Catalog 12 Section 2 Tab
Catalog 12 Section 2 Tab
Catalog 12 Section 2 Tab
Section 2 tab
ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Introduction and Sizing Valves for Liquids
4. Determine qmax (the maximum flow rate at given up- ing the procedure for Determining qmax, the Maximum
stream conditions) or Pmax (the allowable sizing pres- Flow Rate, or Pmax, the Allowable Sizing Pressure Drop
sure drop). on page 4. If it can be recognized that choked flow con-
ditions will not develop within the valve, Pmax need not
be calculated.
The maximum or limiting flow rate (qmax), commonly
called choked flow, is manifested by no additional in-
crease in flow rate with increasing pressure differential
5. Determine FR, the Reynolds number factor.
with fixed upstream conditions. In liquids, choking occurs
as a result of vaporization of the liquid when the static
pressure within the valve drops below the vapor pres-
sure of the liquid. FR is a correction factor to account for nonturbulent flow-
ing conditions within the control valve to be sized. Such
conditions might occur due to high viscosity fluid, very
The IEC standard requires the calculation of an allow- low pressure differential, low flow rate, or some com-
able sizing pressure drop (Pmax), to account for the bination of these. If nonturbulent flow is suspected, de-
possibility of choked flow conditions within the valve. termine the FR factor according to the procedure for De-
The calculated Pmax value is compared with the actual termining FR on page 6. For most valve sizing
pressure drop specified in the service conditions, and applications, however, nonturbulent flow will not occur. If
the lesser of these two values is used in the sizing equa- it is known that nonturbulent flow conditions will not de-
tion. If it is desired to use Pmax to account for the possi- velop within the valve, FR has a value of 1.0 and simply
bility of choked flow conditions, it can be calculated us- drops out of the equation.
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Determining FP
6. Solve for required Cv, using the appropriate equation: 7. Select the valve size using the appropriate flow coeffi-
cient table and the calculated Cv value.
D For volumetric flow rate units
q
Cv =
N 1F p P 1P 2
G
Determining Fp, the Piping Geometry
f
Factor
D For mass flow rate units Determine an Fp factor if any fittings such as reducers,
elbows, or tees will be directly attached to the inlet and
Cv = w outlet connections of the control valve that is to be sized.
N 6Fp (P 1 P 2) When possible, it is recommended that Fp factors be
determined experimentally by using the specified valve
in actual tests.
In addition to Cv, two other flow coefficients, Kv and Av,
are used, particularly outside of North America. The fol- Calculate the Fp factor using the following equation.
lowing relationships exist:
12
2
Kv = (0.864)(Cv) C
Fp = 1 + K 2v
N2 d
Av = (2.40 X 10-5)(C v)
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Determining qmax
where, 2
K 1 + K 2 = 1.5 1 d 2
D
2
N2 = Numerical constant found in table 2
d = Assumed nominal valve size Once you have K, calculate FP according to the equa-
Cv = Valve sizing coefficient at 100-percent travel for tion at the beginning of this section. A sample problem
the assumed valve size that finds for FP is on page 9.
In the above equation, K is the algebraic sum of the
velocity head loss coefficients of all of the fittings that are
attached to the control valve. To calculate K, use the
following formula:
Determining qmax (the Maximum
K = K 1 + K 2 + K B1 K B2 Flow Rate) or Pmax (the Allowable
Sizing Pressure Drop)
where,
Determine either qmax or Pmax if possible for choked
K1 = Resistance coefficient of upstream fittings flow to develop within the control valve that is to be
K2 = Resistance coefficient of downstream fittings sized. The values can be determined by using the follow-
KB1 = Inlet Bernoulli coefficient ing procedures.
KB2 = Outlet Bernoulli coefficient
2
tions is the short-length concentric reducer. The equa- K 1 Cv
tions necessary to calculate K for this fitting are as fol- F LP = + 12
N 2 d2 FL
lows:
2 K1 = K1 + KB1
K 1 = 0.5 1 d 2
D
2
where,
D For an outlet reducer
K1 = Resistance coefficient of upstream fittings
KB1 = Inlet Bernoulli coefficient
2
K 2 = 1.0 1 d 2
D
2
(See the procedure for Determining Fp, the Piping Ge-
ometry Factor, for definitions of the other constants and
D For a valve installed between identical reducers coefficients used in the above equations.)
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Determining qmax or Pmax
A2738-1
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Determining FR
P max(LP) =
F LP P 1 FF P v Determining FR, the Reynolds
Fp Number Factor(3)
Nonturbulent flow conditions can occur in applications
where there is high fluid viscosity, very low pressure dif-
where, ferential, or some combination of these conditions. In
those instances where nonturbulent flow exists, FR, the
Reynolds number factor, must be introduced. Determine
P1 = Upstream absolute static pressure FR using the following procedure.
P2 = Downstream absolute static pressure
A. Calculate Rev, the Reynolds number, using the equa-
Pv = Absolute vapor pressure at inlet temperature
tion:
14
propriate equation, it should be compared with the actual Fd = Valve style modifier that is dependent on
service pressure differential (i.e., P = P1 - P2). If the valve style used. Valves that use two par-
Pmax is less than P, this is an indication that choked allel flow paths, such as double-ported globe-
flow conditions will exist under the service conditions style valves, butterfly valves, or 8500 Series
specified. If choked flow conditions do exist (i.e., Pmax valves, use an Fd of 0.7. For any other valve
< P1 - P2), then step 6 of the procedure for Sizing Valves style, use an Fd of 1.0.
for Liquids must be modified by replacing the actual ser-
vice pressure differential (i.e., P1 - P2) in the appropriate B. Once Rev is known, use one of the following three
valve sizing equation with the calculated Pmax value. approaches to obtain the desired information.
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Determining FR
Determining Required Flow c. If Rev lies between 56 and 40,000, the flow is transi-
tional, and FR can be found by using either the curve in
Coefficient for Selecting Valve Size figure 3 or the column headed Valve Size Selection in
The following treatment is based on valves without at- table 3.
tached fittings; therefore, Fp = 1.0.
Table 3. Reynolds Number Factor, FR,
1. Calculate a pseudo valve flow coefficient Cvt, assum- for Transitional Flow
ing turbulent flow, using: Valve Reynolds Number, Rev(1)
Valve Flow Pressure
q FR(1)
Size Rate Drop
C vt =
N1 P 1P 2
G
f
0.284
Selection
56
Prediction
106
Prediction
30
0.32 66 117 38
0.36 79 132 48
2. Calculate Rev, substituting Cvt from step 1 for Cv. For 0.40 94 149 59
FL, select a representative value for the valve style de- 0.44 110 167 74
sired. 0.48 130 188 90
0.52 154 215 113
3. Find FR as follows: 0.56 188 253 142
0.60 230 298 179
0.64 278 351 224
a. If Rev is less than 56, the flow is laminar, and FR can
0.68 340 416 280
be found by using either the curve in figure 3 labeled 0.72 471 556 400
FOR SELECTING VALVE SIZE or by using the equa- 0.76 620 720 540
tion: 0.80 980 1100 870
0.84 1560 1690 1430
0.67 0.88 2470 2660 2300
F R = 0.019Re v 0.92 4600 4800 4400
0.96 10,200 10,400 10,000
b. If Rev is greater than 40,000, the flow can be taken 1.00 40,000 40,000 40,000
as turbulent, and FR = 1.0. 1. Linear interpolation between listed values is satisfactory.
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Liquid Sizing Sample Problems
4. Obtain the required Cv from: c. If Rev lies between 30 and 40,000, the flow is transi-
tional, and FR can be found by using the curve in figure 3
C vt or the column headed Pressure Drop Prediction in
Cv =
FR table 3.
5. After determining Cv, check the FL value for the se- 3. Calculate the predicted pressure drop from:
lected valve size and style. If this value is significantly
p = G
2
different from the value selected in step 2, use the new q
f
value, and repeat steps 1 through 4. N F C 1 R v
q = 800 gpm
4. Obtain the predicted flow rate from:
P1 = 300 psig = 314.7 psia
P2 = 275 psig = 289.7 psia
q = FR q t
P = 25 psi
T1 = 70_F
Gf = 0.50
Predicting Pressure Drop Pv = 124.3 psia
Pv = 616.3 psia
1. Calculate Rev.
2. Determine an N1 value of 1.0 from table 2.
2. Find FR as follows:
3. Determine Fp, the piping geometry factor.
a. If Rev is less than 30, the flow is laminar, and FR can
Because it is proposed to install a 3-inch valve in an
be found by using the curve in figure 3 labeled FOR
8-inch line, it will be necessary to determine the piping
PREDICTING PRESSURE DROP or by using the
geometry factor, Fp, which corrects for losses caused by
equation:
fittings attached to the valve.
0.5
F R = 0.052Re v
12
2
C
b. If Rev is greater than 40,000, the flow can be taken Fp = 1 + K 2v
N2 d
as turbulent, and FR = 1.0.
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Liquid Sizing Sample Problems
To compute K for a valve installed between identical Assuming a 4-inch valve, Cv = 203. This value was de-
concentric reducers: termined from the flow coefficient table for a Class 300,
4-inch Design ES valve with an equal percentage cage.
k = K 1 + K 2
Recalculate the required Cv using an assumed Cv value
2 of 203 in the Fp calculation.
= 1.5 1 d 2
D
2
where,
k = K 1 + K 2
2
(3) 2
= 1.5 1
(8) 2 2
= 1.5 1 d 2
D
2
= 1.11
2
where,
= 1.5 1 16
64
D = 8 in., the internal diameter of the piping so,
= 0.84
12
2 and
F p = 1 + 1.11 121
890 32
12
2
Cv
Fp = 1.0 + K
= 0.90 N 2 d2
12
Drop). 2
= 1.0 + 0.84 203
890 4 2
Based on the small required pressure drop, the flow will
not be choked (i.e., Pmax > P).
= 0.93
5. Determine FR, the Reynolds number factor.
and
Under the specified service conditions, no correction q
factor will be required for Rev (i.e., FR = 1.0). Cv =
q = 800
Cv = 1.00.93 25
N 1 Fp P 1P 2
G
f
0.5
= 121.7
= 800
This solution indicates only that the 4-inch valve is large
1.00.90 25 enough to satisfy the service conditions given. There
0.5
may be cases, however, where a more accurate predic-
= 125.7 tion of the Cv is required. In such cases, the required Cv
should be redetermined using a new Fp value based on
7. Select the valve size using the flow coefficient table the Cv value obtained above. In this example, Cv is
and the calculated Cv value. 121.7, which leads to the following result:
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Liquid Sizing Sample Problems
12
2
where,
= 1.0 + 0.84 121.7
890 42
P1 = 389.7 psia, given in step 1
P2 = 114.7 psia, given in step 1
= 0.97 Pv = 41.9 psia, given in step 1
FF = 0.90, determined from figure 1
The required Cv then becomes:
Assume FL = 0.84 (from the flow coefficient table, 0.84
q appears to be a representative FL factor for Design ED
Cv =
N 1 Fp P 1P 2
G
f
valves with a linear cage.) Therefore,
D Service conditions 7. Select the valve size using the flow coefficient table
and the calculated Cv value.
q = 2200 gpm
P1 = 375 psig = 389.7 psia A 3-inch Class 300 Design ED valve with a linear cage
P2 = 100 psig = 114.7 psia has a Cv of 133 at 80-percent travel and should be satis-
P = P1 - P2 = 275 psi factory from a sizing standpoint. However, FL was as-
T1 = 270_F sumed to be 0.84, whereas for the 3-inch Design ED
Gf = 0.93 valve at maximum travel, FL is 0.82. Reworking the prob-
Pv = 41.9 psia lem using the actual value of FL yields Pmax = 236.7
psi. These result in required Cv values of 137.6 (using
2. Determine an N1 value of 1.0 from table 2. the assumed FL of 0.84) and 137.9 (using the actual FL
value of 0.82), which would require the valve to be
3. Determine Fp, the piping geometry factor. 85-percent open.
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Liquid Sizing Sample Problems
14
T1 = 15.6_C = 289_K 0.68 2234 2
(7600)(1.0)(300)
Gf = 0.908 Re v = +1
(8000) (0.68)(234) 0.0021480
4
= 8000 centistokes
b. Calculate Rev, the Reynolds number: To obtain a more precise valve sizing measurement, the
problem can be reworked using the calculated Cv value
of 377. For the required 100 mm (4-inch) Design V100
14
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Sizing Valves for Compressible Fluids
FL = 0.71 yields FR = 0.61 and Cv = 383. Because the Use either N6 or N8 if sizing the valve for a flow rate in
tabulated Cv value, 377, is very close to the recalculated mass units (i.e., lb/h or kg/h). Which of the two constants
Cv value, 383, the valve sizing procedure is complete, to use depends upon the specified service conditions. N6
and the determined 100 mm (4-inch) valve opened to 80 can be used only if the specific weight, 1 of the flowing
degrees valve travel should be adequate for the required gas has been specified along with the other required
specifications. service conditions. N8 can be used only if the molecular
weight, M, of the gas has been specified.
3. Determine Fp , the piping geometry factor. Fp is a
correction factor that accounts for any pressure losses
Sizing Valves for Compressible due to piping fittings such as reducers, elbows, or tees
Fluids that might be attached directly to the inlet and outlet con-
nections of the control valves to be sized. If such fittings
Following is a six-step procedure for the sizing of control are attached to the valve, the Fp factor must be consid-
valves for compressible flow using the ISA standardized ered in the sizing procedure. If, however, no fittings are
procedure. Each of these steps is important and must be attached to the valve, Fp has a value of 1.0 and simply
considered during any valve sizing procedure. Steps 3 drops out of the sizing equation.
and 4 concern the determination of certain sizing factors
that may or may not required in the sizing equation de- Also, for rotary valves valves with reducers, Fp factors
pending on the service conditions of the sizing problem. are included in the appropriate flow coefficient table. For
If it is necessary for one or both of these sizing factors to other valve designs and fitting styles, determine the Fp
be included in the sizing equation for a particular sizing factors by using the procedure for Determining Fp the
problem, refer to the appropriate factor determination Piping Geometry Factor, which is located in the section
section(s), which is referenced and located in the follow- for Sizing Valves for Liquids.
ing text.
4. Determine Y, the expansion factor, as follows:
1. Specify the necessary variables required to size the x
valve as follows: Y=1
3 Fk xT
D Desired valve design (e.g., Design ED with linear where,
cage); refer to the appropriate valve flow coefficient table in
this catalog Fk = k/1.4 the ratio of specific heats factor
k = Ratio of specific heats
D Process fluid (e.g., air, natural gas, steam, etc.) and x = P/P1, the pressure drop ratio
xT = The pressure drop ratio factor for valves installed
D Appropriate service conditions
without attached fittings. More definitively, xT is
q, or w, P1, P2 or P, T1, Gg, M, k, Z, and 1 the pressure drop ratio required to produce criti-
cal, or maximum, flow through the valve when
The ability to recognize which terms are appropriate for a Fk = 1.0.
specific sizing procedure can only be acquired through If the control valve to be installed has fittings such as
experience with different valve sizing problems. If any of reducers or elbows attached to it, then their effect is ac-
the above terms appear to be new or unfamiliar, refer to counted for in the expansion factor equation by replacing
table 1 for a complete definition. the xT term with a new factor xTP. A procedure for deter-
mining the xTP factor is described in the section for De-
2. Determine the equation constant, N.N is a numerical
termining xTP, the Pressure Drop Ratio Factor.
constant contained in each of the flow equations to pro-
vide a means for using different systems of units. values
for these various constants and their applicable units are Note
given in table 2.
Conditions of critical pressure drop are
Use either N7 or N9 if sizing the valve for a flow rate in realized when the value of x become equal
volumetric units (i.e., scfh or m3/h). Which of the two to or exceed the appropriate value of the
constants to use depends upon the specified service product of either Fk xT or Fk xTP at which
conditions. N7 can be used only if the specific gravity, point:
Gg , of the flowing gas has been specified along with the
other required service conditions. N9 can be used only if y=1 x = 1 13 = 0.667
the molecular weight, M, of the gas has been specified. 3 Fk xT
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Determining XTP
Cd
1
fied: 2
xT xT K i v
x TP = 1+
Fp 2 N5 2
q
Cv =
N 9F pP 1Y x
M T1 Z
where,
A v = (2.40X10 5)(Cv) KB1 = Inlet Bernoulli coefficient (see the procedure for
Determining Fp the Piping Geometry Factor, which
6. Select the valve size using the appropriate flow coeffi- is contained in the section for Sizing Valves for
cient table and the calculated Cv value. Liquids).
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Compressible Fluid Sizing Sample Problems
Compressible Fluid Sizing Sample x = 0.70 (This was calculated in step 1.)
Problems Since conditions of critical pressure drop are realized
when the calculated value of x becomes equal to or ex-
ceeds the appropriate value of FkxT, these values should
Compressible Fluid Sizing Sample Problem be compared.
No. 1 F kxT = (0.94)(0.137)
Determine the size and percent opening for a Design
V250 valve operating with the following service condi- = 0.129
tions. Assume that the valve and line size are equal.
Because the pressure drop ratio, x = 0.70 exceeds the
calculated critical value, FkxT = 0.129, choked flow con-
1. Specify the necessary variables required to size the
ditions are indicated. Therefore, Y = 0.667and XLIM to
valve:
FkxT = 0.129.
D Desired valve designDesign V250 valve
5. Solve for required Cv using the appropriate equation.
D Process fluidNatural gas
q
Cv =
D Service conditions N 7 Fp P 1 Y x
Gg T 1 Z
P1 = 200 psig = 214.7 psia The compressibility factor, Z, can be assumed to be 1.0
P2 = 50 psig = 64.7 psia for the gas pressure and temperature given and Fp = 1
P = 150 psi because valve size and line size are equal.
x = P/P1 = 150/214.7 = 0.70
T1 = 60_F = 520_R So,
M = 17.38
Gg = 0.60 6.0 x 106
Cv =
k = 1.31
q = 6.0 x 106 scfh
(1360)(1.0)(214.7)(0.667) 0.129
(0.6)(520)(1.0)
= 1.31 = (0.94)(0.252)
1.40
= 0.237
= 0.94
The required Cv now becomes:
It is assumed that an 8-inch Design V250 Valve will be
adequate for the specified service conditions. From the q
flow coefficient table, xT for an 8-inch Design V250 valve Cv =
at 100-percent travel is 0.137.
N 7 Fp P 1 Y x
Gg T 1 Z
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Compressible Fluid Sizing Sample Problems
The reason that the required Cv has dropped so dramati- b. Process fluidsuperheated steam
cally is attributable solely to the difference in the xT val- c. Service conditions
ues at rated and 83 degrees travel. A Cv of 1118 occurs
between 75 and 80 degrees travel. w = 125,000 lb/h
P1 = 500 psig = 514.7 psia
The appropriate flow coefficient table indicates that xT is P2 = 250 psig = 264.7 psia
higher at 75 degrees travel than at 80 degrees travel. P = 250 psi
Therefore, if the problem were to be reworked using a x = P/P1 = 250/514.7 = 0.49
higher xT value, this should result in a further decline in T1 = 500_F
the calculated required Cv. 1 = 1.0434 lb/ft3 (from steam properties handbook)
k = 1.28 (from steam properties handbook)
Reworking the problem using the xT value corresponding
to 78 degrees travel (i.e., xT = 0.328) leaves: 2. Determine the appropriate equation constant, N, from
table 2.
x = Fk x T
Because the specified flow rate is in mass units, (lb/h),
and the specific weight of the steam is also specified, the
= (0.94)(0.328)
only sizing equation that can be used in that which con-
= 0.308 tains the N6 constant. Therefore,
N 6 = 63.3
and,
3. Determine Fp, the piping geometry factor.
q
Cv =
12
N 7 Fp P 1 Y x
Gg T 1 Z C
2
Fp = 1 + K 2v
N2 d
= 6.0 x 10 6
(1360)(1.0)(214.7)(0.667) 0.308
(0.6)(520)(1.0) where,
N2 = 890, determined from table 2
= 980 d = 4 in.
Cv = 236, which is the value listed in the flow coefficient
The above Cv of 980 is quite close to the 75 degree trav-
table for a 4-inch Design ED valve at 100-percent
el Cv. The problem could be reworked further to obtain a
total travel.
more precise predicted opening; however, at this point it
can be stated that, for the service conditions given, an and,
8-inch Design V250 valve installed in an 8-inch line will
be approximately 75 degrees open. k = K 1 + K 2
2
= 1.5 1 d 2
D
2
Compressible Fluid Sizing Sample Problem 2
No. 2
= 1.5 1 4 2
6
2
Assume steam is to be supplied to a process designed
to operate at 250 psig. The supply source is a header = 0.463
maintained at 500 psig and 500_F. A 6-inch line from the
Finally:
steam main to the process is being planned. Also, make
the assumption that if the required valve size is less than
12
(1.0)(236)
2
6 inches, it will be installed using concentric reducers.
Determine the appropriate Design ED valve with a linear Fp = 1 + 0.463
890 (4) 2
cage.
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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Compressible Fluid Sizing Sample Problems
= 0.95 = 0.96
x where D = 6 in.
Y=1
3 F k x TP
so:
where,
1
2
(0.69)(0.96) 236
k x TP = 0.692 1 +
Fk = 0.95 1000 42
1.40
= 1.28 = 0.67
1.40
Finally:
= 0.91
Y=1 x
x = 0.49(This was calculated in step 1.) 3 F k x TP
= 0.73
1
2
xT xT K i C v
x TP = 1+ 5. Solve for required Cv using the appropriate equation.
Fp 2 N5 d2
Cv = w
where, N 6 Fp Y x P 1 1
= 0.5 1 d 2
D
2
2
+ 1 d
D
4 size (3 inches) has a Cv of only 148, it can be surmised
that the assumed size is correct. In the event that the
calculated required Cv had been small enough to have
been handled by the next smaller size or if it had been
= 0.5 1 4 2
6
2
2
+ 1 4
6
4 larger than the rated Cv for the assume size, it would
have been necessary to rework the problem again using
values for the new assumed size.
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FSP Vapor Pressure Calculation (v1.4)
Version 1.4 of the Fisher Sizing Program offers the abili- The coefficients a, b, c, and d have been determined for
ty to estimate the vapor pressure of fluids at the given all of the fluids contained in the internal fluids library
service temperature. These estimations are based on a (non-editable) by curve fitting to published data. Provi-
correlation of actual Pv data for the specified fluid to the sions to input these values for user defined fluids are
following form of the Wagner equation: provided in the external library (editable). While these
coefficients can be found for some fluids in the general
(1) literature, they are not widely available. For select cases
considered to be commercially strategic, support is avail-
a + b1.5 + c 3 + d 6
In Pvpr = Tr-min Tr Tr-max able to determine these coefficients for customer fluids.
Tr To obtain this support, please complete the data form on
the reverse side of this sheet and send to Applications
where, Engineering. Please note that a minimum of ten data
Pvpr = reduced vapor pressure = Pv/Pc points are recommended to define a good baseline
Tr = reduced temperature = T/Tc curve.
Pv = saturated vapor pressure
Pc = thermodynamic critical pressure As is evident on inspection of equation (1), the value of
= 1 - Tr the thermodynamic critical pressure is used in calculat-
Tr-min = reduced minimum temperature -- Tmin/Tc ing the value of the vapor pressure. The Pv coefficients
Tr-max = reduced maximum temperature = Tmax/Tc supplied in the internal library are based on the value of
Tmin = minimum valid calculation temperature the critical pressure contained in the library. Therefore, in
Tmax = maximum valid calculation temperature order to preserve the integrity of the Pv calculation, the
value of Pc cannot be changed within a calculation case
This equation was selected because of its overall supe- if the vapor pressure is being calculated. If it is desired to
riority to more widely used but simpler equations. This use an alternate value of Pc in lieu of the value supplied
equation replicates the actual shape of the vapor pres- by the fluid library, it will be necessary to disable the
sure curve well and yields accurate results over a fairly calculate Pv option and manually input both the Pc and
broad temperature range. For the fluids contained in the Pv values.
FSP v1.4 internal (non-editable) library, typical results
fall within the lessor of 1% or 1 psi of the reference The temperatures Tmin and Tmax establish the limits of
values for the individual fluids. Worst case results are the temperature range over which the calculation is con-
usually within the lessor of 3% or 5 psi. While the sidered valid (this version of the program will not con-
Antoine equation is widely used for vapor pressure cor- tend with extrapolations beyond these limits). Typically
relations, it is, in general, more limited in range over the upper temperature limit coincides with the thermody-
which accurate results can be obtained. Furthermore it is namic critical pressure, although there are instances
strictly limited to use within the prescribed temperature where this is not the case and Tmax < Tc. In no case is
range. Tmin less than the triple point temperature.
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Custom Pv Coefficient Request
Chemical Formula: 3
Physical Constants: 4
5
Critical Temperature, Tc =
6
Critical Pressure, Pc =
7
Triple Point Temperature, Ttp =
8
Molecular Weight, MW = 9
Specific Heat Ratio, ko = 10
11
12
Data Source*: j Lab Data
13
j Technical Ref.
14
15
j Other 16
17
18
*Optional information not required for coefficient determination
19
20
Representative
Office
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FSP Pulp Stock Sizing Calculations (v1.4)
Catalog 12
March 2006 - Page 2-19
Basic Method
Kp 0.83 (from Figure 2), therefore,
The pulp stock sizing calculation uses the following mod- Q = 1000 = 301
ified form of the basic liquid sizing equation: Cv =
Kp P (0.83) 16
Q = CvK p P (1)
Effect of fluid vaporization and choked flow of pulp stock
where:
on the effective pulp stock correction factor is not known
P = sizing pressure drop, psid
as of this writing. The effects of pulp stock on sound
Cv = valve flow coefficient
pressure level and cavitation are discussed below.
Kp = pulp stock correction factor
Q = volumetric flow rate, gpm
The uncertainty of this calculation is currently unknown,
The crux of this calculation is the pulp stock correction but should be considered to be greater than for normal
factor, Kp. This factor is the ratio of the pulp stock flow liquid sizing. As noted above, only the major effects of
rate to water flow rate under the same flowing condi- stock type and consistency and pressure drop are ac-
tions. It therefore modifies the relationship between Q, counted for. Tests conducted by Fisher Controls at
Cv, and P to account for the effects of the pulp stock Western Michigan University on low consistency stock
relative to that for water. The value of this parameter in affirm the general behavior reported in (1), although in
theory depends on many factors such as pulp stock some cases the degree of correction was not as signifi-
type, consistency, freeness, fiber length, valve type and cant. This suggests that the overall variance of this rela-
pressure drop. However, in practice it appears that the tively simple method may be moderate (e.g., estimated
dominant effects are due to three primary factors: pulp to be in excess of 10%).
EFisher Controls International LLC 1999, 2006; All Rights Reserved Printed in USA
FSP Pulp Stock Sizing Calculations (v1.4)
Catalog 12
April 1999 - Page 2-20
Fisher is a mark owned by Fisher Controls International LLC, a member of the Emerson Process Management
business division of Emerson Electric Co. Emerson Process Management, Emerson, and the Emerson logo are
trademarks and service marks of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.
www.Fisher.com
EFisher Controls International LLC 1999; All Rights Reserved Printed in USA
FSP Pulp Stock Sizing Calculations (v1.4)
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FSP Pulp Stock Sizing Calculations (v1.4)
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Technical Information
Table 1. Length
To
Obtain millimeter meter inch feet yard
by
mm m in ft yd
Multiply
Number of
millimeters 1 0.001000 0.03937 0.003281 0.001094
meters 1000 1 39.37 3.281 1.094
inches 25.40 0.02540 1 0.08333 0.02778
feet 304.8 0.3048 12.00 1 0.3333
yards 914.4 0.9144 36.00 3.00 1
Note: 1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters = 1000 millimeters = 0.001 kilometers = 1 x 106 microns
Table 2. Area
To square
Obtain square meter square inch square feet square yard
by millimeter
m2 in2 ft2 yd2
Multiply mm2
Number of
square meters 1 1,000,000 1550 10.76 1.196
square millimeters 0.000001 1 0.001550 0.00001076 0.000001196
square inches 0.0006452 645.1 1 0.006944 0.0007716
square feet 0.09290 92,900 144.0 1 0.1111
square yards 0.8361 836,100 1296 9.000 1
Table 3. Volume
To cubic Imperial
Obtain cubic meter liter cubic inch cubic foot U.S. gallon
by centimeter gallon
m3 l in3 ft3 U.S. gal
Multiply cm3 Imp gal
Number of
m3 1 1,000,000 1000 61,020 35.31 220.0 264.2
cm3 0.000001000 1 0.001000 0.06102 0.00003531 0.0002200 0.0002642
liter 0.001000 1000 1 61.02 0.03531 0.2200 0.2642
in3 0.00001639 16.39 0.01639 1 0.0005787 0.003605 0.004329
ft3 0.02832 28,320 28.32 1728 1 6.229 7.480
Imp gal 0.004546 4546 4.546 277.4 0.1605 1 1.201
U.S. gal 0.003785 3785 3.785 231.0 0.1337 0.8327 1
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Technical Information Continued
Table 4. Mass
To
Obtain Ounce Pound Short ton Long ton Kilogram Metric ton
by
oz lb sh ton L ton Kg tonne
Multiply
Number of
Ounces 1 0.06250 0.00003125 0.00002790 0.02835 0.00002835
Pounds 16.00 1 0.0005000 0.0004464 0.4536 0.0004536
Short tons 32,000 2000 1 0.8929 907.2 0.9072
Long tons 35,840 2240 1.120 1 1016 1.016
Kilograms 35.27 2.205 0.001102 0.0009842 1 0.001000
Metric tons 35,270 2205 1.102 0.9842 1000 1
Table 5. Density
To kilogram per pound per
Obtain gram per pound per cubic
by cubic meter cubic foot
milliliter g/ml inch lb/in3
Multiply kg/m3 lb/ft3
Number of
g/ml 1 1000 62.43 0.03613
kg/m3 0.001000 1 0.06243 0.00003613
lb/ft3 0.01602 16.02 1 0.0005787
lb/in3 27.68 27,680 1728 1
Table 6. Velocity
To feet per kilometer per
Obtain feet per minute miles per hour meter per second meter per minute
by second hour
ft/min mi/hr m/sec m/min
Multiply ft/sec km/hr
Number of
ft/sec 1 60.00 0.6818 0.3048 18.29 1.097
ft/min 0.01667 1 0.01136 0.005080 0.3048 0.01829
mi/hr 1.467 88.00 1 0.4470 26.82 1.609
m/sec 3.280 196.9 2.237 1 60.00 3.600
m/min 0.05468 3.281 0.03728 0.01667 1 0.06000
km/hr 0.9113 54.68 0.6214 0.2778 16.67 1
Table 8. Force
To
Obtain kilonewton kilogram force pound force poundal
by KN kgf lbf pdl
Multiply
Number of
kilonewtons 1 102.0 224.8 7233
kilogram force 0.009807 1 2.205 70.93
pound force 0.004448 0.4536 1 32.17
poundal 0.0001383 0.01410 0.03108 1
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Technical Information (Continued)
Table 9. Power
To kilogram force foot pound force
Obtain Watt metric horsepower
by meter per second per second
W horsepower hp
Multiply kgf m/sec ft lbf/sec
Number of
W 1 0.1020 .001360 0.7376 0.001341
kgfm/sec 9.807 1 0.01333 7.233 0.01315
metric hp 735.5 75.00 1 542.5 0.9863
ft lb/sec 1.356 0.1383 0.001843 1 0.001818
horsepower 745.7 76.04 1.014 550.0 1
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Technical Information Continued
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Leakage Specifications
Class II 0.5% valve capacity at full travel Air Service nP or 50 psid (3.4 bar differential),
whichever is lower, at 50 to 125_F (10 to 52_C)
Class III 0.1% valve capacity at full travel Air Service nP or 50 psid (3.4 bar differential),
whichever is lower, at 50 to 125_F (10 to 52_C)
Class IV 0.01% valve capacity at full travel Air Service nP or 50 psid (3.4 bar differential),
whichever is lower, at 50 to 125_F (10 to 52_C)
5 x 10--4 mL/min/psid/in. port dia.
Class V Water Service nP at 50 to 125_F (10 to 52_C)
(5 x 10--12 m3/sec/bar differential/mm port dia)
Nominal Port
Diameter Bubbles per mL per
Minute Minute
Inch mm
1 25 1 0.15
1-1/2 38 2 0.30
Class VI Air Service nP or 50 psid (3.4 bar differential),
2 51 3 0.45
whichever is lower, at 50 to 125_F (10 to 52_C)
2-1/2 64 4 0.60
3 76 6 0.90
4 102 11 1.70
6 152 27 4.00
8 203 45 6.75
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Valve Sizing for
Cavitating and Flashing Liquids
(Continued)
A1257
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Valve Sizing for
Liquid-Gas Mixtures
Because of the possibility of choked flow occurring, the Figure 1. Cv Correction Factor, Fm
liquid sizing drop may also have to be limited by the
equation:
P (allow) = K m(P 1 r c P v) *
Nomenclature
Cv = Standard liquid sizing coefficient
Cvr = Cv required for mixture flow
Cvl = Cv for liquid phase
Cg = Cg for gas phase
Cvg = Cv required for gas phase = Cg/C1
C1 = Cg/Cv ratio for valve
Fm = Cv correction factor
Km = Valve recovery coefficient
P = Valve pressure drop, psi
P1 = Valve inlet pressure, psia
Pv = Liquid vapor pressure, psia
Qg= Gas flow, scfh
Ql = Liquid flow, scfh
Qs = Steam or vapor flow, lb/hr
rc = Critical pressure ratio
T1 = Inlet Temperature, _Rankine (_R = _F + 460_) Figure 2. Pressure Drop Ratio Resulting in Critical Gas Flow
Vg = Gas flow, ft3/sec
*See equation 1 of Valve Sizing for Cavitating and Flashing Liquids in this section.
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Valve Sizing for
Liquid-Gas Mixtures
(Continued)
Sizing Examples required gas sizing coefficient for the gas phase (Cg) is
2710.
Liquid-Gas Mixture
= 0.498
1. The pressure drop ratio of the application (P/P1 =
40/414.7 -- 0.096) does not exceed that required for Then from figure 1 at Vr = 0.498:
100% critical flow (0.40 from figure 2). Check the maxi-
mum allowable liquid pressure drop:
F m = 0.475
P (allow) = K m(P 1 r c P v)
The critical pressure ratio (rc) is 0.84 from figure 2 of
5. Calculate the Cv required for the mixture:
Valve Sizing for Cavitating and Flashing Liquids at Va-
por Pressure/Critical Pressure = 30/200 = 0.15. C vr = (C vl + Cvg)(1 + Fm) (1)
P (allow) = 0.40 [414.7 (0.84)(30)] = (581 + 110)(1 + 0.475)
= 156 psi = 1020
Liquid-Vapor Mixture
Since the pressure drop ratio is less than that required
for 100% critical gas flow and the pressure drop is less Given:
than the maximum allowable liquid pressure drop, use
the given pressure drop of 40 psi in the remaining steps. Mixture flow (Q) = 200,000 lb/hr of wet steam
Quality (x) = 0.05
Inlet pressure (P1) = 84.7 psia (70 psig)
2. Using the Universal Valve Sizing Slide Rule or sizing Pressure drop (P) = 50 psi
nomographs, the calculated required liquid sizing coeffi- C1 of valve under consideration = 21.0
cient for the liquid phase (Cvl) is 581 and the calculated Km of valve under consideration = 0.50
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Valve Sizing for
Liquid-Gas Mixtures
Continued
F m = 0.97
4. Before determining the Cv required for the liquid
phase, calculate the maximum allowable liquid pressure 6. Calculate the Cv required for the mixture:
drop: C vr = (C vl + Cvg)(1 + Fm) (1)
= (216 + 111) (1 + 0.97)
P (allow) = K m (P 1 r cP v)
= 644
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Saturated Steam
Pressure and Temperature
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Saturated Steam
Pressure and Temperature
Continued
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Saturated and Superheated Steam
Density/Temperature
Curve
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Velocity Equations
Sonic Velocity
Sonic velocity for a fluid that obeys the perfect gas law can be found by using the flowing equation:
c = kgRT
Mach Numbers
Inlet and outlet Mach numbers for a control valve can be calculated from:
1 1 1
12
12
2 2
2
= 1 1
M1 A1
M2 + M2 + 2
k1 1 PP 1 A2 1 k1 k1
Calculate Mean Velocity
Actual velocity at valve inlet or outlet can be determined by multiplying the sonic velocity times the Mach number.
V = cM
Qv
V=
25 A
Note
To solve the equation, use steam tables to find the steam specific volume (v) for the pressure and tem-
perature at the flow stream location where it is desired to determine velocity. Use the flow stream cross-
sectional area at the same location.
Definition of Terms
A= Cross sectional area of the flow stream, square
inches---- see tables 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 M= Mean Mach number
c= Speed of sound in the fluid, feet per second P= Pressure, psia
Cg = Gas Sizing Coefficient Q= Vapor flow rate, pounds per hour
Cv = Liquid Sizing Coefficient R= 1545
C1 = Cg/Cv Individual gas constant, molecular weight
P = Pressure drop
g= Gravitational constant, 32.2 feet per second T= Temperature, Rankine_R = _F + 460_
squared v= Vapor specific volume, cubic feet per pound
k= Specific heat ratio V= Mean velocity, feet per second
Specific heat at constant pressure sub 1 = Upstream or inlet conditions
Specific heat at constant volume sub 2 = Downstream or outlet conditions
see table 1 for common values
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Velocity Equations
Table 2. Flow Area for e-body, Design EU, and EW Valve Bodies (1, 2) (Square Inches),
Not Appropriate for Design FB, EH, and HP Valve Bodies
ANSI CLASS RATING
VALVE SIZE, 150 and 300 600 900(3)
INCH Flow Area, Valve Diameter (dv) Flow Area, Valve Diameter (dv) Flow Area, Valve Diameter (dv)
Inch2 mm Inch Inch2 mm Inch Inch2 mm Inch
1 0.79 25.4 1.00 0.79 25.4 1.00 --- --- ---
1-1/2 1.8 38.1 1.50 1.8 38.1 1.50 --- --- ---
2 3.1 50.8 2.00 3.1 50.8 2.00 --- --- ---
2-1/2 4.9 63.5 2.50 4.9 63.5 2.50 --- --- ---
3 7.1 76.2 3.00 7.1 76.2 3.00 --- --- ---
4 13 102 4.00 13 102 4.00 --- --- ---
6 28 152 6.00 28 152 6.00 --- --- ---
8 50 203 8.00 49 200 7.87 44 190 7.50
10 79 254 10.00 75 248 9.75 --- --- ---
12 113 305 12.00 108 298 11.75 97 283 11.12
16 171 375 14.75 171 375 14.75 154 356 14.00
20 262 464 18.25 262 464 18.25 --- --- ---
24 380 559 22.00 380 559 22.00 --- --- ---
1. Use class rating of valve body shell. For example, a Design E 6 size, butt weld valve schedule 80 is available in classes 600, 1500 and 2500 shells. Likewise, a Design EW 8 x 6
size butt weld valve body, schedule 80, is available in either shell class 600 or 900.
2. All of the 12-inch and larger Design EU valves and the 16x12-inch and larger Design EW valves are only Class 600. The lighter flanges (Class 150 to 300) are made from Class 600
flanged castings, with Class 600 flow areas. However, Class 150 and 300 12-inch Design EU valves manufactured in Cernay have Class 300 flow areas.
3. Design E ANSI Class 900, 3 through 6 flanged valve body uses a class 1500 shell.
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Velocity Equations
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Velocity Equations
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