on solo improvisation
performances much like all other Iranian art forms such as music, etc.

Other Iranian dances include regional folk dances which are always performed in
group settings whereby men and women dances are performed in group based
ensemble settings.

Usually in Persian dance the upper body motion is emphasized, with hand
motions, hip undulations and facial expressions being points of attention.

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Although often compared to Arabic dance, Persian dance is actually very distinct,
due to its signature hand movements, slow and sensual circular hip movements as
opposed to the rapid hip movements used in bellydance. As the Muslim rulers at
the Mughal courts invited many Persian dancers during their rule of the Indian
subcontinent, some elements of Persian dance were absorbed into Kathak, a
North-Indian classical dance style.

Often, Persian dance will be performed at relatively informal gatherings, such as

family meetings, where everyone will sit in a circle (especially on rugs) and a
couple will dance in the middle, sometimes accompanied by a Persian drummer
playing beats. Persian dance is also used more formally at various social events,
like weddings.

Persian dance appears in American pop culture in the 2004 film Alexander
performed by the eunuch Bagoas at the ceremony where Clietus dies.

Iran has also Bandari dance, mostly in the South and belly dance itself Raqs
Sharqi.

Among most notable ensembles of regional Iranian folk dance is Afsaneh Ballet.
Among notable dancers are Jamilah, Azar Shiva, Foroozan, Farzaneh Kaboli,
Mohammad Khordadian. (Wikipedia, 2011)

1.4 Latin America

Baile folklrico, literally "folkloric dance" in Spanish, is a collective term for
traditional Latin American dances that emphasize local folk culture with ballet
characteristics - pointed toes, exaggerated movements, highly choreographed. As
mentioned below, baile folklrico owes its inception to Amalia Hernandez. Baile
folklrico differs from danzas and regional bailes. "Folk dances", that is, "dances
that you will find in the villages, not on stage" were researched and disseminated
by Alura Angeles de Flores. A good rule of thumb is if the woman raises her
hands about her head (thus showing her legs), it is folklrico. Each region in
Mexico, the Southwestern United States and Central American countries is known
for a handful of locally characteristic dances. (Wikipedia, 2011)

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1.4.1 Mexico
The state of Jalisco [Figure 3], for example is especially known for its jarabe
Tapatio, son and el baile de los sonajeros which accompany its famous mariachi.
One of the most popular songs is "La Negra". The state of Jalisco.

Figure 3 Woman dancing Jalisco (Wikipedia)

The state of Guerrero is known for its sintesis and tixtla. Michoacn is known for
its huetamo and Historia del Traje de la Mujer Michoacana, a dance which
depicts a local folktale Alegria, 1995. Though the dances differ from region to
region, the basic steps and style of dance are similar. Traditional bailes in Vera
Cruz are characterized by a basic set of steps called zapateados which involve
percussive heel-stomping. (Wikipedia, 2011)

Costumes in the southwest United States are characterized by denim and western
shirts while costumes of the Federal District of Mexico reflect a stronger
traditional Spanish influence and those of the Yucatn reflect indigenous
traditions. In the folk dances of Northern Mexico, men generally wear black Pants
with Galas on each side of the leg, accented with a red tie and belt and a black
wide-brimmed hat. The woman wear tighter fitting and shorter skirts and either
white or black boots. The costumes from Jalisco entails the Women to wear
brightly colored ruffled skirts trimmed with ribbons whose colors are local
signifiers, shoes with heavy clog-like heels and ornate hair pieces. Shoes vary in
color but usually they are either black, white, or red, depending on the song and
region. For the region of Vera Cruz, the women wear beautiful white dresses that
is full of lace. they use white shoes, and a small apron with a bandana that hangs
off the side of the dress. Depending on whether the woman is married or not, will
determine what side the bandana will hang and which side the floral head piece
will lay. Married means that it would be on the left side and single is on the right.

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Sinaloa, from the coastal region, wear lighter dresses and more colorful.
(Wikipedia, 2011)

Amalia Hernandez pioneered baile folklorico in the 1950s with her establishment
of and leadership of the Ballet Folklorico Mexico. Additionally, she founded a
school in Mexico City for the study and practice of classical and folkloric dance
techniques.

Prior to the explosion in popularity among student and community groups, bailes
folklricos were (and currently are) performed as a part of large parties or
community events. The mariachi musicians generally stand in a line at the back of
the performance space and perform without written musical notation, while the
dancers perform in couples in front of the mariachis. Now days there are both
private and public Folklorico groups that get together and compete, for example
the USA Ballet Folklorico Nationals. There is also the website
http://www.Folkloricoonline.com which is similar to Myspace but is focused only
on Folklorico. It is a great way to communicate with other folklorico lovers and
share ideas and tricks of the trade. (Wikipedia, 2011)

1.4.2 Central America

Central America has many Bailes Folkloricos. One typical dance from Costa Rica
is the Punto Guanacasteco.

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2 Folk dance in Estonia
Folk dance is very popular in Estonia. There are many folk dance groups all
around Estonia.

Oldest folk dances were only for men [Figure 4]!

Figure 4 Estonian dance for men

Most folk dances are ment for groups there dancers are in couples [Figure 5].
Dance involves some unique steps, jumps, running etc.

Figure 5 Typical Estonian Folk Dance

Following table illustrates, how many people are practicing folk dance in Estonia.

COUNTY population total folk folk dance

practitioners practitioners
Harju maakond 526505 24468 5079
Hiiu maakond 10032 1075 271
Ida-Viru maakond 168656 4460 1048
Jgeva maakond 36671 3181 929
Jrva maakond 36058 2974 730
Lne maakond 27366 2417 826
Lne-Viru 66996 4844 1344

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COUNTY population total folk folk dance
practitioners practitioners
maakond
Plva maakond 30889 3373 870
Prnu maakond 88428 6632 1742
Rapla maakond 36620 3181 910
Saare maakond 34644 3285 942
Tartu maakond 150074 10650 2002
Valga maakond 34048 3444 771
Viljandi maakond 55447 5461 1403
Vru maakond 37693 4345 1000

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a., allikas Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baile_Folklorico

Wikipedia. (2. 12 2011. a.). Dance in India. Kasutamise kuupev: 14. 12 2011. a.,
allikas Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_dance

Wikipedia. (7. 12 2011. a.). Folk dance. Kasutamise kuupev: 13. 12 2011. a.,
allikas Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_dance

Wikipedia. (1. 08 2011. a.). Middle Eastern dance. Kasutamise kuupev: 13. 12
2011. a., allikas Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dances_of_the_Middle_East

Wikipedia. (10. 07 2011. a.). Persian dance. Kasutamise kuupev: 14. 12 2011. a.,
allikas Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_dance

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