Sobotta - Atlas Human Anatomy Volume2 14th Edition (WWW - Irananatomy.ir) PDF
Sobotta - Atlas Human Anatomy Volume2 14th Edition (WWW - Irananatomy.ir) PDF
Sobotta - Atlas Human Anatomy Volume2 14th Edition (WWW - Irananatomy.ir) PDF
Volume2
Trurk, Viscera,LowerLimb
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7 0 4c o t o u rp t a t e sw i t h 9 1 4t i g u r e s
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Atlasof HumanAnatomy
Volume2
LowerLimb
Trunk,Viscera,'
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Contents
Preface vl
Abdominat viscera 128-181
Back 1-1.5 Stomach,Gaster. ...128-133
Smatl.intestine,Intestinumtenue . . . 134-137
S u r f a c ea n a t o m y 1 138-141
L a r g ei n t e s t i n eI,n t e s t i n u mc r a s s u m
Vertebralcotumn,Cotumnavertebratis 2-25 L i v e r ,H e p a r ,g a t t b t a d d e rV, e s i c ab i t i a r i s ,
M u s c L eos f t h e b a c k ,M u s c u t d i o r s i ,s u b o c c i p i t a L ..... 142-151
a n d b i t ed u c ts y s t e m
m u s c t e sM , u s c u t si u b o c c i p i t a t easn, d m u s c l e s 152-155
P a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s
of the neck, MusculicoLl.i. . . 26-34 156
S p l e e nS , p t e n[ L i e n J
C o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cs e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e v e r t e b r a I 157
P e r i t o n e acI a v i t yC, a v i t a sp e r i t o n e a t i sd,e v e t o p m e n.t .
column 35 , i t u sv i s c e r u m . . . 1 5 8 - 1 6 7
L o c a t i o no f t h e a b d o m i n avI i s c e r aS
V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e b a c ka n d t h e o c c i p i t a L 168
A b d o m i n aal r t e r i e s o , verview
regron . 3 6 - 4 0 A b d o m i n avl e i n s ,o v e r v i e w 169
V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e v e r t e b r a cl a n a l . 4 1 - 1 + 5 C o e t i a ct r u n c a n d s u p e r i o ra s w e [ [ a s i n f e r i o r
m e s e n t e r i ca r t e r i e sa n d v e i n s ,T r u n c u sc o e [ i a c u s ,
A r t e r i a ee t V e n a em e s e n t e r i c aseu p e r i o re t i n f e r i o r 170-178
T h o r a c i ca n d a b d o m i n a w I a[[ 1,6-73 Vessetsand nervesof the retroperitonealspace . . . . 179
S u r f a caen a t o m y 46 h e p a t i s 1 8 0 -181
R i b sC, o s t a et h, o r a c i.c. u i , u ,b . u . . t f ' o r . . i , . ... . 1+7-49
S t e r n u mS, t e r n u m 50-51
M u s c L eos f t h e t h o r a x ,M u s c u Lt ih o r a c i s a, n d space 182-251
PelvicvisceraandretroperitoneaI
a b d o m i n am I u s c t e sM, u s c u [a i bdominis 52-59 K i d n e yR, e nl N e p h r o s l ...... 182-1BB
I n g u i n acI a n a [. . 6 0 - 61 S u p r a r e n a I g l . a nGdL,a n d u it .r p . " r " n . i i r . . . : : : : : . . . 189
D i a p h r a g mD, i a p h r a g m a 62-63 U r i n a r y b t a d d e r , V e s i c a u r i n a r i a .....150-191
B r e a s tM , amma .. 64-65 M a L e u r i n a r y a n d g e n i t a l o r g a n s . ....192-199
V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t h o r a c i ca n d a b d o m i n aw
I aLt 6 6 Femaleurinaryand genitalorgans . . . 200-209
S e g m e n t asI e n s o r yi n n e r v a t i o n 6 7 R e c t u m ,R e c t u m .. 210-215
L u m b o s a c r apLt e x u s P , l e x u s[ u m b o s a c r a I i s 6 B R e n a l a r t e r yA, r t e r i ar e n a t i s 216
A n t e r i o ra b d o m i n aw l at[ . . 69-71 O r g a n so f t h e r e t r o p e r i t o n e as lp a c e 217
S e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e a b d o m i n aw I at[. . . 7 2 - 7 3 Vessetsand nervesof the retroperitoneaIspace . . . . . 218-221
lnnervatioo n f m a t eg e n i t a t i a 222
lnnervatioo n f f e m a l eg e n i t a t i a 223
. 71-127 l n t e r n a pl e t v i ca r t e r i e s ..... 224-225
Heart,Cor Petvicviscera .....226-229
74-89
T r a c h e aT, r a c h e a 90-91 P e L v idc i a p h r a g ma n d p e r i n e u m m , a L ea n d f e m a t e
e x t e r n agl enitatia 230-2/+1
L u n g sP, u L m o n e. s. . 92-100
S h a o eo f t h e h e a r t 101 S e c t i o n st h r o u g ha b d o m e na n d p e t v i s 242-261
Bronchoscopy 102
Projection o f t r a c h e a [, u n g sa n d p [ e u r a Ib o r d e r s . . . . . 103
0 e s o p h a g u s0, e s o p h a g u s 104-109 Lowertimb.. .....262-381
ThymusT , hymus 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 S u r f a c ea n a t o m y 262
, a v i t a sp [ e u r a t i sa, n d m e d i a s t i n u m ,
P [ e u r a cI a v i t y C 263-305
B o n e s j,o i n t s ,[ t g a m e n t s
Mediastinum 112-113 M u s c t e so f t h e L o w e rt i m b . . 306-343
Aorta,Aorta 1 1 / + Vessetsand nerves 344-379
Posteriom r ediastinum 11s-116 380-384
A u t o n o m o unse r v o u s y s t e m P , a r s a u t o n o m i c. a. . . . . 117
P h r e n i cn e r v e ,N e r y u sp h r e n i c u s 118
S e c t i o n st h r o u q ht h e t h o r a x -127
119
Appendix 385-399
tnoex . . .. 385-399
Preface
I t w a s j u s t o v e r a h u n d r e dy e a r sa g o t h a t J o h a n n e sS o b o t t as e t - C o n f u s i o ni s k e p t t o a m i n i m u mb y o n t yd e p i c t i n gI i m b so f t h e
o u t t o p u b t i s ht h e f i r s t e d i t i o no f h i s A t [ a s o f H u m a nA n a t o m y . r i g h t s i d eo f t h e b o d y
S i n c et h e n ,t h i s p i e c eo f w o r k h a s e v o l v e ds t e p b y s t e p a s a r e - - " C o m p a s sr o s e s " p o i n t t o a d j a c e n tf i g u r e s ,t h u s f a c i L i t a t i n g
s u L to f t h e c o n s t a n ti n t e r a c t i o nb e t w e e ns t u d e n t s [, e c t u r e r sa n d fotlowinga givenstructureover severaIpages
e d i t o r s .l t h a s n o t o n t yb e e nt h e m o s t m o d e r nb a s i sf o r t h e c o m - - C o n t i n u o u [se a d e rI i n e sf a c i L i t a tfei n d i n go f s t r u c t u r e s
p t e xs u b j e c to f m a c r o s c o p i ac n a t o m yt h r o u g h o u m t a n yg e n e r a - - C o L o u r e d o t s a t t h e e n d o f l e a d e r[ i n e s i n t o p o g r a p h i cd i a -
t i o n s o f d o c t o r s ,b u t h a s a L s od e v e t o p e di n t o a L a s t i n gw o r k o f g r a m s m a r k a r t e r i e s v, e i n s ,n e r v e s a , ndmusctes
reference f o r b o t hc t i n i c atIr a i n i n ga n d a d v a n c e dm e d i c a eLduca- - T h e f i g u r e si n t h e b o o k t e tr e l a t ed i r e c t [ yt o t h e f i g u r e si n t h e
t i o n .A t Li n a L l .i ,t h a s b e c o m ea b o o kf o r a m e d i c a Id o c t o r ' sL i f e . attas
0 n c e a g a i n ,i n t h i s n e w e d i t i o nt h e a d d i t i o n afIi g u r e sh a v eb e e n - T h e [ a r g e rd i m e n s i o n so f t h e b o o ki m p r o v ec [ a r i t y
d r a w ns t r i c t t yo n t h e b a s i so f o r i g i n a I s p e c i m e n s
W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o no f d i s c u s s i o n as b o u tt h e g e n e r a lc o n c e p to f
T h e 1 4 t he d i t i o nh a s b e e np a r t i c u t a r l .dye s i g n e dt o m e e t t h e d e - t h e a t t a sa n d m u t u a Ic o r r e c t i o nt,h e e d i t o r sh a v ew o r k e ds e p a -
m a n d so f a r e f o r m e dm e d i c a cI u r r i c u t u m e, m p h a s i z i n tgh e i n t e - r a t e t yo n i n d i v i d u a t c h a p t e rws i, t h t h e w o r k d i v i d e da s f o t t o w s :
g r a t i o no f c L i n i c am I e d i c i n ei n t o t h e p r e c L i n i c acLu r r i c u L u mF. o r R . P u t z : G e n e r a Ia n a t o m y ,u p p e r [ i m b , b r a i n ,e y e , e a r , b a c k ,
t h i s p u r p o s e t, h e n e w e d i t i o nh a s b e e ne x t e n d e dt o i n c l u d et h e l o w e rt i m b ;
f o l t o w i n gf e a t u r e s : R . P a b s t : H e a d ,n e c k ,t h o r a c i ca n d a b d o m i n a w I a t l s ,t h o r a c i c ,
- S u r f a c e a n a t o m y i n c l u d i n g p r o j e c t i o no f i n t e r n a I o r g a n s a b d o m i n aaI n d p e L v ivci s c e r a .
[ 4 5 c o L o u pr h o t o s ]
- AnatomicaIdiagram n es x tt o i m a g i n gf i g u r e s T h e i n c L u s i o on f a [ a r g e n u m b e r o f n e w f i g u r e si s t h e r e s u [ to f
- I n t e g r a t i o no f i m a g i n gt e c h n i q u e st o a g r e a t e re x t e n t{ u [ t r a - t h e e x t r a o r d i n a rcya p a b i l . i ot yf t h e f o t l o w i n gm e d i c a Ii L l u s t r a t o r s :
s o u n d ,X - r a y ,C T ,M R I ;11 9 f i g u r e s l U L r i k eB r u g g e r , R i . i d i g e H r i m m e l h a na n d H o r s t R u B . l t i s t o
- E n d o s c o p i ci n , t r a o p e r a t i vceo [ o u ri m a g e sa n d f i g u r e se x e m - t h e i r c r e d i tt h a t t h e c t a s s i c" S 0 B 0 T T As t y l . e h" a s b e e nr e t a i n e d .
p L i f y i ntge c h n i q u e so f p u n c t u r ea n d e x a m i n a t i o (n5 4f i g u r e s l Severao L f t h e d i a g r a m sh a v eb e e ng e n e r a t e do n t h e c o m p u t e r
- l m a g e so f p a t i e n t sp r e s e n t i n g w i t h t y p i c a lp. a [ s i e s b y H e n r i e t t eR i n t e L e nW. e a l s o g r a t e f u t l ya c k n o w l e d g o eu r c t i n i -
- D i a g r a m so f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n a t r t e r i a lv a r i a t i o n s( 9 3f i g u r e s l c a I c o t L e a g u efso r m a k i n g c t i n i c a Ii t l u s t r a t i o n sa v a i L a b [teo u s
- F r e q u e nvt a r i a t i o n si n t h e [ o c a t i o no f i n t e r n a Lo r g a n s[ 2 1 f*i g - l s e e p i c t u r ec r e d i t s l W e o w e a d e b t o f g r a t i t u d et o o u r c o [ -
uresl L e a g u efsr o m t h e i n s t i t u t e sf o r t h e i r u n d e r s t a n d i nagn d h e l . p f u l .
- I n t e g r a t i o no f h i s t o L o gayt l o w m a g n i f i c a t i o o n f i m p o r t a n ti n - s u g g e s t i o n sD. r . N . S o k o L oav n d A . B u c h h o r nh a v ep u t m e t i c u -
t e r n a Io r g a n s{ i n t e s t i n eL, i v e rk, i d n e y e, t c . ) l o u s e f f o r t si n t o g e n e r a t i n gt h e s p e c i m e np r e p a r a t i o n sS. . F r y k
a n d G . H o p p m a n nh a v es u p p o r t e du s i n t e x t p r o c e s s i n g .
l n o r d e r t o i m p r o v et h e p r e s e n t a t i o o n f t h e k n o w t e d g et,h e f o L -
l o w i n gf e a t u r e sh a v eb e e ni n t r o d u c e d : T h e s t a f fo f t h e e d i t o r i a o
I f f i c eo f E t s e v i epr u b L i s h e r si n, p a r t i c u -
- C L e a r - c uatr r a n g e m e not f t h e c h a p t e r sa c c o r d i n g to the differ- [ a r D r . D . H e n n e s s e na n d A . G a t t n a r z i kh, a s o u r s i n c e r et h a n k s .
e n t r e g i o n so f t h e b o d y S o m eo f t h e c r e a t i v ed e v e L o p m e o n ft t h e w o r k i s a r e s u t to f v e r y
- T h e m a t i c a t tcyo r r e s p o n d i nf g i g u r e sp r e s e n t e d
ondoubLe pages f r u i t f u Id i s c u s s i o n sW. e w o u I da t s o L i k et o t h a n k R . H a u s d o r f o r
- A c o n c i s e ,s e p a r a t eb o o k t e t( i n c t u d e di n V o t u m e1 l c o n t a i n s t r e m e n d o u se f f o r t s i n t h e o r o d u c t i o no f t h e a t t a s . R . P u t z t o -
t a b t e so f m u s c t e s j, o i n t s a n d n e r v e s ,e n a b I i n gt h e r e a d e rt o g e t h e rw i t h G . M e i e rw e r e r e s p o n s i b l feo r t h e p r o o rf e a d i n ga n d
p t a c ei t n e x tt o a n y f i g u r ei n t h e a t [ a s simptificatioo n f p a g e d e s i g na n d l e g e n d s 0 u r s p e c i a [t h a n k s
g o t o D r . U . O s t e r k a m p - B a u sf to r g e n e r a t i n gt h e i n d e x ,a n d a t [
0 n e p a r t i c u t a ra i m o f t h e n e w e d i t i o ni s t o f a c i t i t a t ef i n d i n go f o t h e r s i n v o t v e di n t h e c o r r e c t i o n sW i t h o u r j o i n t e f f o r t s ,t h e
s p e c i f i cs t r u c t u r e sT. h e S 0 B 0 T T Ad e p i c t sa n a t o m i c asI t r u c t u r e s S 0 B 0 T T Ah a s b e e no n c em o r e m o d e r n i z e db o t h i n c o n t e n t sa n d
precisetw y i t h o u tt h e r e a d e rL o o s i n tgh e g r e a t e rp r c t u r eT. h e r e - d e s r gn .
f o r e ,s p e c i f i cd i d a c t i ct o o L sh a v eb e e ni m p r o v e da n d n e w a s p e c t s
inc[uded: W e h a v e i n c t u d e dm a n y o f t h e h e t p f u ts u g g e s t i o n sm a d e o v e r
- E a c hc h a p t e rh a s b e e na t l o c a t e dt o a p a r t i c u L acro t o u r t h e y e a r s b y s t u d e n t sa n d c o t l e a g u e sa, n d w o u L dt h e r e f o r ea s k
- A " m e n u b a r " o n e a c h d o u b t ep a g ee n s u r e sp r e c i s eo r i e n t a - a I Lr e a d e r so f t h i s e d i t i o nt o p a s so n t o u s a n y c r i t i c i s mo r s u g -
t i o n w i t h i na g i v e nc h a p t e r g e s t i o n so n t h e n e w f o r m a to f t h i s a t t a s .
- T h e n u m b e ro f o u t t i n e sd e p i c t i n gs p a t i a Io r i e n t a t i o nh a s b e e n
s i g n i f i c a n t tiyn c r e a s e d[ 2 7 0f i g u r e s l
- O v e r v i e wos f t o t a I b o d yr e g i o n se n s u r eg e n e r a Io r i e n t a t i o n
- N e w d i a g r a m so f p a r t i c u [ a rm u s c t e sc t a r i f yt h e i r L o c a t i oann d M u n i c ha n d H a n n o v e rS, e p t e m b e 2r 0 0 5
c o u r s e( 2 1f+i q u r e s l R . P u t za n d R . P a b s t
U n i v . - P r oD Putz
f .r .m e d .R e i n h a r d
Bornin Innsbruck/Austria
r sf iItnyn s b r u c k
1 9 6 2 - 1 9 6 8 S t u d i e dm e d i c i n ea t t h e L e o p o L d - F r a n z e n s - U n i v e o
19 6 8 Receiveda doctorate
1 9 6 8 - 1 9 8 2 U n i v e r s iat ys s i s t a natt t h eI n s t i t u toef A n a t o mayt t h eU n i v e r s iot yf I n n s b r u c k
1978 L e c t u r e ri n a n a t o m y
1979 C o n s u t t a nfto r a n a t o m y
1982-1989 C h a i ro f t h e A n a t o m i c aItn s t i t u t ea t t h e A [ b e r t - L u d w i g s - U n i v e r soi tf yF r e i b u r g
s i n c e1 9 8 9 C h a i ro f t h e A n a t o m i c aIln. s t i t u t ea t t h e L u d w i g - M a x i m i t i a n s - U n i v e ros fi tM yunich
1992-1994 P r e s i d e not f t h e E u r o o e a nA s s o c i a t i o on f C t i n i c aAt n a t o m i s t s
1993 R e g i s t r a t i otno p r a c t i s em e d i c i n e
1998-1999 C h a i r m a no f t h e A n a t o m r c aSI o c i e t y
1999 M e m b e ro f t h e A k a d e m i ed e r N a t u r f o r s c h eur n d A r z t e( L e o p o [ d i n a )
2002 y f C o n s t a n t aR, o m a n i a
D r .h . c .o f t h e U n i v e r s i t o
2003 P r o r e c t o rI o f t h e L u d w i g - M a x i m i t i a n s - U n i v e rosfi tM
yunich
U n i v . - P r oD Pabst
f .r .m e d .R e i n h a r d
B o r n i n P o s e ng
, r o w nu p i n L i . i n e b u r g
1 9 6 5 - 1 9 7 0 S t u d i e dm e d i c i n ea t t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS l c h o o ta, n d i n G l a s g o w / S c o t l a n d
1970 U n i v e r s i t dy e g r e ea n d d o c t o r a t e
1971 R e g i s t r a t i otno p r a c t i s em e d i c i n e
1971-76 Scientifia c s s o c i a t ei n t h e D e p a r t m e not f C [ i n i c aP I h y s i o t o g yU,n i v e r s i t o
yf Utm
1976 L e c t u r e rf o r C L i n i c aPl .h y s i o t o g yU,n i v e r s i t oy f U t m ,a n d n e w [ e c t u r e s h i a pt t h e
H a n n o v eM r e d i c aS I chooL
1976-80 S e n i o ra s s i s t a nitn t h e D e p a r t m e not f F u n c t i o n aaI n d A p p t i e dA n a t o m y ,
H a n n o v eM r e d i c aS t chooI
1978 Extension o f t h e V e n i al e g e n d ti o i n c t u d ea n a t o m y
1980-1992 H e a do f t h e D e p a r t m e not f T o p o g r a p h iAcn a t o m ya n d B i o m e c h a n i c s
s i n c e1 9 9 2 H e a do f t h e D e p a r t m e not f F u n c t i o n aat n d A p p t i e dA n a t o m y H , a n n o v eM r e d i c aS
l chool
1986-1990 P r o r e c t o fr o r s t u d i e sa n d e d u c a t i o nH, a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I chooI
1993-1997 D e a no f t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I chool
1997-1998 C h a i r m a no f t h e A n a t o m i c aSI o c i e t y
1999-2003 P r o r e c t o or f R e s e a r c ho f t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS l choot
2001 M e m b e ro f t h e A k a d e m i ed e r N a t u r f o r s c h eur n d A r z t eI L e o p o t d i n a l
Scapula,
Angulusinferior
M. latissimus
dorsi
M. erectorspinae
Articulatiosacroiliaca
M gluteusmaximus
VertebralumbalisV,
Proc spinosus
Fig.728 Back,Dorsum;
surfaceanatomv.
Lineaoaravertebralis
Lineascapularis
Lineaaxillarisoosterior
Regiointrascapularis
Skeletonof thetrunk
Columnavertebralis
(Parscervicalis)
Angulussuperior
Columnavertebralis
(Parsthoracica)
Columnavertebralis
(Parslumbalis)
Os sacrum
lvertebraesacralesl-V]
Spina iliaca
posterior inferior
Os coccvois
[Vertebra6coccygeael-lVl
Clavicula
Manubrium
sterni
Corpus
stern
i
Arcuscostalis
Costaxl
costaxll
Costaxl lumbalisI
Vertebra
Costaxll
Vertebralumbalis lll
Spina iliaca
anterior superior
Promontorium
Os
sacrum
Os
coccygrs
;,
Facies symphysialis
Spina
ischiadica Tuberischiadicum
Tuberischiadicum
VertebraL
column
Vertebrae
cefvicales
t-vtl
Disci
intervertebrales
Vertebrae
lumbales
Os sacrum Promontorium
Os coccygis
F i g .7 3 3 V e r t e b r ac Io t u m n , Fig.73l, VertebraLcoLumn, F i g .7 3 5 V e r t e b r ac Io t u m n ,
C o [ u m nvae r t e b r a [ i s ; C o l u m n av e r t e b r a t i s ; C o [ u m nvae r t e b r a t i s ;
ventraIview. dorsaIview. viewedfromthe teft.
VertebraI colLtmn, development
F i g . 7 3 6a - e R e g i o n acl h a r a c t e r i s t i cosf t h e v e r t e b r a e .
0 n t y i n t h e t h o r a c i cr e g i o no f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o l u m nd o
t h e [ a t e r a Ip a r t s( t a b e t t e idn r e d ] r e m a i ns e p a r a t e da n d
form ribs.
Epiphysis Proc.articularis[Zygapophysis]
anularis* supenor
Proc.
sprnosus
Epiphysis
anularis'
Proc costalis
Proc accessorius
Atlasand axis
Tuberculum
anterius
Arcusanterioratlantis
Foramen vertebrale
Faciesarticularis
supeflor lvlassalateralis
atlantis
Proc,
Foramen Iransversus
magnum
Foramen
Iransversanum
Sulcus
arteriae
vertebralis
occipitalis
externa) Arcusposterioratlantls
posterius
Tuberculum
Tuberculum
anterius Arcusanterioratlantis
Densaxis
Faciesarticularis
inferior Faciesarticularis
superior
Foveadentis Facies
Massalateralis articularis l\4assa lateralis atlantis
atlantis anterior
Fovea ArcusDosterior
atlantis
dentis
Proc articularis
supeflor
Apexdentis
Faciesarticularis
oosterior
Apexdentis
Faciesarticularis Proc articularis Corpusvertebrae
Densaxis anterior supenor
Foramen
transversarium
Proc articularis
supenor
Foramen
transversarium
Proc Tuberculum
articularis posterius Proc,articularis Arcusvertebrae
inferior inferior
Arcusvertebrae
Corpus
vertebrae Proc.spinosus Proc spinosus
F i g . 7 1 3 S e c o n dc e r v i c avLe r t e b r aA
, xis; Fig.711 SecondcervicaIvertebra,Axis;
ventraIview. d o r s o s u o e r i ovri e w .
Cervicalvertebrae
Uncuscorporis Uncicorporis
IProc.uncinatus] Corpusvertebrae, Corpusvertebrae, lProccuncinati]
Faciesintervertebralis Epiphysis
anularis
Tuberculum tsoramen Iransversaflum
anterius
Foramen
Sulcus transversaflum
Tuberculum
poslerius nerut
spinalis Proc
transversus
Proc articularis
supenor Proc,
articularis
supenor Pediculusarcus
Arcusvertebrae Foramen vertebrale vertebrae
Arcusvertebrae
Proc spinosus
Proc spinosus
F i g , 7 1 5 F i f t hc e r v i c a I v e r t e b r V a ,e r t e b r ac e r v i c a L V
i s; Fig.746 SeventhcervicaIvertebra,VertebracervicatisVll;
s u p e n o rv r e w . s u p e f l o rv r e w
T h e t i p s o f t h e s p i n o u sp r o c e s s e o s f the cervicaL I n g e n e r a It h e s e v e n t hc e r v i c avI e r t e b r ac a n b e e a s i L y
v e r t e b r a el l - V l a r e f r e q u e n t t yd i v i d e d . i d e n t i f i e db y i t s p r o t r u d i n gs p i n o u sp r o c e s sa n d i s
r e f e r r e dt o a s v e r t e b r ap r o m i n e n sI.n f a c t ,t h e s p i n o u s
processof the first thoracicvertebraoften protrudes
evenfurther.
f Tuberculum
anrenus
Proc 'II
transversus
I Tuberculum
poslenus
\
Corpusvertebrae
Foramen
transversarium
Sulcusnervi
spinalis
Uncicorporis
IProccuncinati]
F i g . 7 t 7 S e c o n dt o s e v e n t hc e r v i c avI e r t e b r a e , vertebrae,
Fig,718 First to seventhcervicaL
V e r t e b r a ec e r v i c a t elsl - V l l ' VertebraecervicaLesl-VlI I
ventraIview. dorso[ateraLview.
tt
Thoracic
and lumbarvertebrae
Corpusvertebrae,
Faciesintervertebralis
Epiphysis
anularis* Articulatio
capitis
costae
Fovea Caputcostae
costalis
supenor
Collumcostae
Pediculus
arcus
vertebrae Foveacostalissuperior
Foramen Proc transversus
Foramen costotransversarium
vertebrale
Fovea costalis
Proc adicularis processus transversl
lZygapophysisl Costa
supenor Corpus
vertebrae
Fovea
costalis Fovea costalis inferior
processus Tuberculum
transversi costae lncisuravertebralis
inferior
Proc transversus Lamrnaarcus Articulatio Proc articularisinterior
vertebrae costotransversaria Proc spinosus
Proc spinosus
Fig.719 Vertebra,Vertebra; F i g .7 5 0 S i x t ht h o r a c i cv e r t e b r aV
, e r t e b r at h o r a c i c aV l ;
t y p i c a sI t r u c t u r a fI e a t u r e se x e m p t i fe d b y t h e viewedfrom the teft.
f i f t h t h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a;
s u p e n o rv t e w .
+ Atso:rim of vertebraI body
Proc.articularis
supenor
Arcusvertebrae
Proc mamillaris
Proc accessorius
Corpus
verlebrae
Proc
sptnosus
Fovea costalis
Proc articularis
inferior
F i g . 7 5 2 T w e t f t h t h o r a c i c v e r t e b r a , V e r t e b r a t h o r a c i c a Xil;
viewed f rom the Left.
* R e g i o no f t h e v e r t e b r a Ia r c h b e t w e e nt h e s u p e r i o ra n d
F i g ,7 5 1 T e n t ht h o r a c i cv e r t e b r aV
, e r t e b r at h o r a c i c aX ; i n f e r i o ra r t i c u [ a rp r o c e s s e s
ventraLview. ( " i s t h m u s =" i n t e r a r t i c u L p aor rtionl
Corpusvertebrae
F i g .7 5 3 T h i r d[ u m b a rv e r t e b r aV , e r t e b r aL u m b a L il sl l ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o ns; p e c i m e n o f a n o L d e irn d i v i d u a [ .
* O s s i f i c a t ioofnt h e[ i q a m e n t o iunss e r t i o n s
;:ili'::.
Thoracicand lumbarvertebrae
Proc articularis
Fovea costalis supeflor
supenor Corpusvertebrae,
Foveacostalisprocessus Facies
transversi intervertebralis
Pediculus
arcus Foramenvertebrale
vedebrae
Proc
sprnosus Proc
costalis
Proc articularis
superlor
Laminaarcusvertebrae
Proc accessorius
Proc spinosus
, e r t e b r aL u m b a t i lsV ;
F i g .7 5 5 F o u r t h[ u m b a rv e r t e b r aV
s u p e n o rv r e w
Proc,articularis
supenor Proc costalis
Proc mamillaris
Corpusvertebrae
Proc costalis
Proc articularis
superior
Pediculus
arcusvertebrae
Epiphysis
anularis
Proc.spinosus
Laminaarcusvertebrae
Proc articularisinterior
+ R e g i o no f t h e v e r t e b r aaI r c hb e t w e e nt h e s u p e r i o ra n d i n f e r i o ra r t i c u [ a r
Fig.757 Fifth[umbarvertebra,Vertebra[umbatisV;
mediansection. process.Herein the fifth and Lessfrequentlyin the fourth [umbarvertebra
a cteft,bridgedby connectivetissuelspondylolysisl can be formed.This is
Notethe characteristic wedge-shape
of the bodyof the
probabtycausedby locatbendingstress.As a consequence, the superlor
f ifth [umbarvertebra.
vertebramay stip [otisthesislonto the inferiorvertebralspondylotisthesis).
> Back Muscles
Sacrum
Proc articularis
superior
Canalissacralis
Tuberositasossissacri
Faciesauricularis
Cristasacralislateralis
sacraliaposteriora
Foramina
Hiatussacralis
F i g .7 5 8 S a c r u m ,0 s s a c r u m ; Cornusacrale
d o r s a Iv i e w
Apexossissacri
Proc articularis
supeflor
Promontorium Parslateralis
Lineaetransversae Foramina
sacraliaanteriora
F i g ,7 5 9 S a c r u m ,0 s s a c r u m ;
v e n t r o i n f e r i ovri e w .
Apexossissacri
Promontorium
Alaossissacri
Parslateralis
Basisossissacri
Crista sacralis medialis
Proc articularis
superior
Canalis sacralis Cristasacralismediana
F i g . 7 6 0 S a c r u m ,0 s s a c r u m ;
t h e b o n eh a s b e e ns e c t i o n e da t t h e
[ e v e [o f t h e s e c o n ds a c r a Lv e r t e b r a :
s u D e n o rv t e w
Parslateralis
Proc articularissuperior------:r Parslateralis
Basisossissacri
Cristasacralis Canalissacralis
medlana
Foramina
sacralia Promontorium
posteriora
Cristasacralis
medtana
Facies pelvica
Cornusacrale
Cornu
coccygeum
Hiatussacralis
Os coccygis Apexossissacri
F i g . 7 6 2 S a c r u m ,O s s a c r u m ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n .
F i g . 7 6 1 S a c r u m0, s s a c r u m ; * Remnants of intervertebraI disctissue
v i e w e df r o mt h er i g h t . persistevenin theadutt.
F i g . 7 6 3 S a c r u m0,s s a c r u m ; F i g . 7 6 I , S a c r u m ,0 s s a c r u m ;
g e n d edr i f f e r e n c e s . o e n d e rd i f f e r e n c e s .
Cornucoccygeum
Cornu
coccygeum
Vertebra
coccygeaI
Vertebra
coccygeall
Vertebrae
coccygeae lll-V
Ramus Proc
mandibulae mastoideus
Palatum
osseum
Atlas,
Axis, Dens Tuberculum
posterius
Axis, Proc
sprnosus
A x i s ,C o r p u s
vertebrae Inctsura
vedebralis
inferior
Angulus Inctsura
mandibulae vertebralis
Ltngua supenor
Vertebra
c e r v i c a l i sl l l ,
Corpus
vertebrae
Epiglottis
Articulatio
zygapophysialis
Os hyoideum
Proc articularis
inlerior
Proc articularis
Discus inter- supeflor
vertebralis
Cartilago
cricoidea,
Lamtna Proc spinosus
Facies inter Pediculus
arcus
vertebrales vene0rae
Foramen
Vertebra intervertebrale
c e r v i c a l i sV l l ,
Corpus
vertebrae
F i g .7 6 7 C e r v i c avLe r t e b r a eV, e r t e b r a ec e r v i c a t e s ;
L a t e r arIa d i o g r a p ho f t h e c e r v i c a pL a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o L u m n ;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o nt;h e c e n t r a Ib e a mi s d i r e c t e d
o n t ot h e t h i r d c e r v i c avI e r t e b r a ;
s h o u t d e r sa r e p u L t e d o w n w a r d s .
Topography
Proc spinosus-
-
Proc transversus
- Uncicorporum
[Proccuncinati]
VertebracervicalisVl,
Corpusvertebrae
Corpusvertebrae
Foramenintervertebrale
Facies intervertebrales""
Proc spinosus
Pediculus
arcusvertebrae
F i g . 7 6 9 T h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a eV, e r t e b r a et h o r a c i c a e ; + Intervertebra d Ii s cs p a c e
* * C L i n i c at eLr m : e n d - p L a t e s
L a t e r arIa d i o g r a p ho f t h e t h o r a c i cp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cLo L u m n ;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o w
n i t h t h e t h o r a xi n i n s p i r a t i o n ;
t h e c e n t r a Ib e a m i s d i r e c t e do n t o t h e s i x t ht h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a .
Pediculus
arcusvertebrae
a^r^,,c v6d6hrr6
Costa
Articulatiocostotransversaria
Proc transversus
Articulatiocapitis costae
Caput costae
Facies intervertebralis
F i g . 7 7 O T h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a eV, e r t e b r a et h o r a c i c a e * Intervertebra
d Ii s cs p a c e
A P - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e t h o r a c i cp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cLo L u m n ;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o w
n i t h t h e t h o r a xi n i n s p i r a t i o n ;
t h e c e n t r a Lb e a m i s d i r e c t e do n t ot h e s i x t ht h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a
Lumbarpart of the vertebralcolumn,radiography
Vertebra
lumbalisl, Foraminaintervertebralia
Corpusvertebrae
Arcusvertebrae,
Pediculusarcusvertebrae
inferior
lncisuravertebralis
Faciesintervertebrales
Incisuravertebralissuperior
Proc.spinosus
Proc.articularissuperior
Proc articularisinferior
Basisossissacri
Cristasacralismediana
Promontorium
Os sacrum
* I n t e r v e r t e b r adI i s c s p a c e
F i g . 7 7 1 L u m b a rv e r t e b r a eV, e r t e b r a eL u m b a t e s ;
* * R e g i o no f t h e v e r t e b r a la r c h b e t w e e nt h e s u p e r i o ra n d i n f e r i o r
l a t e r a Ir a d i o g r a p ho f t h e [ u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o l u m n ;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o n ; a r t i c u [ a rp r o c e s s e ls" i s t h m u s '= i n t e r a r t i c u [ apro r t i o n l
* * * T h e m a r k s i n d i c a t et h e p o s i t i o no f t h e t w e t f t h r i b , w h i c h i s p o o r t y
t h e c e n t r a tb e a m i s d i r e c t e do n t ot h e s e c o n d[ u m b a rv e r t e b r a .
v i s i b l ei n t h i s c o p yo f t h e r a d i o g r a p h .
I n t h i s c a s e ,t h e a n t e r i o re d g e so f t h e l o w e r [ u m b a rv e r t e b r a e
a r e o b t i q u ed u e t o p a t h o L o g i caalIt e r a t i o n s .
M us c [es
costaXll
Vertebra
lumbalisl,
Corpusvertebrae
Proc.articularis
superior
Articulatiozygapophysialis
Procc. costales
Proc.articularis
inferior
Pediculus
arcusvertebrae
Faciesintervertebrales Proccsplnosi
Proc. costalis
Os coxae;
Osilium
Articulatiosacroiliaca
Foramina
sacraliaanteriora
F i g , 7 7 2 L u m b a rv e r t e b r a eV, e r t e b r a eL u m b a l e s ;
A P - r a d i o g r a p oh f t h e L u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o t u m n
andthe sacrum;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o nt;h e c e n t r a Ib e a mi s d i r e c t e do n t ot h e s e c o n d
L u m b a vr e r t e b r a .
+ IntervertebraI discspace
CraniocervicaI j unctions
Os occioitale.Parsbasilaris
anterior
Membranaatlantooccioitalis
Parslateralis
Os occiDitale.
Os occioitale.Parslateralis
+
Articulatioatlantooccioitalis Capsulaarticularis
Articulatioatlantoaxialis
lateralis
Lig longitudinaleanterius
Axis
Discusintervertebralis
Vertebra lll
cervicalis
Os occipitale posterior
Membranaatlantooccipitalis
Lig atlantooccipitale
Atlas,Massalateralis laterale
Sulcusarteriaevertebralis Tuberculumoosterius
Articulatioatlantoaxialis
lateralis lateralis,
Articulalioatlantoaxialis
Caosulaarticularis
Axis, Arcus vertebrae
junctions;
Fig.771 CraniocervicaI
dorsaIview.
Back M us c l es
Os occipitale,Clivus
Sulcus Os occipitale
srnus
sigmoidei
Articulatio
atlantooccipitalis,
Capsulaarticularis
Atlas
Articulatio Membranatectoria
atlantoaxialislateralis,
Capsula articularis
Axis
F i g .7 7 5 C r a n i o c e r v i c jauIn c t r o n s ,
dcon linemonf c.
dorsaLview.
Fasciculilongitudinales
Ligg alaria
Canalisnervihypoglossi
Sulcussinussigmoidei
Lig transversum
atlantis Atlas,Arcusposterior
Articulatio
atlantoaxialis
lateralis
Lig cruciformeatlantis
Fasciculi
longitudinales
F i g .7 7 6 C r a n i o c e r v i cjauIn c t i o n s ,
d e e pI i g a m e n t s ;
dorsaLview.
Capsulae
articulares
Densaxis
F i g .7 7 7 C r a n i o c e r v i cjauIn c t i o n s ,
doon linrmanic.
dorsaIview.
T h e a L a rL i g a m e n tfsr e q u e n t [ e
y x t e n dt o t h e l a t e r a I
m a s s e so f t h e a t t a s .
Topography
CraniocervicaI j unctions
Articulatio medianaposterior
atlantoaxialis
Squama occipitalis
Densaxis
Membrana atlantooccipitalisposterior
Discusinteruertebralis
Atlas,Arcusposteriol
Vertebra lll,
cervicalis
Corpusvertebrae Axis,Proc spinosus
Nn cervicales,Badices
F i g .7 7 8 C r a n i o c e r v i c jauLn c t i o n s ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n
Os occipitale
Atlas, atlanto-
Articulatio
Arcusanterior, occipitalis
Foveadentis Articulatioatlantoaxialis
mediana anterior Densaxis
Articulatioatlantoaxialis
mediana posterior Densaxis Atlas,Arcusposterior
Atlas,Arcusanterior
Atlas,Massalateralis
Articulatioatlanto-
axialislateralis
Atlas,Facies
articularis Axis,Corpus
supenor
Axis,Proc spinosus
Membrana
atlanto-
occipitalis
posterior
Procspinosus
F i g ,7 7 i C r a n i o c e r v i cjauIn c t i o n s ; F i g .7 8 0 C r a n i o c e r v i clauLn c t t o n s ;
s u p e n o rv t e w A P -r a di o gr ap h .
> Back M us c l es
li..-'-,,.+W
Ligaments
of thevertebralcolumn
Foveacostalis
inferior
Foveacostalis
supenor
Pediculusarcus
Lig costo- vertebrae
transversaflum
Arcus
Discus vertebrae
intervertebralis
Vertebra
thoracica
Xll,
Corpus
vertebrae
Discus
intervertebralis
F i g . 7 8 1 L i g a m e n t so f t h e v e r t e b r a I c o l u m n ; F i g . 7 8 2 L i g a m e n t so f t h e v e r t e b r a I c o l u m n ;
e x e m p t i fe d b y t h e L o w e tr h o r a c i cp a r t o f t h e e x e m p l i fe d b y t h e l o w e rt h o r a c i ca n d t h e
vertebratco[umn; u p p e r[ u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cl o l u m n ;
ventraLview. d o r s a Iv i e w .
Lig capitiscostaeradiatum
Articulatiocapitis costae
Proc articularis
superior
Lig costotransversarium
Collumcostae
Tuberculumcostae
F i g . 7 8 3 C o s t o v e r t e b r jaoI i n t s ,A r t i c u l a t i o n ecso s t o v e r t e b r a [ e s ;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e l e v e Io f t h e L o w e rp a r t o f t h e j o i n t a t a h e a do f a r i b ;
s u p e f l o rv t e w .
To p o g ra p h y
superior
Proc.articularis
Foveacostalissuperior Foveacostalisprocessustransversi
Corpusvertebrae Foramencostotransversarium
laterale
Lig costotransversarium
Lig longitudinaleanterius
superius
Lig costotransversarium
Lig intertransversarium
Discusintervertebralis
Lig capitiscostaeradiatum
F i g . 7 8 1 L i g a m e n t so f t h e v e r t e b r a cLo t u m na n d t h e
costovertebraI joints, Articulationes costoverteb rates;
[ a t e r a Ip a r t so f t h e a n t e r i o rL o n g i t u d i n [ai [g a m e n th a v e
b e e nr e m o v e d ;
viewedf rom the teft.
Fovea costalis
processus transversl
Ligg flava
Capsula articularis
Lig costotransversarium
Laminaarcusvertebrae
Pediculusarcusvertebrae
F i g . 7 8 5 J u n c t i o n sb e t w e e nt h e v e r t e b r aal r c h e s ;
ventraIview.
> Back M us c l es
joints
Costovertebral
Foramenintervertebrale
Lig costotransversarium
supenus
Lig costotransversarium
laterale
Lig longitudinaleanterius
Articulatiocapitiscostae
Tuberculum
costae
Discusintervertebralis
Caputcostae
F i g . 7 8 6 C o s t o v e r t e b r jaoIi n t s ,A r t i c u [ a t i o n e s
costovertebra[es;
ventraL v i e wf r o m t h e l e f t .
Arcusvertebrae
Ligg intertransversaria
Proc spinosus
Laminaarcusvertebrae
Lrg costotransversarium
superius
Lig flavum
Lig costotransversarium
laterale
Proc transversus
Capsulaarticularis
Lig,supraspinale"
F i g . 7 8 7 L i g a m e n t so f t h e v e r t e b r a aL r c h e sa n d t h e
c o s t o v e r t e b r jaoI in t s ,A r t i c u l a t i o n ecso s t o v e r t e b r a t e s ;
dorsaLview.
* T h em e d i a n p o r t i oo n f t h et h o r a c o t u m bf a sr c i a
r sr e f e r r e d
t o a ss u p r a s p i n olui gsa m e n t
Ligamentsof the lumbarpart of the
arcusvertebrae
Pediculus
posterius
Lig longitudinale
Disciintervertebrales
Vertebra V,
lumbalis
Corpusvertebrae
Os sacrum
F i g .7 8 8 L i g a m e n t so f t h e [ u m b a rp a r t
o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o l u m n .
Proc costalis
inferior
Proc articularis
Proc articularis
superior Lig,transversum
zygapophysialis;
Articulatio
Laminaarcusvertebrae
Lig flavum
Proc spinosus
F i g .7 8 9 V e r t e b r ajlo i n t so f t h e [ u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a l R e i n f o r c e m e notf t h e i n t e r a r t i c u [ aj or i n t s b y s t r o n ga n d
cotumnA , r t i c u t a t i o n ezsy g a p o p h y s i a l [eusm b a l e s ; t r a n s v e r s ef i b r e sI L i g g .t r a n s v e r s ai]s r e s t r i c t e dt o t h e [ u m b a r
d o r s a lv r e wf r o m t h e r i q h t p a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o l u m n .
> Back Mr.rsu[es
lntervertebraldiscs
Uncuscorporrs
IProc uncinatus]
A n u l u lsi b r o s u s
Pediculus
arcus
vertebrae
Corpusvertebrae Epiphysis
anularis
Anulusfibrosus
Epiphysis anularis
N spinalis, N u c l e upsu l p o s u s
Ganglion
sensoflum
nervispinalis
Corpusvertebrae
Fascia thoracolumbalis
Vertebralumbalis l,
Corpus vertebrae
Proc spinosus
Discusinteruertebralis
Canalisvedebralis;
Caudaequina
Spatium
epidurale
Vertebra
lumbalis
V,
Corpusvertebrae
Canalissacralis
F i g .7 9 1 L u m b a ri n t e r v e r t e b r adIi s c , F i g . 7 9 2 L u m b a rp a r t so f t h e v e r t e b r a L c o l u m n ;
D i s c u si n t e r v e r t e b r a L[ iusm b a I i s ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ;
s u p e n 0 rv t e w m e d i a ns e c t i o n .
To pogr a p h y
Motionsegments
Proc articularis
suoerior
Uncuscorporis Foramenintervertebrale
[Proc uncinatus]
Faciesintervertebralis Capsulaarticularis
Articulatiozygapophysialis,
anularis*
Epiphysis Lig flavum
Corpusvertebrae
Lig interspinale
Lig.longitudinale
anterius
Faciesintervertebralis
Anulus
Oi"araJ' fibrosus
intervertebralis
Nucleus
I pulposus
Lig. nuchae
(Foramen venae
basivertebralis) Proc articularis
inlerior
Laminaarcusvertebrae ' Proc soinosus
Pediculusarcusvertebrae
Epiphysis
anularis
"
Foramenintervertebrale
Proc.articularissuoerior
anularis*
Epiphysis
Lig flavum
Lig. interspinale
Lig longitudinale
anterius
Lig supraspinale
Faciesintervertebralis
/
I Anulusfibrosus
urscusI
intervertebralis
I
I Nucleuspulposus
\
Fascia
thoracolumbalis
(Foramen venae
basivertebralis)
Lig. longitudinaleposterius
Proc.spinosus
Pediculusarcusvertebrae
ProtuberantiaocciDitalisexterna
M sternocleidomastoideus
IVIspleniuscapitis
M trapezius
Spina scapulae
Fascia deltoidea
prominens,
Vertebra Proc spinosus
M teres
malor
Angulusinferior
Scapula,
M infraspinatus,
Fasciainfraspinata
M latissimus
dorsi
M, rhomboideus
major
Fascia thoracolumbalis
Cristailiaca
Os sacrum,
Faciesdorsalis
F i g . 7 9 5 M u s c t e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ;
s u p e r f i c i aLI a y e or f t h e t r u n k - a r ma n d t r u n k - s h o u l d e r
o i r d l em u s c t e s .
To p o g r a p h y
M trapezius
l\4 sternocleidomastoideus
l\4 splenius
capitis
M splenius
cervicis
Fascia deltoidea
M. trapezius
M.teresmaior
M serratusposterior M rhomboideus
major
supenor
M infraspinatus,
Fasciainfraspinata
Angulusinferior
Scapula,
M erectorspinae
M latissimus
dorsi
M latissimus
dorsi
Fascia thoracolumbalis*
M obliquusexternus
abdominis
M obliquus e)dernusabdominis
M obliquusinternus
abdominis
lumbale
Trigonum
Cristailiaca
F i g . 7 9 6 M u s c t e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ;
d e e pl a y e ro f t h e t r u n k - a r ma n d t r u n k - s h o u t d e r
g i r d l em u s c l e s .
* Theso-catled thoracotumbar fasciaformsa dense
ao0neur0sts
> Back tt at"t
M semisDinaliscaoitis nuchae
M splenius
capitis
M splenius
capitis
M sternocleidomastoideus
l\4 longissimus
capitis
M splenius
cervicis
M. splenius
cervicis
M. scalenusoosterior
M levatorscapulae
M trapezius
M longissimus
ceruicis
M teresmajor
M semispinaliscervicis
M serratusposteriorsuperior
M iliocostaliscervicis
M rhomboideus
major
i/ inlraspinatus,
Fasciainfraspinata
M lliocostalisthoracis
M spinalisthoracis M latissimus
dorsi
thoracis
M. longissimus
M iliocostalisthoracis
M. serratusanterior
M longissimus
thoracis
M serratusoosteriorinlerior
M iliocostalis
lumborum
M obliouus
externusabdominis
Fascia thoracolumbalis
F i g . 7 9 7 M u s c l e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ;
s u p e r f i c i aLLa y e or f t h e d e e pI a u t o c h t h o n o u m
s ]u s c L e s .
Musclesof the back,sections
Caudaequina
Lig longitudinale
anterius Pediculus l
arcus I a,.,,"
Ben vertebrae |
LamrnaarcusI ""il"urr"
vertebrae )
M psoasmajor
t\4m
*"
transversospinales
Plexuslumbalis
M. erectorspinae*
Proc costalis
M quadratus (Lamina
lumborum protunda)
Costaxll
M obliquus
externus
abdominis Fascia
thoracolumbalis
lvl latissimus
dorsi
F i g .7 9 8 M u s c t e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e s e c o n dL u m b a vr e r t e b r a :
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
Thedeep[autochthonousl musctes of the backliewithinan osteofibrous
tubeformedbydorsatpartsof thevertebrae andthesurrounding
aponeurotic thoracoLumbar fasciaThemuscLes aredivided intoa lateral*
a n da m e d i a*[* t r a c t
Corpusvertebrae
Nucleuspulposus)
'
Foramenintervertebrale I Discus
f intervertebralis
Anulusfibrosus /
N spinalis
Proc articularis
superiof
M psoasmajor
Articulatio
zygapophysialis Caudaequina
Lig flavum*
Proc articularis
inferior
M. erectorspinae
Mm transversospinales
Proc spinosus
Fasciathoracolumbalis
* C a t c i f i c a t i oo
n r o s s i f i c a t i o nf r e q u e n t t yo c c u r sa t t h e s i t e s o f i n s e r t i o n
F i g . 7 9 9 M u s c l e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c r o s s - s e c t i o(nC T )a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e o f t h e [ i g a m e n t af t a v a ,e v e ni n y o u n g e ri n d i v i d u a t s .
* + A d i p o s et i s s u ed e p o s i t s
i n t e r v e r t e b r adli s c b e t w e e nt h e t h i r d a n d t h e f o u r t h[ u m b a r
vertebra;
inferiorview.
-
> Back >>l Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Tract LongitudinaI
system 0btiquesystem Tract
M longissimus
-capitis
-cervtcts
-thoracis
M iliocostalls
-cervtcts
-thoracis M. semispinalis**
-lumborum -capitis
-cervtcts
M. spinalis M. multifidus"*
-capitis -cervtcts
-cervtcts -thoracis
-thoracis -lumborum
Fascia
thoracolumbalis
F i g . 8 0 0 D e e p[ a u t o c h t h o n o u m s )u s c t e so f t h e b a c k ;
d i a g r a mo f t h e d i f f e r e n gt r o u p so f m u s c t e s .
T h e d e e p[ a u t o c h t h o n o u m s Ju s c t e so f t h e b a c kc a n o e
d i v i d e di n t o a t o n g i t u d i n aal n d a n o b t i q u es y s t e m a,s
w e t l a s i n t o a m e d i a la n d a l a t e r a lt r a c t .
+ Spinotransverse
+*TransversosoinaI
To p o g r a p h y
l\4 semispinaliscapitis
M obliquuscapitissuperior
l\4 rectuscapitisposterior
minor
M spleniuscapitis
M rectuscapitisposterior
major
l\4 longissimus
capitis
posterius
Atlas,Tuberculum
Venterposterior
M digastricus,
Atlas,Proc transversus
M obliquuscapitisinferior
posteriorescervicis
l\4m intertransversarii
M semispinaliscapitis
Mm multilidi
M semispinalis
ceruicis
Ligg intertransversaria
Mm interspinalescervicis Ligg.interspinalia;
Lig supraspinale
M spinaliscapitis Mm rotatoresthoracisbreves
thoracis
Mm intertransversarii
Mm,intercostales
externi
Mm levatorescostarumbreves
thoracislongi
Mm.rotatores
M semispinalis
thoracis
superius
Lig costotransversarium
Lig intertransversarium
lvlm lntercostales
externi,Fascia
Mm levatores
costarum
breves
intercostalis
Membrana interna
Mm levatores
costarumlongi interni
Mm intercostales
Mm intercostalesexterni
lvlm intertransversarii
thoracis
CostaXll
M quadratus Fascia
lumborum,
Fascia thoracolumbalis
Mm intertransversarii lumborum
mediales
M obliquusinternusabdominis
M transversus
abdominis
Mm intertransversarii
laterales Mm interspinaleslumborum
tumoorum
Fascialransversalis Ligg intertransversaria
l\4 obliquusexternus
abdominis Lig iliolumbale
Spinailiacaposterior
superior
F i g .8 0 1 M u s c l e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ,
a n d s u b o c c i p i t amI u s c t e s M
, m.suboccipitates.
tt
musclesof theback
Lig. intertransversarium
Lig.costotransversarium
Costalx
M levatorcostaelongus
Mm.multifidi
M levatorcostaebrevis
Mm rotatoresthoracis
Lig intertransversarium
Vertebralumbalisl,
Arcusvertebrae
CostaXll
Ligg. flava
Vertebraelumbales,
Procc.costales
Mm.intertransversarii
lateraleslumborum
Fasciathoracolumbalis
(Laminaprofunda)
Mm. intertransversarii
mediales lumborum
Mm. multifidi
M erector spinae
Vertebraelumbales,Procc sDinosi
F i g . 8 0 2 M u s c l e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ;
d e e p e s lt a y e ri n t h e r e g i o no f t h e l o w e rt h o r a c i ca n d t h e t u m b a r
part of the vertebraIcolumn.
muscles
Suboccipital
M rectuscaoitisoosteriorminor M. trapezius
caoitis
M semisDinalis
M rectuscapitisposteriormajor
capitissuperior
M. obliquus
capitis
M splenius
Atlas,Arcusposterior
M splenius
capitis M. spleniuscervicis
Proc mastoideus
M. longissimus
capitis
M splenius
cervicis M digastricus,Venterposteriot
Proc styloideus
M longissimus
capitis
capitisinferior
M obliquus
i,il semispinalis
capitis
posterius capitis
M. longissimus
Atlas,Tuberculum
Axis,Proc.spinosus
M semispinalis
capitis
Mm.interspinales
cervicis Mm multifidi
M. semispinaliscervicis
M. longissimus
cervicis
M iliocostalis cervicis
Lig supraspinale
M semispinalis
capitis
M. semispinalis
thoracis
F i g . 8 0 3 M u s c t e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ,a n d
s u b o c c i p i t amI u s c t e s M
, m.suboccipita[es.
capitissuperior
M obliquus
M rectuscapitis
posterior
minor
M. rectuscapitis
posteriormajor
Atlas.Arcusoosterior
capitisinferior
M obliquus
F i g .8 0 4 S u b o c c i p i tma ul .s c l e s , Tr0;l
M m .s u b o c c i o i t a t e s . F
> Back tt
-:s Suboccipital
muscLes
M spleniuscapitis
M longissimus
capitis
M semispinaliscapitis
Lrg nucnae
splenius
cervicis
lvl trapezius
levatorscapulae
Vertebraprominens,
l\4 longissimus
cervicis Proc,spinosus
M scalenusmedius M iliocostaliscervicis
M semispinalisthoracis
M scalenusposterior
F i g .8 0 5 M u s c t e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ,
a n d m u s c l e so f t h e n e c k .M m . c o t L i .
M semispinalis
capitis M rectuscaoitisposterior
minor
M splenius
capitis M rectuscapitis
posteriormajor
M obliquuscapitissuperior Membrana atlantooccipitalis
posterior
A vertebralis,
lvl longissimus
capitis Pars atlantica
M digastricus,
Venterposterior Atlas, Proc transversus
M rectuscapitislateralis
Proc styloideus l\4 obliquus
capitisinferior
M obliquus capitis inferior
M longissimuscervicis
posteriorcervicis
M intertransversarius M splenius cervicis
Axis,Proc transversus
M spleniuscervicis
M semispinaliscapitis
Mm multifidi
Larynx
Corpus Cartilagothyroidea
vertebrae
M sternocleido-
mastoideus
VertebracervicalisV,
Corpusvertebrae
Uncuscorporis
Proc.transversus,
Tuberculum anterius
Discus
Foramen intervertebralis
vertebrale N spinalis
Proc articularis Pediculus arcus
inlerior vertebrae
Laminaarcus VertebracervicalisVl,
vertebrae Corpusvertebrae
Proc.articularis
Lig.flavum
Laminaarcus
vertebrae
Proc.spinosus,
Tubercula Proc.spinosus
F i g . 8 0 7 C e r v i c apI a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o t u m n ; F i g .8 0 8 C e r v i c apI a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cl o t u m n ;
computedtomographiccross-sectionICT]at the Level. computedtomographiccross-sectionICTJat the tevet
o f t h e i n t e r v e r t e b r adLi s c b e t w e e nt h e f o u r t ha n d t h e f i f t h o f t h e f i f t h a n d t h e s i x t hc e r v i c avI e r t e b r a .
cervicaIvertebra.
+ EndotracheaI tubeandendoscooe
)a--->-
/q.
lrrl+-C*
lA\ r.'-}y'
Corpusvertebrae
Discus
intervertebralis
M. psoasmajor
M. psoas
Ben
Foramen Pediculus arcus
intervertebrale vertebrae
Proc.articularis Lig flavum
supeflor
Articulatio Proc costalis
zygapophysialis Proc.articularis
Proc articularis inferior
inferior Proc articularis
Proc.mamillaris supeflor
Mm dorsi Lig interspinale
Fascia Fascia
thoracolumbalis thoracolumbalis
F i g . 8 0 9 L u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o l u m n ; F i g . 8 1 0 L u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a I c o t u m n ;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c r o s s - s e c t i o[nC T la t t h e L e v e t c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c r o s s - s e c t i o[nC T ]a t t h e L e v e l .
o f t h e i n t e r v e r t e b r adIi s c b e t w e e nt h e s e c o n da n d o f t h e o e d i c l e so f t h e t h i r d [ u m b a rv e r t e b r a .
t h e t h i r d l u m b a rv e r t e b r a .
> Back
Cutaneousinnervation
N. auricularismagnus,R posterior(Plexuscervicalis)
N. occipitalisminor(Plexuscervicalis)
laterales(Plexuscervicalis)
Nn.supraclaviculares
N. cutaneusbrachii
lateralissuoerior
(N. axillaris)
N. cutaneus
brachiilateralis
inforior(N. radialis)
N. cutaneusbrachii
posterior(N. radialis)
(Rr.cutaneimedialeset laterales)
(Nn. spinalesC.$-L1,Rr. posteriores)
Rr.cutaneilaterales
(Nn.spinales,Nn. intercostales)
R. cutaneuslateralis
(Plexuslumbalis,N. iliohypogastricus)
Nn.cluniumsuperiores
(Nn.spinalesL1-13,
Rr.posteriores)
L3
Nn.cluniummedii(Nn.spinales
L4 51-S3, Rr. posteriores)
L5 Nn. cluniuminferiores
(N. cutaneusfemorisposterior)
S1
s2 N. cutaneusfemorislaleralis(Plexuslumbalis)
N. cutanusfemorisposterior(Plexuslumbalis)
S3
F i g .8 1 1 S e g m e n t ca uI t a n e o ui ns n e r v a t i ol dne r m a t o m e s )
andcutaneous nervesof the back.
andnervesof the
Vessels
tertius(C3),
N occipitalis maior(C2);A.;Voccipitalis
a a N. occipitalis
.* N auricularis
magnus(Plexuscervicalis)
N occipitalismajor (C2) ,
A vertebralisa
N occipitalisminor (Plexuscervicalis)1l' * R posterior(C7)
Rr posteriores,
Nn thoracici, ,
medialeset laterales I M triceps
brachii,
Caputlongum
M iliocostalisthoracis a
& N intercostobrachialis
c a a N axillaris;A; V circumflexa
M longissimus
thoraciso humeriposterior*'
a M. teres major
scapulae*
a o A ; V circumtlexa
a M teresminor
a M infraspinatus
M serratusposteriorinferiort major
a M rhomboideus
|| M latissimus
dorsi
(T12).
R posterior
M latissimus
dorsio
M obliquusexternus
abdominis
a
Trigonum lumbale;
N iliohypogastricus
:
Nn cluniumsuperiores
(Bursasubcutanea
coccygea)
M gluteusmaximust
R posterior
(S3) (S4)
: R posterior
813
81t,
Vessels
and nervesof theposteriorcervicalregion
N occipitalismajor $
lvl semispinalis
capitis* O A occipitalis,Rr occipitales
A;VoccipitalisOO
a A occipitalis
N occipitalismajor
A occipitalisa
O V occipitalis
V auricularisposteriora
: N occipitalisminor
A occipitalis,a
R mastoideus * N auricularis
magnus
N occipitalisminor i
posterior,
a A auricularis R occipitalis
M longissimus
capitis* t M spleniuscapitis
N accessorius I M sternocleidomastoideus
[Xl] {
M levatorscapulae* ,] Rr cutaneiposteriores
(Nn cervicales
et
Rr posteriores)
thoracici,
N dorsalisscapulae:
B profundus
O
(A transversacolli)
M levator scapulae O
V transversaO
colli
M rhomboideus
a
mtnor O lvl trapezius
N4trapezius*
* Rr.cutaneiposteriores
(Nn thoracici,
lvl rhomboideus O
Rr posteriores)
maJor
M latissimus
dorsiE
{ Rr.cutaneilaterales
pectorales
(Nn thoracici,
Nn,intercostales)
8',14
il r'"
F i g . 8 1 3 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e o c c i p i t arI e g i o n ,
,,.,'i, R e g i oo c c i p i t a L itsh,e p o s t e r i o rc e r v i c a rI e g i o n ,
812 R e g i oc e r v i c a t i p
s o s t e r i o ra, n d t h e u p p e rb a c k
Topography
occioitalisexterna
Protuberantia
Venteroccipitalis
M. occipitofrontalis,
a M. epicranius;
maior
a N. occipitalis
l\4.semispinalis
capitisa
a A vertebralis
M rectuscapitisposteriormajora
o V auricularisoosterior
O V occipitalis
N suboccipitalis3
o V. vertebralis
A occipitalisO
O A occipitalis
M o b l i q u uas
capitissuperior
A vertebralisa
M spleniuscaoitiso
M. longissimus
capitiso
M obliquuscaoitisinteriora
R posterior(C 2) a O A. cervicalisprofunda
o V cervicalisprofunda
M semispinalis
capitisa
R. posterior(C 3) , cervicis
a M. semispinalis
3 N accessorius[Xl]
e N dorsalisscaDulae
N accessorius [Xl]a
R super{icialisa c N dorsalisscaoulae
(A transversa colli)
majoret minor
a Mm rhomboidei
Fl profundus (4. transversa
colli)a
15
F i g . 8 1 4 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o c c i p i t arIe g i o n ,
R e g i oo c c i p i t a t i sa,n d t h e p o s t e r i o rc e r v i c a rI e g i o n ,
Regiocervicatisposterior. 81
> Back tt
N occipitalis
major& * N. occioitalis
tertius
M semispinalis
capitisa
M obliquuscapitissuperiorI
O M rectuscaoitisoosteriorminor
M, rectuscapitisposterior
majorI
& N. suboccipitalis
N suboccipitalis
$
Atlas,Arcusposlerior
M obliquuscapitisinferiora
a M obliquuscapitisinferior
R posterior(C 2) * a A vertebralis,Parstransversaria
N occipitalis
tertius*
o M rectuscapitisposteriormajor
Plexus cervicalis {}
a Mm intersoinales
ceruicis
Y;,e
&x F i g . 8 1 5 N e r v e so f t h e p o s t e r i o rc e r v i c a rI e g i o n ,R e g i oc e r v i c a t i p
sosterior,
,dY a n d t h e v e r t e b r a aI rrery, A . v e r t e b r a t i s
81tl
Sinussagittalis
superioro
Foramenmagnum
Sinustransversus
o
Cisterna
cerebellomedullaris !&N suboccipitalis
Arachnoidea
matercranialis;
Cerebellum Proc.transversusatlantis
Arachnoidea
materspinalis O A vertebralis
Duramaterspinalis
Arachnoidea
materspinalis ,t N. occipitalismajor
& N occipitalistertius
M, scalenusmediusa I
Lig denticulatum
VertebraceruicalisV
Proc transversus & N s p i n a l i s , Ra n t e r i o r
N, cervicalis
[C7], r & N spinalis,
Ganglion
sensorium
Filaradiculariaposteiior-a
aA vertebralis
Medullaspinalis
,s.t&{& /4
F i g . 8 1 6 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e d e e pp o s t e r i o cr e r v i c a rI e g i o n ,
R e g i oc e r v i c a I i p
s o s t e r i o ra, n d t h e c o n t e n to f t h e v e r t e b r a cI a n a L .
Lumbarpart of the vertebralcanaL
Corpusvertebrae
Truncussympathicus,
Ganglion
truncisympathici M e d u l l as p i n a l i s
R communicans
R meningeus Badixanterior
Ganglion neruispinalis
sensorium
Costa Arcusvertebrae
R lateralis
Proc spinosus
R medialis
Mm.dorsi
(R cutaneuslateralis)
(R cutaneusmedialis)
F i g . 8 1 7 S p i n a nL e r v e N , .spinatis;
i n t h e t h o r a c i cr e o i o n
Laminaarcusvertebrae
lumbalisll, Proc.costalis
Vertebra
Spatiumepidurale
Lig flavum
* l\4.quadratus
lumborum
a Plexusvenosus
vertebralis posterior
internus
Duramaterspinalis
0 Mm intertransversarii
mediales
lumborum
Rr dorsales(A ;V lumbalis)
a a materspinalis
Arachnoidea
V spinalisposterior
a Lig intertransversarium
Proc,articularis
superior
Caudaequina
s M intertransversarius
lateralis
lumborum
R anterior
t M. intertransversarius
medialislumborum
Radixanterior.
Radixposterior,
Lig.iliolumbale
Duramaterspinalis
Arachnoidea
mater Os sacrum,Pars
spinalis lateralis
F i g . 8 1 8 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e [ u m b a rp a r t
, e g i o[ u m b a t i s .
o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI a n a LR
> Back
Lig longitudinale
(V basivertebralis) Plexusvenosusvertebralis
externusanterior
Plexusvenosusvertebralis
internus
anterior
Plexusvenosusvertebralis
internusposterior V lumbalisascendens
intervertebralis)
Plexusvenosusvertebralis
posterior
externus
F i g . 8 1 9 V e i n so f t h e v e r t e b r a cLa n a [ ,C a n a t i sv e r t e b r a t i s ;
v e n o u sp t e x u s
Discusintervertebralis,
Anuluslibrosus
Lig longitudinaleanterius
posterius
Lig longitudinale R. meningeus
Ganglion
truncisympathici
B communicans
albus
Capsulaarticularis griseus
R communicans
R anterior
B posterior Truncusnervispinalis
(R medialis)
G a n g l i osne n s o r i u m
(R lateralis) nervispinalis
F i g . 8 2 0 N e r v e so f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o l u m n ,C o t u m n av e r t e b r a l i s ;
s o m a t i ca n da u t o n o m o uisn n e r v a t i o n
fl:ei
Topography
N spinalis,Radix anterior
R posterior
Truncusnervispinalis,
Duramaterspinalis
Ganglion neruispinalis
sensorium
N spinalis,Radixposterior
Spatiumsubarachnoideum
(Spatium
subdurale) Piamaterspinalis
Dura mater spinalis
Arachnoideamater spinalis
Plexusvenosus
Spatiumepidurale;
vertebralis
inlernusoosterior
Periosteum
posterius
Lig longitudinale
Filumterminale
Plexusvenosusvertebralis
internus
anterior
Truncusnervispinalis,
R meningeus
Caudaequina
Truncusneruisoinalis.
B communicans
R lateralis
Arachnoideamater spinalis
R medialis
(Spatium
subdurale)
SDatium
subarachnoideum
Duramaterspinalis
Piamaterspinalis Spatiumepidurale
Lig flavum Periosteum
Lumbarandsacralpuncture
F i g . 8 2 3 L u m b a rp u n c t u r et o o b t a i n
c e r e b r o s p i n af lIu i d ,L i q u o rc e r e b r o s p i n a t i s ,
o r f o r [ u m b a La n a e s t h e s i a .
p o s i t i o no f t h e o a t i e n t .
Caudaequina
Plexusvenosusvertebralis
internusposterior Arachnoidea
matersoinalis
Vertebra
lumbalislll, Duramatersoinalis
Proc.spinosus
Lig. flavum
Lig interspinale
LaminaarcusvenebraelV
Fig.824 Lumbarpuncture;
g u i d a n coef t h ep u n c t u rnee e d L e .
Fig.825Sacratpuncture;
g u i d a n coef t h ep u n c t u rnee e d t e .
andnervesof the vertebralcanal
Vessels
Duramaterspinalis
N soinalis,Fila radicularia*
Arachnoidea
matersoinalis
Proc articularis
superior O A sDinalis R radicularis
anterior, anterior
Lig. denticulatum
o Truncusnervispinalis,
R posterior
Ganglion
sensorium
neruispinallsI
a Truncusnervispinalis,
R anterior
Spatium
Arcusvertebrae subarachnoideum
Arachnoidea
materspinalis
a Plexusvenosus
vertebralis
internus
anterior
Foveacostalisorocessustransversi
Truncussympathicus;
* Corpusvertebrae
Rr communicantes
Ganglion
truncisympathici
& Lig longitudinale
anterius
Soatiumsubarachnoideum
R communicans
Discusintervertebralis,
Anulusfibrosus
Angulussterni
Angulusinfrasternalis
Arcuscostalis
Anulusumbilicalis
Spinailiacaanteriorsuperior
M deltoideus
M. pectoralismajor
Lineaalba
M. serratusanterior
M. rectusabdominis
M. rectusabdominis,
Intersectio
tendinea
Extrel
jugularis
Incisura
Proc coracoideus
Corpussterni
Proc xiphoideus
Angulusinfrasternalis
Arcuscostalis
pubicum
Tuberculum
VertebracervicalisVl
VertebrathoracicaI
Proc.coracoideus
Cavitasglenoidalis
Scapula
Costae verae
!-vill
Costalv
Sternum
Costaespuriae
vilt_xill
F i g . 8 3 1 T h o r a c i cc a g e ,C a v e at h o r a c i sa, n d
l e f t s h o u t d e rg i r d l . eC, i n g u t u mp e c t o r a t e .
Caputcostae
Tuberculummusculi Sulcusvenaesubclaviae
scalenianterioris
Collumcostae Sulcusarteriae
subclaviae
Collumcostae,
Cristacollicostae Corpuscostae
Anguluscostae
Tuberositasmusculi
serratianterioris
Anguluscostae Corpuscostae
Faciesarticularis Cristacaoitiscostae
capitiscostae
Collumcostae
Tuberculumcostae
Sulcuscostae
F i g . 8 3 2 R i b s ,C o s t a e ;
l . - l l l . r i b , s u p e r i o rv i e w ;
V l l l .r i b , i n f e r i o rv i e w .
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a l [ Musctes
Sternum
jugularis
Incisura
Incisura
clavicularis
Manubrium
sterni
Incisura
costalisI
Incisura
costalisll Symphysis Angulussterni
manubriosternalis
Incisura
costalislll
Corpussterni
Incisura
costalislV Incisura
costalislV
Symphysis
xiphosternalis
Proc.xiphoideus
F i g .8 3 3 S t e r n u mS, t e r n u m . F i g .8 3 4 S t e r n u mS, t e r n u m .
0rgans
Cartilago costalis I
Manubrium
sterni
manubriosternalis
Symphysis
intraarticulare
Lig sternocostale
Cartilagocostalis lll
Corpussterni
sternocostales
Articulationes
costalisV
Cartilago
cartilagocostalisvll
F i g ,8 3 5 S t e r n u m ,S t e r n u m ,a n d
c o s t a Ic a r t i L a g e sC,a r t i [ a g i n ecso s t a [ e s ;
s e c t i on .
Lig interclaviculare
Articulatio
sternoclavicularis,
Discusarticularis
Lig costoclaviculare
Lig costoclaviculare
Capsulaarticularis
anterius
Lig sternoclaviculare
Cartilaoocostalis l:
Synchondr6siscostae i
radiatum
Lig sternocostale
Cartilago costalis ll
manubriosternalis
Symphysis
F i g .8 3 6 S t e r n o c l a v i c u t jaori n t ,
A r t i c u t a t i os t e r n o c L a v i c u [ a r t s .
-
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awI a [ [ >>l Surface lSketetonl Musctes
M trapezius Clavlcula
Spinascapulae
M pectoralismajor,Parssternocostalis
M, infraspinatus
M teresminor
M, teresmajor Corpusmammae,
Lobiglandulae
mammariae
Papilla mammaria
M, deltoideus
M serratusanterior
M.triceps
0,".n', M pectoralis
major,Parsabdominalis
{%TJ,,,,iJi3i#
M brachlalis
M. biceps brachii
M obliquus
externusabdominis
Anulusumbilicalis
Fasciathoracolumbalis
Trigonum
lumbale
Vaginamusculirectiabdominis,
Laminaanterior
Spinailiacaposterior
superior
M obliquusexternus
abdominis,
Aponeurosis
(Fascia glutea)
Spinailiacaanteriorsuperior
M sartorius
) T 1 5 ,T 1 7 , T1 8 . T2 6 F i g .8 3 7 M u s c l e so f t h e t h o r a c i ca n d t h e a b d o m r n a L w a l . L .
M m . t h o r a c i se t a b d o m i n i s .
Musclesof the thoracicand theabdominalwall
Trigonum
clavipectorale
Mm sternocleidomastoidei
Platysma
Fascia
brachii
M deltoideus
Fascia axillaris
M, pectoralismajor,
Parsclavicularis
M. pectoralismajor,
Parssternocostalis
M. serratusanterior
M. latissimus
dorsi
Ligg. costoxiphoidea
M pectoralis
major,
Parsabdominalis
Linea alba
M obliquus
externusabdominis
Anulusumbilicalis
Vaginamusculirectiabdominis,
Laminaanterior
Telasubcutanea; Fibraeintercrurales
Panniculus
adiposus
obliquusexternus
abdominis,
Aponeurosis
Funiculus
spermaticus Lig.reflexum
penis
Lig.tundiforme penis
Lig suspensorium
F i g .8 3 8 M u s c t e so f t h e t h o r a c i ca n d t h e a b d o m i n a I w a t [ ; ) T 1 5 ,T 1 7 , t 1 8 , 12 6
superficia[layer.
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a t l tt a[",
M sternocleidomastoideus
lvl pectoralis
major,Parsclavicularis (M sternalis,Var)
/ M subclavius
Vl intercostalis
internus V axillaris
M deltoideus lvl pectoralis
minor
M pectoralis A axillaris
malor
lvl pectoralis
mtnor
M serratus
antenor
Costa ll
M latissimus
dorsi
M serratusanterior
M obliquus
externusabdominis
F i g . 8 3 9 M u s c t e so f t h e t h o r a c i cw a L t ,M m . t h o r a c r s .
) T 1 3 ,T ' . t s , T2 6
CostaVlll
M serratusanteri(
posterior
V intercostalis
posterior
A intercostalis
(T8)
N intercostalis
M intercostalis
internus
Pulmo
M intercostalis
externus Pleuravisceralis
lpulmonalis]
Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsdiaphragmatica
Parscostalisdiaphragmatis
Hepar
Peritoneum
viscerale
parietale
Peritoneum
Recessus
costodiaphragmaticus
F i g .8 4 0 M u s c t e so f t h e t h o r a c i cw a t [ ,M m . t h o r a c i s ;
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .
* P o s i t i oonf t h en e e d l feo r p u n c t u roef t h ep l e u r acIa v i t Iyp L e u r o c e n t e s i s l
Musclesof the thoracicwall
Tuberculumanteriuslcaroticum]
(Vertebra
cervicalis
Vl)
M. scalenusanterior
M longuscolli
Membrana
intercostalis
interna
Mm intercostales
interni
Lig longitudinale
anterius
Fig.841 Thoraciccage,Caveathoracis;
o o s t e r i ow
r aL[.
Cartilagocostalis I
M. sternothyroideus
Manubrium
sterni
Mm intercostalesinterni
M transversus
thoracis
Diaphragma,
Centrumtendineum
Foramenvenaecavae
Mm intercostales
interni
Proc.xiphoideus
F i g . 8 4 2 T h o r a c i cc a g e ,C a v e at h o r a c i s ;
a n t e r i o rw a L t .
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a l [ >>l Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Abdominalmuscles
M, serratus
antenor
M. pectoralismajor,
Parsabdominalis
M obliquus
externus
abdominis
M rectusabdominis,
Intersectio
tendinea Mm.
intercostales
interni
M. rectus
M rectusabdominis abdominis
M. obliquus
externus
abdominis
Anulusumbilicalis
M. obliquus
Fibraeintercrurales externus
abdominis,
Aponeurosis
Funiculus
soermaticus:
M. cremaster
M pyramidalis Lig.reflexum
-> T 13-T15,T17,T26 F i g . 8 4 3 M u s c l e so f t h e a b d o m i n a l w a tM
[ , m .a b d o m i n i s ;
s u p e r f i c i aaI n d m i d d t el a y e r .
0r gans
AbdominalmuscLes
M pectoralis
lvl serratusanterior malor
lvl latissimus
dorsi
tu
v
M obliquusexternus
abdominis
Mm intercostales
externi
Vagina musculi
Mm intercostalesinterni
recti abdominis,
Lamina anterior
Cartilago costalis X
M rectusabdominis
M obliquus
externus
abdominis
M obliquusinternus
abdominis
Lig inguinale
Anulus
inguinalis icialis
superf
Funiculus
spermaticus; M pyramidalis
M cremaster
l a t t ,M m . a b d o m i n i s ;
F i g . 8 1 1 M u s c t e so f t h e a b d o m i n aw ) T 1 3 - T1 5 , T1 7
middtelayer.
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awI a t l tt
Abdominal
muscles
M rectus abdominis
M pectoralis
major
Mm intercostales
extern i
M latissimus
l\ilm intercostales dorsl
interni
h, M serratus
anterior
l\il obliquus
externus
abdominis
lvl obliquus
exlernus
abdominis
Intersectiones
C o s t a el X : X tendineae
Vaginamusculi
rectiabdominis,
Laminaanterior
Vaginamusculirecti M rectus
abdominis, abdominis
Laminaposterior
M obliquus
internus
L i n e as e m i l u n a r i s abdominis
M transversus
abdominis
Intersectio
tendinea
M obliquus
internusabdominis
M obliquus
internus
abdominis,
Aponeurosis
Ltnea arcuata
Anulus
Vagina musculi inguinalis
recti abdominis, superficialis,
Lamina anterior Crusmediale
Fascia
lransversalis Anulus
inguinalis
superficialis,
Cruslaterale
Funiculus
spermalrcus
M rectusabdominis [/ pyramidalis
F i g .8 4 5 M u s c l e so f t h e a b d o m i n a t w a LMt ,m a b d o m i n i s ;
deep layer.
Lig. falciforme
Diaphragma
Diaphragma
Lig.teres
hepatis
M. transversus
abdominis
M rectusabdominis
Fasciatransversalis
Plica umbilicalis
lateralis
Fossa inguinalislateralis
Plicaumbilicalis
Fossa inguinalismedialis medialis
Plica umbilicalis
Fossaparavesicalis mediana
F i g .8 4 6 I n t e r n a ls u r f a c eo f t h e a n t e r i o ra b d o m i n aw
l atl. > T 1 4 , T1 5 , T2 1
-
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a t l >>l Surface lSkeletonl Muscles
lnguinalcanal
M obliquus
M .o b l i q u u s externusabdominis
externus
abdominis
M obliquus
externus
abdominis, Linea alba
Aponeurosis
M obliquus
[/. obliquus externusabdominis,
internus
abdominis Aponeurosis
L i g .i n g u i n a l e
lvl cremaster
Lig reflexum
Lig fundiforme
penrs
/ll.:i Funiculus
spermaticus
F i g . 8 1 7 S u p e r f i c i aiIn g u i n a rI i n g ,A n u I u si n g u i n a t i s u p e r f i c i a L i s
M. obliquusexternus
abdominis,
Aponeurosis
M. obliquusinternus
abdominis
M lransversusabdominis
A n u l u si n g u i n a l i s
profundus
N ilioinguinalis
A..;W epigastica(e)
Fasciatransversalis Inreflor(es)
Ductusdeferens
N ilioinguinalis
Plexuspampiniformis
Anulus inguinalis
superficialis
N. genitofemoralis,
B genitalis
Lig reflexum
M cremaster
Fascia spermatica
F i g .8 4 8 W a t t so f t h e i n g u i n a cLa n a [ .
parietale
Peritoneum - umbilicalemedianum
Lio. M rectusabdominis
(Chorda urachi) Chorda arteriae umbilicalis
Fasciatransversalis
inlerior
A epigastrica 2 lAePigastricainferior
M transversusabdominis
M obliquusinternusabdominis
M obliquusexternusabdominis
(Fasciasuperticialis)
M obliquusexternus
Aponeurosis
abdominis,
Fascia spermaticaexterna
Fasciaspermaticainterna
Ductusdeferens
Septumscroti
Epididymis
Cavitasserosascroti
Testis
F i g .8 4 9 D i a g r a mo f t h e i n g u i n a cl a n a t .
T h e i n g u i n a cLa n a t ,t h e s p e r m a t i cc o r da n d t h e s c r o t u ma r e
i t t u s t r a t e di n t h e s a m e o t a n ef o r d i d a c t i c arIe a s o n s .
1 Fossasupravesicalis
2 Fossainguinalis
medialis
lateralis
Fossainguinalis
inferior
A epigastrica
parietale
Peritoneum 3
Fascia transversalis inferior
A. epigastrica
M transversus Anulusinguinalis
supedicialis M. obliquus
abdominis externus
abdominis
M obliquus
internusabdominis
Anulusinguinalis
(Fascia superficialis) superficialis
Fasciaspermatica
externa
Fascia
transversalis
Ductusdeferens
peritonei),
(Procvaginalis
Peritoneum parietale Ductusdeferens
Cavitasserosascroti
Fascia spermatica externa
* H e r n i a sI a cw i t h a n i n t e s t i n al Lo o p
F i g . 8 5 0 D i a g r a mo f i n g u i n ahl e r n i a s ;
* * P e r i t o n e asIp a c e
[ e f ts i d e :[ a t e r a Li ,n d i r e c th e r n i a ; * * * N e w l yf o r m e d p e r i t o n e a h
I e r n i a Is a c
r i g h t s i d e :m e d i a Ld, i r e c th e r n r a .
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a [ [ tt
Diaphragmandposteriorabdominalwall
Parssternalis
diaphragmatis
Hiatusoesophageus
Centrum
tendineum
Hiatusaorticus
Truncus
coeliacus
Parsabdominalis
aortae
Parslumbalis
diaphraomatis.
Cius d-extrum
Lig arcuatum
mediale
Lig arcuatumlaterale
Vertebrae
lumbales
lll: lV
M quadratus
tum00rum
Cristailiaca
l\4 transversus
abdominis
(M.psoasminor),
tenoo
M psoas
malor M psoas
maJor
M. iliacus M iliacus
Promontorium
Lacuna
vasorum
A temoralis
V femoralis
Lig. inguinale
Vesica urinaria
M, rectus
abdominis
) T 1 5 , 1 1 6 , 2T 1 , T/ + 2 F i g .8 5 1 D i a p h r a g mD , i a p h r a g m aa,n d m u s c t e so f t h e
a b d o m i n awl a [ t ,M m . a b d o m r n r s
Parssternalis
diaphragmatis Proc xiphoideus
N. phrenicus
sinister,
Foramen v cavae: V cava inferior R. bhrenicoabdominalis
A phrenica
inferior
N phrenicusdexter,
R phrenicoabdominalis
major
N splanchnicus
Pars costalisdiaphragmatis
V hemiazygos
Lig arcuatum medianum
minor
N splanchnicus
Lig arcuatum laterale
Hiatus aorticus:Aorta abdomi-
Costa Xll nalis; Ductus thoracicus
V azygos Truncussympathicus
Parslumbalis
diaphragmatis,
Crusdextrum,(Parsmedialis)
F i g .8 5 2 D i a p h r a g mD
, iaphragma
(Trigonum
Iumbocostale)*
Lig arcuatumIaterale**
M rectusabdominis C o s t aV l l l
costaxll
M obliquus M transversus
abdominis
externus
abdominis
Lig arcuatummediale
Parslumbalisdiaphragmatis,
(Parsmedialis)
Crussinistrum,
M psoas major Lig lumbocostale
M quadratus
lumborum
lumbalislll, Proc costalis
Vertebra
(M psoas minor)
M iliacus
F i g .8 5 3 D i a p h r a g mD , i a p h r a g m aw, i t h a p e r t u r e s
a n d m u s c t e so f t h e o o s t e r i o ra b d o m i n a I w a L [
* C [ i n i c at eI r m :B 0 C H D A L
sE t rKianqte
* * P s o a as r c a d e
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a 1 1 M us c tes
Breast
M pectoralis
maJor
Papilla
mammana Areola
mammae
Areola
mammae Papilla
mammana
Glandulae
areorares
F i g . 8 5 4 B r e a s t ,M a m m a F i g . 8 5 5 B r e a s t ,M a m m a .
DuctusIactiferi
Papilla
mammafla
s
Sinuslactilerus
F i g .8 5 6 B r e a s t ,M a m m a ,o f a p r e g n a n w
t oman F i g .8 5 7 B r e a s t ,M a m m a ,o f a p r e g n a nw
t oman.
F i g . 8 5 8 R a d i o g r a po
hf t h e b r e a s t ,
m a m m o g r a p h yo, f a 4 7- y e a r - o l dw o m a n
Nodi lymphoideideltopectorales
Nodi lymphoidei
axillares
Nodi lymphoidel
brachiales
Nodus lymphoideus
paramammaflus
'-
''l'ii'':'
F i g .8 5 9 L y m p h a t i cd r a i n a g eo f t h e b r e a s ta n d
l o c a t i o no f t h e r e g i o n a lLy m p hn o d e s .
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awI a l t M us c l es
Vessels
andnervesof the waLIof the trunk
Nn.supraclaviculares:
&
A ; V cervicalis
superficialis
Oa
a V cephalica
Plexusvenosusareolaris
o
V thoracicalateralis;
a O
N thoracicus [T2],
N. intercostalis,
R cutaneuslateralis
pectoralis
aA thoracicainterna*;
a W thoracicae
internae
V thoraco-a
epigastrica * Nn thoracici,
Nn. intercostales,
Rr cutanei anteriores
a a A ; V epigastrica
superior
T5
T6
Nn thoracici,
t, a M obliquusexternus
abdominis
N n intercostales, T7
Rr cutanei
T8
pecrorares
T9
T10
T11
r12
Vv paraumbilicales
o
Anulusumbilicalis
W subcutaneae
abdominis
a
A ; V circumflexa
iliumsuperficialis
a a
genitofemoralis,
&, O O A ;V epigasvica inferior
R femoralis
A;VepigastricaOo
superficialis
& N, iliohypogastricus,
A pudenda externa; a R cutaneus anterior
Vv pudendae externae a
a M rectusabdominis
N femoralis,i:
R cutaneus anterior
V saphena magna o
* N ilioinguinalis
F i g .8 6 0 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t h o r a c i ca n d t h e a b d o m i n aw
I aL[
* C t i n i c at eI r m ;i n t e r n amLa m m a rayr t e r v
0rqans Topography I Sections
Segmentalinnervation
(C4)
Diaphragma
Oesophagus(T4,T5)
Hepar;Vesicabiliaris
(r8 -T11)
tenue
lntestinum
(r10)
lntestinumcrassum
(T11)
Ren;Testis
( T 1 0- L 1 )
plexus
Lumbosacral
Parslumbalis
diaphragmatis,
Crusdextruma
Lig arcuatum laterale
M quadratus
lumborum
I a N subcostalis
N subcostalis
a a N iliohypogastricus
N iliohypogastricus,
! N. ilioinguinalis
N ilioinguinalis
I
o Plexus lumbalis
M. psoasmajora
M obliquusa
externusabdominis
M obliquuso O Truncussympathicus
internus
abdominis
M transversusa o N femoralis
abdominis
N. cutaneus*
femorislateralis
t Truncuslumbosacralis
N femoralis *
t N genitofemoralis
,t N. obturatorius
N genitofemoralis,&
R femoralis 0 Plexussacralis
N genitofemoralis,&
R genitalis a N cutaneus
femorislateralis
N obturatorius&
N cutaneus&
femorislateralis
N genitofemoralis,*
Br. lemorales
N femoralis, o
Rr cutaneianteriores
Lamina cribrosa
V saphenamagnaa
N. genitofemoralis,Rr genitales a Funiculus
spermaticus
F i g ,8 6 3 L u m b o s a c r apI l e x u s P
, [ e x u s[ u m b o s a c r a t i s .
O r g a n sI T o p o g r a p h yl S e c t i o n s
anteriorwall of the
Manubrium
sterni
a A thoracica
interna
A, thoracica
internaa
a V thoracica
interna
A pericardiacophrenica a
Costa
Rr perforantesO
a a Rr intercostales
anteriores
M transversus
thoracisa
ooA;Vmusculophrenica
A. thoracicainterna,O
Rr intercostales
anteriores o aA ;V epigastrica
superior
A musculophrenica
a C Diaphragma
Fasciatransversalis
M rectusabdominis
a
Vaginamusculi
rectiabdominis,
Laminaposterior
interior
oA epigastrica
inlerior
a V epigastrica
A carotiscommunis
dextra
A subclavia
dextra
A thoracicainterna
A. epigastrica
superior
Pars abdominalisaortae
[Aorta abdominalis]
M rectusabdominis
F i g . 8 6 5 D i a g r a mo f t h e c o t t a t e r a l A epigastrica
inferior
c i r c u t a t i o vn i a t h e i n t e r n a It h o r a c i ca r t e r y ,
A t h o r a c i c ai n t e r n a t, h e s u p e r i o re p i g a s t r i c
a r t e r y ,A . e p i g a s t r i c sau p e r i o r a , ndthe A iliaca externa
i n f e r i o re p i g a s t r i ca r t e r y ,A . e p i g a s t r i c a Lig inguinale
i n f e r i o r ,i n t h e c a s eo f a o r t i co c c I u s i o n ;
A femoralis
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awt a t l M us c [es
Abdominal
wallof a neonate
M rectusabdominis
N OOA;Vepigastrica
supenor
M transversus
abdominis
C Vagina musculi recti abdominis,Lamina posterior
N thoracicus[T8], ,' a O Proc xiphoideus , Funiculus
umbilicalis
N intercostalis:A : V, intercostalis a M serratusanterior
N thoracicus[T9],rr O o
N intercostalis; Cartilago
A ; V intercostalis costalisVlll
Vaginamusculi
rectiabdominis,
Laminaanterior
N t h o r a c i c u s ar o e M obliquus
lr10l, externus
N intercostalis; abdominis
A ; V intercostalis
a V umbilicalis
N thoracicusr, a a
lr11l,
N intercostalis;
A; V intercostalis
O Aa umbilicales
M obliquusC
exrernus
abdominis
Lineaarcuata
N thoracicus
[T12],,
N intercostalis
Vaginamusculirecti
abdominis,
Laminaposterior
Urachus
Peritoneumviscerale a A umbilicalis
dextra
O A vesicalissuperior
---
. Anulus .-a
Ingurnails
errno*iniatic
Vesicaurinaria
M o b l i q u uO
s
internus
abdominis
lvl cremaster|)
Spatiumretropubicum
Fasciaspermatica
interna
Fasciaspermatica
externao a Vv vesicales
M obliquusexternusabdominis,
e
Aponeurosis a M rectusabdominis
A testicularis
O
* Mm pyramidales
Plexus pampiniformisa
F i g .8 6 6 A n t e r i o ra b d o m i n a L w aot Lf a n e o n a t e .
lnnercontourof the anteriorabdominalwall
M rectusabdominis
Lig teres hepatis;V umbilicalis
Fossasupravesicalis
Lineaarcuata
Fossa inguinalismedialis
Plica umbilicalismediana
Plica umbilicalislateralis
Plica vesicalistransversa
V testicularis
M iliacus
A;V iliacaexterna
F i g . 8 6 7 A n t e r i oa
r b d o m r n a I w aot [f a n e o n a t e .
Lig falciforme
(hepatis)
M obliquusexternus
abdominis
M obliquusinternus
abdominis
Linea arcuata
M transversus
abdominis
Plica umbilicalis
mediana
Chorda arteriae
umbilicalis
Plica umbilicalis
medialis M rectusabdominis
N cutaneusfemoris
Plica umbilicalis lateralis
lateralis
A ; V epigastrica
inferior
l\4 iliopsoas
N femoralis
A ;V femoralis profundus
Anulusinguinalis
Ductusdeferens Vasatesticularia
Fossasupravesicalis N obturatorius;
A ; V obturatoria
Ureter
Vesicaurinaria Lig interfoveolare
F i g .8 6 8 A n t e r i o ra b d o m i n aw
I a[t,
i n t e r n a Ia s p e c t .
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a l l M us c [es
Abdominalwall,sections
M rectusabdominis
Telasubcutanea,
Panniculus
adiposus A; Vv epigastrica(e)
superio(es)
Vaginamusculi M obliquus Aponeurosis
externusabdominis,
rectiabdominis
Laminaanterior
Vaginamusculirectiabdominis,
a M obliouusinternus
abdominis
M obliquusexternus
V paraumbilicalis Lig falcitorme M lransversus abdominis
Lig teres hepatis abdominis,
Umbilicus Aponeurosis Mm intercostales
M rectusabdominis M transversus
abdominis
Fascia transversalis
Anulusumbilicalis
Plica umbilicalismediana; Lig umbilicalemedianum
(Chorda urachi)
M. obliquusexternus
Vaginamusculirecti M pyramidalis abdominis
abdominis,
Lamina
anlerior z M. rectus abdominis
M obliquus
A ; W epigastrica(e) internus
c inferior(es) abdominis
M transversus
abdominis
Plica umbilicalis
Chorda arteriae umbilicalis
Plica umbilicalismedialis lateralis
Lig longitudinaleanterius
M transversusabdominis
Vertebra
lumbalis; M. obliquusinternus
Corpusvertebrae abdominis
lvl obliquusexternus
abdominis
(M psoasminor)
M. psoasmajor
M quadratus
lumborum
Alaossisilium
> T 1 I + -1
T 6 , I 2 0 a , b , T4 2 F i g .8 5 9 a - c M u s c t e so f t h e a b d o m i n aw
l a t [ ,M m . a b d o m i n i s ;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n s .
Diaphragma,
ParscostalisO
a Diaphragma,
Centrumtendineum
CostaVll
CostaVlll
a a A.;V intercostalis;
(T8)
,!, N intercostalis
CostalX
CostaX
a, N subcostalis
Fasciatransversalis
parietale
Peritoneum
* N iliohypogastricus
M obliquus
externusabdominis
o
l\4 obliquusinternusabdominis
o * N ilioinguinalis
M transversus
abdominis
a
Crista iliaca
femorislateralis
& N cutaneus
M tensor fasciae latae O
& N femoralis
M iliopsoas
a a A. femoralis
a V femoralis
pubica
Symphysis
F i g .8 7 0 M u s c t eosf t h e a b d o m i n a I w a tM
t ,m . a b d o m i n i s ;
f r o n t asI e c t i o n .
M obliquus
externusabdominis,
Aponeurosis
M obliquus Aponeurosis
externusabdominis,
M obliquusinternus Aponeurosis
abdominis,
M transversusabdominis M transversusabdominis
M obliouusinternus
abdominis M obliouusinternusabdominis
F i g .8 7 1a , b M u s c [ eosf t h e a b d o m i n a I w a tM [ ,m . a b d o m i n i s ;
c o m p u t etdo m o g r a p hci cr o s s - s e c t i o nl sC T l .
Heart
A carotiscommunis
sinistra
Truncus A subclavia
sinistra
brachiocephalicus
Arcusaortae
Lig arteriosum
V cavasuperior
A. pulmonalis
sinistra
Truncuspulmonalis
A pulmonalis
dextra
Pericardium
serosum, Pericardium
serosum,
Laminaparietalis Laminaparietalis
Auriculasinistra
A coronariasinistra,
R. circumllexus
Conusaderiosus
Atriumcordisdextrum A. coronaria
sinistra,
R interventricularis
anterior
V interuentricularis
V cardiaca[cordis] anlenor
parva
Ventriculus
cordis
sinister
A coronariadextra
Ventriculus
cordisdexter
Pericardiumserosum,
Laminavisceralis
IEpicardium]
Apexcordis
Pericardium
serosum.LaminaDarietalis
Abb.872 Heart,Cor.
Pericardium
fibrosum
Pericardium
serosum P e r i c radi u m
L a m i n ap a r i e t a t i s
L a m i n av i s c e r a L i s Epicardium
V vertebralis
V brachiocephalicasinistra
A. carotiscommunis sinistra V brachioceohalica dextra
A subclavia sinistra
Truncusbrachioceohalicus
Arcusaortae
Aa intercostales
oosteriores
v azygos
Parsdescendens
aortae[Aortadescendens] Parsascendensaortae
[Aortaascendens]
Lig,arteriosum
"** V cavasuperior
trunciDulmonalis
Bifurcatio
A. pulmonalis
sinistra
Pericardium A. pulmonalis
dextra
Truncuspulmonalis
W. pulmonalesdextrae
W pulmonales
sinistrae
Auricula
sinistra
Pericardium
serosum,
Laminaparietalis
W atrialessinistrae
Atriumcordisdextrum
Sulcusterminalis
V cavainferior
Ventriculus
cordissinister
Sinuscoronarius
Sulcuscoronarius
Apexcordis
posterior
A coronariadextra,B. interventricularis
cordisdexter
Ventriculus
* A r r o w i n t h e t r a n s v e r s eo e r i c a r d i asI i n u s
F i g . 8 7 3 H e a r t ,C o r ,a n d g r e a tv e s s e t s ;
* * D o u b t ea r r o w s i n t h e o b t i q u ep e r i c a r d i a sLi n u s
dorsaIview.
* * + R e m n a n t so f t h e f o e t a td u c t u sa r t e r i o s u sI g o t l L L o ' s t i g a m e n t J
Myocardium
Truncuspulmonalis
V cava
supenor
Atrium
cordis
dextrum
Ventriculus
cordissinister
Ventriculus
cordis
oexter
Sulcus
interuentricularis Sulcusinterventricularis
anterior
anterior
Vortexcordis
F i g .8 7 1 M y o c a r d i u mM, y o c a r d i u m ;
ventraIview.
Apexcordis
posterior
Sulcusinterventricularis
F i g .8 7 5 M y o c a r d i u mM, y o c a r d i u m ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e a p e xo f t h e h e a r t .
A. pulmonalis
dextra
Bifurcatiotruncipulmonalis
V cavasuperior
W pulmonales
dextrae
W pulmonales
sinistrae Atrium cordis
oexlrum
Atriumcordissinistrum
V cava inlerior
Sulcuscoronarius
Sinus coronarius
Ventriculus
cordis
dexter
Sulcusinterventricularis
posterior
F i g .8 7 6 M y o c a r d i u mM, y o c a r d i u m ;
d o r s o i n f e r i ovri e w
0esopha
Valvatrunci sinistra
Valvulasemilunaris
pulmonalis
Valvulasemilunaris Valvulasemilunaris
dextra
sinistra Valva aortae
Valvulasemilunaris
posterior
Trigonum
fibrosum
sinistrum
Trigonum
fibrosumdextrum
Anulusfibrosussinister
Anulus
fibrosus
dexter
Cuspis
commissuralis
sinistra
Valva Valva
atrioventricularis
Cuspisposterior atrioventricularis
sinistra dextra [Valva
IValvamitralisl tricuspidalisl
Cuspisanterior
Cusoiscommissuralis
dextra
V cavasuperior
Valvaaortae
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra
Apex cordis
F i g . 8 7 8 C o n t o u ro f t h e h e a r t ,v a L v eosf t h e h e a r t ,a n d p o i n t so f T h e h e a r ts o u n d sa n d l w h e r ea p p l . i c a b l t. h eel h e a r tm u r m u r s
a u s c u t t a t i o pn r o j e c t e do n t ot h e a n t e r i o rt h o r a c i cw a [ [ [ c i r c t e s ] . a r e s p r e a d i n gi n t h e d i r e c t i o no f t h e a r r o w s .
> Thoracicviscera Lungs
lnternaL
spacesof the heart
Ostiumatriovenviculare
dextrum
Pars ascendens aortae
Septuminteratriale
Mm pectinati
V cavasuperior
Auriculadextra
Foramina
venarum
mrnrmarum
A coronaria
dextra
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra
vu-Prr ar rrcr rul
Tuberculum
Intervenosum
l\4 papillarisseptalis
Fossaovalis
M papillaris
anterior
V cava inferior
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra,
Cuspisseptalis
Valvulavenae cavae inferioris
Ostiumsinuscoronarii
Valvulasinuscoronarii
Septuminterventriculare,
Parsmuscularis
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra,Cuspisposterior
Mm papillares
posteriores Trabecula
septomarginalis
Ventriculus
cordisdexter
F i g . 8 7 9 R i g h ta t r i u m ,A t r i u m c o r d i sd e x t r u m , l\4yocardium
a n d r i g h tv e n t r i c [ eV, e n t r i c u [ u cs o r d i sd e x t e r ; Pericardium
serosum,
V C N I T A LV I E W .
Apexcordis
Lamina visceralisIEpicardium]
V cavasuperior
Auriculadextra
W pulmonales
dextrae Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra
IValvatricuspidalis]
Septuminteratriale Ostiumatrioventriculare
dextrum
Foramen ovale
Limbuslossaeovalis
Ostiumsinuscoronarii
V cavainferior
F i g . 8 8 0 R i g h ta t r i u m ,A t r i u m c o r d i sd e x t r u m ,
of a neonate;
ventraL v i e wf r o m t h e r i q h r .
V pulmonalis
sinistrasuperior
Myocardium
Auriculasinistra W pulmonales
dextrae
V cardiaca [cordis]magna
Atriumcordis
sinistrum,
Septum
Anulusfibrosussinister interatriale
Ostiumatrioventriculare
sinistrum
V pulmonalis
sinistra
inferior
Anulusfibrosussinister
Valvaatrioventricularis
sinistra,
Cuspis
posterior
Pericardiumserosum,
Laminavisceralis
IEpicardium]
Chordae tendineae
M papillaris
posterior
Ventriculus
cordissinister
Myocardium
Parsmuscularis
Seotuminterventriculare.
F i g .8 8 1 L e f ta t r i u mA , t r i u mc o r d i s i n i s t r u m ,
a n dL e fvt e n t r i c [ e
V,e n t r i c u [ uc so r d i s i n i s t e r ; Trabeculae carneae
[ateraIview. Apexcordis
Lunulavalvulaesemilunaris
Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra
A. coronaria
sinistra
A coronariasinistra,
R interventricularis
anterior
Bulbusaortae Pars
Seotuminterventriculare,
membranacea
Sinusaortae lvlyocardium
Chordae tendineae
Truncuspulmonalis
M papillaris
posterior
Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra
A coronariadextra
Nodulusvalvulaesemilunaris
Auriculadextra
Valvulasemilunaris
dextra
Valvulasemilunaris
oosterior
Ostiumatrioventriculare
sinistrum
Valvaatrioventricularis
sinistra,
Cusoisanterior
Valvaaortae,Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra
Valva aortae, Valvula
semilunarisposterior Akiumcordissinistrum
Parsascendens
Cuspisanterior
vatuaatriouentricularis
sinistra
Cuspisposterior )
Sinusaortae
Auriculadextra
A coronariadextra
Septuminterventriculare,
Parsmembranacea
M papillarisposterior
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra,
Cuspisposterior
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra,
Cuspisseptalis
l\/ papillarisanterior
M papillarisanteriol
M papillarisposterior
Apexcordis
Seotuminterventriculare.
Parsmuscularis
F i g . 8 8 3 L e f t a n d r i g h tv e n t r i c t eV, e n t r i c u t ucso r d i s
s i n i s t e re t d e x t e r .
V interventricularis
anterior Sulcusinteruentricularis
anterior
Pericardium
serosum,Laminavisceralis
IEpicardium]
A. coronaria
sinistra,
R interventricularis lvlyocardium
anterior
Endocardium
Trabecula
septomarginalis
M papillaris
anterior A. coronariadextra,
R marginalis dexter
Myocardium
A coronaria
sinistra,
R marginalis
sinister M. papillaris
posterior
Trabeculaecarneae
Ventriculus
cordissinister
SeDtuminterventriculare.
Mm papillares
posteriores Parsmuscularis
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextraIValvatricuspidalis],
uusprsseprails
Chordae tendineae Sulcusinterventricularis
oosterior
V cardiaca [cordisl media posterior
A coronariadextra,R. interventricularis
[V interventricularisposterior]
F i g . 8 8 4 L e f ta n dr i g h tv e n t r i c t e
V,e n t r i c u [ uc so r d i s
s i n i s t eer t d e x t e r ;
s u p e n ovr r e w .
0esophagus
lnternalspacesof theheart
M papillaris
anterior
posterior
M. papillaris
F i g .8 8 5 L e f tv e n t r i c t eV, e n t r i c u [ u cs o r d i ss i n i s t e r ;
ventrosuoeriorview from the teft.
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra,Cuspisposterior
M papillaris
posterior
Trabecula
septomarginalis
F i g . 8 8 6 R i g h tv e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u t u cs o r d i sd e x t e r ;
dorsaLview.
l*ungs
Parsascendensaortae Truncuspulmonalis
V cavasuperior
A coronaria
sinistra
Sinustruncipulmonalis
Ostiumvenaecavaesuperioris
Valvatruncipulmonalis,
Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra
Atriumcordisdextrum
Sinusaortae
Valvaaortae,Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra
Nodus sinuatrialis
Fasciculus
atrioventricularis
Crusdextrum
Ostium venae cavae
inferioris
Nodusatrioventricularis
Valvulavenae cavae
inferioris
Valvulasinuscoronarii
lvl.papillaris
anterior
Ostiumsinuscoronarii
Valvaatriovenlricularis
dextra,
Cuspisanterior
F i g .8 8 7 R i g h ta t r i u m ,A t r i u m c o r d i sd e x t r u m ,
a n d r i g h tv e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u L ucso r d i sd e x t e r ;
conducting s y s t e m ,C o m p L e x usst i m u L a ncso r d i s
l S y s t e m ac o n d u c e n t ce o r d i s ] h, ightighted inyeltow;
ventraLview.
Valvaatrioventricularis
sinistra,
Cuspisanterior
Truncuspulmonalis
A coronaria
sinistra
Fasciculus
atrioventricularis,
Crussinistrum
M. papillaris
anterior
Ventriculus
cordissinister
F i g . 8 8 8 L e f tv e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u t ucso r d i ss i n i s t e r ;
conducting s y s t e m ,C o m p t e x u s t i m u t a n sc o r d i s
l S y s t e m ac o n d u c e n t ceo r d i s ] h
, i g h l . i g h t ei d
nyetLow;
v e n t r a Iv i e wf r o m t h e l e f t
0esophagus
N vagus[X]
Ganglion
cervicale
supenus
N cardiacuscervicalis
supenor
cervicale
Ganglion
meorum
N laryngeus
recurrens N. laryngeusrecurrens
Ganglion
cervicothoracicum
[Ganglionstellatuml
N cardiacuscervicalis
medius
N. cardiacuscervicalis
inlerior
Plexuscardiacus
F i g . 8 8 9 I n n e r v a t i oonf t h e h e a r td, i a g r a m ;
s y m p a t h e ttircu n k :g r e e nv; a g u sn e r y ep: u r p t e .
* T h e b r a n c h e sb e y o n dt h e c a r d i a cp l e x u sc o n t a i n
s y m p a t h e t i ca n d v a g a If i b r e s .
V cava
Fasciculus
inferior
atrioventricularis
Nodus
sinuavialis Crus
sinistrum
Nodus
atrioventricularis Crus
dextrum
F i g . 8 9 0 C o n d u c t i system
ng of heart, Septum
Rr.subendocardiales interventriculare
C o m o l e x usst i m u [ a ncordis
s [Systema conducente cordis]
;
n t t h eo t a n eo f t h ea x i so f t h eh e a r t .
s e c t i oa
Arcusaortae Lig arteriosum
Pericardium
serosum,
Laminaparietalis
V cavasuperior
A pulmonalissinistra
Pericardium
serosum,
Laminaparjetalis
T r u n c upsu l m o n a l i s
A, pulmonalis
dextra
Parsascendensaortae
A coronaria
sinistra
Sinustransversus
pericardli Atriumcordissinistrum,
Auriculasinistra
V cardiaca [cordis]magna
coronaria
dextra A coronaria
sinistra,
R circumflexus
Auriculadextra
Conusarteriosus
Atriumcordisdextrum
A coronaria
slnistra,
R interuentricularisanterior
Vv ventriculidextri
antenores
V interventricularis
anterior
R atrialis
Fig,891 Coronaryarteries,
A a .c o r o n a r i a e ;
ventraL view
R marginalisdexter
A r r o w i n t h e t r a n s v e r s ep e r i c a r d i asLi n u s Apexcordis
Incisura
apiciscordis
Valvulasemilunaris Truncuspulmonalis
anterior
Valva
trunci Valvulasemilunaris
pulmonalis dextra
Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra
B interventricularis
anterior A coronaria dextra
A coronaria
sinistra
R n o d is i n u a t r i a l i s
R circumflexus
Trigonum
fibrosum Anulusfibrosus
sinistrum dexter
Trigonumfibrosum
V cardiaca[cordis] dextrum
magna
Fasciculus
Anulusfibrosus atrioventricularis
sinister
R marginalis R marginalis
dexter
sinister
A coronaria
sinistra
F i g . 8 9 3 V a r i a b i t i toy f t h e c o r o n a r ya r t e r i e s .
T h e c o n u sa r t e r i o s u sb r a n c ha r i s e sf r o m t h e
A coronaria
dextra, a o r t aa s a n i n d e p e n d e nat r t e r yt - 3 7 " / " ) .
R interventricularis
posterior
of the heart
Arcusaortae
A. pulmonalisdextra
Pericardium V cavasuperior
Bilurcatio
trunciDulmonalis
Pericardium
A pulmonalis
sinistra
Atriumcordissinistrum
W pulmonalesdextrae
W oulmonales
sinistrae Sinusvenarumcavarum
Auriculasinistra
V obliouaatriisinistra Pericardium
V cardiaca magna
cordis
Sulcusterminalis
A coronariasinistra,
R circumllexus
Sinuscoronarius Atriumcordisdextrum
ventriculi
sinistri
poslenor
V cava inferior
Sulcuscoronarius
V cardiacalcordis]parva
A coronariadextra
Ventriculus
cordissinister
Ventriculuscordisdexter
posterior
Sulcusinterventricularis
Apexcordis
apiciscordis
Incisura
F i g . 8 9 4 V e i n so f t h e h e a r t ,V v .c o r d i s .
A coronaria
sinistra,
R circumllexus
A coronaria
sinistra,
R posterior
ventriculi
sinistri
A coronariadextra,
R interventricularis
posterior
A. coronariadextra
A coronaria
sinistra
A coronaria
dextra
R circumflexus
R nodi sinuatrialis
R interventricularis
anterior
Flr interuentriculares
seotales
R coni arteriosi
R lateralis
R marginalis
sinister
R atrialis
B lateralis
R nodi
F i g .8 9 6 C o r o n a r ya r t e r i e s A , a .c o r o n a r i a e ; atrioventncularis Rr,atriales
posterioa r r t e r i a Ib r a n c h e sa r e s h o w ni n a R marginalis Rr interuentriculares
L i g h t ecr o [ o u r ; dexter seprares
t h e p o s t e r i o ri n t e r v e n t r i c u L ba r a n c ha r i s e s ( R posterolateralis R posterior
dexter) ventriculi
sinistri
f r o m t h e r i g h t c o r o n a r ya r t e r yI b a L a n c ecdo r o n a r y
a r t e r ys u p p L y ) ; posterior
R interuentricularis Rr atrioventriculares
v e n t r a tv t e w
A coronaria
sinistra
A coronaria dextra
R, circumflexus
R nodi sinuatrialis
R interventricularis
anterior
R atrialis
R coni arteriosi R lateralis
R marginalis
sinister
Rr interventriculares
R atrialis septales
F i g , 8 9 7 C o r o n a r ya r t e r i e s A , a .c o r o n a r i a e ; R marginalisdexter Rr posteriores
ventriculi
sinistri
t h e p o s t e r i o ri n t e r v e n t r i c u l abrr a n c ha r i s e sf r o m
t h e t e f tc o r o n a r ya r t e r yI d o m i n a n [t e f t c o r o n a r y
a r t e r ys u p p l y l ; Rr interuentriculares
seotales
ventraLview. posterior
R interventricularis
A coronaria
sinistra
A coronaria
dextra
R circumflexus
R nodi sinuatrialis
B interventricularis
anterior
R coni arteriosi R atrialis
R lateralis
atrioventriculares
R marginalis
sinister
R atrialis Rr interventriculares
septales
R nodi R lateralis
atriovenlricularis
F i g .8 9 8 C o r o n a r ya r t e r i e s A R posterior
, a .c o r o n a r i a e ; ventriculi
sinistri
t h e p o s t e r i owr a L Io f t h e v e n t r i c L eiss
m a i n [ ys u p p t i e db y b r a n c h e so f t h e R marginalisdexter
r i g h t c o r o n a r ya r t e r y{ d o m i n a n rt i g h t c o r o n a r y (R posterolateralls
a r t e r ys u p p t y ) ; postenor
R interventricularis dexte0
v e n t r a Iv i e w Rr interuentriculares
septales
Coronary a rteries, radiography
A. coronaria
sinistra
A coronaria
sinistra,
R marginalis
sinister
A coronariasinistra,
Rr interventriculares
A coronaria
sinistra, septales
R circumflexus
A coronariasinistra,
anterior
R. interventricularis
A coronariasinistra,
B interventricularis
posterior,var
Diaphragma * C a t h e t e irn t h e a o r t aa n d i n t h e
o p e n i n go { t h e t e f t c o r o n a r ya r t e r y
F i g ,8 9 9 L e f t c o r o n a r ya r t e r y ,A . c o r o n a r i as i n i s t r a . t h e b e a mi s d i r e c t e do b t i q u e t fyr o m r i g h t a n t e r i o rt o [ e f t
c o r o n a r ya n g i o g r a p h y ; o o s t e r i o r{ R A O J .
sinistra
A. coronaria
sinistra,
A. coronaria
B marginalissinister
A coronariasinistra,
R. circumllexus
A. coronaria
sinistra,
R. interventricularis
anterior A coronariasinistra,
septales
Rr interventriculares
A coronariasinistra,
posterior,Var
R interventricularis
* C a t h e t e ri n t h e a o r t i c b u t b
Diaphragma a n d i n t h e o p e n i n go f t h e l e f t
c o r o n a r ya r t e r y
* * S h a d o wo f t h e c a t h e t e ri n t h e
d e s c e n d i n gt h o r a c i ca o r t a
F i g . 9 0 0 L e f t c o r o n a r ya r t e r y ,A . c o r o n a r i as i n i s t r a ; t h e b e a m i s d i r e c t e do b t i q u e t fyr o m l e f t a n t e r i o rt o r i g h t
c o r o n a r ya n g i o g r a p h y ; o o s t e r i o rI L A O ] .
A coronariadextra,
R, coniarteriosi
A coronariadextra,
R atrioventricularis
A coronariadextra
A coronariadextra,
R marginalisdexter
Diaphragma * C a t h e t e irn t h e a o r t aa n d i n t h e
o p e n i n go f t h e r i g h t c o r o n a r y
A coronaria dextra, artery
posterior
R interuentricularis + +S h a d o wo f t h e c a t h e t e ri n t h e
A coronaria dextra, d e s c e n d i n gt h o r a c i ca o r t a
(R posterolateralis
dexteo
Heartsitus
N vagus[X]
(Nodilymphoidei
mediastinales e N vagus[X]
anteriores)
.* N laryngeus
Bronchus recurrens
principalis
dexter
Lig arteriosum
Nodilymphoidei
tracheobronchiales Nodilymphoidei
supeflores tracheobronchiales
supenores
A pulmonalis
dextraa a V pulmonalis
sinistrasuperior
V p u l m o n a lO
is o A pulmonalis
dextra sinistra
Nodilymphoidei a V pulmonalis
tracheobronchiales sinistrainferior
inferiores
Nodilymphoidei
tracheobronchiales
(Noduslymphoideus inferiores
ligamenti
arteriosi)
1
Nodi lymphoidei
phrenicisuperiores
Nodi lymphoidei
F i g .9 0 2 P o s i t i o no f t h e h e a r t i n t h e t h o r a x ,S i t u sc o r d i s phrenicisuperiores
F i g .9 0 3 P o s i t i o no f t h e h e a r t ; F i g . j 0 1 P o s i t i o no f t h e h e a r t ;
i n s p ri a t i o n . exprrailon.
N laryngeus
recurrens
sinister
aaA;V pericardiaco-
Truncusa pnrenrca
brachiocephalicus
Pulmosinister
V cavasuperiorO
.. Plexusaorticus
thoracicus
l N vagus[X]
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsmediastinalis
i N laryngeus
recurrens
Pulmodexter
Sinus
transversus
pericardii
V p u l m o n a lai s
dextrasuperior Pleuraparietalis,
Parsmediastinalis
V p u l m o n a lai s
dextrainferior a V pulmonalis
sinistrasuperior
a V pulmonalis
sinistrainlerior
S i n u so b l i q u u s
pericardii
Pericardium
serosum,
Laminaparietalis
Pleura parietalis,
Pars diaphragmatica
V cava inferiora
Fig.905 Pericardium
P,e r i c a r d i u m .
V brachiocephalicadextra
V jugularis
internadextra
V subclaviadextra V brachiocephalica
sinistra
V, cava superior
purmonares
dextrae
Pericardium
W hepaticae
Atriumcordis
V cava inferior sinistrum F i g . 9 0 5 0 p e n i n g so f t h e L a r g ev e i n si n t ot h e h e a r t ;
Atriumcordisdextrum ventraLview.
> Thoracic
viscera
Trachea
and bronchi
Left mainbronchus,Bronchusprincipalissinister
Cartilagines
tracheales
Bronchuslobarissuperiorsinister
1,2 = Bronchus
segmentalis apicoposterior [B | + lll
3 = Bronchussegmentalis anterior[B lll]
4 = Bronchus superior[B lV]
lingularis
5 = Bronchus
lingularis
inlerior[B V]
Bifurcatiotracheae
Bronchusorincioalisdexter 1
Bronchus
principalis
sinister
Bronchus
lobaris
superiorde)del 3
Bronchus
lobarissuperiorsinister
Cartilagines
bronchiales
Bronchuslobaris
mediusdexter lobarisinferiorsinister
Bronchus
4
Bronchus lobaris
inferiordexter
8
Fig.907 Larynx,Larynx;
t r a c h e aT,r a c h e a ,n db r o n c h i ,
Bronchi.
Bronchus
principalis
Bronchus sinister
lobaris
supeflor Bronchus
dexter lobaris
supenor
sinister
Bronchus
principalis
de)iter
Bronchus
lobaris
Bronchus inferior
lobaris sinister
medius
dexter
Bronchus
lobaris
inferior
Fig.908 Projection o f t h e t r a c h e aa n d t h e b r o n c h i dexter
o n t o t h e a n t e r i o rt h o r a c i cw a [ t .
0esophagus
Trachea,
structure
thyroidea,
Cartilago Laminadextra
corniculata
Cartilago
Cartilagoarytenoidea
Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae
Pariesmembranaceus
Cartilaginestracheales
Ligg anularia
M trachealis
Bifurcatiotracheae
Bronchus dexter
orinciDalis
lobarissuperiordexter
Bronchus
1
Bronchus
principalis
sinister
Bronchuslobaris
superiorsinister
Bronchus
lobarisinferiordexter
lobarismediusdexter
Bronchus
Bronchus lobaris
inferiorsinister
Fig.909 Larynx,Larynx;
+--^A^^ T-^^k^-
tt dLt tEo, | | oLt tco,
a n d b r o n c h iB, r o n c h i ;
dorsaIview.
Tunica adventitia
Glandulaetracheales
F i g .9 1 0 T r a c h e aT, r a c h e a ;
c r o s s - s e c t rno;
Pariesmembranaceus M trachealis m i c r o s c o p i ec n t a r g e m e nat t
lowmagnification
> Thoracicviscera tt
Segmental
bronchi
F i g . i 1 1 B r o n c h iB , ronchi;
t h e [ o b a ra n d t h e s e g m e n t a bl r o n c h ih a v eb e e np r o j e c t e d
o n t ot h e I u n g sa n d a r e i t L u s t r a t ewdi t h d i f f e r e n ct o t o u r s ;
venlratvrew.
N u m b e r si n d i c a t teh e s e g m e n t abI r o n c hlis e ep . 9 0 1 .
0esophagus
Bronchialtree,radiography
Bronchussegmentalis
[B | + ll]
apicoposterior
principalis
Bronchus
sinister
Bronchuslobaris
superiorsinister
Bronchus
lobarisinferior
sinister
Bronchus
segmentalis Bronchus lingularis
superiorIB Vl] superior[B lV]
Bronchus lingularis
inferiorIB V]
Bronchus segmentalis
basalislateralis
[B lXl
Bronchus segmentalis
basalisposterior[B X]
Bronchus segmentalis
basalisanterior[B Vlll]
F i g . 9 1 2 B r o n c h iB , ronchi;
A P - r a d i o g r a p hb;r o n c h o g r a p hoyf t h e l e f t [ u n g .
* Bronchography catheter in thetrachea
> Thoracicviscera tt
Apexpulmonis
Lobussuperior,
Faciescostalis
Margoanterior
pulmonis
Fissurahorizontalis
dextri
Lobusmediuspulmonis
dextri,
Lobusinlerior, Faciescostalis
Faciescostalis
Lobusinferior Fissuraobliqua
Margoinferior
F i g .9 1 3 R i g h Lt u n gP, u t m od e x t e r ;
Apexpulmonis
lateraIview.
Lobussuperior,Faciescostalis
Fissuraobliqua
Lobusinferior,
Faciescostalis
cardiacapulmonis
Incisura sinistri
Lingulapulmonis
sinistri
Fissuraobliqua
F i g . 9 1 t , L e f t [ u n g ,P u t m os i n i s t e r ;
[ateraIview. Margo inlerior
0esophagus
Apexpulmonis
Lobussuperior
Fissvaobliqua
Lobussuperior y'//
Bronchus lobaris
superiordexter
A pulmonalis
de)dra
principalis
Bronchus
dexter
Bronchus lobaris
Margoanterior mediusde)der
et inferiordexter
Noduslymphoideus
tracheobronchialis
W pulmonales
dextrae inferior
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsmediastinalis
lmpressio
cardiaca
pulmonis
Fissurahorizontalis dextri Lobusinferior
Lig pulmonale
Lobusmediuspulmonis
dextri
Facies
diaphragmatica;
Basispulmonis
Margoinferior
Fissuraobliqua
F i g .9 1 5 R i g h tt u n g ,P u t m od e x t e r ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o na t t h e p [ a n eo f t h e h i t u m
o f t h e[ u n g ;
m e d i a Iv i e w .
Fissuraobliqua
A pulmonalis
sinistra
V pulmonalis
sinistrasuperior
Bronchus
principalis Pleuraparietalis,
sinister Parsmediastinalis
V pulmonalis
sinistrainterior Margoanterior
Nodi lymphoidei
tracheobronchiales
lmpresslocardiaca
Incisura sinistri
cardiacaDUlmonis
Lingulapulmonis
sinistri F i g .9 1 6 L e f t [ u n g ,P u t m os i n i s t e r ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o na t t h e p [ a n eo f t h e h i I u m
of the [ung;
Facies diaphragmatica;
Basis pulmonis m e d i a Iv i e w .
> Thoracicviscera tt
Pulmodexter
Pulmo dexter,Lobus superior
r Segmentum apicale [S l]
segmentum
anterius
[s tttl
I
I segmentum
taterate
[s tvl
segmentum
mediate
[s vl
I
Segmentum
superius[S V|]
Segmentum
basalemedialelcardiacum]
[S Vll]-
Segmentum
basaleanterius[S Vlll]
il Segmentumbasalelaterale[S lxj
E
Segmentumbasaleposterius[S Xl
* T h i ss e g m e n ti s g e n e r a L [nyo t a n i n d e p e n d e nste g m e n t ,
b u t r a t h e r f u s e dw i t h t h e a n t e r i o rb a s a Is e g m e n t[ S V l l l ] .
F i g . 9 1 7 R i g ht u n gP, u l m od e x t e r ;
b r o n c h o p u l m o nsaer g
y ments,
S e g m e n tbar o n c h o p u t m o n;a l i a
LateraIview.
Pulmo sinister
Pulmosinister,
Lobussuperlor
I )I
I Segmentum
apicoposterius
[S | + tt]
I )
I Segmentum
anterius[S lll]
I Segmentum
lingulare
superius[S lVl
r Segmentum
lingulare
inferius[S V]
Pulmosinlster,Lobus Interior
Segmentum
superius[S V|]
Segmentum
basalemedialelcardiacum]
[S Vlll-
Segmentum
basaleanterius[S Vllll
Segmentumbasalelaterale[S lX]
Segmentumbasaleposterius[S X]
+ T h i s s e g m e n ti s g e n e r a [ [ yn o t a n i n d e p e n d e n t
segment,
b u t r a t h e r f u s e dw i t h t h e a n t e r i o rb a s a Ls e g m e n t[ S V l l l ]
F i g .9 1 8 L e f tt u n g ,P u l m os i n i s t e r ;
b r o n c h o p u t m o nsaer gy m e n t s ,
S e g m e n tbar o n c h o p u t m o n a t i a ;
lateraIview.
ilesophagus
F i g .9 1 9 R i g h t[ u n g ,P u L m od e x t e r ;
b r o n c h o p u t m o n a sr ye g m e n t s ,
Segmentb aronchopulmonaLia;
mediaLview.
F i g . 9 2 0 L e f t [ u n g ,P u l m os i n i s t e r ;
b r o n c h o p u I m o n a sr ye gm e n t s ,
S e g m e n t ab r o n c h o p u t m o n a L i a ;
mediaIview.
> Thoracic
viscera tt
Truncusbrachioceohalicus
Arcusaortae
VV brachioceohalicaedextra et siniska
A carotiscommunis
V thoracica
interna
A subclavia
Apexpulmonis
Apexpulmonis
Pulmodexter,Lobussuoerior
A pulmonalis
sinistra
V cavasuperior
A pulmonalisdenra,Aa lobaressuperiores Pulmosinister.
Lobussuoerior
A. pulmonalissinistra,
Aa. lobaressuperiores
Bronchus lobaris
superiorsinister
V pulmonalis
Pulmodexter, sinistrasuperior,
Lobusmedius V apicoposterior
A pulmonalis Nodi
dextra, lymphoidei
A lobarismedia tracheo-
bronchiales
V pulmonalis
dextrasuperior,
V lobimedii
A. DUlmonalisdextra.
Aa lobaresinferiores,
Parsbasalis,
A segmentalis
basalisanterior
Auriculadextra A pulmonalissinistra,
Aa lobaresinferiores
A coronaria
dextra
Bronchus lobaris
inferiorsinister
A pulmonalissinistra,
Aa lobaresinferiores,
Parsbasalis,
A. segmentalis
basalisanterior
Pulmosinister,
Ventriculus
cordisdexter Lobusinferior
Auriculasinistra
V Dulmonalis
sinistrainferior
Conusarteriosus
A coronariasinistra,R interventricularis
anterior
Apexcordis Ventriculus
cordissinister
F i g . 9 2 1 L u n g s ,P u t m o n e sa, n d h e a r t ,C o r ;
t h e a r t e r i e s t, h e v e i n sa n d t h e b r o n c h ih a v eb e e n
d i s s e c t e du p t o t h e e x t e r n a sI u r f a c eo f t h e [ u n g s .
Ductusalveolaris
Bronchiolus
terminalis
Bronchus
Bronchiolus
F i g . 9 2 2 L u n gP , ulmo;
o v e r v i e owf t h e[ u n gs t r u c t u r e ;
m i c r o s c o pei cn t a r g e m eanttl o wm a g n i f i c a t i o n .
0esophagus
A. carotiscommunis
Apexpulmonis
Pulmosinister.
Lobussuoerior Trachea.Pariesmembranaceus
A subclavia Truncusbrachiocephalicus
Fissuraobliqua Arcusaortae
Pulmosinister,
Lobusinferior
V cavasuperior
Lig arteriosum
Bronchus
lobarissuperiorsinister Bifurcatiotracheae
A pulmonalis
sinistra V azygos
principalis
Bronchus sinister .,r7 Bronchuslobarissuperiordexter
principalis
Bronchus dexter
Bronchisegmentales
M bronchooesophageus
Atriumcordisdextrum
V. cava inferior
Pericardium
Pulmosinister, Sinuscoronarius
Lobusinferior
V cardiaca[cordis]media
Apexcordis
cordisdexter
Ventriculus
A carotiscommunis
sinistra
A subclavia
sinistra A. subclavia
dextra
Arcusaortae
principalis
Bronchus sinister
dexter
R. bronchialis
Br bronchiales
sinistri
Parsthoracicaaortae
F i g . 9 2 t , B r o n c h iB
, ronchi;
^-+^-;^t ^..^^1.,
dr (Er rd( >uPPLy.
>> | l- lear tI T r ac hea I Lungs
F i 9 . 9 2 5 A r t e r i e so f t h e r i g h tI u n g , F i g . 9 2 6 V e i n so f t h e r i g h t L u n g ,
A a .p u I m o n a [ ed sextrae; V v p u L m o n a l edse x t r a e ;
A P - r a d i o g r a p (hp u t m o n a r ay n g i o g r a p h yal ;f t e r A P - r a d i o g r a p lhr e t u r nv i a p u L m o n a rvye i n so f t h e c o n t r a s t
injection o f a c o n t r a sm
t e d i u mi n t ot h e r i g h tv e n t r i c L e ; m e d i u mi n j e c t e di n t o t h e r i g h tv e n t r i c t e l ;
ventraLview. ventraIview.
T h e n u m b e r sd e s i g n a tteh e s e g m e n t a l a r t e r i e s N u m b e r si n d i c a t et h e s e g m e n t a L v e i n{ sc o m p a r ep . 9 5 1 .
Icompare p.961.
Thoracic radiography
Clavicula
Scapula
V cava - Truncus
supenor pulmonalis
Atriumcordis
sinistrum
cordis
Ventriculus
sinister
Diaphragma
Apexcordis
Recessuscoslo-
diaphragmaticus
F i g , 9 2 7 T h o r a c i cc a g e ,C a v e at h o r a c i s a, n d t h o r a c i cv i s c e r a ;
PA-radiographol a 27-year-otdmal.elthorax radiograph)
1 ="Aorticknob"
2 =Archof the pulmonary artery
3 =Archof the leftatrium
4 =Arch of the leftventricle
5 =Archof the rightvessels
6 =Archof the rightatrium
Arcusaortae(l)
V cava
superior (5)
Truncuspulmonalis
(2)
Auriculasinistra(3)
\L
cordissinister(4)
Ventriculus
Atriumcordis F i g .9 2 8 0 u t l i n eo f t h e h e a r ts h a d o wi n t h e r a d i o g r a p h ;
dextrum(6)
s- D t = T r a n s v e r sd ei a m e t e r ,
V, cava Dt
inferior
Apex cordis a b + c d = 1 3 - 1 4c m
Diaphragma L = L o n g i t u d i n aaIx i so f t h e h e a r tl f r o m t h e s u p e r i o r
b o r d e ro f t h e r i g h t a t r i a Ic o n t o u rt o t h e a p e xo f t h e
h e a r t l= 1 5 - 1 6c m
M = M e d i a np t a n eo f t h e b o d y
>> | Heart I Trachea I Lunqs
(Cartilago
bronchialis)
Carina tracheae
principalis
Bronchus
Bronchus
principalis dexter
sinister
Bronchus
segmentalis
apicoposterior
lB | + lll:
Bronchus
seginentati'C
anterior Bronchus lobaris
lB ilrl superiorsinister
Bronchilingulares
superioret inferior
lBrv-vl
Bronchus
segmentalis
supeflor
lB vrl Bronchus segmentalis
basalisanterior
[B Vilt]
Bronchus seomentalis
Bronchus
segmentalis basalislateralis
basalisposterior
[B X]
lBrxl
Fig.930 Bronchi,Bronchi;
b r o n c h o s c o p vi ci e w o f t h e l e f t s e g m e n t a bL r o n c h i .
0esophagus
surfaceprojections
VertebracervicalisVll [prominens]
Cupulapleurae Lobussuperior
Spinascapulae
Lobussuperior Lobus
supenor
lncisura
Lobusmedius cardraca
pulmonis
dextri purmonrs
sinistri
Lobusinferior
Lobusinferior Becessus
costodiaphragmaticus
Costaxll
Cristailiaca
F i g .9 3 1 P r o j e c t i o no f t h e p u l m o n a r ya n d t h e p t e u r a l Fig.932 P r o j e c t i o no f t h e p u l m o n a r ya n d t h e p l e u r a I
b o r d e r so n t ot h e a n t e r i o rt h o r a c i cw a [ t . borderso n t ot h e o o s t e r i o tr h o r a c i cw a [ t .
B o r d e r os f t h e[ u n g s- t i n e
Bordersof the oteura- dashed[ine
Lobussuperior
Lobussuperior
Lobusinferior
Cristailiaca
cristailiaca
Fig.933 Projection o f t h e p u l m o n a r ya n d t h e p t e u r a t F i g .9 3 4 P r o j e c t i o n o f t h e p u t m o n a r ya n d t h e p t e u r a L
b o r d e r so n t o t h e l a t e r a It h o r a c i cw a [ t . b o r d e r so n t ot h e l a t e r a It h o r a c i cw a L t .
> Thoracic
viscera
Cartilagothyroidea,
Laminadextra
A carotis
communrs Glandula
thyroidea, M cricothyroideus
Lobusdexter
lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae
A subclavia Oesophagus,
Parscervicalis A carotiscommunis
dextra
_Oesophagus, A carotiscommunis
Harscerytcalrs sinistra
Truncus A. subclavia dextra
brachiocephalicus
Arcusaortae
Truncus
Cartilagines brachiocephalicus
Lig.arteriosum tracheales
Bronchus Arcusaortae
principalis
dexter
Lig.arteriosum
Bronchuslobaris
superiordexter
Parsthoraclcaaortae
OesoDhaous.
Parsthoraiica intercostales
posteriores
Pars
Diaphraqma, thoracica
Centrum tendin-eum aonae
Foramen
venae
cavae Oesophagus, Oesophagus,
Pars Parsthoracica
abdominalis
Parslumbalis Gaster,
diaphragmatis, Parscardiaca
Crusdextrum
Aa phrenicae
inferiores
Hiatusaorticus
F i g .9 3 5 O e s o p h a g u s0,e s o p h a g u st ;r a c h e a T , rachea,
a n d t h e t h o r a c i ca o r t a ,P a r st h o r a c i c aa o r t a e :
ventratview.
structure
0esophagus,
Glandula
thyroidea,
Lobussinister
Lobusdexter
thvroidea.
Glandula
A carotiscommunis
A carotiscommunis
V jugularisinterna
A subclavia V jugularis
interna
A subclavia
V subclavia
V.subclavia
V brachiocephalicasinistra
V, brachiocephalicadextra
A. subclavia
Truncus brachiocephalicus
Cartilagines
tracheales
Arcusaortae V cavasuperior
Bifurcatiotracheae
B bronchialis
principalis
Bronchus dexter
A pulmonalissinistra
A pulmonalis
dextra
principalis
Bronchus sinister
W pulmonales
dextrae
W pulmonales
sinistrae
Ventriculus
cordissinister
Aa intercostales
oosteriotes
V cavainferior
Oesophagus,Parsthoracica
Parsthoracicaaortae
Diaphragma
Hiatusoesophageus
F i g . 9 3 7 O e s o p h a g u sO, e s o p h a g u sa ,n d t h e t h o r a c i ca o r t a ,
P a r st h o r a c i c aa o r t a e ;
dorsaLview.
Glandulaeoesophageae
Telasubmucosa
Stratumcirculare
Tunicamuscularis
Stratumlongitudinale
Tunica adventitia
Fig.938 0esophagus,0esophagus;
m i c r o s c o p i ec n l a r g e m e nat t L o wm a g n i f i c a t i o n
> Thoracicviscera
A vertebralis M, intercostalis
A carotis subclavia externus
communrs A subclavia
dextra
dextra
V hemiazygos
A carotis accessofla
communis sinistra
V cava
supeflor M intercostalis
internus
Oesophagus
Parsthoracica
aortae, Oesophagus,
Br oesophageales Parsthoracica
V hemiazygos
A gastricasinistra, \/.7w^^e
Rr oesophageales
Diaphragma
Diaphragma,
Diaphragma, Centrum
Foramen venae tendineum
cavae
Truncuscoeliacus
Parslumbalis
diaphragmatis, Oesophagus,
Crusdextrumet Pars
Crussinistrum abdominalis
V phrenica
interior V gastroomentalis
V cava inferior sinistra
Gaster
V gastricasinistra
v e n t r a Iv i e w .
W oesophageae
V hemiazygos
v. azygos
(Plexus venosus
suomucosus)
(R oesophagealis) V oesophagea
(R oesophagealis)
V phrenicainferior
V gastricasinistra
V cava inferior
V portae hepatis
F i g . 9 1 1 V e i n so f t h e o e s o p h a g u sV,v .o e s o p h a g e a e ;
m a g n iifc a t i o no f F i g .9 4 0 ;
d e m o n s t r a t i o on f a n a s t o m o s e bs e t w e e nb r a n c h e so f
t h e h e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i na n d t h e s u p e r i o rv e n ac a v a .
Thoraciclymphnodes
Oesophagus,
Parscervicalis A carotiscommunis
A carotiscommunis
Truncusbrachioceohalicus
A subclavia
A subclavia
V cava superior
Nodi lymphoideijuxtaoesophageales
Trachea.Pariesmembranaceus
Arcusaortae
Parsdescendensaortae
Nodi lymphoideitracheobronchialessuperiores
V oulmonalis
sinistrasuDerior
Nodi lymphoideitracheobronchialessuperiores Bifurcatiotracheae
A. pulmonalissinistra
Bronchus orinciDalisdexter
Nodi lymphoidei
tracheobronchialesinferiores Nodi lymphoidei
tracheobronchiales
superiores
Bronchilobares A pulmonalis
dextra
V pulmonalis
sinistrainferior
Bronchilobares
(Nodi lymphoideimediastinalesposteriores)
V pulmonalis
dextrainlerior
Oesophagus,
Parsthoracica
(Nodilymphoidei posteriores)
mediastinales
Pericardium
librosum
V, cava inferior
Diaphragma
Hiatusoesophageus
F i g . 9 1 2 T h o r a c i cL y m p hn o d e s ;
N o d iL y m p h o i d e
t hi o r a c i s ;
dorsaLview.
> Thoracicviscera
0esophagus,
radiography
and oesophagoscopy
Extremitassternalis piriformis
Becessus
lvlanubrium
sterni
Oesophagus,
*
Parsthoracica
Oesophagus,
**
Parsthoracica
Oesophagus,
Parsthoracica
Diaphragma
F i g . 9 4 3a , b 0 e s o p h a g u sO, e s o p h a g u s ; * O e s o p h a g e acIo n s t r i c t i o nc a u s e db y t h e a o r t i c a r c h
* * R e t r o c a r d i apI o r t i o no f t h e o e s o p h a g u s
r a d i o g r a p ha f t e r s w a t t o w i n go f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m .
+ * * O e s o p h a g ecaoI n s t r i c t i oant t h e j u n c t i o no f t h e p h a r y n xw i t h t h e
a R i g h ta n t e r i o or b t i q u ep o s i t i o no, b L i q udei a m e t e |r [ b e a m
d i r e c t e df r o m l e f t a n t e r i o rt o r i g h t p o s t e r i o r ) oesophagus
b L e f ta n t e r i o ro b t i q u ep o s i t i o no, b t i q u ed i a m e t e rl l I b e a m
d i r e c t e df r o m r i g h t a n t e r i o rt o L e f tp o s t e r i o r )
Gaster,Parscardiaca,
Tunicamucosa
Parsabdominalis,
Oesophagus,
tunrcamucosa
F i g . 9 1 1 O e s o p h a g u s0,e s o p h a g u s ;
o e s o p h a g o s c o p( tye c h n i c adLe t a i [ ss e e F i g .9 8 6 ) ;
s u o e n o rv t e w .
Mm pharyngis
Truncus
brachiocephalicus
Parsdescendensaortae
[Aortadescendens]
Parsascendensaortae
[Aortaascendens]
Bronchus
principalis
dexter
Parsthoracicaaortae,
[Aortathoracica]
Diaphragma
Hiatus oesophageus
Gaster.Cardia
Thymus
o lvl sternohyoldeus
Cartilagothyroidea
o M, thyrohyoideus
(Lobuspyramidalis,
Var)
a M omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior
M sternothyroideus
e
M cricothvroideus
o a A thyroidea
superior
a V thyroidea
superior
I Lobusdexter
Glandula
thyroidea{
Lobussinister Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis
I
c M. sternocleidomastoideus
W thyroideaeinferiores
o
o A carotiscommunis
Arcusvenosusjugularis
O * Plexuscaroticus
communis
N phrenicus
o V jugularisinterna
M scalenusanterioro
a W brachioceDhalicae
Clavicula
o V thoracica
M, subclaviusO interna
Apexpulmonis Thymus
Costall
o M pectoralis
maJor
Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis Pulmosinister,
Lobussuperior
Pulmodexter,
lvlargoanterior
Margoanterior
Pericardium
Lobus
medius Incisura
cardiaca
pulmonissinistri
LODUS
interior Lingulapulmonis
sinistri
Pleuraparietalis, Pulmosinister,
Parsdiaphragmatica Lobusinferior
Recessus Margointerior
costodiaphragmaticus
t M obliquus
externus
abdominis
F i g . 9 1 7 T h y m u sT , h y m u s ;p e r i c a r d i u mP, e r i c a r d i u m ,
a n d [ u n g s ,P u l m o n e so, f a n a d o t e s c e n t .
N o t et h e s i z eo f t h e a d o L e s c e n t ht y m u s .I n o L d e ri n d i v i d u a t s ,
t h e t h y m i ct i s s u ei s a l m o s te n t i r e t yr e p t a c e db y a d i p o s et i s s u e .
0esophagus
V thyroidea
inferioro Glandula
thyroidea
Truncusbrachiocephalicus
a
V subclavia
a
A subclavia a
a V brachiocephalicasinistra
Plexus brachialis
V thoracica interna a
& N vagus[X]
W pericardiacophrenicaeO
V brachiocephalicadextra a o A subclavia
N phrenicus
{t Pleuraparietalis,
Parsmediastinalis
V cavasuperiora I N phrenicus
Lobussinister\
Pulmodexter, t} _I N.V M U S
Lobussuperior I
Lobus dexter /
Pulmosinister,
l\4argoanterior
Pericardium
fibrosum
a Parssternalis
diaphragmatis
, h y m u s ,o f a n a d o t e s c e n t .
Fig.918 ThymusT
Plexusbrachialis,
Parsinfraclavicularis
, a A. subclavia
Truncussympathicus,
Ganglion
thoracicum
ll 3 Clavicula
O M subclavius
N vagus[X],N laryngeus
recurrens
s
N vagus[X],Rr cardiacithoracici
& o M scalenus
anterior
N, vagus[X],Plexuspulmonalis
I
a V subclavia
V azygosa
principalis
Bronchus dexter O A thoracica
interna
(Aorta);a a
R bronchialis r N. phrenicus
V, bronchialis
a V brachioceDhalica dextra
^ l'{ vagus[X]. .
Hr carotacrtnoracrcl Thymus
posterioro
V intercostalis
a V cavasuperior
a Aa. pulmonales
N thoracicus[T 71,a
N. intercostaiis AaaN phrenicus;A;V
oericardiacoohrenica
Truncussympathicus,
8
Rr.communicantes a W pulmonales
Pericardium
fibrosum;
Pleuraparietalis,
N splanchnicus
o Parsmediastinalis
malor
Lig.pulmonale
Aa intercostales
a s N. vagus[X],
posteriores Plexus
oesophageus
Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis
Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis
Oesophagus
Pleuraparietalis,
a Diaphragma; Parsdiaphragmatica
Diaphragma,
Centrumtendineum
a
thoracicus
R cardiacus
Truncussympathicus,
Plexusbrachialis.
Parsin{raclavicularis
,r N vagus [X], R cardiacusthoracicus
Clavicula
Parsthoracica
Oesophagus,
lvl subclavius
a
A axillarisa Parsthoracica
Ductusthoracicus,
V axillaris
o N laryngeus (N.vagus)
recurrens
N phrenicus. Oesophagus,
Parsthoracica
Plexusaorticusthoracicus.
Plexus cardiacus : N. vagus[X],
Plexuspulmonalis
P l e x u sp u l m o n a l i s
O Parsthoracicaaortae
A p u l m o n a l i s i n i s t r aO
Thymus r* Plexusaorticus
tnoracrcus
V pulmonalis
sinistraa
aoA;Vintercostalis
posterior
Bronchus principalis
, R communicans
N phrenicus
V pulmonalis
sinistrao N splanchnicus
malor
Pericardium
fibrosum oo A;vinter-
costalis
V pericardiacophrenica
a posterior;
N. intercostalis
A pericardiacophrenica
a
Truncus
sympathicus,
Recessus Ganglion
costomediastinalis lX
thoracicum
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsmediastinalis
Pleura
parietalis,
Parscostalis
(Nodi lymphoidei
mediastinales
anteriores)
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsdiaphragmatica
Centrumtendineum
F i g .9 5 0 P t e u r a cLa v i t yC s ,n d m e d i a s t i n u m ,
, a v i t a sp t e u r a L i a
Mediastinum o f, a n a d o t e s c e n t ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e l e f t .
I n o t d e ri n d r v i d u a t tsh, e t h y m i ct i s s u ei s a t m o s te n t i r e [ y
r e p [ a c e db y a d i p o s et i s s u e .
> Thoracic
viscera
Aortic arch
A carotisexternadextra A. carotisexternasinistra
A carotis A carotisinternasinistra
internadextra
A. vertebralisdextra A. vertebralis
sinistra
A. carotlscommunis
A carotis sinistra
communis dextra
A subclavia
sinistra
Truncus
brachiocephalicus
Arcusaortae
V cavasuperior Lig arteriosum
Truncuspulmonalis
Parsascendens Atriumcordis
aortae sinistrum,
Auriculaatrii
Atriumcordis .l Arcus
aortae I Trachea
dextrum 2 A. thoracicainterna 10 A subclaviasinistra
3 Truncusbrachiocephalicus 11 A. carotiscommunis
sinistra
4 A. subclaviadextra '12 Parsdescendensaortae
Ventriculus
cordis 5 A carotiscommunis dextra 13 Cor
sinister 6 A vertebralisdextra 14 Valvaaortae
7 Bimaglottidis 15 Parsascendensaortae
V cavainferior 8 A vertebralissinistra
Ventriculus
cordisdexter
A carotisexternadextra A carotisexternasinistra
A carotisinternadextra A. carotisinternasinistra
A vertebralisdextra
A carotis A vertebralissinistra
communis dextra
- 13Vo -9o/o
A subclavia A. subclavia
sinistra
dextra
A subclavia
sinistra
Truncus
brachiocephalicus A carotiscommunis
sinistra
Arcusaortae
Parsascendens
aortae
a
Parsdescendens aortae,
70 Yo Parsthoracicaaortae
- 3To
Truncusbrachioceohalicus
a
N vagus[X] 0 Trachea
profundaa
A ceruicalis recurrens
a N. laryngeus
I N vagus[X]
Truncuscostocervicalis
O
o N phrenicus
A intercostalis
suDremao
O A subclavia
A subclavia
a
a A thoracicainterna
N laryngeus
recurrens
s O Arcusaortae
a Parsthoracicaaortae,
Rr.bronchiales
Parsascendensaortaea
IAortaascendens] 3 N laryngeusrecurrens
a N. vagus[X],
principalis
Bronchus Rr bronchiales
dexter
Bronchusprincipalis
sinister
V azygosa
a Parsthoracicaaortae,
Rr.oesophageales
Truncussympathicus
8
recurrens,
a N. laryngeus
Mm intercostales
O Rr oesophageales
interni
Oesophagus,Pars
W intercostales
a thoracica
posteriores
Mm.intercostales
o a Aa. intercostales
externi posteriores
o Parsthoracica
aonae
Nn thoracici,
a
Nn intercostales
N splanchnicus
o a N splanchnicus
mtnor maJor
a V azygos
Parslumbalis
a
diaphragmatis
majorI
N splanchnicus CostaXl
CostaXl,
Cartilagocostalis
a Truncuscoeliacus
N splanchnicus
minort
V lumbalis
ascendens
O
a A mesenterica
supenor
A;Vsubcostalisaa a Parsabdominalis
aonae
N subcostalis, o N iliohypogastricus
F i g .9 5 4 T h o r a c i ca n d a b d o m i n aal o r t a ,P a r st h o r a c i c a
a o r t a ee t P a r sa b d o m i n a l i a
sortae
> Thoracicviscera
Posteriormediastinum
V thyroidea
inferioro
a V brachiocephalica
sinistra
V brachiocephalicadextra o
a V subclavia
Arcus venae azygos a
Oesophagus,
Parsthoracica
V cavasuperiora Ductusthoracicus.
Parsthoracica
posteriores
a Aa intercostales
a Mm intercostales
interni
V azygosa
a V hemiazygos
accessoria
O V hemiazygos
a o Aa ; Vv intercostales
posteriores
Truncussympathicus,
Ganglia
, Nn thoracici,
Nn intercostales
Lig longitudinale
anterius
N splanchnicus
major
Vv intercostales
a
posteriores
O V hemiazygos
subcostalis
a O Cisternachyli
Costa Xl
c Parslumbalis
N subcoslalis diaphragmatis,
Crusdextrum
et Crussinistrum
V cavainferiora a V lumbalis
ascendens
F i g .9 5 5 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e p o s t e r i o rm e d i a s t i n u m ,
Mediastinum oosterius.
Posteriormediastinum
cervicothoracicum
* Ganglion [stellatuml
A carotiscommunis
O Trachea
N vagus[X] e anterior
o M. scalenus
Truncussympathicus,
t recurrens
{, N laryngeus
Ganglion medium
cervicale
M scalenusanteriora O A subclavia
Ansasubclavias I Ansasubclavia
A subclavia O * N vagus[X]
Truncussympathicus,
*r thoracicus;
Ganglion ll
thoracicum & Plexusaorticus
Plexuscardiacus
N vagus[X] &
N laryngeus
recurrens
8l
recurrens
6 N laryngeus
I N vagus[X],Rr.bronchiales
Truncus
&
sympathicus
I N vagus[X],
Plexus
Truncus* oesophageus
sympathicus,
Gangliathoracica
t Truncus
sympathicus,
Rr.communicantes
splanchnicus
s Oesophagus,
mrnor Parsabdominalis
Diaphragma
a
Parspylorica
Duodenum o N. iliohypo-
gastricus
N subcostalis 8, aortaeO
Parsabdominalis
F i g r 9 5 6 A u t o n o m o unse r v o ussy s t e mo f t h e t h o r a c i cc a v i t y ,
P a r st h o r a c i caau t o n o m i c a .
> Thoracicviscera
Phrenicnerve
V jugularis
internaa Glandulathyroidea
Truncusbrachiocephalicus
a Trachea
N laryngeus
recurrens. O A carotiscommunis
V subclavia a
,, N laryngeus
recurrens
N vagus[X] Clavicula
a M scalenusanterior
V brachiocephalicasinistra a
o A thoracicainterna
V brachiocephalica
a , N vagus[X]
dextra
Pulmodexter,
Lobussuperior N vagus[X],
" Rr cardiacithoracici
ArcusaortaeO Pulmosinister,
Lobussuperior
V cava a
supenor s N phrenicus
Plexus..
cardtacus O O A ; V pericardiacophrenica
N phrenicust
N phrenicus,;
R pericardiacus
Pulmodexter,
Lobusmedius Pericardium
Pulmodexter,
Lobusinferior
Recessus
costodiaphragmaticus
Pleuraparietalis,
pars
diaphragmatica
* Diaphragma
F i g .9 5 7 T h o r a c i cv i s c e r ao f a n a d u L t ;
t h e a n t e r i o rt h o r a c i cw a L [h a s b e e nr e m o v e d ,
a n d t h e r i g h t a n d t h e L e f t[ u n g h a v eb e e n l\4 scalenusanterior
s e c t i o n e di n t h e f r o n t a Ip L a n e ;
ventraL view N phrenicus
A subclavia
dextra
V subclavia
dextra
V cavasuperior
Pericardium
N phrenicus,
R pericardiacus
Diaphragma
N phrenicus,
Rr phrenicoabdominales
F i g .9 5 8 C o u r s eo f t h e p h r e n i cn e r v e ,
N.phrenicus
Mediastinum
Mediastinum
supenus
Mediastinum
inferius
F i g . 9 5 9 O r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e
m e d i a s t i n u mM, e d i a s t i n u m .
l\4 arytenoideus
transversusG
Cavitas infraglottica
Oesophagus,Pars cervicalis Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina
Lig vocale
Trachea,
Pariesmembranaceus
Cartilagothyroidea
principalis
Bronchus sinister o V jugularis
anterior
thyroidea
Glandula
Nodi lymphoidei
tracheobronchialessuperiores Cartilaginestracheales
VertebracervicalisVll O M sternocleidomastoideus
[prominens],Proc spinosus Articulatiosternoclavicularis
l\4anubriumsterni
Ligg interspinalia
O Truncusbrachiocephalicus
t lvl pectoralismajor
Bilurcatiotracheae, sinistra
Carina tracheae a V brachiocephalica
W basivertebrales
a a Arcusaortae
principahs
Bronchus Corpussterni
dextel
aortae
O Parsascendens
Noduslymphoideus Thymus
inferior
tracheobronchialis
F i g .9 6 0 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC , a v i t a st h o r a c i s a, n d m e d i a s t i n u mM
, ediastinum;
m e d i a ns a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e n e c ka n d t h e t h o r a x ;
L a t e r avI i e wf r o m t h e r i g h t .
Thorax,frontalsections
Trachea Oesophagus
A vertebralis
a Nodi lymphoideicervicaleslaterales,
Nodi lymphoideithoracis, Nodi orofundiinferiores
Nodi paratracheales O A thoracicainterna
Plexusbrachialis
& a M. scalenusmedius
A thoraco- A suprascapularis
O O A, subclaviasinistra Clavicula
acromialis
a M. subclavius
subclavia
O CostaI
dextra
O A. axillaris
I N vagusslnister[X]
a V axillaris
V cavasuperiora
o Arcusaortae
V pulmonalis
dextrasuperior,
a o M. pectoralis
minor
anterior,
Parsintrasegmentalis
A. intercostalis
O CostalV
a) Parsascendensaortae
O M. serratusanterior
Fissurahorizontalis
pulmonis dextri a M intercostalis
internus
Atriumcordisdextrum
o A coronaria
sinistra
Fissuraobliqua
Bronchus
intrasegmentalis
Pleuraparietalis,Parscostalis
Ventriculus
cordissinister
Pleuravisceralis Laminavisceralis
IEpicardium]
Diaphragma
O
Laminaparietalis
Recessus
costodiaphragmaticus
parietale
Peritoneum
Hepar, Peritoneum\ Flexuracoli
Lobussinister V hepatica O
Valva aortae
O A coronariadextra,
B. interventricularis
oosterior
Truncuspulmonalis O Fundusgastricus
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra Ventriculus
cordisdexter
F i g ,9 6 1 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC
, a v i t a st h o r a c i s .
A carotiscommunis
Trachea
Truncusbrachiocephalicus
V cavasuperior
Parsascendensaortae Truncuspulmonalis
Pulmosinister
Pulmodexter
Atriumcordisdextrum
Ventriculus
cordissinister
Diaphragma
Ventriculuscordisdexter
Hepar
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra
Fig.962 Thoraciccavity,Cavitasthoracis;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c e t o m o g r a p h i ci m a g el M R l ) ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e s u p e r i o rv e n ac a v a ;
ventraIview.
0esophagus
Thorax, secttons
posterius
Mediastinum
Pleura visceralis
Ipulmonalis]
Pulmosinister
Oesophagus,
Parsthoracica
Cavitaspleuralis
Pulmo dexter,
Lobus inferior
Diaphragma
Cavitas pleuralis
Diaphragma Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis
Hepar
Corpusgastricum
V hepatica dextra
Recessuscosto-
diaphragmaticus
Becessus
phrenicomediastinalis
Omentummajus
V cava inferior
Parslumbalis
diaphragmatis Tunicamucosa Flexuracolisinistra
Gaster,Ostiumcardiacum Pancreas
Gaster. Pars cardiaca
F i g .9 5 3 D i a p h r a g mD , i a p h r a g m aa,n d o e s o p h a g u s ,
O e s o p h a g u sw,i t h i t s t r a n s i t i o ni n t ot h e s t o m a c h G, aster;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e L o w e rp a r t o f t h e t h o r a c i c
c a v i t ya n d t h e u p p e rp a r t o f t h e a b d o m i n acI a v i t y .
Truncuspulmonalis
Hepar
F i g . 9 6 t + T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC, a v i t a st h o r a c i s ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e a o r t i cv a t v e :
V C N I T A LV I C W .
> Thoracicviscera tt
Thorax,frontalsections
M trapeziust o M serratus
anterior
I M, suoraspinatus
lvl erectora Articulatio
acromioclavicularis
sptnae o M subscapularis
Scapula, Cavitas glenoidalis
M spleniusa Caputhumeri
t M deltoideus
Vertebrathoracicall
(Recessus
axillaris)
Cupulapleurae
. N axillaris
Pleuravisceralis
a A circumflexa
humeri
posterior
lvl intercostalis
internusa
a M teresmajor
,!8Plexusbrachialis,
C o s t al l l posterior
Fasciculus
a A axillaris
AortaO
& Plexusbrachialis,
Fasciculus
medialis
V anterior,
a & Plexusbrachialis,
Parsintrasegmentalis Fasciculus
lateralis
Bronchus
segmentalis N thoracodorsalis
s a V axillaris Nodus a M coracobrachialis
anterior[B lll] lymphoideus
M serratusI a A circumflexa axillaris
anterior scapurae
F i g .9 5 5 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC , a v i t a st h o r a c i s ;
a x i t t aA
, x i L t aa, n d s h o u L d eiro i n t ,
A r t i c u L a t ihou m e r i .
M scalenusmedius* a V jugularisinterna
o V cephalica
Proc. coracoideus
Acromion
Caputhumeri
,*
Plexusbrachialis
O M. deltoideus
Nodilymphoidei
paratracheales
a A axillaris
CostaI
c M subscapularis
carotiscommunisa
sinistra
a V axillaris
Noduslymphoideus
tracheobronchialis
a lvl teresmajor
CostalV
M subclavius
*
a A carotiscommunis
Plexus brachialisx
Caput humeri
a A subclavia
Pulmodexter,Apex
Pleuravisceralis
Pleuraparietalis
Vertebra
thoracicalll. Proc soinosus
Scapula
M infraspinatus
t t M serratusanterior o M trapezius
Clavicula a V subclavia
M sternocleidomastoideus
o .M scalenusanterior
a M omohyoideus
M sternohyoideus
a
a A subclavia
I M pectoralis major
Trachea
a M. deltoideus
Oesophagus
Plexusvenosusvertebralis
internusa
Spatiumsubarachnoideum
Medulla spinalis
a M infraspinatus
,! N suprascapularis
M trapeziusa M supraspinatus
a Scapula Spinascapulae
F i g .9 5 7 a , b T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC , a v i t a st h o r a c i s a; x i I L aA, x i t l a , a R i g h tp a r t o f t h e b o d y
a n d s h o u [ d e ri o i n t .A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i . b Left part of the body
> Thoracicviscera Lungs
transversesections
O Truncusbrachiocephalicus
A\
Manubrium
sterni
Nodi lymphoideiparatracheales a lvl sternothyroideus
V.thoracica internao a A, carotiscommunis
sinistra
N phrenicus
dexter,, Trachea
V cavasuperiora .N phrenicus
sinister
M pectoralismajora a A subclavia
sinistra
M pectoralis
c ,* N vagussinister[X]
mrnor
CostaI
Oesophagus
Pulmosinister,
Lobussuperior
V pulmonalisa
dexlrasuperior
,, N thoracicus
thoracicus
longus? longus
V axillarisa *{ Plexusbrachialis
HUMETUS
A axillarisa a Arcusaortae
Noduslymphoideus
axillaris, a A subscapularis
Nodusapicalis
M teresmajorI s M serratusanterior
M infraspinatus * N, intercostalis
e
Scapula costa lll Pleuraparietalis, Pleuravisceralis
Parscostalis
M trapeziusO * Truncussympathicus
V azygoso Ductusthoracicus
Lig longitudinaleanterius thoracicall. Proc soinosus
Vertebra
F i g . 9 5 8 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC
, a v i t a st h o r a c i s
Corpussterni a Truncusbrachiocephalicus
Becessus
costomediastinalis a A carotiscommunis
sinistra
A thoracica interna O a Arcusaortae
N phrenicusdexter { r N. phrenicus
sinister
V, cavasuperioro I M pectoralismajor
A pulmonalis
sinistra,O , M pectoralis
minor
A segmentalis
anterior
Pulmosinister.
Lobussuoerior
V azygos O
Trachea
N intercostalis
i
Bronchus
intrasegmentalis a M serratusanterior
longusa
N thoracicus
I N thoracicus
longus
Pulmodexter,
Lobussuperior
Oesophagus
lvl intercostalis
externusa
a A thoracodorsalis
vagusdexter[X] i.
a M. teresmajor
lvl subscapularis
l|
, N.vagussinister
[X]
V azygosO
Scapula
lvl infraspinatus
O Fissuraobliqua Fissuraobliqua
CostalV Pulmosinister,Lobusinferior
Truncussympathicus{ a Parsthoracicaaortae
M trapeziusa Recessus vertebromediaslinalis
Vertebrathoracica lV Ductusthoracicus
F i g . 9 6 9 T h o r a c i cc a v i t y C
, a v i t a st h o r a c i s .
Thorax, transversesections
Corpussterni
A pulmonalis
dextraa O Parsascendensaortae
Cavitas pericardiaca
N phrenicus
dexter
Cartilago
costalis
V cavasuperioro
a Truncuspulmonalis
l\4 pectoralismajor6
N phrenicus
sinister
A lobarissuperiora
a V oulmonalis
sinistrasuperior
Pulmodexter.LobussuDerior
Bronchus sinister
Drincioalis
Nodi lymphoidei
bronchopulmonales Bronchus
lobarissuperior
l\4 serratusanteriorO
Glandula mammaria
Costalll
N thoracicus
longus , N thoracicus
longus
F i s s u roab l i q u a
a A lobarissuperior
principalis
Bronchus
dexter I M serratusanterior
Pulmodexter,
Lobusinferior
Fissuraobliqua
M teres major O
a Parsdescendens Scapula
N vagus[X] Truncus azygosa aonae N vagus[X]
sympathicus
lvl trapezius
c Oesophagus
VertebrathoracicaV Ductusthoracicus
, a v i t a st h o r a c i s .
F i g . 9 7 O T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC
Bronchus principalisdexter
Sternum
Bronchus segmentalis
Pleuraparietalis,
a n t e r i o r[ B l l l ]
Parsmediastinalis
M pectoralis
major
Parsascendensaortae
Parsdescendens
aortae
Bronchus lobarissuperior Scapula
dexler
Bi{urcatiotracheae
M, infraspinatus
Oesophagus
Vertebrathoracica lV,
Corpus vertebrae
Foramen
vertebrale M erectorspinae M trapezius Costae lvl serratusanterior
, a v i t a st h o r a c i s ;
F i g . 9 7 1 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c r o s s - s e c t i oInC T ] .
Lur r Es
Thorax, transversesections
\
V cavasuperiora Corpussterni
A thoracicainternaa a Pars ascendens aortae
V pulmonalis
dextrasuDerior
a Atriumcordissinistrum
N phrenicusdexter , Sinustransversusoericardii
M pectoralismajor S
O Truncuspulmonalis
Costalll
Bronchus
lobarismedius N phrenicus
sinister
Pulmodexte.,Lobusmedius Auriculaatriisinistri
Pulmosinister.
LobussuDerior
Bronchus
lobarismedius
G l a n d u l am a m m a r i a
Bronchus
lobarisinferior
Oesophagus
Pulmodexter, Cavitaspleuralis
Lobusinferior
Bronchus segmentalis
M serratusanterior* basalisposterior
[B X]
M latissimus
dorsicr a V pulmonalis
sinistra
inferior
V pulmonalis
dextrainferiorO
M intercostalis a Parsdescendens
aortae
externus* Ductusthoracicus
N vagus dexter [X] : Becessus
vertebromediastinalis
V intercostalisO o V azygos
M trapezius
* VertebrathoracicaVl
F i g . 9 7 2 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC
, a v i t a st h o r a c i s .
Atriumcordissinistrum
Ostiumatrioventriculare
sinistrum
Aorta Cuspisanterior
I Valva atrioventricularis
sinistra [Valva mitralis]
7 Cuspisposterior
J
Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra
Valva Valvulasemilunaris Ventriculus
cordissinister
aortae posterior
Valvulasemilunaris
dextra
Septuminterventriculare
Ventriculus
cordisdexter
Fig.973 Heart,Cor;
u L t r a s o u nidm a g ev i e w e df r o m t h e o e s o p h a g u s
( t r a n s o e s o p h a g eeacIh o c ar d i o gr a p h y l .
transversesections
Pulmosinister,
Fissuraobliqua Lobussuperior
Atriumcordissinistrum
l\4 serratusanteriorN
* N phrenicus
sinister
V basalisinferior,
a
V pulmonalisdextra
inferior o V cardiacamagna
Noduslymphoideus
bronchopulmonalis
Costa Vl
N vagusdexter[X] ''t
M latissimus
dorsia
Lobusinferior
Pulmosinister,
Pulmodexter, VertebrathoracicaVll a V intercostalisa Parsdescendensaortae
Lobusinferior - Truncussympathicus
N intercostalis
&
Oesophagus Ductusthoracicus
, a v i t a st h o r a c i s .
F i g . 9 7 1 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC
a M serratusanterior
Nodi lymphoidei
tracheobronchiales
inferiores s N, phrenicus
Pulmo dexter,
a A coronariadextra
Lobus inferior
Pulmosinister,
M intercostalis
externusa Lobusinferior
, a v i t a st h o r a c i s
F i g ,9 7 5 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC
> Abdominalviscera >> | Stom achI SmattintestineI Lar gei ntes ti ne
I Li v er
Incisura
cardialis
Oesoohaous.
Parsabdomirialis
Fundusgastricus
Curvatura
minor
Corpus
gastricum
Incisura
angularis
Duodenum,
Parssuperior
Curvaturamaior
Duodenum,
Parsdescendens
Fig.976 Stomach,Gaster;
ventraIview.
Pancreas
Musclesof thestomach
Fundusgastricus
Tunicamuscularis,
Stratumlongitudinale
Oesophagus,
Tunicamuscularis
Curvaturamajor
Tunicamuscularis,
Stratumlongitudinale
Curuatura
minor
Tunicamuscularis,
Stratumcirculare
Fig.977 Stomach,Gaster;
externaImusc[etayers;
ventraIview
Tunicamuscularis
Stratumcirculare
Oesophagus,
Tunicamuscularis
Tunicamuscularis,
Stratumcirculare
Tunicamuscularis,
Fibraeobliquae
F i g .9 7 8 S t o m a c h G , aster;
t h e p e r i t o n e u mh a s b e e n
removedto demonstratethe
i n t e r n a Im u s c [ el a y e r s ;
ventraIview.
> AbdominaIviscera
Stomach,structure
Incisura
cardialis
Oesophagus,
Parsabdominalis
CardiaIParscardiaca],Ostiumcardiacum
Duodenum,
Parssuperior,
Ampulla
Plicaecirculares
Duodenum,
Parsdescendens Parspylorica,
Canalispyloricus,
Antrumpyloricum
F i g . 9 7 9 S t o m a c hG
, a s t e r a, n d d u o d e n u mD
, uodenum;
ventraIview.
Areae gastricae
Foveolae gastricae
Epilhelium
Tunicamucosa
Laminapropriamucosae
Noduluslymphoideus
solitarius
Glandulae gastricae
Laminamuscularis
mucosae
Telasubmucosa
F i g .9 8 0 D i a g r a mo f t h e s t o m a c hw a t [ ;
the layersof the wa[[ havebeen removedstepwise;
m i c r o s c o p i ec n t a r g e m e nat i L o wm a g n i f i c a t i o n .
Pancreas
Vesselsof thestomach
A ; V gastricasinistra,Rr oesophageales
CardiaIParscardiaca]
A.; V.gastricasinistra
A hepaticapropria
V portaehepatis
Ductuscysticus
Omentumminus,
Lig hepatogastricum Aa ;W. gastricae
Ductus hepaticuscommunis breves
Lig hepatoduodenale
A hepaticacommunis
A;V gastroomentalis
sinistra
A;V gastricadextra
Omentummaius
A ;V gastroomentalis
dextra
A ; V gastroomentalis
dextra,Rr.omentales
Flexuraduodeniinferior
F i g . 9 8 1 B L o o dv e s s e t so f t h e s t o m a c h G
, aster;
ventraIview.
Lobus hepatis
sinister
Nodi lymphoidei
gastrici dextri
Nodi lymphoidei
pylorici
Nodi lymphoidei
gastroomentales dextri
F i g .9 8 2 S t o m a c hG , a s t e r a, n d t i v e r ,H e p a r ,
w i t h L y m p hn o d e s ,N o d it y m p h o i d e i ;
ventraIview.
Liver
1 = Oesophagus withcontrastmedium
At the transition ( 1a) intothelundus
o{ stomach,the groovesbetween
theloldsappearas darkstriations
2 = Fundusof stomachwithairbubble
3 = Bodyof stomach
3a = Lessercuruature
3b = Greatercuruature.
In the liningsof the latter,notches
cotresponding to the contour
of the mucousarevisible
4 = Peristalticconstrictionat
the angularnotch
5 = Pyloricpartpriorto the progressionof
a portionol the stomach'scontenl
6 =Ampullaofduodenum
7 = Descending partof theduodenum
withcircularfolds
8 = Jejunum
9 = Left"dome"ofdiaphragm
10 = Leftcolicflexure(filledwithair)
F i g . 9 8 3 S t o m a c hG , a s t e ra, n d
d u o d e n u mD, u o d e n u m ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r o r a I
a d m i n i s t r a t i oonf a c o n t r a s m
t edium;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o n ;
ventraIview.
Sternum, Sternum,
Proc Proc
xiphoideus xiphoideus
Cardia [Pars Gaster,
cardiacal CardiaIPars
cardiacal
Fornix
gastricus
Fornix
Costa X CostaX gastricus
Corpus
gastricum
Corpus
gastricum
Gaster, Gaster,
Parspylorica Parspylorica
Spinailiaca Spinailiaca
anterior anterior
supenor supenor
Gastroscopy
Oesophagus
Corpusgastricum
Antrumpyloricum
F i g . 9 8 6 T e c h n i c apt r o c e d u r eo f o e s o p h a g o s c o p y
and gastroscopy.
* Gastroscooe
** Thegastroscope's tip located in thebodyof stomach (compare
Fig.987al
**+Thegastroscope's tip located in the pytoric antrumlcompare Fig.987b)
Gaste( Gaster,
Pariesanterior Pariesanterior
Plicae gastricae
Pylorus
Gaster,
Parspylorica,
Antrumpyloricum
Gaster, Gaster,
Pariesposterior Pariesposterior
F i g . 9 8 7a , b S t o m a c h G , aster; a V i e wo f t h e b o d yo f s t o m a c h C , o r p u sg a s t r i c u mw , ithdistinct
e n d o s c o p i icm a g eo f t h e stomachIgastroscopy)
; L o n g i t u d i n faot L d so f t h e m u c o s a{ P t i c ag a s t r i c a e l
s u p e n o rv r e w . b V i e wo f t h e p y t o r i ca n t r u m ,A n t r u m p y t o r i c u mp, r e d o m i n a n t t y
coveredwith smooth mucosa
> Abdominalviscera tt
Duodenum
Duodenum,
AmpullaIBulbusl
Duodenum, Gaster,Parspylorica
Parssuperior
Duodenum,
Parsdescendens
Duodenum,
Parsascendens
Duodenum,
Parshorizontalis
Fig.988 Duodenum,Duodenum.
Duodenum,
Parssuperior
Duodenum,
Parsdescendens
Pancreas,Caput
Duodenum,
Parshorizontalis
F i g . 9 8 9 D u o d e n u mD , u o d e n u ma, n d
p a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ;
p r o j e c t e do n t ot h e a n t e r i o ra b d o m i n aw
I a[t.
Pancreas
pyloricus
M sphincter
Ostiumpyloricum
Pylorus,
CanalisovloricusI -
I Harsovlorlca
'
Plicaecirculares Antrumpyloncum)
duodeni*
M susoensorius
Duodenum,
Parsdescendens
Flexuraduodenojejunalis
Ampullahepatopancreatica
Papilladuodenimajor""
Jejunum
Tunicamuscularis
Duodenum,
Parsascendens
Duodenum,
Parshorizontalis
F i g . 9 9 0 D u o d e n u mD, u o d e n u m ;
ventraIview.
* C[inicaI term:muscLe of TREITZ
++CtinicaI term:papitlaof VATER
Flexuraduodenojejunalis
VertebrathoracicaXll minor
Gaster,Curvatura
Duodenum, Gaster,
Pars Incisura
angularis
Xll
Costa \ suPerior,
Ampulla
SmalLintestine,
structure
Telasubmucosa
F i g . 9 9 3 S u p e r i o rp a r t o f t h e d u o d e n u m , Tunicamuscularis,
Stratumcirculare
P a r ss u p e r i o dr u o d e n i ;
layersof the wa[1. Tunicamuscularis,
* C t i n i c at eI r m :B R U N NsEgRL a n d s Stratumlongitudinale
Mesenterium
Telasubmucosa
Laminamuscularis
mucosae
Tunicamucosa
Tunicaserosa
Periloneum ( Villi intestinales
viscerale 1 Teta
\ suoserosa
Nodulus lymphoideus
solitarius
/ Stratum/
Tunica longitudinale
muscularis
I
I Stratumcirculare
F i g .9 j I S m a L i[ n t e s t i n eI,n t e s t i n u mtenue;
c r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e u p p e rs m a t Li n t e s t i n e .
Villusintestinalis
Epithelium
Glandulae intestinales
Lamina muscularismucosae
Tela submucosa
I Stratumcirculare
.l
r unrca musculans { ^.
I srrarum --\
llongitudinale
Tela subserosa
Tunicaserosa
F i g .9 9 5 S m a t Ii n t e s t i n el,n i e s t i n u mt e n u e ;
[ a y e r so f t h e w a L t ;
m i c r o s c o p iec n l a r g e m e nat t l o w m a g n i f i c a t i o n
Pancreas
Telasubserosa
Tunicamuscularis
Plicae
circulares
Plicae
crrcurares
Noduli
lymphoidei
solitarii
F i g . 9 9 6 J e j u n u m ,J e j u n u m . F i g . 9 9 7 l l e u m ,l t e u m .
Plicae circulares
Noduli lymphoidei
Noduli lymphoideisolitarii
aggregati*
Mesenlerium
F i g .9 9 8 T e r m i n a iI [ e u m ,
P a r st e r m i n a t i si [ e i .
* CtinicaI term:PEYER s patches
Mesenterium
Largeintestine
Flexuracoli
sinistra
Colontransversum
Flexuracoli
dextra
Taenia libera
Colonascendens Colondescendens
Haustracoll
Appendices
omentales
Appendix
vermiformis
Colonsigmoideum
F i g .1 0 0 0 L a r g ei n t e s t i n eI n, t e s t i n u cmr a s s u m ;
ventraL view.
Flexuracoli
sinistra
Colon
Iransversum
Colon
ascendens
Colon
oescenoens
Colon
slgmoideum
Rectum
F i g . 1 0 0 1 L a r g ei n t e s t i n eI,n t e s t i n u mc r a s s u m ;
p r o j e c t e do n t ot h e a n t e r i o ra b d o m i n a I w a l L .
T h e p o s i t i o n so f t h e t r a n s v e r s ec o t o na n d o f t h e s i g m o i d
c o t o na r e h i g h l .vya r i a b t e[ c o m p a r eF i g .1 0 1 0 ) .
Pa n c r e a s
Haustra
coli
Plicae semilunarescoli
lleum Frenulumostii
ilealis
Caecum
Taenia libera Appendixvermilormis
vermiformis
Ostiumappendicis
F i g .1 0 0 2 C a e c u m C , a e c u m v; e r m i f o r ma p p e n d i x , F i g . 1 0 0 3 A s c e n d i n gc o t o n ,C o l o na s c e n d e n s ;
A p p e n d i xv e r m i f o r m i sa, n d t e r m i n a Ii [ e u m , c a e c u m ,C a e c u m a, n d v e r m i f o r ma p p e n d i xA, p p e n d i xv e r m i f o r m i s ;
P a r st e r m i n a t i si t e i ; ventraIview.
dorsalview. * CtinicaI term:PEYER S oatches
Plicae semilunarescoli
Omentummajus
Taeniaomentalis
Haustracoli Mesocolontransversum
Taenia mesocolica
Taenia libera
Appendices
omentales
Fig. 1004 Transversecolon,Co[ontransversum;
lepiploicael ventroinferiorview.
intestinales
Glandulae
Epithelium
Tunicamucosa
Laminapropriamucosae
solitarius
Noduluslymphoideus
Laminamuscularis
mucosae
Telasubmucosa
F i g .1 0 0 5 C o t o n C , oton; Telasubserosa
layersof the wa[t; Tunicaserosa
m i c r o s c o p iec n [ a r g e m e n t
at lowmagnification.
S t o m a c h Sm at[intestineLargeintestine Liver
SplenILienl
Lobushepatisdexter Gaster
Omentummajus
Vesicabiliaris
Colontransversum
Duodenum,
Parsdescendens
Duodenum,
Parsascendens
Caputpancreatis
Radixmesenterii
Caecum
Colonsigmoideum
Ampullatubaeuterinae
Ovarium
Vesicaurinaria
F i g . 1 0 0 6 V e r m i f o r ma p p e n d i xA, p p e n d i xv e r m t f o r m i s ;
v a r i a t i o n si n i t s p o s i t i o n ;
ventraIview.
Anulus
umbilicalis
Colon ascendens
Colonascendens
lleum
Spinailiaca
Appendix
vermiformis anterior
supenor
Spinailiaca
-30% anteriorsuperior
Appendix
vermiformis
Caecum
Flexuracoli dextra
Flexuracoli sinistra
Caecum
Appendix vermiformis
Colon sigmoideum
F i g .1 0 0 9 C o t o nC , o t o n a, n d r e c t u m ,R e c t u m ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e rf i L t i n gw i t h a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m
a n da i r { d o u b l ec o n t r a sm t ethodl.
F i g . 1 0 1 0a - d T r a n s v e r s ceo l o n ,C o t o nt r a n s v e r s u m ; a N o r m a Ip o s i t i o n c U- s h ap e d
c o m m o nv a r i a t i o nisn i t s p o s i t i o n ; b Twisted d V - s h ap e d
v e n t r a Lv i e w .
F i g .1 0 11 A s c e n d i ncgo l o n C , o L oa ns c e n d e n s ;
e n d o s c o p iicm a g ea f t e r p a s s a g eo f t h e r e c t u m ,
t h e s i g m o i dc o t o nt,h e d e s c e n d i ncgo L o n
a n d t h e t r a n s v e r s ec o l o nI c o L o n o s c o p v l
>> | Stom ach
I Sm at[intestineI Lar gei ntes ti ne
I Li v er
Liver
Lig.triangulare
dextrum Lig coronarium
Lig falciforme
Diaphragma
Lig triangulare
sinistrum
Lobushepatisdexter, LobusheDatissinister.
Faciesdiaphragmatica Faciesdiaphragmatica
Lig. talciforme
Lig tereshepatis
Vesica biliaris
Margoinferior
Fi1.1012 Liver,Hepar;
ventraIview.
lmpressiooesophagea
.. I Parssuperior;
Factesoraonraomatca
1
\Area nuda
Appendixfibrosahepatis
V cava inferior
lmpressio
suprarenalis
Lig.venosum
Lig coronarium
Lobuscaudatus
V portaehepatis
lmpressio
gasrnca
lmpressio
renalis
Tuber
omentale
Ductus
Proc papillaris choledochus
lbiliarisl
lmpressio
Lobushepatissinister duodenalis
A cystica
Margo inferior
lmpressio colica
propria
A hepatica
Fissuraligamenti
teretis Lobushepatisdexter
Incisura
ligamenti
teretis Lig teres
hepatis LOOUS Vesica biliaris
quaoralus
F i g . 1 0 1 3 L i v e r ,H e p a r ,a n d p o r t ah e p a t i s P
, o r t ah e p a t i s ;
dorsaIview.
* Borders of thesuperiorrecessof theomentaIbursa
Pan c r e a s
Lig falciforme
Lobusheoatisdexter.
Lobushepatissinister, Tunicaserosa
Tunicaserosa
Lig.coronarium
LOOUS
caudatus
Appendixfibrosahepatis
W hepaticae
V. cava inferior
(Lig. venae
cavae)
F i g . 1 0 1 4 L i v e r ,H e p a r ;
s u p e n o rv r e w .
F i g . 1 0 1 5 L i v e r ,H e p a r ,o f a f o e t u s ;
oxygencontentof the btoodis shown
b y d i f f e r e n ct o [ o u r sa n d t h e d i r e c t i o n
of ftow by arrows;
dorsaIview.
* Atso:DuctusARANTII
> AbdominaIviscera tt
Liverpuncture
CostaV
Diaphragma
Hepar,Lobussinister
Hepar,Lobusdexter
M intercostalis
externus
M intercostalis
internus
F i g . 1 0 1 7 L a y e r so f t h e a b d o m i n a l
w a [ La n d t h e L i v e rH, epar;
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .
* Position of theneedte for liverouncture
F i g . 1 0 1 8a - d L i v e r ,H e p a r ;
v a r i a t i o n si n s h a p e
a S m a t L[ e f t [ o b eo f I i v e r ,L o b u sh e p a t i ss i n i s t e r
b T o n g u e - s h a p epdr o c e s so f t h e r i g h t l o b eo f L i v e r ,
L o b u sh e o a t i sd e x t e r
c B r i d g e df l a t s h a p e
d D i a p h r a g m a t ifcu r r o w s
Fancreas
structure
coronanum
Areanuda
Lt9
coronanum
Facies visceralis
Margo inferior
F i g . 1 0 1 9 L i v e rH , epar;
n r o u g ht h e r i g h t [ o b eo f I i v e rt o d e m o n s t r a t e
s a g i t t a L s e c t i ot h
t h e b r a n c h e so f t h e h e p a t i cv e i n sa n d t h e h e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i n .
* I n t r a h e p a bt irca n c h eosf t h eh e p a t ivce i n s
+ +I n t r a h e p a bt irca n c h eosf t h eh e p a t ipco r t avI e i na n dt h eh e p a t iacr t e r y
V centralis
Ductusbilifer
interlobularis
V interlobularis
A interlobularis
V cava inferior
W hepaticae dextrae
W hepaticae
sinistrae
W hepaticaeintermediae
Vesicabiliaris Ductuscholedochus
lbiliarisl
F i g . 1 0 2 1 L i v e r ,H e p a r ,a n d h e p a t i cv e i n s ,V v .h e p a r r c a e ;
ventraLview.
Ductushepaticus
sinister
V cava inlerior
Ductus hepaticusdexter
Ductuscholedochus
lbitiarisl
F i g . 1 0 2 2 L i v e r ,H e p a r ,a n d t h e h e p a t i cp o r t a tv e i n ,V p o r t a eh e p a t i s ;
ventraLview.
Pancreas
FissuraportalisprinciPalis
Segmentum
!l
Fissuraumbilicalis
Fissuraoortalisdextra
Seomentumposterius
sinisiruml ll
late-rale
Seomentumoosterius
laleraledexirum[Vll]
Lig.falciforme
Seomentum anterius
sinistrumIlll]
late-rale
Seomentum anterius
latEraledextrum[Vll
F i g . 1 0 2 3 L i v e rH
, epar;
the segments of the Lobes areshownin differentcolours;
ventratview.
V. cava inferior
Lig.triangulare
sinistrum
(Lig. venae cavae)
Segmentumill
Seomentumoosterius
la-terale
sinistrumilll
Lig.venosum
Seomentumanterius
ld;ale sinistrum
!lll Seomentumanterius
latdraledextrum[Vl]
Seomentumanterius
meaialedextrum[V]
Lig.tereshepatis
Vesicabiliaris
Liver,ultrasound
V. hepatica
sinistra
V hepatica intermedia
V hepatica dextra
V cava inferior
Diaphragma
Pulmodexter,
Lobusinferior
F i g . 1 0 2 5 H e p a t i cv e i n s ,V v .h e p a t i c a e ;
u t t r a s o u n di m a g es h o w i n gt h e o p e n i n go f t h e h e p a t i cv e i n s
i n t ot h e i n f e r i o rv e n ac a v a
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
* Abdominatwat[
--t
V portaehepatis,
R dexter
portaehepatis
V portaehepatis,
R sinister
R anterlor
V portaehepatis,
R dexter
Pars abdominalis aortae
Parslumbalis
V cava inferior diaphragmatis
Parscostalis
diaphragmatis
F i 1 . 1 0 2 6 H e p a t i cp o r t a Lv e i n ,V . p o r t a eh e p a t i s ;
u t t r a s o u n di m a g es h o w i n gt h e d i v i s i o no f t h e h e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i n
i n t ot h e m a i nb r a n c h e s ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
* A b d o m i nw a Ia [ [
Fancreas
Liver,laparoscopy
Diaphragma
Fundusvesicae
bitiaris
Colontransversum Hepar,Lobusdexter
Omentummajus
, s i c ab i l . i a r i lsf e l l . e a ] ;
F i g .1 O 2 l L i v e r ,H e p a r ,a n d g a t L b t a d d eVr e
l-^--^--^^.,.
LdPor uJLUPy,
o b t i o u ei n f e r i o rv i e wf r o m t h e L e f t
Lobushepatissinister
Peritoneumparietale
Fundusgastricus
e re,s i c ab i L i a r i sl f e t t e a ]a, n d I i v e r ,H e p a r ;
F i g .1 0 2 8 G a L t b L a d d V
Laparoscopy;
v e n t r a Iv i e w .
> A b d o m i n avt i s c e r a tt
Gallbtadder
and biLeductsvstem
Lig falciforme
Vesica biliaris
Ductushepaticus
communts Duodenum
Ductuscholedochus
Ductushepaticus
dexter Ductushepaticus lbiliarisl
sinister Papilladuodeni major
Ductushepaticus
communrs
Plicae mucosae
Plicaspiralis*
Corpus
vesrcae
biliaris
Ductus
choledochus
lbiliarisl
Plicae circulares
Noduli lymphoidei
solitarii
F i 9 . 1 0 2 9 G a L l . b L a d dVeer s, i c ab i L i a r i sl f e t L e a ] ,
a n d b i [ ed u c t s y s t e m ;
ventraL view
* C I i n i c at eI r m :H E I S TsEvRa l v e
** Ctinicalterm t u:b e r c loef V A T E R
F i g . 1 0 3 0a - c V a r i a t i o n si n t h e b i L ed u c t s y s t e m :
c o m m o nh e p a t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sh e p a t i c ucso m m u n i s ,
a n d b i [ ed u c t ,D u c t u sc h o t e d o c h u s .
a H i g hu n i o no f t h e c o m m o nh e p a t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sh e p a t i c u s
c o m m u n i s a, n d t h e c y s t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sc y s t i c u s
b L o w u n i o no f t h e c o m m o nh e p a t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sh e p a t i c u s
c o m m u n i s a, n d t h e c y s t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sc y s t i c u s
c L o w u n i o na f t e rt h e c y s t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sc y s i i c u sc, r o s s e s
o v e rt h e c o m m o nh e p a t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sh e p a t i c u sc o m m u n i s
Pancreas
Bileduct system,radiography
Ductushepaticus
sinister
Ductushepaticus
dexter
Ductushepaticus
communrs
Ductuscysticus
Vesicabiliaris
Ductuscholedochus
lbiliarisl
Duodenum
F i g . 1 0 3 1 B i t ed u c t s y s t e m ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r a d m i n i s t r a t i oonf a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m ;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o n ;
ventraIview.
DuctusheDaticus
communis
Ductuscysticus,
Plicaspiralis
Collumvesicaebiliaris
Ductuscholedochus
Duodenum lbiliarisl
Corpusvesicaebiliaris
F i g . 1 0 3 2 G a L t b t a d d eVre, s i c ab i I i a r i s[ f e l . t e a ] ,
a n d b i l . ed u c t s y s t e m ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r a d m i n i s t r a t i oonf a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m ;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o n ;
ventraIview.
> A b d o m i n avI i s c e r a
Pancreas
Glandula
suprarenalis A;V splenicailienalisl
Ductushepaticus
communrs
Ductus cysticus
A gastro- Caudapancreatis
duodenalis
Ren Truncus coeliacus
A ; V mesenterica A hepatica
supeflor communrs
(V gastro-
duodenalis) A renalis
Caputpancreatis
V renalis
Duodenum,
Pars descendens
A ;V colica
medta
l\4 suspensorius
A ;V colica duodeni
dextra
Duodenum, Jejunum
Parshorizontalis
M quadratus
lumborum
i
F i g ,1 0 3 3 R e t r o p e r i t o n e a
oLr g a n sa n d v e s s e t so f t h e u p p e ra b d o m e n ;
ventraLview.
Canalis pyloricus
pyloricus
l\4 sphincter
Corpuspancreatis
Ductuspancreaticus*
Ductus choledochus[biliaris] Cauda pancreatis
Ductus oancreaticusaccessorius'*
Papilladuodeni minor
NI suspensoriusduodeni"***
Ductus choledochus[biliaris]
Incisurapancreatis
Duodenum, Pars descendens
Papilladuodeni maior**r
Duodenum, Pars ascendens
F i g .1 0 3 4 D u o d e n u mD, u o d e n u m ,
Plicae circulares a n d p a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w
Caputpancreatis * C t i n i c at eI r m :d u c to f W T R S U N G
Duodenum.
Parshorizontalis ** Ctinicatterm SA: N T o Rsl Nd ul c t
Proc uncinatus *** CtinicaI term:tubercleof VATER
*+*+ C [ i n i c at eI r m :m u s c l o
e fT R E t T z
Duodenum.
Parssuoerior
V portaehepatis Ductusheoaticus
communis
Ductuscysticus
V splenica lienalis]
(Sulcusarteriaesplenicae) FlexuraduodenisuDerior
Ductuscholedochus
lbiliaris]
Corpuspancreatis
Ductuspancreaticus
Parsdescendens
Duodenum,
V. mesenterica
superior
Caputpancreatis
A. mesenterica
superior
Proc uncinatus
Flexuraduodeni inferior
F i g .1 0 3 5 D u o d e n u mD, u o d e n u m ,
a n d p a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ;
dorsaIview. Parshorizontalis
Duodenum,
Ductuscholedochus
lbiliarisl
Ductus
pancreaticus
Pancreas
Papilla
duodeni
mator
F i g . 1 0 3 5a - f V a r i a t i o n isn t h e o p e n i n go f t h e b i t ed u c t , c S h o r tc o m m o np a r t
D u c t u sc h o t e d o c h u sa,n d t h e p a n c r e a t i d
cuct, d S e p a r a t eo p e n i n g
D u c t u sp a n c r e a t i c u s . e e p e n i n gw i t h a s e p t u md i v i d i n gt h e c o m m o nd u c t
S i n g l .o
a L o n gc o m m o np a r r f A c c e s s o rdy u c t ,D u c t u sp a n c r e a t i c uasc c e s s o r i u s
b A m p u [ [ a r ye n t a r g e m e nat t t h e t e r m i n a lp a r t
Pancreatocyticus
exocnnus
Insula pancreatica
Acini pancreatici
Ductus excretorius
F i g , 1 0 3 7 P a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ;
m i c r o s c o p recn t a r g e m e nat t l o w
m a g n iifc a t i o n .
> A b d o m i n avt i s c e r a
Pancreas,
Ductuspancreaticus;
Caudapancrealis
Ductushepaticus
communts
Ductuscysticus
Jelunum
Vesicabiliaris
Ductuscholedochus
Ibiliaris]
Ampulla hepatopancreatica
Ductuspancreaticus
F i g .1 0 3 8 P a n c r e a t i c d u c D t , u c t u sp a n c r e a t i c u s ; a n d t h e p a n c r e a sa, s w e L [a s i n j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m ;
b i [ ed u c t ,D u c t u sc h o t e d o c h u sa,n d g a L L b t a d d e r , ventraIview
V e s i c ab i L i a r i s[ f e t t e a ] ; C t i n i c atLe r m : E R C PI e n d o s c o p irce t r o g r a d ec h o [ a n g i o -
A P - r a d i o g r a pshu; p i n ep o s i t i o na; f t e re n d o s c o p i c pancreaticographyi.
i n t u b a t i o no f t h e c o m m o ne x c r e t o r vd u c t o f t h e l i v e r
V portaehepatis,R sinister
Hepar,Lobussinister
Hepar, Lobus
caudatus
Corpuspancreatis
V, splenica
V renalissinistra
V cava inferior
Vertebra
lumbalisI
F i g . 1 0 3 9 P a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ; o b t i q u ei n f e r i o rv i e w .
u [ t r a s o u n di m a g es h o w i n gt h e p a n c r e a sa n d a d j a c e n t * A b d o m i nw a Ia l L
[ a r g ev e s s e L isn d e e pi n s p i r a t i o n ;
Pancreas,
Gaster, Caudapancreatis
(Pariesposterio0
Corpuspancreatis
Colontransversum
Flexuracoli dextra
F i g . 1 0 4 0 P a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ;
t h e g a s t r o c o L li icg a m e n to f t h e g r e a t e ro m e n t u mh a s b e e n
d i s s e c t e dt o e x p o s et h e o m e n t a Ib u r s a ;
photograph t a k e nd u r i n gs u r g e r y .
* D i s s e c t i o[ inn ea t t h eq r e a t eor m e n t u m
M. rectusabdominis
Gaster
Cavitaspleuralis
A splenica
uapur I
A gastricasinistra CorpusI pancreatis
Cauda )
propria
A hepatica
Hepar
SplenILien]
Pars lumbalisdiaphragmatis,
Crus dextrum
Ren Truncuscoeliacus
Corpus vertebrae
Parsabdominalisaortae
[Aortaabdominalis]
F i g . 1 0 4 1 P a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ; i n f e r i o rv l e w .
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i ch o r i z o n t asI e c t i o nI C T ] ; I n t h i s s u b j e c t t, h e c o e t i a ct r u n k i s [ o c a t e dr e m a r k a b t y[ o w .
* A i r b u b b t ien t h es t o m a c h
> Abdominalviscera
, 4--\
Margosuperior
V.splenicalienalisl
Facies visceralis,
Hilumsplenicum
Facies gastrica
Lig splenorenale
Lig gastrosplenicum
Extremitasanterior
Facies visceralis,
Facies renalis
Facies diaphragmatica
Extremitas
anterior
Extremitasposterior
F i 9 . 1 0 4 3 S p [ e e nS
, p L e nI L i e n J ;
superolateraIview.
Facies diaphragmatica
Tunica serosa;
Tunica fibrosa
Facies renalis
TrabeculaesDlenicae
Pulpa splenica
V splenica Iienalis]
Fig. 10t+t+Spleen,SpLen[LienJ;
c r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e s p [ e n i ch i t u m ; A splenica lienalis] H i l u ms p l e n i c u m Facies gastrica
superomediatview
Pancreas
Gaster
Pancreas
Cavitas
peritonealis
Duodenum
Bursa Bursa
omentalis omentalis
Colon
transversum
Omentummajus Jejunum
aonae
Hepar
Parsthoracicaaortae
Diaphragma
Oesophagus
Lig hepatogastricum
Pancreas
Bursaomentalis
Cavitasperitonealis
Gaster
Mesocolontransversum
Lig gastrocolicum
Colontransversum
Duodenum
Jejunum
Omentummajus
Cavitas peritonealis
Colonsigmoideum
Greateromentum
Colontransversum
M. transversus
abdominis
Taenia omentalis
M transversusabdominis
Omentummajus
M. obliquusinternus
abdominis
M obliquus
externusabdominis
Colonascendens,
Taenialibera
Colonsigmoideum
Peritoneum
parietale
Plica umbilicalislateralis
(A ; V epigastricainferior)
Linea arcuata
Plica umbilicalismedialis
(Chorda arteriae umbilicalis)
Plica umbilicalismediana
(Lig umbilicalemedianum)
F i g . 1 0 4 8 P o s i t i o no f t h e a b d o m i n avl i s c e r a S
, i t u sv i s c e r u m ,
a n d g r e a t e ro m e n t u m ,0 m e n t u m m a j u s .
Pancreas S p l e e n Topography Sections
Clavicula
fibrosum
Pericardium
Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis
Pulmosinister,
Pulmodexter, Lobussuperior
Lobussuperior
Pulmodexter,Lobusmedius
Lobushepatissinister
Lig falciforme
major
Gaster,Curvatura
Colon descendens
Lobus hepatis dexter
Omentummajus
V umbilicalis
Intestinum
tenue
Plica umbilicalislateralis
(A.; V epigastricainferior)
Plica umbilicalismedialis
(A umbilicalis)
Vesica urinaria
Plica umbilicalismediana
(Urachus) Anulus umbilicalis
F i g . 1 0 4 9 P o s i t i o no f t h e a b d o m i n avl i s c e r ao f t h e n e o n a t e .
> A b d o m i n avI i s c e r a
Lobushepatisdexter,
Faciesdiaphragmatica
Fundus
gastricus
Lobusquadratus
Omentum Appendix
minus, fibrosahepatis
Ltg
hepatogastricum Cardia
Vesica biliaris Recessus
costodiaphrag-
maticus
Omentum minus,
Llq.
hepatoduodenaie Corpusgastricum,
Pariesanterior
Foramen omentale
*
lepiploicuml Splen[Lien]
Lobus hepatis Gaster,Curvaturaminor
dexter, Facies
visceralis Lig gastrosplenicum
Duodenum,
Parssuperior Lig phrenicocolicum
Ren,Extremitas Incisura
angularis
supenor Gaster,Curuatura
major
Pylorus
Omentummajus
F i g .1 0 5 0 P o s i t i o o
n f t h e a b d o m i n avIi s c e r ai n t h e u p p e ra b d o m e n ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w
* A[so:foramenof WtNSLoW
Gaster,Curvatura
minor Hepar,Lobussinister
Corpusgastricum
Gaster,
Pars pylorica Gaster,Curvaturamajor
Hepar, Lobus
dexter
Vesica biliaris
V gastroomentalis
slnistra,
B omentalis
V gastroomentalis
dextra,Br gastrici
Omentummajus
F i g .1 0 5 1 S t o m a c hG , a s t e ra, n d g r e a t e ro m e n t u m ,O m e n t u mm a j u s ;
photograph t a k e nd u r i n gs u r g e r y ;
ventraLview.
* S u r g i c ad Lr a p e
** SurglcaI retractor
Pan c r e a s
Recessus
supenorDursae
omentalis
Lobus SplenILien],
quadratus Margosuperior
Plica
gastropancreatica
LOOUS
caudatus
Recessus
sprenrcus
Vesicabiliaris
Corpusgastricum,
Pariesanterior
Omentumminus, Omentumminus,
Lig. hepato- Lig. hepatogastri-
duodenale cum
Mesocolon
Iransversum
Tuber
Corpus omentale Gaster,
pancreatis Facies Curvaturamaior
anrero-
supeflor
Recessusinferior
bursaeomentalis
Flexura coli dextra Omentummajus,Lig.gastrocolicum Gaster.Curvaturaminor
F i g . 1 0 5 2 A b d o m i n a I v i s c e rian t h e u p p e ra b d o m e n ;
parts of the lesser omentum havebeen removedto expose
t h e o m e n t a lb u r s aa n d t h e p a n c r e a s ;
o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m s u p e r i o r .
Hepar, Lig
Lobus gastrosplenicum
caudatus
Vestibulum
bursae SplenILien],
omentalis Margo
supenor
Lig.hepato-
duodenale A;V
splenica
Pylorus
Hilum
Duodenum, splenicum
Parssuperior
Cauda
pancreatis
Corpus
pancreatis,
Facies
anterosuperior
Taeniaomentalis
Colon
transversum
Colonascendens
Mesocolon
transversum
Taenialibera
F i g .1 0 5 3 0 m e n t abt u r s aB , u r s ao m e n t a t i s ;
a f t e rd i s s e c t i oonf t h eg a s t r o c o [[iicg a m e n t ;
o b t i o uvei e wf r o mi n f e r i o r .
> AbdominaIviscera
Abdominalviscerain thelowerabdomen
Omentummajus
Colontransversum
Flexuracoli Flexuracolisinistra
dextra
Colon ascendens
Taenia libera
Colon sigmoideum
Sulci paracolici
Plica ileocaecalis
F i g . 1 0 5 4 P o s i t i o no f t h e a b d o m i n avl i s c e r a S
, i t u sv l s c e r u m .
Pancreas
Omentummajus
Taenia omentalis
Fundus vesicae
biliaris Taenia libera
Flexuracolidextra A ; V c o l i c am e d i a
Mesocolon
Lobushepatis transversum
dexter,
Margoinferior
Pancreas
Duodenum,
Pars
horizontalis Jejunum
Taenia libera
Recessus ileocaecales
Radix mesenterii
superior et inlerior
Plicae semilunarescoli
lleum,
Parsterminalis
Sulci paracolici
Caecum
Ureter,Parsabdominalis
Mesoappendix
Appendix
vermiformis
F i g . 1 0 5 5 S m a l Li n t e s t i n eI,n t e s t i n u mt e n u e ,
a n d [ a r q ei n t e s t i n eI,n t e s t i n u mc r a s s u m .
>AbdominaI
viscera
Colontransversum Omentummajus
Taenialibera
A ; V c o l i c am e d i a
Pancreas,
Faciesanteroinferior
Mesenterium
Ureter
Recessus
duodenales
superioret inferior
Ren, Extremitas
inferior
Sulci paracolici
Recessus
intersigmoideus
Mesoappendix
Appendix vermiformis
F i g . 1 0 5 6 S m a t Ii n t e s t i n eI,n t e s t i n u mt e n u e ,
a n d t a r g ei n t e s t i n el,n t e s t i n u mc r a s s u m .
Pancreas
Mesenteric
root
Omentummaius Colontransversum
Mesocolon
transversum
Colon ascendens
Duodenum,
Parsascendens
Duodenum,
Pars
horizontalis
Plica duodenalis
inlerior
Taenia libera
Colon ascendens
lvlesenterium
Recessus ileocaecalis
supenor
Colondescendens
Appendices
omentales
lepiploicael Taenia libera
Recessus
ileocaecalis
interior
F i g . 1 0 5 7 M e s e n t e r yM , esenterium,
a n d L a r q ei n t e s t i n eI.n t e s t i n u mc r a s s u m .
> A b d o m i n avI i s c e r a tt
Mesentericrootand retroperitoneal
space
Omentum
minus
Caudapancreatis
Fundusvesicaebiliaris Flexuracolisinistra
Lig hepatoduodenale l\4esocolon
transversum
Corpuspancreatis
Lig gastrocolicum
Duodenum,
Parssuperior
Lig. phrenicocolicum
Ren,Extremilas
superior
Flexuracolidextra Omentum majus
Gaster,Parspylorica
Colon transversum
Omentummajus, j
Flexuraduodenojejunalis
Lig gastrocolicum Recessus duodenales
superioret inlerior
Omentummajus
Colontransversum
Mesenterium
Recessus
ileocaecalis
superior
ileum
Recessus
ileocaecalis
inferior
Colon
sigmoideum
Caecum
Recessus
retrocaecalis Mesocolon
sigmoideum
Appendix vermilormis
Ureter,Pars pelvica
Mesoappendix Ductusdeferens
Excavatiorectovesicalis
Vesicaurinaria
F i g .1 0 5 8 P o s i t i o o n f t h e a b d o m i n a L v i s c eSr ai t,u sv i s c e r u m ,
a n d t h e o m e n t a bI u r s a ,B u r s ao m e n t a L r s
A n a r r o w i n d i c a t e st h e o m e n t a Il e p i p l o i cf]o r a m e n .
FnncneaE
Retroperitoneal
Glandula
suprarenalis
Lig coronarium
V portaehepatis;
A hepaticapropria
Ductushepaticus
communts
Ducluscysticus Caudapancreatis
Li9 hepatoduodenale
Ren Mesocolon
transversum
Duodenum, Pars superior
V mesenterica
inferior
Peritoneumparietale
Mesocolontransversum Duodenum,Flexura
duodenojejunalis
A ; V gastroomentalis
dextra
Ren,Extremitas
inferior
Duodenum,
Parsdescendens
Recessus duodenales
Ren, Extremitasinterior superioret inferior
Caput pancreatis Plicaduodenalis
inferior
Duodenum, Pars
A ; V mesenterica
ascendens
supenor
Duodenum, A:Vcolicasinistra
Pars horizontalis
A mesentericainferior
Radix mesenterii
Aa sigmoideae
Plica ileocaecalis
A rectalissuperior
Recessus
ileocaecalis
supenor Becessus
intersigmoideus
Recessus
ileocaecalis Ureler,
inferior Pars pelvica
l\ilesoappendix Mesocolon
sigmoideum
A; V ovarica;
A ;V iliaca
Lig suspensorium
communts
ovaflt
Linea terminalis Ampullatubaeuterinae
Ovarium
Colon sigmoideum
Tubauterina[Salpinx]
Excavatiorectouterina"
Ltg teresuteri"'
Excavatiovesicouterina Pelvis minor
Vesica urinaria,Fundus vesicae Fundusuteri
F i g . 1 0 5 9 P o s t e r i ow r a L Lo f t h e p e r i t o n e acLa v i t y C
, avitas
p e r i t o n e a L iasn, d s p l e e n S , p L e nI L i e n Jo, f t h e f e m a L e
S i t e so f a t t a c h m e n ot f t h e a s c e n d i n ga n d d e s c e n d i n cg o L o n
a r e i n d i c a t e d[ * ]
* C l i n i c at eI r m :p o u c ho f D 0 U G L A S
* +C t i n i c at eI r m :r o u n d[ i g a m e n t
> Abdominalviscera
ParsabdominalisaortaelAortaabdominalis]
Truncuscoeliacus
B oesophagealis
A. splenicailienalisl
A. hepatica
communis
A gastricasinistra
A. cystica
A. gastroomentalis
A hepaticapropria sinistra
A. gastricadextra
A. pancreaticamagna
A. gastroduodenalis
A. caudaepancreatis
(A supraduodenalis)
A gastroomentalis
dextra
A. pancreatico-
duodenalis
superior A pancreaticadorsalis
posleflor
A prepancreatica
A mesenterica
supenor
A pancreatico-
duodenalis inferior
A. marginalis
coli
A colica media
A. colica dextra
A ileocolica
Aa. sigmoideae
Aa jejunales
A. rectalissuoerior
A. appendicularis A. rectalisinferior
F i g . 1 0 6 0 A r t e r i e so f t h e a b d o m i n avI i s c e r a ;
comi-<nhom:tin.
p o s s i b t ea n a s t o m o s eas r e i n d i c a t e d[ O ] .
V gastricadextra
W hepaticae V. cavainlerior
V gastricasinistra
W gastricaebreves
V portaehepatis, V splenica
R dexter ilienalisl
V. cystica
V. oastroomentalis
V. portaehepatis
lgaltroepiploicalsinistra
V splenicailienalisl
V. mesenterica
supenor
inferiot
V. mesenterica
V pancreatico-
duodenalis
superior
posterior
V colicasinistra
V colicamedia
V colica dextra
V ileocolica
W. rectalesmediae
W. rectalesinferiores
V. appendicularis W jejunales
, .p o r t a eh e p a t i s ,
F i g .1 0 6 1 H e p a t ipc o r t avI e i nV
w i t ht r i b u t a r i e s ;
semi-schematic.
> AbdominaIviscera
Coeliactrunk
Lobushepatissinister A splenicalienalisl
Lig.tereshepatis
DuctusheDaticus
communis A gastricasinistra
A hepaticapropria Truncuscoeliacus
Truncuscoeliacus A hepaticacommunis
A gastricasinistra A hepaticapropria
Vesica biliaris
A gastroduodenalis
Gaster
A. cystica
A gastricadextra
Splen ILien]
Ductus
cysticus A hepatica
communrs
V portaehepatis
A gastro-
Ductuscholedochus A splenica A pancreaticoduodenalis omentalis
lbitiarisl superiorposterior sinistra
A gastroomentalis
dextra
A gastrica dextra A gastroomentalis
sinlstra
Duodenum
-s0% A mesenterica
superior
A gastroduodenalis
a A gastroomentalis dextra
mesenterica
supeflor
A hepatica
propna, A hepatica
R dexter communrs
_10 -3%
- 3fo - 12Yo
d e
A gastrica
posterior
7To
t
F i 9 . 1 0 6 2a - f V a r i a b i L i o t yf t h e a r t e r i a tb L o o ds u p p l . oy f t h e L i v e r . F i g . 1 0 6 3a - e V a r i a b i t i toy f t h e a r t e r i a Ib L o o ds u p p l . y
a "Textbookcase" of the stomach.
b T h e s u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A . m e s e n t e r i c a superior, a " T e x t b o o ck a s e " ,c t o s e da r t e r i a Ia r c a d es u p p L y i n g
p a r t i c i p a t eisn t h e s u p p [ yo f t h e r i g h t [ o b eo f t h e L i v e r . b o t ht h e l e s s e ra n d t h e g r e a t e rc u r v a t u r e
c T h e c o m m o nh e p a t i ca r t e r y ,A . h e p a t i c ac o m m u n i s a, r i s e sf r o m b T h e t e f tg a s t r i ca r t e r y ,A . g a s t r i c as i n i s t r a ,
t h e s u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A . m e s e n t e r i c a superior. p a r t i c i p a t eisn t h e s u p p [ yo f t h e L e f t[ o b eo f t h e L i v e r .
d T h e t e f t [ o b eo f t h e l i v e ri s s u p p l . i e bd y t h e l e f t g a s t r i ca r t e r y , c A n a s t o m o s ibs e t w e e nt h e r i g h ta n d l e f t g a s t r o - o m e n t a I
A . g a s t r i c as i n i s t r a . a r t e r i e sA, a . g a s t r o o m e n t a t edse x t r ae t s i n i s t r a ,
e A b r a n c ho f t h e L e f tg a s t r i ca r t e r y ,A g a s t r i c as i n i s t r a s, u p p t i e s at the greater curvature
t h e L e f t[ o b eo f t h e I i v e ra t o n gw i t h t h e t e f t b r a n c ho f t h e h e p a t i c d A b s e n c eo f a n a n a s t o m o s i b s e t w e e nt h e r i g h t a n d
a r t e r yp r o p e r ,A . h e p a t i c ap r o p r i a . l e f t g a s t r o - o m e n t aaLr t e r i e s A
, a .g a s t r o o m e n t a L e s
f An accessorb y r a n c ho f t h e h e p a t i ca r t e r yp r o p e r , d e x t r ae t s i n i s t r a a, t t h e g r e a t e rc u r v a t u r e
A . h e p a t i c ap r o p r i a s, u p p t i e st h e l e s s e rc u r v a t u r eo f t h e s t o m a c h . e An accessoryposteriorgastricartery,A. gastrica
p o s t e r i o ra, r i s i n gf r o m t h e s p t e n i ca r t e r y ,A . s p t e n i c a ,
s u p p t i e st h e p o s t e r i o w r a t [o f t h e s t o m a c h .
Pancreas
A. gastroomentalis
sinistra
Pelvisrenalis
Uretersinister
F i g . 1 0 6 4 A r t e r i e so f t h e s t o m a c h ,G a s t e r t; h e s p L e e n , o f t h e r e n a tp e l v i sd u e t o t h e r e n a te x c r e t i o no f t h e m e d i u m ;
S p t e nI L i e n l ,a n d t h e I i v e r ,H e p a r ; ventraIview.
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e rs e t e c t i v e t e d i u mi n t o
i n j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s m * Catheter [oopin theaorta
t h e c o e t i a ct r u n k I c o e [ i a c o g r a p hwyi)t h c o n c o m i t a nvti s u a t i z a t i o n ** Catheter in theaorta
A hepaticapropria,
Aa segmenti
anterioriset posterioris
A hepaticapropria,R dexter
communis
A. hepatica
A gastroduodenalis
A pancreaticoduodenalis
superiorposterior A. gastroomentalis
dextra
A pancreaticoduodenalis A pancreaticadorsalis
superioranterior
A. pancreatica
inferior
* B r a n c h e st o t h e t e f t t o b eo f t h e t i v e r r e p t a c i n ga s i n g L eL e f tb r a n c h
F i g . 1 0 6 5 C o m m o nh e p a t i ca r t e r y ,A . h e p a t i c ac o m m u n i s ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e rs e t e c t i v ei n j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m o f t h e h e p a t i ca r t e r y P r o P e r
* * A n a c c e s s o r yb r a n c ho f t h e h e p a t i ca r t e r y t o t h e l e s s e rc u r v a t u r e
i n t ot h e c o m m o nh e p a t i ca r t e r y ;
of the stomach
ventraIview. * + * C a t h e t e ri n t h e a o r t a
> AbdominaIviscera
Lobuscaudatus Lobushepatissinister
Lig teres hepatis
a Parslumbalis
diaphragmatis
Lobushepatis a Parsabdominalis
dexter; aortae
Lobus
9uqur drur
A;VcysticaOo a A. splenica
A hepaticao
propna
SplenILien]
V portaea
hepatis
Ductus a V gastricasinistra
choledochus
lbiliarisl
A gastroduodenalisa
OaA;V
gastroomentalis
A hepatica a sinistra
communrs
Omentummajus
A gastrica dextra a
Pancreas
V prepyloricaO
A;vaa
gastroomentalis
dextra
a O Rr omentales
F i g . 1 0 6 6 V e s s e l so f t h e u p p e ra b d o m e n .
Pancreas
A hepatica
communis
a a Truncuscoeliacus
O A gastricasinistra
V cavainferioro
a o A.;V gastroomentalis
sinistra
O A phrenica
inferior
a A gastrica
brevis
aaA;V
splenica
a a Rr sDlenici
A;Vgastro-aa
omentalis
dextra
A gastro-a
duodenalis
Corpus
V portaehepatisa pancreatis
A pancreatico-a
duodenalis a A pancreatico-
superioranterior duodenalis
inferior
Caputpancreatis
a A mesenterica
V mesenterica
O supeflor
supeflor
Proc uncinatus
Lig gastrocolicum
a A. epigastrica
inferior
F i g . 1 0 6 7 V e s s e Losf t h e u p p e ra b d o m e n
> A b d o m i n avl i s c e r a
A colica media
A mesenterica
superior
a jejunales
Aa ileales
A. ileocolica
A mesentericainlerior
A caecalis posterior
A appendicularis
200k 1 0% o 6%o
A mesenterica
superior
Aa jejunaies
A colica dextra
Aa. ileales
F i g .1 0 6 9 S u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y A , . m e s e n t e r i c sau p e r i o r ; * C a t h e t e ri n t h e a o r t a
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r i n j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u mi n t ot h e * * C a t h e t e irn t h e c o m m o ni I i a ca r t e r y
o r i g i no f t h e s u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w
Fancreas
Vessels
Mesocolontransversum coli
a A marginalis
V mesentericasuperior a superior
a A mesenterica
A colica media a aaA;Vcolicasinistra
a Aa jejunales
Flexura coli
dextra JeJunum
Flexura duodeni
inferior
a W jejunales
A ;V colica
dextra
a A ileocolica
Aa ileales a
W i l e a l e sa
A ; V epigastrica
inferioro a Caecum Appendix vermiformis Colon sigmoideum
F i g , 1 0 7 0 S u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r ya n d v e i n ,A . e t V m e s e n t e r i c sa u p e r i o r .
T h e a r t e r i e ss u p p L y i ntgh e s m a t Li n t e s t i n ef o r m a s e r i e so f a r c a d e s .
Liven
A colicamedia
A marginalis
coli
A mesenterica
superior
A mesenterica
inferior A colica sinistra
Aa sigmoideae
A rectalissuperior
F i 9 . 1 0 7 1a - c V a r i a t i o ni sn t h e b r a n c h e o s f t h ei n f e r r o r b A n a c c e s s o r ym i d d t ec o t i ca r t e r y ,A . c o t i c am e d i a ,a n s e s
m e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A . m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r . f r o m t h e i n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r ,
a T h e i n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A . m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r , c An accessorm y i d d t ec o I i ca r t e r y ,A . c o I i c am e d i a ,a r i s e s
d i v i d e si n t o t h r e e p a r t ss u p p t y i n gt h e d e s c e n d i n agn d f r o m t h e L e f tc o l i ca r t e r y ,A . c o L i c a
sinistra.
s i g m o i dc o l o n ,a s w e [ La s t h e r e c t u m * CtinicaIterm SU : DECK p o' si n t
V mesentericainferior
A ascendens
V colica sinistra
A marginaliscoli
Crista iliaca
Aa sigmoideae
Articulatiosacroiliaca
A rectalissuperior
F i g . 1 0 7 2 I n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r s e t e c t i v ei n l e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u mi n t o
t h e o r i g i no f t h e i n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w
* C a t h e t ei nr t h ea o r t a
Fancreas
A pancreaticoduodenalisinferiora superior
a A mesenterica
Pancreas
a V mesenterica
inferior
a A mesenterica
inferior
aA colicasinistra
A a ; V va o
jejunales
a OAa;W
sigmoideae
aoA;Vrectalis
supenor
Radix mesenterii
Colon
sigmoideum
A sacralismedianaa
F i g . 1 0 7 3 I n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r ya n d v e i n ,
A . e t V m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r .
>Abdominat
viscera
Coeliactrunk
Truncuscoeliacus
Pars thoracicaaortae
A mesenterica
superior
Parsabdominalisaortae
Discusinteruertebralis
Vertebra
lumbalisI
Discusintervertebralis
F i g , 1 0 7 1 A b d o m i n aaI o r t a ,P a r sa b d o m i n a t i as o r t a e w , i t h t h e c o e l i a ct r u n k ,
T r u n c u sc o e t i a c u sa, n d t h e s u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A . m e s e n t e r i c sa u p e n o r ;
u l t r a s o u n di m a g e ;a L m o s itn t h e s a g i t t a p
I lane.
* A b d o m l nw a Ia t L
Truncuscoeliacus
A gastricasinistra
A hepatica communis
A splenica
A pancreaticoduodenalis
A. mesenterica
superior superior posterior
1 0Y o
F i g . 1 0 7 5a - e V a r i a b i L i o t yf t h e c o e I i a ct r u n k , d D e v e t o p m e notf a g a s t r o s p [ e n it cr u n k ,T r u n c u s
T r u n c u sc o e t i a c u s . g a s t r o s p L ei cnu s
a " T e x t b o o ck a s e " ,d i v i s i o no f t h e t r u n k i n t ot h r e e b r a n c h e s D e v e [ o p m e notf a g a s t r o s p t e n it cr u n k ,T r u n c u s
b D i v i s i o no f t h e t r u n k i n t of o u r b r a n c h e s g a s t r o s p t e n i c uasn, d a h e p a t o m e s e n t e rtircu n k ,
c D e v e L o p m eo n ft a h e p a t o s p [ e n ti cr u n k ,T r u n c u s T r u n c u sh e p a t o m e s e n t e r i c u s
hepatospLe i cnu s
Pancreas
space
Vesselsof the retroperitoneal
A heoaticacommunis a Hiatusaorticus
Vv hepaticaea Hiatus oesophageus
V cava inferiora a a A ; V gastricasinistra
A hepatica propria a
Gaster,Parscardiaca
V portae hepatis O
O Truncuscoeliacus
Pars costalis S
diaphragmatis Glandula
suprarenalis
Glandula
suprarenalts oaA;Vsplenica
Ductushepaticus
communrs Caudapancreatis
Ductuscysticus
a V mesenterica
Ductuscholedochus inferior
lbiliarisl
Rendexter aoA;Vmesenterica
supenor
Duodenum, Pars
superior,
Ampulla Jelunum
Duodenum,
Pars Rensinister
oescen0ens
Caputpancreatis,
Proc uncinatus
Duodenum, a Parsabdominalis
Parshorizontalis aortae
N iliohypogastricus
{
aA colicasinistra
N i l i o i n g u i n a l i,s
o Bifurcatioaortae
V cava inferior a
O O A ; V l u m b a l i sl V
A;V testicularisaa
aoA;Vmesenterica
inferior
N cutaneus
femoris
lateralis
ooA;Vsacralis
mediana
([/ psoas mino0, Q
Tendo a A rectalissuperior
A;Viliacaao
communrs
Mesocolon
N femoralis.:
sigmoideum
Fascia iliaca
A ; V c i r c u m f l e x aO a
i l i u mp r o f u n d a
A;V iliacaexlernaaO
a a Aa ;W sigmoideae
Ductusdelerens
A ; V epigastrica
inferiorO a
parietale
Peritoneum
F i g . 1 0 7 6 V e s s e t so f t h e r e t r o p e r i t o n e as L
pace,
S i t u sr e t r o p e r i t o n e a Loi sf t, h e m a t e .
> AbdominaIviscera
Hepaticportal vein,overview
Oesophagus W oesophageae
V cava inferior
W hepaticae
V gastricasinistra V splenicaIienalisl
V portaehepatis
W gastricaebreves
V gastricadextra
SplenILien]
V cystica
V oastroomentalis
sinistra
Vesica biliaris[fellea]
V mesentericasuperior V mesenterica
inferior
V gastroomentalis
dextra
V colica media
Vv pancreaticoduodenales
V colica sinistra
Colonascendens
V colicadextra
W jejunales;
W ileales
V ileocolica
Colon descendens
V appendicularis
F i g . 1 0 7 7 H e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i n ,V . p o r t a eh e p a t i s ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w
PortocavaI anastomoses
V. hemiazygos
(Plexusvenosussubmucosus)
V phrenicainferior
V. hepatica
(R.oesophagealis)
V gastricasinistra
V portaehepatis
V splenicailienalisl
V. renalissinistra
V mesenterica
supenor V lumbalis
ascendens
V mesenterica
inferior
V paraumbilicalis
V. cavainterior
V colicasinistra
V epigastrica
superficialis
V iliacacommunis
V sigmoidea
V epigastrica
inferior V rectalissuperior
V iliaca interna
Vv rectalesinteriores
F i g . 1 0 7 8 H e p a t i cp o r t a Lv e i n ,V . p o r t a eh e p a t i s ,
and inferiorvena cava,V. cavainferior;
semi-schematic;
t r i b u t a r i e so f t h e i n f e r i o rv e n ac a v ai n b t u e ;
t r i b u t a r i e so f t h e h e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i ni n p u r p t e ;
p o t e n t i apI o r t o c a v aaIn a s t o m o s eas r e i n d i c a t e d
bvcirctes.
> Petvicviscera U r i n a n yb l a d d e r
and retroperitoneaI
space
Kidney
Margosuperior Capsulaadiposa
I\4argomedialis
Aa suprarenales
mediae
Glandula
suprarenalis
V suprarenalis
A suprarenalis
interior
V renalis
Hilum renale
A renalis,R anterior
Pelvis renalis
V,teslicularis/ovarica
sinistra
F i g . 1 0 7 9 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s aJ n
, d
s u p r a r e n agIL a n dG, L a n d u L
suap r a r e n a L i s ;
v e n t r a tv i e w I t e f t l .
Aa suprarenalessuperiores
Margosuperior
Glandula
suprarenalis
Glandula suorarenalis.Hilum
Capsulaadiposa Aa suprarenalesmediae
Margo medialis
A suprarenalis
inferior
Margo medialis
A renalis
V renalis
F i g . 1 0 8 0 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s al ,n d
s u p r a r e n agI t a n d ,G [ a n d u t a
suprarenalis;
ventraL v i e w{ r i g h t l .
Genitatia
Cortexrenalis
F i g . 1 0 8 1 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s l ;
o b L i q ua e n d v e r t i c a Ih e m i s e c t i o n
Papillaerenales
lMedullarenalis,
d i s p t a y i n tgh e r e n a Ic o r t e x ,t h e m e d u t [ a
Pyramides renales a n dt h e p e t v i s ;
(Basispyramidis) ventraL v i e w( t e f t J .
Arrows point from the pyramidsto the
calyces.
Cortexrenalis
Calyxrenalismajor
Sinusrenalis Columnae
renales
Pelvisrenalis
Medulla
Calices renales minores renalrs
Costa Xl
Costaxll
Ren sinister Ren dexter
Crista iliaca
Spina iliaca
posterior
supeflor
Medulla renalis,
Pyramides renales
Cortexrenalis
(Basispyramidis)
Fig. 1082 Projectionof the kidneys
Capsula
fibrosa o n t ot h e b a c k .
Cortexrenalis
Columnarenalis
Areacribrosa,
Foraminapapillaria
Aa interlobares
A renalis
V renalis Sinusrenalis;Corpus
Pelvis renalis
Sinusrenalis;
adiposum
renales
Columnae
F i g . 1 0 8 3 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s l ;
o b t i q u ae n dv e r t i c ahI e m i s e c t i o n ;
A arcuata ventraIviewIteftl.
> Pelvicviscera U r i nar ybl adder
space
andretroperitoneaI
Kidney,structure
n Capsulalibrosa
Cortexrenalis
l\4edullarenalis
Aa. interlobares
renales
Pyramides
Papilla renalis
Calyxrenalisminor
F i g . 1 0 8 4 K i d n e yR , e n[ N e p h r o s l ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e r e n a Is i n u s ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w I l . e f t ] .
Polusurinarius
Corpusculum
renale
Tubulusproximalis
Tubulusdistalis
F i g . 1 0 8 5 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s l ;
m i c r o s c o o i sc e c t i o no f t h e c o r t e xt 1 0 0 x J .
Genita[ia
Glandula
suprarenalis
Glandula
suprarenalis
V cavainferior
V renalis
Ren
M. psoasmaior
Pars abdominalis aortae
Ren
Ureter
Ureter
Promontorium
Epididymis M. psoasmajor
Testis Urachus
A. umbilicalis
A umbilicalis
Vesicaurinaria
F i g . 1 0 8 6 K i d n e yR , e n[ N e p h r o s la, n d
t h e s u p r a r e n agl .L a n dG
, t a n d u t as u p r a r e n a t i s ,
o f a - 5 - m o n t h - o t df o e t u s
F i g . 1 0 8 7 K i d n e yR , e nl N e p h r o s l ;
dorsaIview.
T h e l o w e rp o t e so f b o t h k i d n e y sa r e f u s e d
( = h o r s e s h o ek i d n e v ) .
Pelvicviscera
andretroperitoneaI
space
Renalpelvisand calyces
F i g . 1 0 8 8a , b R e n a Lp e L v i sP, e t v i sr e n a t i s ;
enrrncinn e:ctc.
v e n t r a Iv i e w I L e f t ]
a D e n d r i t i ct y p e
b A m p u l t a rt y p e
Vertebra
thoracicaXll
Papilla
renalis
Colon
ascendens Pelvis
renalis
Papilla
renails
Rensinister,
Extremitas
inferior
Colon
M psoas descendens
maJor
F i g . 1 0 8 9 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s l ;
r e n a Lp e L v i sP, e [ v i sr e n a t i sa, n d u r e t e r ,U r e t e r ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r r e t r o g r a d ei n j e c t i o no f a
c o n t r a s tm e d i u mv i a b o t h u r e t e r s
GenitaIia
Segmentum
anterius Segmentum
superius
supeflus
A. renalis
V-renalis
Segmentum
anteriusinferius
Segmentum
inferius
Truncuscoeliacus A. mesenterica
suoerior
Parsabdominalisaortae
V suprarenalis
sinistra
V. cava inferior
A renalissinistra
A renalis
dextra
V. renalis
sinistra
V renalis
dextra
Uretersinister
V testicularis/ovarica
sinistra
Ureterdexter V. testicularis/ovarica
dextra
F i g . 1 0 9 1 K i d n e yR, e n ;
areasof contactwith adjacentorgans;
ventraIview.
I Hepar
il Jejunum Pancreas
I Duodenum,
Parsdescendens
I Gaster Colondescendens
> Pelvicviscera [-.$nirientrr
b[ndder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Kidney,imaging
lvledullarenalis,Pyramis renalis
Pelvis renalis
Extremitas
superior
Diaphragma
Extremitasinferior
pararenale
Corpusadiposum l\4 psoasmajor
Cortex renalis
F i g . 1 0 9 2 K i d n e yR , e n[ N e p h r o s J ;
u t t r a s o u n idm a g e ;
t h e t r a n s d u c e ri s d i r e c t e df r o m v e n t r o i n f e r i ot ro d o r s o s u p e r i o r ;
Lateratview Iright).
* A b d o m i nw a La [ [
V renalisdextra
abdominales
Corpus vertebrae
Fascia renalis
Proc spinosus
Costa Xll
F i g . 1 0 9 3 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s l ;
p u n c t u r eo f t h e r i g h t k i d n e y ;
computed t o m o g r a p h iccr o s s - s e c t i oI C
n T];
i n f e r i o rv i e w
* G u i d a n coef a n e e d tfeo r k i d n e b yiopsy
GenitaIia
Suprarenalgland
A. phrenicainferior
Aa suprarenales
mediae
A. suprarenalis
inferior
A. renalis
Aorta
abdominalis
Faciesanterior
a - 34o/o b - 260/o
V.suprarenalis
sinistra
c -33% d
V centralis
F i g . 1 0 9 6 S u p r a r e n agI t a n d ,G [ a n d u t as u p r a r e n a t i s ; F i g . 1 0 9 7 S u p r a r e n agI t a n d ,G l a n d u [ as u p r a r e n a l i s ;
crditf2l confinn.
m i c r o s c o p i ec n [ a r g e m e nat t l o w m a g n i f i c a t i o n .
t a t e r avl i. e wl r i g h t ) .
> Pelvicviscera
andretroperitoneat
space
Urinarybladder
Lig umbilicalemedianum
Apex vesicae
Tunicamuscularis
Tunicamucosa
(Plicaemucosae)
Trigonum
vesicae
Prostata
-
Cristaurethralis
I Ductuliprostatici
Urethramasculina,
J
Parsprostatica
I Sinusprostaticus
\ Colliculus
seminalis
prostaticus
Utriculus
Ductusdeferentes,Ductusejaculatorii
F i g . 1 0 9 8 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a ;
p r o s t a t eP
, r o s t a t aa, n d u r e t h r a ,U r e t h r a ;
venlratvtew.
Peritoneum
parietale
Vesica
unnana
Peritoneum
parietale
Vesica
unnafla Excavatio
rectovesicalis
Symphysis
pubrca
Excavatio
rectovesicalis
Prostata
F i g . 1 0 9 9 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV
, e s i c au r i n a r i a , F i g . 1 1 0 0 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a f, i I t e d .
a [ m o s tc o m p l e t e Lvyo i d e d I n t h i s s i t u a t i o nt,h e b t a d d e rc a n b e p u n c t u r e df r o m
j u s t a b o v et h e p u b i cb o n ew i t h o u tp a s s i n gt h r o u g ht h e
peritoneaIcavity.
* P u n c t u rnee e d [ e
Genita[ia
Urinarybladder,ductusdeferensandseminalvesicle
Corpusvesicae,
Tunicamuscularis
Ductusdeferens
AmDullaductus deferentis
Ampullaductusdeferentis,
Diverticula
ampullae
Glandula
vesiculosa Glandula vesiculosa
F i 9 . 1 1 0 1 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a d
; u c t u sd e f e r e n t e s ,
D u c t u sd e f e r e n t e ss;e m i n a Iv e s i c L e sG, L a n d u t avee s i c u L o s a e ,
and prostate,Prostata;
d o r s a Iv i e w .
Corpus
vestcae vesrcae
Plica
interureterica Plica
interureterica
Ostium
ureteris
Ostium
ureteris
Trigonum
Trigonum vestcae
vestcae
F i 9 . 1 1 0 2a , b U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a ;
e n d o s c o p ivci e wo f t h e o p e n i n go f t h e u r e t e r
IcystoscopyJ.
a O p e no s t i u mo f t h e u r e t e rw i t h a p e r i s t a t t i c
w a v et r a n s p o r t r n u
g r i n ei n t o t h e b l a d d e r
b C l o s e do s t i u mo f t h e u r e t e r
F i g . 1 1 0 3 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV
, e s i c au r i n a r i a ;
e n d o s c o p ivci e wo f t h e m u c o s ai n t h e b o d yo f
t h e b L a d d eIrc y s t o s c o p;y l
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
Pelvicviscera U r i nar ybl adder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Maleurinaryandgenitalorgans,overview
Pelvis renalis
(lnfundibulum
ductusparamesonephrici)**
Epididymis
Testislorchisl
(Paradidymis)
-i
Ductusmesoneohricus*
testis
Gubernaculum
DuctusDaramesoneohricus**
Ureier
Urachus
Ductusdeferens
Vesicaurinaria
Glandula
vesiculosa prostaticus
Ulriculus
Ductusejaculatorius
Corpora cavernosa penis
Glandula
bulbourethralis
Ductusglandulae
bulbourethralis
penis
Corpusspongiosum
(Paradidymis)
Caput epididymidis
Glanspenis
(Ductulus
aberransinferior)
Appendix
testis
Cauda epididymidis Testis[Orchis]
F i g . 1 1 0 4 M a t eu r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a L organs; E p i d i d y m i s = g e n i t a Ip a r t o f t h e m e s o n e p h r o s ;
0 r g a n au r o g e n i t a I i ma ascutina; Paradidymi= s r e m n a n t so f t u b u l e so f t h e m e s o n e p h r o s
d i a g r a mo f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t h : e p a r t st h a t d e g e n e r a t e are ' W o L F F i a nd u c t
d i s p L a y eidn p a t ep i n k ,a n d t h e p o s i t i o no f t h e t e s t i sp r i o r t o i t s * * M U L L E R i a nd u c t
+ * * J u n c t i o n o f t h e M U L L E R i adnu c t s .
d e s c e n ti s i n d i c a t e db y t h e d a s h e d[ i n e ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t Ductus oaramesoneohric
F e m a t eg e n i t a t i a
Fascia cremasterica;
M cremaster
Fascia spermaticainterna
Tunica vaginalistestis,
Lamina parietalis Caput
epididymidis
Funiculus
testis
Appendix spermaticus
Lig epididymidis (Appendix
supenus epididymidis)
Extremitas testis
lvlediastinum
Sinus
epididymidis supenor
Facies lateralis
Margo
POSteriOr
Lig epididymidis
inferius
Cauda epididymidis
inferior
Extremitas
A ; V testicularis
Plexuspampiniformis
Caputepididymidis
Plexuspampiniformis A testicularis
Ductuliefferentestestis
Ductusdeferens
Lobulitestis
Corpusepididymidis
Septulatestis
(Ductulus
abetransinferior)
Cauda epididymidis
Septumscroti
Raphe scroti
Lamina visceralist
Tunica vaginalistestis
Fascia spermaticainterna
M cremaster
Septulatestis
Fasciacremasterica
Fasciaspermatica
externa
Tunicadartos (Cavumserosumscroti)
Mediastinum
testis
Tunicadartos
Sinus epididymidis
Ductusdeferens
A testicularis
Plexuspampiniformis
Ductusdeferens
F i 9 . 1 1 0 9 T e s t i sT, e s t i s e; p i d i d y m i sE, p i d i d y m i s ,
a n d s c r o t u m ,S c r o t u m ;
supeflorvrew.
* A[so:Epiorchium
* * A t s oP: eriorchium
G en i t a t i a
Femategenitatia
Ductusdeferensandseminalvesicle
Ductusdelerens
Amoullaductusdeferentis
Lobusprostataemedius
Lobusorostataedexter
Lobusorostataesinister
Basisprostatae Urethramasculina
Ductusdeferens
Glandula vesiculosa
Ampullaductusdeferentis
F i g ,1 1 1 1 D u c t u sd e f e r e n t eD s ,u c t u s d e f e r e n t e s , T h o u g ht h i s t e c h n i q u ed e m o n s t r a t e s i z ea n d p o s i t i o n
a n ds e m i n avIe s i c l e sG, t a n d u l avee s i c u t o s a e ; u n d e rc l i n i c a l
o f t h e s e m i n a lv e s i c l e si,t i s n o m o r e a p p L i e d
A P - r a d i o g r aapfht e ri n j e c t i oonf a c o n t r a smt e d i u mv t a c i r c um s t an c e s .
t h ee j a c u t a t odr yu c t s ;
ventraIview.
Ostiumureteris vesiculosa
Glandula
Trigonumvesicae
internum
Ostiumurethrae Ampullaductusdeferentis
Prostata Prostata
Parsintermedia
Urethramasculina, Ductuseiaculatorius
Imembranacea]
F i g . 1 1 1 2 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a ;p r o s t a t eP
, rostata;
d u c t u sd e f e r e n s( v a sd e f e r e n s JD, u c t u sd e f e r e n sa, n d s e m i n a Iv e s i c [ eG vesicutosa;
, tanduta
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i q h t .
Pelvicviscera U r i n a r yb t a d d e r
andretroperitoneat
space
UrinarybLadder
andmalegenitalia
Lig umbilicalemedianum
Plica umbilicalismediana
Vesicaurinaria Peritoneumparietale
Chorda arleriae umbilicalis
A ; V epigastricainferior
A iliaca externa Ductusdeferens
V iliaca externa
Lig inguinale
Plica umbilicalismedialis
Os pubis,Ramussuperior
Glandula vesiculosa
Glandula
vesiculosa
Fundus vesicae
Ductusexcretorius
Ductusejaculatorius Prostata
Os oubis,Bamusinferior
Urethra,Parsintermedia
Imembranacea] Glandula
bulbourethralis
Cruspenis Bulbuspenis
Corporacavernosapenis
penis
Corpusspongiosum
F i g , 1 1 1 3 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a ;d u c t u sd e f e r e n t e s ,
D u c t u sd e f e r e n t e ss;e m i n a Iv e s i c t e sG, l . a n d u t avee s i c u t o s a e ;
p r o s t a t eP
, r o s t a t aa, n d m a [ eu r e t h r a ,U r e t h r am a s c u u n a :
dorsaIview.
Genitalia
Femategenital.ia
\/
Penis,Dorsum
penis
Preputium
Glanspenis
I e n i t a l i a0, r g a n ag e n i t a l i a
F i g . 1 1 1 1 , M a t ee x t e r n a g
m a s c u t i n ae x t e r n a .
Ductusdeferens
a N genitofemoralis,
R genitalis
penis
Corpuscavernosum
Vasalymphatica
Tunicaalbuginea
corporum
cavernosorum
a A testicularis
Plexuspampiniformis
a o Plexustesticularis
Fasciaspermaticainterna
Fasciapenis(prolunda)
M. cremaster
a Fasciacremasterica;
W pudendae
externaea
a Fasciaspermaticaexterna
penis
Corpusspongiosum a Tunicadartos
F i g .1 1 1 5 S p e r m a t i cc o r d ,F u n i c u L ussp e r m a t i c u s ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w I L e f t2, 5 0 % 1 .
> Pelvicviscera
andretroperitoneal
space
Maleurethra
Fundusvesicae
(Plicae mucosae)
Plica interureterica
Trigonum
vesicae
Ostiumureteris
Uvulavesicae
Pars Ostiumurethrae
internum
intramuralis
Colliculus
seminalis; prostaticus
Utriculus
Pars Ductusejaculatorii
prostatica Ductuliprostatici
Cristaurethralis
Pars Glandula
bulbourethralis,
intermedia Ductusglandulae
Imembranacea] Bulbuspenis
bulbourethralis
Cruspenis
Ductusglandulae
bulbourethralis
Tunicaalbuginea
corporum
cavernosorum
Urethra
masculina Corpusspongiosum
penis
Trabeculaecorporumcavernosorum
A profundapenis
Pars
spongrosa Aa helicinae Cavernaecorporumcavernosorum
Lacunaeurethrales
Corona glandis
(Valvula
tossaenavicularis)
Glanspenis
Fossa navicularisurethrae
penis
Preputium
Ostiumurethrae
externum
F i g . 1 1 1 6 U r r n a r yb [ a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a ;
p r o s t a t eP
, r o s t a t aa, n d m a l e u r e t h r a ,U r e t h r am a s c u L i n a ;
ventraIview.
Femategenital.ia
V.dorsalis
profundapenis
A profunda
penis
V.dorsalis
penis
superficialis Fascia penis Glanspenis,
(profunda) Coronaglandis
A dorsalispenis
Preputium
penrs Tunica
albuginea
Cutis corpons
spongrosl
Tunicaalbuginea
corporum Corpus
cavernosorum cavernosum
penrs
Septumpenis Tunica
albuginea
corporum
Urethra cavernosorum
Fascia penis Pars
masculina,
(profunda) spongrosa
Corpusspongiosum A urelhralis
Septumpenis
penrs
a
penis
Preputium
Glanspenis;
Corpus
spongrosum
penis,Cavernae Urethramasculina,
corpoflsspongrosl Fossanavicularis
urethrae
Corpus
cavernosum
penis,Cavernae
corpons
cavernosl
Septumglandis
Urethra penis
masculrna Corpusspongiosum
preputii
Frenulum
c d
F i g .1 1 1 7a - d P e n i s P , enis; a C r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e m i d d t eo f t h e s h a f t
c r o s s - s e c t i o n sp;L a n e si n d i c a t e di n F i g .1118 ; b C r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e L e v eol f t h e p r o x i m a p l artof the
venlraLvtew. g t a n sp e n i s
c C r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e m i d d t eo f t h e g t a n sp e n i s
d C r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e l e v e Io f t h e d i s t a Ip a r t o f t h e g [ a n sp e n i s
externum
Ostiumurethrae
Fascia penis (profunda)
preputii
Frenulum
* L e v e lo f s e c t i o no f F i g . 1117 a
F i g .1 1 1 8 P e n i s P, e n i sw , i t h g t a n sp e n i s G
, t a n sp e n i s ,
+ + L e v e lo f s e c t i o no f F i g . 1117 b
a n d p r e p u c eP
, r e p u t i u mp e n i s .
* * + L e v e lo f s e c t i o no f F i g . 1 1 1 7 c
* * * * L e v e lo f s e c t i o no f F i g 111 7 d
Pelvicviscera U r i nar vbtadder
andretroperitoneal
space
Femaleurinaryandgenitalorgans,overvtew
Pelvis renalis
Ovarium
Epoophoron Ductuslongitudinalis,
Ductulitransversi
Ductusmesonephricus*
1t .. ..
Lrg Ovarllproprlum
:-
Paroophoron ut,
Tuba uterina [Salpinx]
Epoophoron
"\7 Vesicaurinaria
Infundibulum
tubaeuterinae
Urachus
Appendix vesiculosa
Ovarium
Lig teresuteri
Ductusmesonephricus*
Urethrafeminina
Glans clitoridis
Oslium urethraeexternum
Crusclitoridis
Ostium vaginae
Bulbusvestibuli
Glandulae
vestibulares
majores***
F i g .1 1 1 9 F e m a t eu r i n a r ya n d g e n i t aoLr g a n s , E p o o p h o r o n= g e n i t a Lp a r t o f t h e m e s o n e p h r o s ;
O r g a n au r o g e n i t a L fi eaminina; P a r o o p h o r o n= r e m n a n t so f t h e t u b u t e so f t h e m e s o n e p h r o s
d i a g r a mo f t h e d e v e t o p m e ntth: e p a r t st h a t d e g e n e r a t a ere
d i s p L a y eidn p a t ep i n k ,a n d t h e p o s i t i o no f t h e o v a r yp r i o r t o i t s * W 0 L F F i a nd u c t
d e s c e n ti s i n d i c a t e db y t h e d a s h e dI i n e ; * * N 4 U L L E R Tdaunc t
ventraIview. * * x B A R T H 0 L I N 'gst a n d s
Femalegenitatia
Fimbriaovarica Ovarium,Extremitas
tubaria Amoullatubaeuterinae
Ampullatubaeuterinae Margomesovaricus
Ostiumabdominale
tubaeuterinae; Mesosalpinx A; Vv ovarica(e)
Infundibulum
tubae
uterinae lsthmustubae Fundusuteri
uterinae
Fimbriae
tubaeuterinae
Tubauterina[Salpinx]
Appendix
vesiculosa
Ovarium. Facies medialis
Ovarium
Lig suspensoriumovarii
A.; Vv ovarica(e) Extremitasuterina
Lig.ovariiproprium
Ovarium,Margoliber
Corpusuteri,
Faciesintestinalis
lsthmusuteri
cervicis
Portiosupravaginalis
Lig ovariiproprium
Stromaovarii
lsthmustubaeuterinae Mesosalpinx
Fundusuteri Ductuslongitudinalis
Amoullatubaeuterinae
Ductulitransversi
Tubauterina
lSalpinxl
Plicaetubariae
Lig.teres
uteri***
Lig ovarii lnfundibulum
propflum tubaeuterinae;
Fimbriaetubae
Tunicaserosa uterinae
IPerimetrium]
Cavitasuteri;Tunica Appendixvesiculosa
mucosaIEndometrium] Fimbriaovarica
Corpusalbicans
Tunicamuscularis Vv ovaricae;A ovarica
IMyometrium]
ovarici vesiculosi* Appendix
vesiculosa**
Corpus luteum
Canalisceruicis
uteri, Lig latumuteri
Plicaepalmatae Parsuterina; \-
Portiovaginaliscervicis
Ostiumuterinum,l " ^ . . . ^ . , - ^
Corpusuteri
lsthmusuteri
Ostiumuteri Portiosupravaginalisceruicis
Rugae vaginales
Folliculiovarici primarii
Fi1.1122 Ovary,Ovar;
m i c r o s c o p iecn t a r g e m e natt l o w m a g n i f i c a t i o n
Facies intestinalis
/ lsthmusuteri
Cavitas uteri
Canalis ceruicisuteri
Fundusuteri
TunicamucosaIEndometrium] Fornixvaginae,Parsposterior
Tunicamuscularis
lVyometriuml Peritoneum
urogenitale
TunicaserosaIPerimetrium] Excavatiorectouterina
Facies vesicalis
Labiumposterius
Peritoneumurogenitale,Excavatiovesicouterina
Ostiumuteri
Portio supravaginalisceruicis
Labiumanterius
Fornixvaginae, Pars anterior
Vagina
Stratum
functionale
endometriale
Stratum basale
endometriale
Tunica
muscularis
F i g . 1 1 2 1 M u c o s ao f t h e u t e r u s ,U t e r u s ; F i 1 , 1 1 2 5 M u c o s oa f t h eu t e r u sU , terus;
e a r l yp h a s eo f p r o t i f e r a t i o n L a t ep h a s eo f p r o L i f e r a t iwoint he x c r e t o rgy[ a n d s
Femategenitalia
F i g . 1 1 2 6 U t e r u s ,U t e r u s ,a n d v a g i n aV , agina;
, n dt h e
n o r m a Ia n g t e sb e t w e e nt h e v a g i n at,h e c e r v i x a
b o d yo f u t e r u s ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
Fundus * L o n g i t u d i naaxIi so f t h ev a g i n a
uteri
** LongitudinaI axisof thecervixof uterus
*** LongitudinaI axisof the bodyof uterus
A n g t eb e t w e e nv a g i n aa n d c e r v i xo f u t e r u s= v e r s i o n
A n g [ eb e t w e e nc e r v i xa n d b o d yo f u t e r u s= f l e x i o n
f the uterus:
N o r m a It o p o g r a p h i c a I s i t u a t i o n
a n t e v e r s i o na,n t e fl e x i o n
R e t a t i o nt o t h e m e d i a np t a n e= p o s i t i o n
Ostiumuterinum
tubae
uterinae
Tubauterina
ISalpinx]
Cavitasuteri
Ampullatubae
uterinae
Canaliscervicis
uteri
Lig ovariiproprium
A uterina,R tubarius Ovarium
Lig teresuteri*
A uterina,R ovaricus Fundusuteri
A ovarica
A ovarica
Llg sus-
pensoflum
ovanl
Appendix
vesiculosa Corpusuteri
Lig teresuteri*
Rr vaginales
Cervix uteri
A vaginalis
A vaginalis
F i g . 1 1 2 9 A r t e r i e so f t h e f e m a L ei n t e r n a Ig e n i t a l i a ,
0 r g a n ag e n i t a L ifae m i n i n ai n t e r n a ;
dorsaLview.
+ C [ i n i c at eI r m :r o u n d[ i o a m e n t
Tubauterina
Lrg suspensonum
ovafll
R tubarius
Fundus
uteri
(R fundi
uteri)
R ovaricus
Lig,ovariiproprium
Rr helicini
F i g . 1 1 3 0a - f V a r i b i l . i toyf t h e a r t e r i a Is u p p t yo f t h e
f e m a [ ei n t e r n a Ig e n i t a l i a ;
dorsaLview.
a S u p p l .oy f t h e u t e r u s ,U t e r u s[ " t e x t b o o kc a s e " ]
b , c , d S u p p t yo f t h e o v a r i e sO , v a r i aI b , " t e x t b o o kc a s e ]
,f S u p p t yo f t h e f u n d u so f u t e r u s ,F u n d u su t e r i
I e . " t e x t b o o kc a s e " ]
Femalegenitatia
Articulatio
sacroiliaca
(Spatiumretrorectale)
(Spatiumpararectale)*
Rectum
Lig rectouterinum
Excavatiorectouterina
Lig.cardinale
ILig.transversumcervicis]**
Ceruixuteri
(Spatium
paravesicale)*** vesicouterina
Excavatio
Ureter
Vesicaurinaria
Spatiumretropubicum Ostiumureteris
pubica
Symphysis internum
Ostiumurethrae
* C [ i n i c atIe r m : P a r a p r o c t i u m
F i g . 1 1 3 1 U t e r u s ,U t e r u s ;
* + C L i n i c at eI r m : P a r a m e t r i u m
u t e r i n eL i g a m e n tasn d c o n n e c t i v tei s s u es p a c e s ;
s e m i - s c h e m a t itcr a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e x i s t e n c eo f t h i s s t r u c t u r ei s c o n t r o v e r s i a I l
* * * C l i n i c atLe r m : P a r a c y s t i u m
L e v eoLf t h e c e r v i xo f u t e r u s :
s u o e n o rv t e w
Cervixuteri
Portio
vaginalis
Portio cervrcts
vaginalis
cervtcts
raoium
I anlenus I l"uiu.
usilum ] ostiumI anlerlus
ulefl ulerrl Labium
Labium
I
postenus I poslenus
Rugae
vagrnares
F i g . 1 1 3 2a , b V a g i n a p I o r t i o no f t h e c e r v i xo f u t e r u s ,P o r t i o F o rt h e i n s p e c t i o n of thevaginap L o r t i o no f t h e c e r v i xt h e
v a g i n a l i sc e r v i c i s . n o r m a t l ys l i t - t i k ev a g i n ai s s p r e a d e db y m e a n so f a b i v a l v e
a Photograph o f t h e c e r v i xo f a y o u n gn u l t i p a r o u ws oman s p e c u t u m{ * ) ;
b Photograph o f t h e c e r v i xo f a y o u n gw o m a nw h o h a s g i v e n i n f e r i o rv i e w .
b i r t ht o t w o c h i l d r e n
.,:'j:.i .
U r i n a r yb t a d d e r
and retroperitoneaI
space
F u n i c u l uusm b i l i c a l i s
Truncus
Caput
Membrum inferius
F i g . 1 1 3 3 U t e r u s ,U t e r u s w, ith an embryo; T h e e m b r y oi s i m m e r s e di n t h e a m n i o t i cf t u i do f t h e c h or i o ni c
u t t r a s o u n di m a g et a k e ni n t h e e i g h t hw e e k o f p r e g n a n c y ; cavity
[ a t e r a Iv i e w ( r i q h t l .
Caput,Frons
Nasus
Membruminferius
Labiumsuperius
Regiomentalis
Truncus
D i g i t il l - V
Palma
Pollex IDigitusI]
Antebrachium
Humerus
F i g .1 1 3 5 H a n d ,M a n u s o, f a f o e t u s; D e t a i [ ss u c ha s f i n q e r sc a n b e o b s e r v e d .
u [ t r a s o u n di m a g et a k e ni n t h e 1B t hw e e ko f p r e g n a n c y ;
L a t e r avI i e w
Femalegenitatia
V umbilicalis Aa umbilicales
Fundusuteri
Colonsigmoideum
Placenta
Os coccygis
Fascia
rectovaoinalis
Linea alba ISepturi'rectovaginale]
Excavatio Corpusano-
vesicouterina coccygeumILig
anococcygeuml
pubica,Discusinterpubicus
Symphysis
Vesicaurinaria
Clitoris,
Corpuscavernosum
clitoridis
M sphincter
Glans clitoridis aniexternus
perineiprolundus
M transversus
Labium majus pudendi
Urethrafeminina
Labiumminuspudendi
urethrae
M sphincter
F i g .1 1 3 6 U t e r u sU, t e r u sw, i t ha f o e t u s ;
n t h em e d i a np t a n e .
t h ep e l v i sh a sb e e ns e c t i o n ei d
* M u c o u sp L u gI o f K R I S T E L L Ei nRtIh e c e r v i c a Ic a n a Lo f t h e u t e r u s
* * C [ i n i c atLe r m : p o u c ho f D 0 U G L A S
* * * C [ i n i c atLe r m :v e s i c o v a g i nsael p t u m
* * + *C [ i n i c a tI e r m : c a v eo f R E T Z | u s
Spinailiacaanteriorsuperior
Fig.1137 Uterus,Uterus;
p o s i t i o no f t h e f u n d u so f u t e r u sd u r i n gp r e g n a n c y
N u m b e r sr e f e rt o t h e e n d o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e
m o n t ho f p r e g n a n c y[ = 2 8 d a y s ) .
> Petvicviscera U r i nar ybtadder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Placenta
F i g . 1 1 3 8 a ,b P l a c e n t aP, l a c e n t aa, n d
u m b i t i c acI o r d ,F u n i c u I u su m b i t i c a l i s .
a View of the foetaIsurface
b V i e wo f t h e m a t e r n a Is u r f a c eo f a
p a r t u r i e n tp [ a c e n t a
Genitalia
Femategenitalia
tubes
Appendix
vermilormis
Fimbriaetubae
uterinae
A; V ovarica
Caecum
Lig suspensorium
ovarii*
lnfundibulum
tubaeuterinae
Ampulla tubae
uterinae Ampullatubae
uterinae
Ovarium, l\4esosalpinx
Facies medialis
lsthmustubae
uterinae
l\4argo mesovaricus
Lig latumuteri
Lrg ovarii proprium
Excavatio
vesicouterina
Plica umbilicalismedialis
F i g . 1 1 3 9 F e m a [ ei n t e r n a L genitaLia,
0 r g a n ag e n i t a L fi a e m i n i n ai n t e r n a ;
ventraIview.
* C t i n i c at et r m :i n f u n d i b u [ o p eI Li gvai cm e n t
Colon
sigmoideum
Fimbriae Ovarium
Tuba Ampulla
uterina
Lrg ovanl
propflum
Facies Fimbriae
intestinalis Lig teres tubae
Fundus
uteri uterinae
Uterus
Facies
vesicalis
Ovarium
Flexura
sacralrs
Tunica
muscularis,
Stratum
longitudinale
M. levator ani
Flexura
anorectalis
lperinealisj
Telasubcutanea,
Panniculus
adiposus
F i g . 1 1 t + 2 R e c t u m ,R e c t u m ;
viewedfrom the Left.
A rectalissuperior
V. iliaca communis
V cava inlerior Tunicamuscularis,
V sigmoidea Stratumlongitudinale
V. rectalissuperior
Noduli lymphoidei
Ampullarecti Ampullarecti solitarii
(Spatium
pararectale)
Junctioanorectalis
W rectales
meorae
Plexusvenosus Sinusanales M. levator ani
rectalis
M levatorani A pudenda
interna M sphincterani
internus
Columnae Columnaeanales
anales W rectales
inferiores Valvulaeanales
M sphincter Pectenanalis M. sphincter
ani
ani internus externus
M. sphincter Linea
aniexternus anocutanea
F i g . 1 1 1 3 R e c t u m ,R e c t u m ; F i 1 . 1 1 1 1 R e c t u m ,R e c t u m ,a n d a n u s ,A n u s ;
b l o o ds u p p [ y t; h e m u c o s aa n d t h e p a r a r e c t a L ventraL view
a d i p o s et i s s u e sh a v eb e e np a r t t yr e m o v e d ; * H a e m o r r h o i dn ao Id e
o p e n i n g si n t ot h e h e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i ni n p u r p t e . X * K O H L R A U S C H ,f so [ d
G en i t a l i a
Columnaanalis
Canalisanalis
Sinus analis
F i g . 1 1 4 5 R e c t u m ,R e c t u m ;
e n d o s c o p i icm a g eo f t h e a n a Ic a n a [w i t h s i x e n L a r g e d
n o d e so f t h e c a v e r n o u sr e c t a Ib o d y ,h a e m o r r h o i d s ;
suoeflorvtew.
* Co[onoscope
+*ThreehaemorrhoidaI nodes
Plicatransversarecti
F i $ . 1 1 1 6 R e c t u mR, e c t u m ;
e n d o s c o pi im c a g eo f t h er e c t a I a m p u [ILr a
ectoscopy);
i n f e r i ovr i e w .
> Pelvicviscera U r i nar ybtadder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Arteriesof the rectum
A mesenterica
inferior
Parsabdominalisaortae
A rectalissuperior*
A. sacralis mediana
A. iliaca communis
A. gluteasuperior
A iliaca interna
Canalisobturatorius
A. iliaca externa
Spinaischiadica
A gluteainferior
M obturatorius
internus
A. pudenda interna
Rectum
A obturatoria M levatorani
A. rectalismedia Tuberischiadicum
A. rectalisinferior M. sohincter
ani externus
Fig.11t7 Rectaa I r t e r i e sA
, a .r e c t a t e s ;
dorsaIview.
* C [ i n i c at eI r m :S U D E c Kp'osi n ltf r o mt h i sp o i not nt h e r ea r e
nof urtheranastomoses withthesiqmoidarteriesl
GenitaIia
V iliaca
communts V cava inferior
W sigmoideae
V rectalis
Colon supenor
sigmoideum
V gluteasuperior
Canalis
V. iliaca interna obturatorius
V. iliaca externa
Spina ischiadica
V.gluteainferior
V obturatoria
V rectalismedia
M. levator ani
Plexusvenosus
W rectalesinferiores rectalis
Tuberischiadicum
ani
M. sphincter
externus
Truncuscoeliacus
Pars abdominalisaortae
Gangliatruncisympathici
A mesentericainferior
Plexushypogastricus
superior
A iliaca communis
Radices (S 2-S 5)
anteriores
N hypogastricus
dexter
Plexushypogastricus
inferior
Plexusrectalissuperior
Plexusrectalismedius
Plexusrectalisinferior
M ievator ani
N pudendus
Nn. anales
N4.sphincter
aniexternus
Rectum,radiography
Os sacrum
Colonsigmoideum
O s p u b i sR
, a m u si n f e r i o r Ampullarecti
Os coccygis
M gluleusmaximus
Tuberischiadicum
Canalisanalis
F i g .1 1 5 0 R e c t u mR , ectum; T h e t r a n s i t i o n azI o n eb e t w e e nt h e a n u sa n d t h e r e c t u m[ a r r o w l
I a t e r a Lr a d i o g r a p hi n v o L u n t a rcyt o s u r eo f t h e a n u sa f t e rf i L t i n g i s [ o c a t e da t t h e L e v eoI f t h e t i p o f t h e c o c c y x[ t r i a n g t e ) .
w i t h a c o n t r a s tm e d i u mI d e f a e c o g r a p h y l . T h e a n g L eb e t w e e nt h e a x e so f t h e a n u sa n d t h e r e c t u m[ 4 ]
is approximateL 9 y0 ' a n d d e p e n d su p o nt h e c u r v a t u r eo f t h e
l e v a t o ra n i m u s c [ e{ p u b o r e c t amLu s c t e )S . c a t ei n c m
Iemoris
Caout
Os sacrum
Femur,Corpustemoris
Colonsigmoideum
Os pubis,Ramusinferior
Os coccygis
Ampulla recti
Tuber ischiadicum
l\il gluteus maximus
Ren.Extremitassuoerior
,
Vertebralumbalisl, Proc costalis
A arcuata
A. renalis A. interlobaris Ren,Margomedialis
A. segmenti
A. renalis
Calyxrenalis
Pelvisrenalis
Ren, Margo lateralis
Ureter,Parsabdominalis
Ben,Extremitas
inferior
Crista iliaca
(A.renalispolarisinferior)
F i g . 1 1 5 3a - d V a r i a t i o n isn t h e a r t e r i a ls u p p t yo f t h e k i d n e y .
a O n er e n a Ia r t e r y ,A . r e n a [ i sw, i t h a b r a n c ht o t h e s u p e r i o rp o l e
b T w o r e n a Ia r t e r i e st o t h e r e n a Ih r t u m
c T w o r e n a Ia r t e r i e s o
, n e o f w h i c hs u p p l i e st h e s u p e r i o rp o t e
d T w o r e n a ta r t e r i e s o
, n e o f w h i c h s u p p L i etsh e i n f e r i o rp o l e
Genitalia
peritoneaI space,overview
Retro
Peritoneum Glandula
suprarenalis
parietale
OaA;V.renalis
Truncuscoeliacus
a)
A mesentericaa a Mm.intercostales
supenor
Ren
inferior;a
A suprarenalis
V suprarenalis
dextraO
(A renalis a
accessona)
V cava inferiorO
a a A ; V testicularis
Ren, * N subcostalis
Capsulaadiposa
Ureter
a a A.; V lumbalisI
M obliquusexternusa
abdominis & N. iliohypogastricus
M obliquusinternusa a A. mesenterica
abdominis inferior
M transversust
abdominis
* N. ilioinguinalis
V;A testicularis
o a
o M. quadratus
tumoorum
M psoasmajora
Lig iliolumbale
Aa sigmoideae
a
a A colicasinistra
(M psoasminor)a
& N cutaneus
Aa ;Vv iliacae
a a femorislateralis
communes
/- a lvl iliacus
I H. remorails,
f . oentto-1 ooA;Viliolumbalis,
Temorails I a naniratic Rr iliaci
$ N femoralis
A;V iliacainternaaa
'' \
o H. remorails N. genito-
Mesocolon sigmoideum
I
* R. genitalisJ femoralis
a A iliacainterna
Excavatio rectovesicalis
O A rectalissuperior
Plica umbilicalismedialis
inferior
o a A ; V epigastrica
Vesicaurinaria
aaA;Vsacralismediana
M. rectus abdominis a
Colonsigmoideum
Plica umbilicalismediana
a
-80% F i g . 1 1 5 5a , b V a r i a b i t i toyf t h e c o u r s eo f t h e t e s t i c u t a r
V renalis
dextra , a .t e s t i c u L a r e s .
a r t e r i e sA
A testicularis a "Textbookcase"
dextra b B o t ht e s t i c u t a a , a .t e s t i c u t a r e sb,r a n c ho f f
r r t e r i e sA
A testicularis c r a n i a t Ltyo t h e r e n a Iv e i n s ,V v .r e n a t e st;h e r i g h t a r t e r y
sinistra
passesposteriorto the inferiorvenacava,V.cavainferior,
a n d t h e l e f t a r t e r yp a s s e sa n t e r i o rt o t h e l e f t r e n a Iv e i n ,
V . r e n a t i ss i n i s t r a .
> Pelvicviscera U r i nar vbtadder
andretroperitoneal
space
Lymphatics
of the retroperitoneal
space
W hepaticae
a
V cava inferiorO
A phrenica a
inferior
Nodi lymphoidei
phrenici inferiores
a A renalis
Truncusintestinalis
a A mesenterica
supenor
Cisterna
chyli
a Parsabdominalis
Truncuslumbalis aonae
dexter
Nodi lymphoidei
Nodilymphoidei lumbales intermedii
lumbalesdextri
V cavainferiora
a A iliaca
communrs
Ureter
o V iliaca
communts
Nodi lymphoidei
iliaci interni
Mesocolon
sigmoideum
Colonsigmoideum
Nodi lymphoidei
inguinales
superficiales,Nodi
A femoralis o superolaterales*
Fascia cribrosa
V femoralis
a
N femoralis l
Funiculus
spermaticus
F i g . 1 1 5 5 L y m p hn o d e s ,N o d it y m p h o i d e ai ,n d L y m p h a t i c s , T h e n u m b e r sX a n d X l l i n d i c a t et h e r e s p e c t i v rei b s .
V a s al y m p h a t i c ao, f t h e p o s t e r i o a
r b d o m i n aw
I a | .a
[ ndthe * C t i n i c at eI r m : h o r i z o n tcahI a i n "d, r a i n i ntgh eL o w earb d o m i n a t w a t l
i n g u i n arLe g i o n ; t h eg l u t e arIe g i o nt h , ep e r i n e u ma n dt h ee x t e r n agte n i t a l
v e n t r a Iv i e w
GenitaIia
of theretroperitoneal
Lymphatics radiography
Truncuslumbalis
sinister
Vas lymphaticum
efferens
Noduslymphoideus
inguinalis icialis
superf
Vasa lymphatica
afferentia
F i g . 1 1 5 7 L y m p h a t i c sV, a s aL y m p h a t i c a n , d l y m p hn o d e s ,
N o d iL y m p h o i d eo if,t h e i n g u i n a [t ,h e p e L v iacn dt h e
Lumbaregion;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r b i l a t e r a itn j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s t
m e d i u mi n t o L y m p h a t i cosf t h e f o o t ( t y m p h o g r a p h y ) .
T h i sf o r m e r t ya p p L i etde c h n i q u vei s u a L i z e t hse p o s i t i o a
nnd
s i z eo f l y m p h a t i c sa n d L y m p hn o d e s .
> Petvicviscera U n i n a r yb l a d d e r
andretroperitoneat
space
Neryesof the retroperitoneal
space
& N vagus[X],Plexusoesophageus
Oesophagus
N splanchnicus
major,*
." Plexus coeliacus
Costa Xll
N subcostalis
,
O Truncuscoeliacus
O l\4.quadratus
lumborum
N iliohypogastricus
*
6 Truncussympathicus
N ilioinguinalis{
* Plexusmesentericus
inferior
Cristailiaca
N genitofemoralis{ ,* N temoralis
N obturatorius{9 a M. iliacus
Truncuslumbosacralis
*
& Plexussacralis
F i g . 1 1 5 8 N e r v e so f t h e p o s t e r i o ar b d o m i n aw Lat[,
t h e L u m b o s a c r apLt e x u s P, t e x u s[ u m b o s a c r a t i sa,n d
t h e a b d o m i n apI a r t o f t h e a u t o n o m o u sn e r v o u ss y s t e m ,
P a r sa b d o m i n a I iasu t o n o m i c a :
ventraLview.
Genitatia
Vessels
and retroperitoneal
A Dhrenica
inferioro Hiatus oesophageus
* Truncus
sympathicus
a Parsabdominalis
aortae
O A mesenterica
inferior
aaA;Viliaca
N iliohypogastricus, communls
a A lumbalislV
I Truncus
genitolemoralis , lumbosacralis
a A iliolumbalis,
R iliacus
N ilioinguinalis.
,r, N obturatorius
a A iliolumbalis
M psoasmajora
* Rr musculares
s N ilioinguinalis
N femoralis ,.,
a M transversus
abdominis
& N. cutaneus
femorislateralis
& N genitofemoralis,
R genitalis
aaA;Vcircumflexa
Ureter,Parspelvica iliumprotunda
Ductusdeferens
A ;V sacralismedianaa a
F i 9 . 1 1 5 0 M a t eg e n i t a t i a ,
Medulla spinalis 0 r g a n ag e n i t a L ima ascutina;
d i a g r a md e m o n s t r a t i n tgh e a u t o n o m o u si n n e r v a t i o n
o f t h e [ e f ts i d e ;
ventraIand LateraIview, respective[y.
Green= sympatheticneryoussystem
Purpte= parasympatheticnervoussystem
eflgent nerves
S u r g i c a rI e m o v a o I f p a r a a o r t i cl y m p hn o d e so r o p e r a t i o n sa t
t h e a b d o m i n aaI o r t aa n d t h e [ a r g ea r t e r i e so f t h e p e t v i sc a n
c a u s ed a m a g et o t h e s y m p a t h e t i n c e r v e sw i t h t h e c o n s e q u e n c e
Piexushypogastricussuperior o f e j a c u L a t o ri my p o t e n c yI l m p o t e n t i ag e n e r a n d i lP. r o s t a t e
Plexustesticularis
o p e r a t i o n si ,n t u r n , m a y d a m a g et h e p a r a s y m p a t h e tfi icb r e s
A. testicularis i n n e r v a t l n tgh e p e n i s ,t h u s [ e a d i n gt o e r e c t i t ei m p o t e n c y
l l m p o t e n t icao e u n d i J .
Ductusdeferens
Glandula
vesiculosa
Vesicaurinaria
Prostata
Glandulabulbourethralis
Corpusspongiosum penis
N hypo- penis
Corpuscavernosum
gastricus Plexus
deferentialis
sinister
Plexus Plexusprostaticus
hypogastricus Urethramasculina
inferior Ganglia pelvica, Radix
parasympathica
INn splanchnicipelvici]*
Plexustesticularis Glanspenis
Plexus deferentialis
l n n e r v a ti o no f th e ma teg e n i ta ti a
lnnervation
Medulla spinalis
F i g . 1 1 6 1 F e m a l eg e n i t a t i a ,
0 r g a n ag e n i t a t i af e m i n i n a .
d i a g r a md e m o n s t r a t i n tgh e a u t o n o m o u si n n e r v a t i o n ;
ventraIview.
G r e e n= s y m p a t h e t i n c e r v o u ss y s t e m
Purp[e= parasympatheticnervoussystem
Gangliatrunci
sympathici
A ovarica
N hypogastricus Tubauterina[Salpinx]
Plexushypogastricus
inferior
Plexusuterovaoinalis*
N. sacralis[S1l
N vaginalis
Ganglia pelvica,
Ganglia pelvica, Radix parasympathica
Radix parasympathica lNn. splanchnicipelvicil
INn. splanchnicipelvici]**
Plexussacralis
Labiumminuspudendi N pudendus
Nn.labialesoosteriores
(lntroitus
vaginae)
J
L u m b a rp a r t P L e x u hs y p o g a s t r i c u s
o ft h es p i n a L s up e n 0r
c o r d[ 1 1 - L 2 ] J N hypogastrrcus
P t e x u sh y p o g a s t r i c u s
inferior
J
P l e x u su t e r o v a q i n a L i s T u b au t e r i n a
I F R A NK E N H A U S T N ' S Uterus C o n t r ac t i o n
g an gL i o n ) Vagina
Somatomotor, S a c r a Lp a r t N dorsatis Clitoris
somatosensory of the z cLitoridis
s p i n a Ic o r d N.pudendus L a b i am a j o r a
ts2- s4l :r Nn LabiaLes M . i s c h i o c a v e r n o s u sC o n t r a c t ino
posteriores M buLbospongiosus
U r i nar ybl adder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Pelvicarteries
A iliaca communis
A iliolumbalis
A. sacralislateralis
M piriformls
A gluteainferior
A iliaca externa
Lig sacrosplnale
A obturatoria
A umbilicalis
A pudendainterna
Lig sacrotuberale
vesicalis
superior
A rectalismedia
A uterina
F i g . 1 1 6 2a - d V a r i a b i L i o t yf t h e b r a n c h i n gp a t t e r no f t h e i n t e r n a Ii t i a ca r t e r y ,A . i t i a c ai n t e r n a ;
viewedfrom the Left.
a A t [ b r a n c h e sa r i s ef r o m t h e s a m e s t e m .
b T h e i n t e r n a Ii t i a ca r t e r y ,A . i L i a c ai n t e r n a ,d i v i d e si n t ot w o m a j o r b r a n c h e s[ " t e x t b o o kc a s e " J .
c T h e i n t e r n a Ii t i a ca r t e r y ,A . i t i a c ai n t e r n a ,d i v i d e si n t ot h r e e m a j o r b r a n c h e s .
d T h e i n t e r n a Ii t i a ca r t e r y ,A . i L i a c ai n t e r n a ,d i v i d e si n t o m o r e t h a n t h r e e m a j o r b r a n c h e s .
Genitatia
Parsabdominalis
aortaea
A, mesentericainferiora
Plexussacralis,
Truncus
lumbosacralis
A iliacacommunis
sinistraa
V iliacacommunis
O o A sacralislateralis
A sacralis mediana O
A iliaca interna a
A iliolumbalisO
a A gluteasuperior
A iliaca externa a
A umbilicalis,Pars oatens a
,, Truncussympathicus,
A obturatoria
a Gangliasacralia
N obturatorius
N genitofemoralis,
R genitalis r N sacralis [S2],
B anterior
A n u l u si n g u i n a l i s O A glutea inferior
profundus
, N sacralis [S3],
R anterior
A cremasterica
O
6 Nn anales [rectales]
inferiores
A epigastrica
O
inferior
R pubicusa
R obturatorius
a
Lig sacrospinale
a A pudendainterna
pubica
Symphysis
*, N pudendus
A obturatoria,
R oubicusa
M obturatorius
internusa O A rectalis media
A vesicalis
interiora : Plexussacralis
F i g . 1 1 6 3 I n t e r n a Ii t i a ca r t e r y ,A . i I i a c ai n t e r n a ,
a n d s a c r a Ip l e x u s P
, t e x u ss a c r a L i s ;
viewedfrom the left
> Pelvicviscera U r i nar vbtadder
andretroperitoneaI
space
)rgans of the malepeLvis
A iliaca communis O
a M piriformis
Mesocolon sigmoideum
O M gluteusmaximus
Appendicesomentales [epiploicae]
Ductusdeferens
Excavatio rectovesicalis
Vesica funicaserosa
u n n a n aI
I Tunica
muscularis
\
Articulatio
l/ rectusabdominis
O sacrococcygea
Os pubis Ureter
Corpus anococcygeum
Funiculus
spermaticus ILig anococcygeum]
a M levator ani
Ductusdeferens
Corpusanococcygeum
lvl cremasterC [Lig anococcygeum]
Tunicadartos,M dartosa
Rectum,Flexuraanorectalis
Iperinealis]
Cruspenis
A profundapenisa a M sphincter
ani externus
l\4 ischiocavernosus 0
perineiprofundus
l\4 transversus a perineiprofundus
a I/l transversus
l\4 sphincter
urethraea
Prostata Glandula a M bulbospongiosus
bulbourethralis'
F i g . 1 1 6 1 + 0 r g a n so f t h e m a [ ep e L v i s .
* C t i n i c at eI r m :C O W P EgR[ 'asn d
Genitatia Rectunn Topography Sseti0ns
of themalepelvis
a A sacralismediana
a A iliaca interna
Promontorium
Pars abdominalisaortae a
Parspatens
a A umbilicalis,
A mesentericainferiora
A i l i a c ac o m m u n i sO a a A ; V.vesicalis
superior
V i l i a c ac o m m u n i so Canalissacralis
Ureterdexter O a A ; V rectalissuperior
A;VobturatoriaOo
V iliaca externa a a V iliaca interna
A iliaca externa a \ ki
a a A.; V vesicalis
inferior
Ductusdelerensdexter
A ; V c i r c u m f l e xOao a A ductusdeferentis
iliumprofunda
Plicaumbilicalis
lateralis; a l\4.piriformis
A;V epigastricaaa
inferior
Plica umbilicalismedialis
Vesicaurinaria
Ductusdeferenssinister
Uretersinister
vesiculosa
Glandula
A vesicalis
superiora
aaA;Vrectalismedia
V dorsalisprofundaa
penrs
a A vesicalis
inferior
o M levatorani
A dorsalispenisa
a aA ; V rectalisinferior
Plexus venosus vesicalisa Prostata pudendainterna
ooA;V
Funiculus ' A profunda
spermaticus penisO
penis
Corpuscavernosum posteriores
a a A ; V pudendainterna,Rr.scrotales
F i g . 1 1 6 5 B L o o ds u p p l . oy f t h e m a t ep e t v i s
> Pelvicviscera g t a n dI U r i n a r yb l a d d e r
K i d n e yI S u p r a r e n a
and retroperitoneaI
space
Vesselsof the femalepelvis
a A iliacainterna
o V iliaca interna
V i l i a c ac o m m u n ios O A sacralismediana
A iliaca communis O a o A ; V rectalissuoerior
rl\ / Rectum,
Tunicamuscularis,
.11\/ Stratumlongitudinale
A umbilicalis,Pars patens a
A ; V, ovarica a O
o A uterina
a a A :V rectalismedia
Plicarectouterina
Tubauterina Uretersinister
Lig teresuteri
a a A ;V rectalismedia
Vesicaurinaria
o A vaginalis
Ovarium
sinistrum
o A vesicalisinferior
a M levatorani
A uterina,a
R tubarius
a o A ; V rectalisinferior
o Plexusvenosusvaginalis
B u l b u vs e s t i b uol i
aoA:V oudendainterna
Lig teres uteri a W vesicales
femalepelvis
a a A :V sacralismediana
Nodus lymphoideusprecavalis
a A iliolumbalis
A;Vovaricaoo a aA : V rectalissuoerior
N genitofemoralis,,
OoA;V uterina
,:
N obturatorius
Noduslymphoideus
A ; V i l i a c ae x l e r n aa O rectalissuperior
Nodi lymphoidei
Chorda arteriae pararectales
umbilicalis
Excavatio rectouterina*
Lig teres ul Plica rectouterina
Anulusfemoralis oaA;Vrectalismedia
Lig umbilicalemedianum
F i 1 . 1 1 6 7 L y m p h a t i c sV, a s aL y m p h a t i c a n , d l y m p hn o d e s , T h eL y m p hn o d e sa r e f r e q u e n t l ym u c h s m a t t e rt h a n i t t u s t r a t e d
N o d iL y m p h o i d eoi ,f t h e p e t v i cw a t [ o f t h e f e m a l e . b u t t h e ya r e a l w a y sp r e s e n tT . u m o u rc e t l sf r o m t h e u t e r u sc a n
r e a c ht h e s u p e r f i c i aiIn g u i n a l y m p hn o d e sv i a l y m p h a t i c so f t h e
r o u n dl i g a m e n to f u t e r u s .
* C I i n i c at eI r m :p o u c h ofD0UGLAS
* * C [ i n i c at eI r m :r o u n dl i g a m e n t
A iliaca
interna
A iliaca
externa
eprgastflca
obturatoria inferior
Foramen
obturatum
250k
F i g . I 1 6 8a - c V a r i a b i t i toyf t h e o r i g i no f t h e o b t u r a t o ra r t e r y ,A b O r i g i na s a n i n d e p e n d e nbt r a n c hf r o m t h e i n t e r n a Li I i a c
obturatoria; a r t e r y ,A . i t i a c ai n t e r n a
mediaLview c 0 r i g i nf r o m t h e e x t e r n a iI I i a ca r t e r y ,A . i L i a c a
externa
a O r i g i nf r o m t h e a n t e r i o rb r a n c ho f t h e i n t e r n a Li L i a ca r t e r y , 0 n L yi n 7 5 %o f t h e c a s e s t, h e o b t u r a t o ra r t e r yo r i g i n a t e sf r o m
A . i t i a c ai n t e r n a[ " t e x t b o o kc a s e " ] t h e t r u n k o f t h e i n t e r n a Ii t i a ca r t e r v .
> Pelvicviscera g i " andI U r i nar ybLadder
Kidney| $ur pr anenat
and retroperitoneaI
space
Female pelvicdiaphragm
pubica
Symphysis
pubicum
Tuberculum Lrg pubicuminferius
Urethrafeminina,
Tunicamuscularis perinei
Lig transversum
Crista iliaca
Lig transversum
Os ilium
acetabuli
Fascia perinei
IFascia investiens
perinei superficialisl
Facies lunata
M transversus
perineisuperficialis
M obturatorius
internus Fascia inferior
diaphragmatispelvis
Tuber ischiadicum
Fascia obturatoria
Fascia obturatoria
Lig sacrotuberale
Fascia inferior
diaphragmatispelvis M levator ani, l\/l puborectalis
Spina ischiadica
Ossacrum Os coccygis
L i n e at e r m i n a l i s
Fossa acetabuli-1
I! (Arcustendineus
musculilevatoris
ani)
M ischiococcygeus
Ligg sacroiliacaanteriora
[M coccygeus]
Foramen ischiadicum
Articulatiosacroiliaca maJus
Lig sacrotuberale
Ligg sacroiliacainterossea
Os ilium
Proc articularissuperior
F i g . 1 1 7 0 P e L v idc i a p h r a g mD
, i a p h r a g m ap e t v i so, f t h e f e m a L e ; * C t i n i c atIe r m : l e v a t o rh i a t u sI H i a t u su r o q e n i t a t iest a n i l
s u p e n o rv t e w .
Genitatia
Female pelvicdiaphragm
A i l i a c ac o m m u n i so
V iliacacommunis
o
A;ViliacainternaaO
Ureter
N obturatorius a M piriformis
M transversus
a
abdominis
o M. levator ani
M obliquusG
internus
abdominis
M o b l i q u uas
exlernus
abdominis
M iliacus a
V iliaca externa O a
a (M sacrococcygeus)
A ;V circumllexa
a a
iliumprofunda
A ; V epigastrica
inferiorO a
N obturatorius:
Pectenossispubis
A;VobturatoriaOa-'{
M obturatorius
a
Internus
(Arcustendineus a M rectococcygeus
musculilevatoris
ani)
; V pudendainternaa a a M levator ani
Clitoris,
Corpusclitoridis
o l\4 sohincter
aniexternus
V dorsalisprofundaa
cliloridis
I M sphincterani internus
M sphincter
urethraea
Ostiumurethrae
externum Labiumminuspudendi Pecten analis
Vagina
Centrum perinei e M sDhincter
aniexternus
F i g . 1 1 7 1 M u s c t e so f t h e p e L v i dc i a p h r a g m ,
D i a p h r a g m ap e L v i so,f t h e f e m a t e
> Pelvicviscera U r i n a r yb t a d d e r
andretroperitoneat
space
Malepelvicdiaphragm
penis
Corpusspongiosum
M bulbospongiosus
Tunicadartos.l\4.dartos
lvl ischiocavernosus
Glandula *
bulbourethralis Raphe perinei
perinei
M transversus
profundus
lvl transversus
perineisuperlicialis
Fascia
obturatoria
Tela
subcutanea,
Panniculus
adrposus
Lig sacrotuberale
Fasciaobturatoria
M sphincter
ani externus
l\4 gluteusmaximus
F i g . 1 1 7 2 P e r i n e u mP , e r i n e u ma, n d
p e L v i dc i a p h r a g mD , i a p h r a g m ap e l v i s o, f t h e m a t e ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
* C l i n i c at eLr m :c o w P E Rg' st a n d
Genita[ia
Femalepelvicdiaphragm
Preputium
clitoridis
Glans clitoridis
Ostiumurethrae
externum Ostiumvaginae;
Carunculae
hymenales Rugae vaginales
M gracilis Labiumminuspudendi
M. ischiocavernosus Glandulavestibularis
major,(Ostium)*
M bulbo- M bulbo-
spongrosus
spongrosus
Baphe
peflnel Fasciaperinei
IFasciainvestiens
perineisuperf
icialisl
M. transversus
peflnel
superficialis
Fascia
obturatoria
Fossa ischioanalis
M. sphincter
anrexernus
M, gluteusmaximus
M levatorani
Anus
perineisuperficialis
Mm transversi et profundus
Corpusanococcygeum
Os coccygis ILig.anococcygeum]
F i g . ' l ' 1 7 3 P e r i n e u mP , e r i n e u mp ; e t v i cd i a p h r a g m , T h ev a g i n a a I n d t h e a n a Io r i f i c e sa r e l o c a t e di n c t o s ep r o x i m i t y .
D i a p h r a g m ap e t v i sa, n d f e m a [ ee x t e r n a gI e n i t a t i a , D u r i n gd e t r v e r tyh e s k i n a n d m u s c l e so f t h e p e r i n e u mc a n
0 r g a n ag e n i t a l i af e m i n i n ae x r e r n a ; r u p t u r eu p t o t h e s p h i n c t e rm u s c t e so f t h e a n u s i l . - l l l . d e g r e e
i n f e r i o rv i e w . p e r i n e a lLa c e r a t i o n sT l .h e s ec a n b e p r e v e n t e db y s u r g i c a l
+ C t i n i c at eI r m :B A R T H 0 L g t N[ a' sn d i n c i s i o n sd i r e c t e de i t h e r[ a t e r a t [ yo r i n t h e m e d i a np [ a n e
I p e r i n e aiIn c i s i o n= l a t e r a Io r m e d i a I e p i s i o t o m y l .
L J r i n a r vb t m q i d e r
Lig inguinale
pubica
Symphysis
a V dorsalisprofunda
penis
A;N dorsalispenisO{a
Lig pubicuminferius
Urethramasculina Lig transversumperinei
N pudendus
a M transversus
peflnel
superficialis
F i g . 1 1 7 1 U r o g e n i t adI i a p h r a g m ,
D i a p h r a g m au r o g e n i t a t eo,f t h e m a [ e ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
* C l i n i c at eI r m :c o w P E Rg' st a n d
pubicum
Tuberculum Lig pubicum
superius Lig inguinale
Os pubis,Ramussuperior
pubica
Symphysis
a V dorsalisorofunda
clitoridis
A ; N dorsalisclitoridis
O r: Lig pubicuminferius
Vagina perinei
Lig transversum
Os pubis, Ramus inferior Urethrafeminina
A bulbivestibuli
a perineiorofundus
C M transversus
Bamus ossis ischli
Fasciaperinei
perinei
IFasciainvestiens
M transversus
a
peflnel
Tuberischiadicum superficialis
F i g .1 1 7 5 U r o g e n i t adLi a p h r a g m ,
D i a p h r a g m au r o g e n i t a t eo,f t h e f e m a L e ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
- i."
Genitatia
pubica
Symphysis Lig.suspensorium
clitoridis
pubicum
Tuberculum
Lig. inguinale
Corouscavernosum
clitoridis
Glansclitoridis Preputium
clitoridis
Frenulum
clitoridis
Crusclitoridis
Labiumminuspudendi Ostiumurethrae
externum
Ostiumvaginae;Columnarugarumanterior
hvmenales
Carunculae
Bulbusvestibuli
M. ischiocavernosus
Glandula
vestibularis
maior*,
(Ostium) M. bulbospongiosus
FasciaperineiIFasciainvestiens
M transversus
oerineiorotundus perineisuperficialisl
Vestibulum
vagrnae
Tuberischiadicum
Frenulumlabiorum
M. transversus pudendi
perineisuperficialis
M. sohincter Parssubcutanea
aniexternus.
Anus
Corpusanococcygeum
ILig.anococcygeum]
Monspubis
labiorum
Commissura
anterior
Preputium
clitoridis Commissura
labiorum Preputium
clitoridis
Frenulum anterior
clitoridis Labiummajuspudendi
Glans
clitoridis
(Ductuspara-
urethralis) Labiummajus Rimapudendi
pudendi
Ostium
urethrae Labiumminus Labiumminuspudendi
externum pudendi
Glandula Ostium
vestibularis vagrnae
malor,
(Ostium) Hymen
Fossa Frenulum
vestibuli labiorum
vagrnae pudendi
Perineum
Perineum,
Commissura Raphe
labiorum peflnel
poslenor
Fossainguinalis
lateralis
o N. femoralis
M. psoasmajorO
a N genitofemoralis
A;V iliacaexternaaa
Os ischii Prostata
A ; V pudendainterna;N. pudendus
OOC
Cruspenis Cruspenis
Glandula
bulbourethralis
perineiprofundus
M. transversus a
Bulbuspenis
F i g . 1 1 7 9 P e t v i cd i a p h r a g mD , i a p h r a g m ap e l v i s ;
p e l v i co r g a n sa n d a n t e r i o ra b d o m i n a I w a [ [ ,
0 r g a n aa b d o m i n i se t p e t v i so, f t h e m a [ e ;
f r o n t a ls e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e h e a do f t h e f e m u r
a n d t h e u r i n a r yb | . a d d eor n t h e L e f t ;
dorsaIview
Genita[ia
Femalepelvicorgansandretroperitoneal
space
Excavatiovesicouterina
t N. obturatorius
M obturatorius
internusO o A obturatoria
Vesica urinaria
internusj
N pudendus o Plexusvenosus
vesicalis
A. pudendainternaa
a M. levatorani
Diaphragma
urogenitale
Bulbus vestibull
O M ischiocavernosus
Ostiumvaginae Urethrafeminina
Labiumminuspudendi
Ostiumurethrae
externum
A n u l u si n g u i n a l i s
superficialis
:t N ilioinguinalis
Funiculus
spermaticus
N genitofemoralis,{
B genitalis
a A cremasterica;
a (V cremasterica)
N dorsalis penis
a o A.; V, pudendaexterna
Plexuspamoiniformis
a
Ductusdeferens
A testicularis
a a Rr scrotales
anteriores
a V dorsalisprofundapenis
penis
a V dorsalissuperficialis
Fascia penis (profunda)
F i g . 1 1 8 1 M a L ee x t e r n a g I enitatia,
0 r g a n ag e n i t a t i am a s c u L i neax t e r n a .
Genitalia
Maleexternal
Anulusinguinalis
superficialis,
Crusmediale Aponeurosis
a M obliquusexternusabdominis,
Telasubcutanea,
Panniculus
adiposus
a M obliquusinternus
abdominis
* N ilioinguinalis
Plexus pampiniformisa
penis
Corpuscavernosum
Ductusdeferens
Urethramasculina
A testicularis
a
I caput penis
Corpusspongiosum
Epididymis
j
| (APPendix)
Appendix
testis
a Fasciacremasterica;
M cremasler
Tunicavaginalis
testis,
Laminavisceralis
a Fasciaspermaticaexterna
Tunica vaginalistestis,
Lamina parietalis
Fascia spermaticaexterna o
perinealis,Rr scrotalesposteriores
A, dorsalispenisa
I M bulbospongiosus
A bulbipenisa
l| l\4 ischiocavernosus
N dorsalis penis ,
a A perinealis
Rr perineales:
(N cutaneus
femoris
posterior)
I l\4.transversus
peflnel
superficialis
Nnclunium:
inferiores
(N cutaneus
femoris
posterior)
Nn anales:
Irectales]
inferiores
N oerinealis
Lig sacrospinale
O A rectalisinferior
N pudendus,
A pudenda interna O
' Nn.cluniuminferiores
Lig. sacrotuberale (N cutaneusfemorisposterio0
M gluteusmaximus+t il M levator ani
Corpus anococcygeumILig anococcygeum] Nn anococcygei
F i g . 1 1 8 3 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p e r i n e u m ,
R e g i op e r i n e a L iasn, dt h e m a L ee x t e r n a L g e n i t a L i a ,
0 r g a n ag e n i t a t i am a s c u I i n ae x t e r n a .
i.:liir i:.:rl:i
Genitalia
M bulbospongiosus
I
Ostiumurelhraeexternum
posteriores
a A pudendainterna,Rr labiales
L a b i u mm i n u sp u d e n d i
V bulbi O
vestibuli Bulbusvestibuli
O M ischiocavernosus
A dorsalis O
clitoridis
A perinealisa
s Nn.labiales
posleflores
N dorsalis ,
clitoridis
A pudenda o
interna
Rr perineales
(N cutaneus
femoris a M transversus
posterior) pennel
superficialis
N dorsalis
clitoridis
Nn clunium
interiores
(N cutaneus
lemoris
posterior)
I M gluteus
maxtmus
Nn perineales
OoA;V Pudenda
inlerna
N pudendus a A. rectalisinlerior
* Nn anales lrectales]inferiores
A pudendainternaa
* Nn cluniuminferiores
lvl levatorani a (N cutaneusfemorisposterio0
t, Nn anococcygei
M sDhincter aniexternuss
Corpusanococcygeum
[Lig anococcygeum]
F i g , 1 1 8 4 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p e r i n e u m ,
R e g i op e r i n e a L iasn, dt h e f e m a t ee x t e r n a I g e n i t a I i a ,
0 r g a n ag e n i t a [ i af e m i n i n ae x t e r n a .
> Petvicviscera N , . J n i n ba tray d d e r
andretroperitoneal
space
Abdomen,mediansection
Sternum,Proc xiphoideus
Gaster,Cardia
Fornixgastricus
A gastroduodenalis
O
Pancreas,
Ductuspancreaticus
A mesenterica
superiora
Colontransversum
Pars lumbalis a
diaphragmatis
Lineaalba
V renalis dextra a
A renalisdextra a
JeJUnum
Filum terminale ,,
Omentummajus
Aa jejunales O
Peritoneum
viscerale
V mesentericasuperior a
parietale
Peritoneum
A iliaca communis a
dextra
V iliaca communis O
oexlra
Cauda equina ,
a A jejunalis
Promontorium
Colon sigmoideum
Plica transversa
recti a M rectusabdominis
Os sacrum
Vesicaurinaria
Glandula
vesiculosa
a l\4 pyramidalis
Ampullarecti O sp u b i s
Os coccygis
Lig fundiforme penis
Prostata
M sphincterani I
externus penis
Corpusspongiosum
lvl,sphincter
ani a
internus penis
Corpuscavernosum
Columnae anales
Tunicaalbuginea
corporum
cavernosorum
M levator ani, t
M pubococcygeus
Septumscroti
l\4 transversusperineia
profundus
penis
Preputium
l\4 ischiocavernosus O
Glans penis
lV bulbospongiosusj Epididymis Tunica vaginalistestis, Lamina visceralis
a M cremaster
a Tunicadartos
F i g . 1 1 8 5 A b d o m e nA
, b d o m e n a, n d p e t v i sP
, eLvis,
ofthemate;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n .
Genita[ia
Pulmodexter,Lobusinferior
V hepaticasinistraO
Lig falciforme
Recessus
Hepar, Lobus sinister phrenicomediastinalis
M rectusabdominis
o
diaphragmatis
O Parslumbalis
Parssternalisa
diaphragmatis
a V cavainferior
Gaster
retrocavales
Nodilymphoidei
A hepatica propria O
Caput pancreatis;
Ductus pancreaticus
a V renalisdextra
a A. renalisdextra
Ductus choledochus
lbiliarisl
V portaehepatisO
Omentummajus,
Lig.gastrocolicum
Colontransversum
Omentummajus
Caputpancreatis,
Proc uncinatus
V mesenterica
O a M erectorsoinae
supenor
A mesenlerica
a a A iliacacommunis
supenor
Lineaalba a V. iliacacommunis
Os sacrum
Nodi lymphoideiileocolici
6 N .s a c r a l i[sS 1 ]
Rectum
a M piriformis
Ductusdeferens
Cavitas perilonealis vesiculosa
Glandula
Rectum
Vesicaurinaria
a (M sacrococcygeus)
Corpusossispubis a M gluteusmaximus
penis Prostata
Lig fundiforme
Septumpenis a (Diaphragma
urogenitale)
penis
Corouscavernosum
G l a n sp e n i s a M cremaster
penis
Preputium Epididymis
A testicularis
a o Plexuspampiniformis
a V cavainferior
Hepar,Lobuscaudatus Atriumcordisdextrum
V hepaticasinistra O Ventriculus
cordisdexter
V portae hepatis O Lig triangulare
sinistrum
V portaehepatis,O
R dexter
Gaster,Ostium
cardlacum
A hepaticapropriaO
O O A.; V gastricasinistra
Duodenum,
Parssuperior
Colontransversum
Hepar,Lobusdexter
Caudapancreatis
Colontransversum a A. gastroduodenalis
a V splenica
Caputpancreatis
Duodenum,Flexura
duodenojejunalis
Colonascendens
O A mesenterica
supeflor
A,;V mesenteria
c aa
supeflor
a Aa jejunales
Colon ascendens
lleum
Cavitas peritonealis
O si l i u m
Colon descendens
M sartoriusa
M. tensorfasciaelataeI
l\4 iliacus a
N femoralis .l
Colon sigmoideum
A femoralis
o
lvl rectuslemorisa Os pubis
V femoralis
o pubica
Symphysis
M pectineus
a Lig.fundiforme
penis
N4,adductor brevis a
M adductorlongusa
Penis,Tunica albuginea a A profundapenis
F i g . 1 1 8 7 A b d o m e nA , bdomen;
f r o n t a ls e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e m o s t a n t e r i o rp a r t o f t h e a b d o m i n a t c a v r t y .
Genitatia
Lig Ductusthoracicus
gastrosplenicum
Corpusgastricum (Noduslymphoideus
mediastinalis
posterioo
SplenILien]
O A subcostalis
Glandula
suprarenalis
Lig splenorenale o Parsabdominalis
aortae
Nodilymphoidei
splenici a Nn splanchnici
A ; V s p l e n i caa a majoret minor
Pancreas Glandula
suprarenalis
Omentummajus
Pyramisrenalis a o A.; V lumbalisI
Colondescendens
Papillarenalis
o Truncus
CostaXl sympathicus
Ren
Ren,
A : V r e n a l ios a Pelvisrenalis Pelvis renalis, Capsula adiposa
Calyx renalis major
Ureter
M psoasmajora o V hemiazygos aoA;V lumbalisll
Parslumbaliso
diaphragmatis
F i g . 1 1 8 8 A b d o m e nA , bdomen;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o nd e m o n s t r a t i n tgh e d i a p h r a g m ,
t h e o r g a n so f t h e u p p e ra b d o m e na n d t h e k i d n e y s ;
dorsaIview.
::.-
a:
iwl
Diaphragma,{}
Centrum tendineum
nepar,
Lobus dexter
Pleuravisceralis
[pulmonalis]
Pleura parietalis,
Pars costalis
Q Pars costalis
diaphragmatis
Parscostalisa
diaphragmatis a V hepatica dextra
Recessuscosto-
diaphragmaticus
l\4 erectorc
sptnae
Columnarenalis a V portae
hepatis,
R dexter,
R anterior
V renaliso
A renalisa
Pelvis renalis
t l\4 rectus
abdominis
l\4edullarenalis
Peritoneum
vrscerale
Calyx renalis
mtnor
M quadratus C
rumDorum
Cortex renalis
R e n ,C a p s u l a
adrposa
Ren,Capsulafibrosa M psoas major *
Fascia renalis
F i g .1 1 8 9 A b d o m e nA, b d o m e n ;
s a g i t t asI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e ra b d o m e n
a t t h e L e v eoLf t h e r i g h t k i d n e y ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
ffienitalia
Upperabdomen,sagittalsection
Gaster,Fornixgastricus
Omentumminus,Lig hepatogastricum
Pleuravisceralis
[pulmonalis]
Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis
Pars costalis t
diaphragmatis
SplenILien]
Hepar, Lobus sinister
Bursaomentalis
R intercostalis
anterior;
a)
V intercostalis
anterior;
o
N intercostalis
a Recessus
costodiaphragmaticus
o M erectorspinae
CostaXll
a lvl quadratus
lumborum
gastroomentalis
a
sinistra
Fasciarenalis
Omentummajus
Lig gastrocolicum
F i g .1 1 9 0 A b d o m e nA, b d o m e n ;
s a g i t t a sLe c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e ra b d o m e na t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e s p l e e n ;
viewedfrom the left
> Petvicviscera {.J ni nnr y dder
b{m
andretroperitoneaI
space
Upperabdomen, transversesections
1,4rectusabdominis
* Lig falcilorme
V cava inferiora
Linea alba
CostaVll
Hepar,Lobussinister
Costa Vl
O Pars thoracicaaortae
Pleura parietalis,
Pars costalis
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsdiaphragmatica
Peritoneumparietale
* lV],obliquus
externus
Peritoneumviscerale abdominis
CostaVll
Mm intercostales
* SplenILien]
Costa Vlll
V hepaticadextra a
Cavitasperitonealis
M latissimus
dorsi&
Costa lX N intercostalis(T 9)
a V splenica
V portae hepatis, R dexter, O
R posterior a A splenica
CostaX Bursaomentalis
S Parslumbalisdiaphragmatis,
Crussinistrum
Vertebrathoracica Xl, Proc articularissuoerior
' Truncussympathicus
VertebrathoracicaXl
{i M erector spinae
l\4edullaspinalis N intercostalis(T 10)
Spatiumepidurale Ductusthoracicus
F i g .1 1 9 1 A b d o m e nA, b d o m e n ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e ra b d o m e n
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e e L e v e n tthh o r a c i cv e r t e b r a .
Proc xiphoideus
M rectusabdominis
Costa Vll
Gaster
VertebrathoracicaX
Pars thoracicaaortae
F i 9 . 1 1 9 2 A b d o m e nA , bdomen;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c r o s s - s e c t i oInC T J
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e t e n t ht h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a :
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
Genitalia Rectum T o p o g raphy Sections
Upperabdomen,transversesections
V azygosa
Peritoneumviscerale
Cavitas pleuralis Cavitasperitonealis
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsdiaphragmatica Peritoneumoarietale
PleuraDarietalis.
Parscostalis aaA;V splenica
Mm intercostales
externiet interni|} Ben:Glandula
suprarenalis
Ben Ren,Capsulaadiposa
M latissimus
dorsit a * V hemiazygos; major
N. splanchnicus
M serratusoosterior
inferiora a Q i, Aorta;Diaphragma; minor
N. splanchnicus
s N thoracicus[T12]
M iliocostalisthoracis N
Medulla spinalis
minor,,
N splanchnicus Vertebra Xll. Proc.soinosus
thoracica
M longissimus
thoracis|} $ l\,4m multifidi j
\
F i g .1 1 9 3 A b d o m e nA, b d o m e n ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e ra b d o m e na t t h e [ e v e [
o f t h e i n t e r v e r t e b r adIi s c b e t w e e nt h e e l e v e n t ht h o r a c i c
a n d f i r s t L u m b a vr e r t e b r a ;
withthe exception dyetLow
o f t h e o m e n t a Lb u r s ah i g h l . i g h t ei n
g r e e nt h e p e r i t o n e u mi s c o L o u r eidn b t u e .
Colontransversum
Lig falciforme
Pancreas
Hepar,Lobuscaudatus
Colondescendens
Hepar,Lobusdexter
V portaehepatis Aorta
V cavainterior
Parslumbalis
diaphragmatis Vertebra
lumbalis,
Corpusvertebrae
Costa X
Splen[Lien]
M latissimusdorsi Rensinister
Costa Xl
Costa Xll
F i g . 1 1 9 1 A b d o m e nA , bdomen;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cs e c t i o nI C T ]
a t t h e l e v e Lo f t h e f i r s t I u m b a rv e r t e b r a
T h e i n t e s t i n ei s p a r t i a t t yf i t t e dw i t h a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m .
> Pelvicviscera KidneyI Supr ar enagltand
. htadder
I U r i nany
and retroperitoneaI
space
Upper abdomen, transversesections
Hepar,Lobussinister
V portae hepalis a
Lig teres Colontransversum
costavlll hepatis
* l\4 rectusabdominis
Peritoneumparietale
O A mesenterica
suoerior
Cavitas peritonealis
Pancreas
Pars costalisdiaphragmatis
Becessus Noduslymphoideus
costodiaphragmaticus pancreaticus
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsdiaphragmatica JeJunum
Pleura parietalis,
Pars costalis
C o s t aV l l l
Costa lX
Hepar,
Lobus
dexter
Colon
descen-
dens
aA.
renalis
* M latissimus
dorsi
V cavainferioro
Pelvis
Pars lumbalisdiaphragmatlss renalts
CostaXll
Medulla renalis
Truncus
sympathicus Calyx renalis minor
F i g .1 1 9 5 A b d o m e nA, b d o m e n ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e ra b d o m e n
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e f i r s t I u m b a rv e r t e b r a .
A mesentericasuperior
Vesica biliaris
A renalis
V cava inferior
F i g . 1 1 9 6 A b d o m e nA , bdomen;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cs e c t i o nI C T ]
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e f i r s t [ u m b a rv e r t e b r a ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w
* I n t e s t i ngaaI s
Genitalia Rectum T o p o E r aphy Sections
Lowerabdomen,transversesections
Linea alba
* M rectusabdominis
mesenterica
superior,
Aa ; Vv ilealesO o
lleum
A mesentericainferiorO
Cavitasperitonealis
Peritoneumviscerale
Peritoneum
oarietale
f M. transversus
abdominis
Colon sigmoideum c l\4.obliquus
internus abdominis
* M obliquus
exlernus
abdominis
aaA.;V
mesenterica
Pars O supeflor,
abdominalis Aa.;W.
aonae ileales
Colon
descendens
Colon
ascendens
1,4latissimus
dorsi*
Fig.1197 Abdomen,Abdomen;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e l o w e ra b d o m e n
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e t h i r d L u m b a vr e r t e b r a .
r l/
M rectus
abdominis
Linea alba
Jejunum*
Colondescendens
externusabdominis
M obliquus
l\4 obliquusinternusabdominis
Caecum
abdominis
M. transversus
Appendix vermiformis
Parsabdominalis
aortae
F i g .1 1 9 8 A b d o m e nA, b d o m e n ;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cs e c t i o nI C T l
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e t h i r d L u m b a vr e r t e b r a ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
* Jejunum f i t l e dw i t ha c o n t r a smt e d i u m
> Petvicviscera K r e i n e yI S u p r a r e r r aEI t a n d I l . J n i n * riy: L n d c l e n
andretroperitoneat
space
Malepelvis,mediansections
Omentummajus Ostiumureteris
Apex vesicae
Plica transversarecti*
Plica umbilicalismediana ,4'
( L i g u m b i l i c a l em e d i a n u m )
Lrg sacrococcygeum
Spatium posteriussuperficiale
retropubicum""
Articulatio
sacrococcygea
Symphysis pubica
Ampulla recti
penis
Corpuscavernosum (Pecten analis)
penis
Corpusspongiosum * M sphincter
ani externus
Septulatestis perineiprofundus
& M transversus
Glanspenis Ductuliefferentes
testis Urethra,Parsintermedia
Imembranacea]
Fossa navicularisurethrae
Mediastinumtestis Lig puboprostaticum
P r e p u t i upme n i s
Ductusdeferens;
Caudaepididymidis
Ostiumurethrae
externum Bulbuspenis,Corpusspongiosum
penis
M cremaster;
Fasciacremasterica
& S Scrotum.
Tunicadartos.M dartos
Lobuli testis
F i g . 1 1 9 9 P e L v i sP, e L v i so,f t h e m a l e ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n ;
viewedfrom the [eft.
* C l i n i c at eI r m :K o H L R A U sSfCoH td
* * C t i n i c at eI T mc: a v eo f R E T Z I U S Vertebra
l u m b a l i sV
Canalis
sacrails
Os sacrum
M rectus abdominis
Os coccygis
Vesica urinaria
Canalisanalis
Bulbus penis
F i g . 1 2 0 0 P e L v i sP, e t v i so, f t h e m a [ e ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c teo m o g r a p h i c Testrs
i m a g eI M R l l ;
p a r a m e d i a ns e c t i o n ;
viewedfrom the left
Genitatia Rectum T n p o E r aphy Sections
Femalepelvis, sections
Fimbriaetubae uterinae
Infundibulum
tubaeuterinae Uterus.Faciesintestinalis
A sacralismediana a Cavitas uteri; Canalis ceruicisuteri, Plicae palmatae
Lig suspensorium
ovarii;A; V ovaricaa o
Ampullatubaeuterinae
Ovarium,Folliculus
ovaricus
vesiculosus
a A. sacralis mediana
lsthmustubaeuterinae
Fundusuteri
Lig teresuteri
A ; V epigastricainferiorO a
Plica umbilicalismedialis (Chorda a umbilicalis)
Peritoneumparietale Ampulla recti;
Plicae transversae recti
Linea alba
Excavatiorectouterina***
Plica umbilicalismediana
(Lig umbilicalemedianum)
Fornix vaginae, Pars
Fascia pelvis parietalis posterior
lsthmus uteri
Portiovaginalisceruicis
Excavatiovesicouterina
Glomus coccygeum
Fascia rectovaginalis
Ostiumurethraeinternum [Septum rectovaginalel
Corpuscijtoridis,
Corpuscavernosum
clitoridis
Frenulum
clitoridis
Ostiumureteris
m i n u sp u d e n d i
Labium
Ostiumurethrae
externum
Labium majus pudendi
lntestinum
lenue
l\,4rectus
abdominis
Corpusuteri Portiovaginalisceruicis
Vagina
Vesica
unnafla Spatium rectovaginale
Symphysis urethra
Fig. 1202 pelvis,pelvis,of the female;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c e
tomographic
i m a g eI M R l ) ;
p a r a m e d i asne c t i o n ;
viewedfrom the [eft.
> Petvicviscera g tand
KidneyI Supr nr enal . | [.l r i narbl
y ndder
andretroperitoneal
space
Lowerabdomen,transversesections
a A rectalissuperior
Colon sigmoideum a Aa sigmoideae
A iliacacommunis
a) & l\4 rectusabdominis
o A epigastricainferior
V iliacacommunis
a
Ureter lleum
A testicularis
a
* M obliquusinternus
abdominis
l\4 transversus
abdominis
* M obliquus
externus
Colon
abdominis
ascendens
Crista iliaca
M psoas.s
malor Colon
oescenoens
P l e x u sl u m b a l i s
# M iliacus
A l ao s s i si l i u m
Vertebra lumbalisV
S M gluteus
medtus
A;Vgluteasuperioraa
Os sacrum,
Proc articularissuperior
F i g . 1 2 0 3 P e t v i sP , e[vis; A s t h e s i g m o i dr e a c h e sf a r i n t ot h e u p p e ra b d o m e nt h e f i g u r e
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e f i f t h L u m b a vr e r t e b r a . a L s od i s p L a ytsh e d o m eo f c o L o n ifct e x u r eT. h e t h i c k n e s so f t h e
T h i s m a l e s p e c i m e ni s d i f f e r e nftr o m F i g . 1 1 9 1 ,1 1 9 3 ,1 1 9 5 a d i p o s et i s s u eL a y e or n t h e g t u t e u sm e d i u sm u s c L em u s t b e
a n d 119 7 . t a k e ni n t o c o n s i d e r a t i ownh e n i n j e c t i ng i n t r a m u s c u [ a r l y .
Colon sigmoideum
M obliquus
externusabdominis
Caecum Cristailiaca
A i l i a c ac o m m u n i s
M iliacus
V iliaca interna
M gluteusmedius
M gluteusmaximus
Femalepelvis,transversesections
M psoasmajor,*
Tendo
M vastus g
lateralis
Articulatio
coxae
Femur,
Collumfemoris
M obturatorius
externusa : N ischiadicus
; N cutaneus
Bursa subtendineamusculi femoris posterior
obturatoriiinternitTuber ischiadicum Flectum
Fossa ischioanalis a A gluteainterior
l\4 gluteusmaximus4t Corpusanococcygeum ., N gluteusinferior
ILig anococcygeum] o M levatorani
M obturatorius !l
internus O a V ; A p u d e n d ai n t e r n a
Excavatiorectouterina I N pudendus
F i g . 1 2 0 8 P e t v i sP , e L v i so,f t h e f e m a L e ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e [ e s s e rp e L v i s
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e s y m p h y s i s
pectrneus
Ospubis
A profundafemoris pubica
/ Symphysis
[,4 sartorius
l\il rectusfemoris
V femoralis
M illopsoas
Vesica urinaria
M tensorlasciaelatae
Vagina
M vastuslateralis
Rectum,Ampulla recti
Femur,
Collumfemoris
l\4 obturatorius
externus Fossa ischioanalis
R a m u so s s i si s c h i i ;
Tuberischiadicum
N ischiadicus
Os coccygis
[,4obturatorius
internus M gluteusmaximus
o Aa sigmoideae
Peritoneumparietale a V iliaca interna
Osilium
Ureter
Ductusdeferens
Glandula vesiculosa
internus
M obturatorius
o M levatorani
o o V;A pudendainterna*
Tuberischiadicum
a M bicepslemoris;
M semitendinosus;
M semimembranosus
Discusintervertebralis
Vesicaurinaria
M gluteusmaximus
Corpusossisilium
M gluteusmedius
Caputfemoris
internus
M obturatorius
Prostata
externus
M obturatorius
Urethramasculina
M vastuslateralis
penis
Corpuscavernosum
penis
Corpusspongiosum (Mm.adductores)
M. psoasmajor
M iliacus
Cavitasuteri
Corpusuteri M. gluteusmaximus
Corpusossisilium M gluteusmedius
Caputfemoris
internus
M. obturatorius
Collumfemoris
Tubauterina externus
M. obturatorius
Vesicaurinaria
(Mm adductores)
Vesicaurinaria,
Plicainterureterica
Ostiumurethrae
internum o M. levatorani
Ostiumureteris
Peritoneum
urogenitale,
Fossaoaravesicalis
O M. obturatoriusinternus
Fossaacetabuli
Lig capitis femoris
a N. pudendus
Caput
femoris
a M obturatorius
eXlernus
a a A.;V
M. iliopsoas,
O circumflexa
Tendo femoris
medialis
M. quadratusO
femoris
Ramusinferior
M adductora) ossispubis
mlntmus
M adductorO
ma9nus
MmO oOA;V.pudenda
ischiocrurales interna
M. ischiocavernosus
a O M. transversus a N. perinealis
perineiprofundus
M. bulbospongiosus
O O M transversusperineisuperficialis
Urethra
masculina
Penis, Fascia perinei (superficialis)
Corpus spongiosum
Urethrafeminina
Vesicaurinaria,
Tunicamuscularis
a M levatorani
Vesicaurinaria
M obturatorius
internusa Peritoneumurogenitale,Fossaparavesicalis
N obturatorius;aOa
A.; V obturatoria
Acetabulum
Caputfemoris
Membrana
obturatoria
. O V;4.
M obturatoriusO pudenda
exlernus interna;
a N pudendus
N perinealis
a
o (Diaphragma
urogenitale)
M. iliopsoas
a
Ramusossis
M adductora ischii
orevts
Crusclitoridis
A. profundaa
femoris, a M ischio-
Aa circumflexae cavernosus
lemorismedialis
et lateralis
Bulbus
vestibuli
V profundaa
femoris,
Vv circumflexae a M bulbo-
femorismedialis spon9rosus
et lateralis
M adductorO
longus
Surfaceanatomy
Os sacrum
Spina iliaca anterior superior
(Sulcusanalis)
M tensor fasciae latae
Regioglutealis,
R e g i oi n g u i n a l i s , M gluteusmaximus
Lig inguinale
major(Femu0
Trochanter
Trochanter Sulcusglutealis
major(Femur)
Begio
anterior
lvl sartorius
M quadriceps
femoris
Regiogenusposterior,
Fossapoplitea
Caputlibulae
Flegiogenus anterior,
Patella
Caput libulae
Tuberositas
tibiae
M gastrocnemius
l\4argoanterior (l'lbia)
Malleolusmedialis (Tibia)
Malleolusmedialis (Tibia
Malleoluslateralis(Fibula)
Malleoluslateralis(Fibula)
Dorsumpedis
Dorsumpedis
D i g i t um
s inimus
lquintusl
Digitusquartus
Digitustertius
Digitussecundus
Hallux[Digitusprimus]
F i g . 1 2 1 5 L o w e r[ i m b ,M e m b r u mi n f e r i u s . F i g . 1 2 1 6 L o w e rL i m b M
, e m b r u mi n f e r i u s .
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Skeletonof the lowerlimb,overview
Articulatiosacroiliaca
Cingulum
pelvicum
Articulatio coxae
(Articulatio
femoropatellaris)
|
Articulatiogenus
I (Articulatiomeniscofemoralis)
[ (Articutatio
meniscotibialis)
Parslibera
membriinferioris
tibiofibularis
Articulatio
tibiofibularis
Syndesmosis
Articulatiotalocruralis
Articulatiocalcaneocuboidea
Articulatiosubtalaris l. .. .
Tarsus,Ossatarsi
t j (Anlculaao'"lolarsalls)
Articulatiotalocalcaneonavicularis
Articulatiocuneonavicularis
(Articulatiocuneocuboidea)
Metatarsus,
Ossa metatarsi intercuneiformes
Articulationes
Articulationes
tarsometatarsales
Digitipedis,
Ossadigitorum:
- Phalanxproximalis Articulationes metatarsophalangeae
- Phalanxmedia
- Phalanxdistalis Articulationesinterphalangeaepedis
Pelvis
Promontorium Aperturapelvissuperior
Tuberositasiliaca t?tn^ iliaca posteriorsuperior
Os sacrum,Parslateralis /
^L-:
Articulatiosacroiliaca
Alaossisilium,
Fossailiaca
Linea Crista
intermedia iliaca
Labium
exlernum
Tuberculum
iliacum
Linea arcuata
Os ilium
Spina iliaca anterior
supenor
Spina iliaca anteriorinferior
Spina ischiadica
Os ischii
Eminentiailiopubica
Articulatio sacrococcygea Pectenossispubis
Ramussuoeriorossisoubis
Ospubis
pubicum
Tuberculum
Aperturapelvisinferior
pubica
Symphysis
F i g . 1 2 1 8 S a c r u m ,O s s a c r u m ,a n d p e l v i cg i r d t e ,
CinguLum pelvicum
T h e r e g i o nc r a n i a It o t h e I i n e at e r m i n a t i si s r e f e r r e d
t o a s t h e g r e a t e rp e [ v i sP, e t v i sm a j o r ,a n d t h e r e g i o n
c a u d a It o i t i s k n o w na s [ e s s e rp e t v i sP , e L v im s inor.
Diameler
o b l i q u al l Lineaterminalis
Spinailiacaanteriorinferior
maius
Foramenischiadicum
Linea terminalis
pelvissuperior
Apertura
Li9 sacrospinale
sacrotuberale
Foramen ischiadicumminus
Aperturapelvisinferior
Foramen obturatum
Tuber ischiadicum
Hipbone
Crista iliaca
Linea intermedia
A l a o s s i si l i u m
Labiuminternum
Facies sacropelvica
Fossa iliaca
Tuberositas
iliaca
Spina iliaca
anteriorsuperior
Faciesauricularis
Spinailiacaposterior
superior
Spina iliaca
anterior inferior Spina iliaca posteriorinferior
Linea arcuata
Incisuraischiadicamajor
E m i n e n t i ai l i o p u b i c a
Sulcusobturatorius
Corpus ossis ischii
Ramussuperior
ossispubis, Spina ischiadica
Pectenossispubis
Incisuraischiadicaminor
Foramen
obturatum (Tuberculumobturatoriumposterius)
Faciessymphysialis
F i 1 . 1 2 2 3 H i p b o n e , 0 sc o x a e ;
m e d i a Iv i e w
Bamus ossis ischii
Flamusinferiorossis pubis T h et h i n r e g i o ni n t h e c e n t r eo f
Tuberischiadicum t h e a [ ao f i t i u m i s c h a r a c t e r r s t r c
for itsframe-Like structure.
A l a o s s i si l i u m
Facies sacropelvica
Facies auricularis
Corpusossisilium
Sulcussupraacetabularis
Spinailiacaanteriorinferior Eminentia
iliopubica
Corpusossispubis
Ramussuperior ossisDubis
Cristaobturatoria
Pecten ossis pubis
pubicum
Tuberculum
Cristapubica
Facies
symphysialis
(Tuberculum posterius)
obturatorium
(Angulus
ossispubis)
Foramen
obturatum
F i g . 1 2 2 1 H i p b o n e , 0 sc o x a e ; Ramusinferiorossispubis
v e n t r a Iv i e w Tuber ischiadicum
Ramus ossis ischii
T op o gn ap h y
ThiEh Knee Leg Foot
Hip bone
Labiuminternum
Linea intermedia
Linea glulea anterior Crista iliaca
Labiumexternum
Tuberculumiliacum
Facies glutea
Linea glutea inferior
Alaossisilium
Spinailiacaposterior
superior
Corpusossisilium
Spina iliaca anterior inferior
Spina iliaca posteriorinferior
SulcussuDraacetabularis
Incisuraischiadicamajol
Facies lunata
Limbus acetabuliIMargo acetabuli]
Fossa acetabuli
Incisura
acetabuli
Pectenossispubis
Cristaobturatoria
Spina ischiadica
Incisuraischiadicaminor pubicum
Tuberculum
Ramusinferiorossisoubis
Corpusossisischii
Tuberculum anterius
obturatorium
Ramusossisischii
F i 1 . 1 2 2 5 H i p b o n e , 0 sc o x a e ;
dorsotateraLview.
A l a o s s i si l i u m
Corpusossisilium
Eminentia
iliopubica
Corpusossis
puors
Ramussuperior
Corpusossisischii ossispubis
Tuberischladicum
(cartilagineum) Ramusinferior
ossispubis
Ramus ossis ischii
F i 1 . 1 2 2 6 H i p b o n e , 0 sc o x a e ; F i g . 1 2 2 7 H i p b o n e , 0 sc o x a e ;
devetopment s t a g eo f d e v e L o p m e n i nt a 6 - y e a r - o l dc h i t d .
* A p p r o x i m a t seitxyt hy e a ro f [ i f e I n t h e a c e t a b u t u mt ,h e t h r e e p a r t so f t h e h i p b o n ea r e f u s e d
. h i sj u n c t i o no s s i if e s a t
t o a Y - s h a p e dc a r t i t a g i n o uj su n c t i o n T
t h e a g e o f 13 - 18 y e a r s .
> Lowertimb M us c l es
Jointsof thepelvicgirdle
Vertebra
lumbalislV Lig longitudinaleanterius
Lig pubicumsuperius
Articulatio
coxae,
Capsulaarticularis
Trochanter
major
Membrana
obturatoria
Angulus
subpubicus
Vertebra
lumbalislV
Discus intervedebralis)
Articulatiolumbosacralis
/ Lig. iliolumbate /
Lig inguinale
Articulatiosacroiliaca
Canalis obturatorius
Lig iliofemorale
Trochantermajor
Tuber Arcuspubicus
ischiadicum
Vertebra
lumbalislV CorDus
Lig iliolumbale
Vertebralumbalis V Proc costalis
Articulatio
sacroiliaca,
anterius
Lig sacroiliacum
majus
Foramenischiadicum
Spinailiacaanteriorsuperior
Lig sacrotuberale
Lig inguinale
Lig.sacrospinale
Lacunamusculorum M rectusfemoris,Tendo
Arcusiliopectineus minus
Foramenischiadicum
Articulatiocoxae,
Lig iliofemorale
Lacuna Lig
vasorum pubrcum
supenus
F i g . 1 2 3 0 J o i n t so f t h e p e t v i cg i r d t e ,
J u n c t u r a ec i n g u Lpi e [ v i c ia, n d t h e I u m b o s a c r aj o
I int,
A r t i c u l a t i o[ u m b o s a c r a t i so,f t h e m a t e
Vertebra
lumbalislV.Corous
Articulatio sacroiliaca,
Lig sacroiliacumanterius
majus
Foramenischiadicum
Lig sacrospinale
Soina iliaca anteriorsuoerior
minus
Foramenischiadicum
Lacuna musculorum
M rectusfemoris,Tendo
Arcusiliopectineus
Articulatiocoxae,
Lig iliofemorale
Ltg
pubrcum
supenus
Jointsof thepeLvic
girdle
Lig iliolumbale
Lig supraspinale
Ligg sacroiliacaposteriora
Ligg sacroiliacaposteriora
Ligg sacroiliaca
Interossea
Lig sacrotuberale
F i g . 1 2 3 2 J o i n t so f t h e p e t v i cg i r d t e ,
j oI i n t ,
J u n c t u r a ec i n g u t ip e t v i c ia, n d t h e L u m b o s a c r a
A r t i c u t a t i o[ u m b o s a c r a L iosf,t h e f e m a t e .
Spinailiacaposterior
superior
Foramenischiadicum
majus
Foramenischiadicum
minus
Proc
falciformis
Articulatio coxae,
Capsula articularis
Lig inguinale
Tuberischiadicum
Lig pubicum inferius
F i 9 . 1 2 3 3 J o i n t so f t h e p e t v i cA i r d [ e ,
J u n c t u r a ec i n g u t ip e [ v i c io, f t h e f e m a [ e .
To pogr a p h y
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Jointsof thepelvicgirdle
Canalis sacralis
Ligg sacroiliacaposteriora Ligg sacroiliacainterossea
Articulatiosacroiliaca
Foramen ischiadicum
maJus
Lig capitis femoris
Lig sacrotuberale
Caputfemoris
Lig capitis femoris
Cavitasarticularis
Foramen ischiadicum
Zonaorbicularis MINUS
Membrana
obturatoria Articulatiocoxae,
Lig pubicum Symphysis pubica, Capsulaarticularis
inferius Discusinterpubicus
Forameninteruertebrale
Vertebra
lumbalis
V Corpus
Articulatiolumbosacralis,
Discus interuertebralis
Os sacrum
Crista iliaca
Fossa iliaca
Spinailiacaanteriorsuperior
Lineaarcuata
Lig sacrospinale
Linea terminalis
Pectenossispubis
Os coccygis
Foramen ischiadicumminus
pubicum
Tuberculum
Lig sacrotuberale
Faciessymphysialis
Foramenobturatum
F i 9 . 1 2 3 5 J o i n t so f t h e p e [ v i cg i r d [ e , N o r m a [ t yt,h e a n t e r i o rb o r d e ro f t h e l o w e s ti n t e r v e r t e b r adLi s c
J u n c t u r a ec i n g u Lpi e L v i cai ,n d t h e [ u m b o s a c r a I j o i n t , forms the furthestprojectingpointof the posteriorcircumference
A r t i c u t a t i o[ u m b o s a c r a t i so,f t h e f e m a [ e ; o f t h e p e l . v iicn [ e t .R a d i o g r a p h i c a ttlh. ye,m o s t a n t e r i o rp a r t o f t h e
m e d i a ns e c t i o n . sacrum is referredto as promontory.
> Lowertimb M us c l es
Jointsof thepelvicgirdLe
Articulatio
zygapophysialis
Ligg sacroiliacainterossea
Os sacrum
Ligg sacroiliacaanteriora
F i g . 1 2 3 6 S a c r o i t i ajco i n t ,A r t i c u L a t isoa c r o i I i a c a ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n
Discusinterpubicus,
Cartilago
tibrosa
Ramussuoeriorossisoubis
(Cavitas
symphysialis)*
Cartilagohyalina
Lig. pubicum
inferius
Ramusinferiorossispubis
Proc spinosus
Proc articularissuperior
Basis ossis sacri lumbalislV
Vertebra
Pediculusarcusvertebrae
Crista iliaca Proc costalis
Spina iliaca
posterior
supenor Os sacrum,
Pars lateralis
Spina iliaca
posterior
inlerior
Articulatio
sacroiliaca
Ala ossis ilium
Spina iliaca
anterior
supenor
Linea
arcuala
Spina iliaca
anterior Os sacrum
inlerior
Articulatio
coxae, Cavitas
articularis
Spina Fossa
ischiadica acetabuli
Fovea capitis
Caput femoris
femoris
Eminentia
Trochanter iliopubica
maJor
Collum
femoris
Cristainter-
trochanterica Tuber
ischiadicum
Trochanter Foramen
mtnor obturatum
pubicum
Tuberculum
Ramusossisischii Os coccygis
Ramussuperiorossispubis pubica
Symphysis
F i g . 1 2 3 8 P e L v i sP, e t v i so, f t h e m a l e ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pw h i t h t h e c e n t r a Ib e a md i r e c t e d
o n t ot h e t h i r d s a c r a Is e g m e n t ;u p r i g h tp o s i t i o n
> Lowertimb $urnfnae lSketetonl MLrscles
Petvis Hip
Pelvis,development
Os ilium
Vertebraesacrales
Trochantermajor *
Symphysis pubica
Os pubis
minor+
Trochanter
Os ischii
Os ilium
Vertebrae sacrales
Trochantermajor +
Symphysis pubica
Os pubis
Foramen obturatum
Os ischii
Trochanterminor +
Femur, Diaphysis
Caputfemoris Trochantermajor
Foveacapitis
femoris
Fovea capitis
Caputfemoris femoris
Tuberculum
quadratum
Collumfemoris Collumfemoris
Linea intertrochanterica Crista
intertrochanterica
Trochanterminor Trochanter
minor
Lineapectinea (Trochanter
tertius)
Tuberositas
grurea
Corpusfemoris
Lineasupracondylaris
lateralis
Linea supracondylaris
medialis
Facies poplitea
Epicondylus
lateralis
Epicondylus
lateralis
Hip
Femur
Fossa trochanterica
Caput
femoris
Fovea
capitis
femoris
Trochanter
malor
I
Tuberculum
Collumfemoris quadratum
Cristaintertrochanterica
Trochanter
minor
Tuberositas
grurea
Linea pectinea
Lrnea aspera,
Labium mediale
Caputfemoris Foveacapitisfemoris
Trochantermajor
Fossatrochanterica
Collum femoris
Trochanter
minor
Corpusfemoris
Substantia
compacra
Substantia
Facies poplitea spongrosa
Tuberculum
adductorium
Fossaintercondylaris
Epicondylus
medialis Cavitasmedullaris
Condyluslateralis
Condylus medialis
Hipjoint
Membranaobturatoria
Trochanter
minor
F i g . 1 2 5 0 H i pj o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc o x a e ;
v e n t r o d i s t avIi e w .
Lig sacrospinale
caPutrellexumJ
M. rectus
femoris'Tendo
caputrectum J
Lig iliofemorale
Lig sacrotuberale
Collum femoris
Lig ischio-
femorale
Trochanter major
Trochanter
minor
glutea
Tuberositas
F i g . 1 2 5 1 H i pj o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc o x a e ;
d o r s a Iv i e w .
T o p o g r a p h yI S e c t i o n s
Thigh Knee LeE Font
Hipjoint
Caputrectum
Lig capitis
femoris
Caputreflexum
Canalisobturatorius
Os pubis,
Faciessymphysialis
Caput femoris
Lig pubofemorale
N4embranaobturatoria
Trochanter
minor
F i g . 1 2 5 2 H i pj o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oc o x a e ;
t h e a r t i c u t a rc a p s u t eh a s b e e no p e n e da n d t h e
h e a do f t h e f e m u r h a s b e e np a r t l ye x a r t i c u L a t e d ;
[aterodistaLview.
Facies lunata
Fossa acetabuli
F i 9 . 1 2 5 3 H i pj o i n t ,A r t i c u [ a t i oc o x a e ; Canalis obturatorius
Facies lunata
M tensor fasciae latae
Cavitas articularis
M gluteus medius Caputfemoris
Fossa acetabuli
M g l u t e um
s inimus
Lig capitis femoris
Zonaorbicularis
Fovea capitis femoris
Fossatrochanterica M obturatorius
internus
Trochanter
major
Collum femoris
M gluteusmaximus,
Tendo*
Laorum
Bursatrochanterica
musculi acetabuli
gluteimaximi
Bursa lrochantericamusculi M obturatorius
externus
glulei medii
Tractus iliotibialis
M iliopsoas,
Tendo
Trochanter
minor
M vastuslateralis
F i g . 1 2 5 1 H i pj o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc o x a e ;
v e r t i c a sI e c t i o na t t h e p l a n eo f t h e a n g L eo f a n t e t o r s i o n
* R a d i a t i o innst ot h ei t i o t i b i tarIa c t
> Lowertimb $ur{ace lSkeletonl Musctes
Hipjoint, radiography
Corpusossisilium
Fossa acetabuli
Caput femoris
Fovea capitis fgmoris
C o l l u mf e m o r i s
Trochantermajor
Foramenobturatum
Tuberischiadicum
Femur,Corpus Trochanter
minor
Os ilium
lncisura ischiadica
maJor
Cavitasarticularis*
Caputfemoris
Spina ischiadica
Trochanter
major
Incisuraischiadica
mrnor
Foramen
obturatum
Trochanterminor
Tuberischiadicum
* D u et o m i n i m a Ia b s o r p t i o n
F i g . 1 2 5 6 H i pj o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t rcoo x a e ; o l X - r a y sb y c a r t i t a g e t, h e a r t i c u L a rc t e f t
A P - r a d i o g r a pshu; p i n ep o s i t r ow n i t ht h e t h i g ha b d u c t e d a p p e a r sa b n o r m a t l yb r o a d
a n d f l e x e dI s o - c a L L eLdA U E N S T EoIrNo i e c t i o n ]
To poE r a p h y
Thigh Knee LeE Fsot
Femur
Epicondyluslateralis
Condylus lateralis
Sulcus popliteus
Epicondylus
lateralis Epicondylusmedialis
Condylus medialis
Condylus
lateralis
F i g . 1 2 5 8 F e m u r ,F e m u r ;
d i s t a Ie x t r e m i t y ;
distaLview.
Cavitasmedullaris
Substantiaspongiosa
Linea epiphysialis
EpicondylusIateralis Epicondylusmedialis
Sulcus popliteus
Condylus lateralis
Condylus medialis
(Cartilagoarticularis)
Tibia
Ltnea
muscutl
Corpus tibiae solei
Margoanterior
l\4argomedialis Foramen
nutricium Facies
lateralis
Facies lateralis Facies
posteflor
Faciesposterior
Facies medialis
Corpus tibiae
Incrsura Sulcus
fibularis malleolaris
F i g . 1 2 6 0 T i b i a ,T i b i a ; F i q . 1 2 6 1 T i b i a ,T i b i a ; F i g . 1 2 6 2 T i b i a ,T i b i a ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w Lateratview. d o r s a Iv i e w
Tuberositastibiae
Areaintercondylaris
anterior Tuberculumintercondylarelaterale
Condyluslateralis"
Condylus medialis.
Caputfibulae
Articulatio
tibiofibularis
Tuberculumintercondylaremediale
Area intercondvlarisoosterior
F i g . 1 2 6 3 T i b i a ,T i b i a ,a n d f i b u t a ,F i b u t a ;
p r o x i m avI i e w .
* Theartrcutar surfaces of thecondyles together are
referred to as suoeriorarlicutarsurface
To p o g r a p h y
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Tibiaand fibula
Collum fibulae
l/argo anterior
Margo
Inlerosseus
Foramennutricium
Facies
medialis Facies
Corpusfibulae lateralis
Margo
anlerior
Facies posterior
Facies
articularis Sulcus lvlalleolus
malleoli malleolaris lateralis
lateralis
F i g .1 2 6 t + F i b u t a F
, ibuta; F i g . 1 2 6 5 F i b u L aF, i b u L a ; F i 1 . 1 2 6 6 T i b i a ,T i b i a ,a n d
medialview [ a t e r a vt i e w . f i b u l . aF, i b u L a ;
dorsaLview.
Facieslateralis
Margoanterior
Faciesmedialis
Corpustibiae
lvlargoanterior
Facies lateralis
Facies medialis
Corpusfibulae
Margointerosseus
Facies poslerior
Crista medialis
F i g . 1 2 6 7 T i b i a ,T i b i a ,a n d f i b u L aF, i b u L a ;
c r o s s - s e c t i ow
n i t h t h e i n t e r o s s e o ums e m b r a n eo f l e g ;
distaIview.
* 0 p e n i nfgo rt h ea n t e r i ot ri b i aaI r t e r y
> Lowerlimb M us c [es
Patellaand kneejoint
Facies articularis
Facies anterior
Faciesanterior
Facies articularis,Cadilago articularis
(Plica synovialismediopatellaris)
Betinaculumpatellaelaterale
Facies patellaris,Cartilagoarticularis
Epicondylus
lateralis
M biceps femoris
Tendo
M sartorius,
M gastrocnemius,
Caput laterale
V saphena magna
A poplitea
V poplitea
M gracilis,Tendo
F i g . 1 2 7 0 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s ;
c r o s s - s e c t ino.
* M e d i abl o r d efra c e t
To p o g r a p h y
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Kneejoint
genus
M articularis
Facies patellaris
M quadriceps
femoris,Tendo
Plica synovialis
infrapatellaris
M. quadriceps
femoris
Condylus
lateralis
Lig
collaterale
fibulare
Betinaculum
patellae
laterale
Corpus Betinaculum
adiposum patellae
intrapatellare mediale
Capsula
articularis
Lt9
collaterale
tibiale
Lig patellae
Caput fibulae
Tuberositas
tibiae
F i g . 1 2 7 1 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i og e n u s ; F i g . 1 2 7 2 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i og e n u s ;
i n t a c ta r t i c u t a rc a p s u t e : t h e a n t e r i o rp a r t o f t h e a r t i c u [ a rc a p s u t eh a s
ventraIview. b e e nr e f[ e c t e dd o w n w a r d sa f t e r d i s s e c t i o n of
the quadricepm s uscte;
t h e s u p r a p a t e t l abr u r s ah a s b e e no p e n e d ;
ventraIview.
> Lowertimb M us c l es
Kneejoint
Faciespatellaris
**
posterius
Lig cruciatum
Condylusmedialis
Condylus
lateralis
Meniscus
medialis
l\4eniscus
lateralis
genus
Lrg transversum
Caput fibulae
Tuberositas
tibiae
F i g . 1 2 7 3 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ; * C l i n i c a l t e r mA; C L { = a n t e r i o rc r u c i a t et i g a m e n t l
i n 9 0 of L e x i o n ; t h ae r t i c u t a rc a p s u L a
en dt h e [ a t e r a L * * C t i n i c a l t e r mP: C Ll = p o s t e r i o cr r u c i a t et i g a m e n t )
t i g a m e n t sh a v eb e e nr e m o v e d ;
ventraLview.
M. adductormagnus,Tendo
M plantaris
lV.gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale
Lig, collateralefibulare
Lig popliteum
obliquum
Lig popliteumarcuatum
Lig collateraletibiale
M biceps femoris,
M semimembranosus,Tendo Tendo
M popliteus
F i g . 1 2 7 1 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s :
i n t a c ta r t i c u L acr a p s u t ew i t h m u s c u t a ro r i g i n s ;
dorsaIview.
To p o g r a p h yI S e cti o n s
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Kneejoint
lvl adductormagnus,
Tendo
l/ gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale,
Tendo M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale,
Tendo
Femur, Condylus medialis
Lig cruciatum
anterius
Lig meniscofemoraleposterius
Femur,Condyluslateralis
Lig collateraletibiale
M popliteus,
Tendo
l\il semimembranosus,Tendo
Meniscus
lateralis
L r g p o p l i t e u mo b l i q u u m fibulare
Lig collaterale
Tibia,Condyluslateralis
posterius
Lig cruciatum
Lig capitisfibulaeposterius
Caputlibulae
M popliteus,
Aponeurosis
M popliteus
F i g . 1 2 7 5 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s ;
e x p o s u r eo f t h e c r u c i a t eL i g a m e n tasn d t h e m e n i s c i ;
d o r s a Lv i e w
lvl quadricepsfemoris,
Tendo
Femur
Lig patellae
l\4eniscusmedialis
Lig collateraletibiale
Tuberositas
tibiae
Kneejoint
Bursasuprapatellaris
l\4 quadricepsfemoris,Tendo
Bursa subfascialisoreoatellaris
l\4eniscus
lateralis
l\il popliteus, Tendo
profunda
Bursainfrapatellaris
Lig popliteum
arcuatum
M biceps femoris,Tendo
F i g . 1 2 7 8 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ;
s y n o v i amL e m b r a n et i g h t t yf i l . l . eadf t e r i n j e c t i o no f p t a s t i cm a t e r i a L ;
LateraIview.
S u b p o p t i t e ar e
L c e s sn o t s h o w nI c o m p ar e F i g . 1 2 7 9 ) .
M. adductormagnus,Tendo posterius
Lig cruciatum
posterius
Lig meniscofemorale
M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale
Lig collateralefibulare**
Lig collateraletibiale*
Meniscus
lateralis
M. semimembranosus,Tendo
lvl popliteus,
Tendo
Meniscus medialis M bicepsfemoris,Tendo
F i g . 1 2 7 9 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s ;
s y n o v i am L e m b r a n et h i g h t t yf i L t e da f t e r i n j e c t i o no f p L a s t i m
c ateriat;
d o r s a Iv i e w
* C t i n i c at eI r m :M C Ll = m e d i act o l t a t e r L a iIg a m e n t l
* +C t i n i c at eI r m :L C L[ =L a t e r ac Io [ [ a t e rlai q[ a m e n t ]
Topography
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Lig. patellae
profunda
Bursainfrapatellaris
Lig.cruciatumanterius
Lig.transversum
genus A. mediagenus,
(R. anterior)
Meniscus
medialis
A. mediagenus,
(R. posterio0
M. popliteus,
Lig.cruciatum Tendo
anterius
Meniscus
lateralis Lig. collaterale
Lig.cruciatumposterius A. poplitea fibulare
Lig.cruciatumposterius A. inferiorlateralisgenus
F i g . 1 2 8 2 a , b D i s p t a c e m e notf t h e m e n i s c id u r i n gf t e x i o n ; a Extendedposition
lateraIview. b Ftexedposition
F i g .1 2 8 3 D i s p t a c e m eonf t h em e n i s cdi u r i n gf l e x i o n ;
proximaI view.
In f Lexion, bothmenisciaredisp[aced posteriorty overthe
edgesof thetibial.condyles. Thegreatermobil.ity of the lateraI
meniscus accounts for its lesserrisk of damage.
> Lowertimb
Kneejoint,sections
M vastuslateralis
Epicondylusmedialis
Epicondyluslateralis
Lig collateraletibiale
Lig cruciatum
anterius Lig cruciatumposterius
M popliteus,
Tendo Femur, Condylus medialis
Femur,Condyluslateralis lvleniscusmedialis
Capsulaarticularis
Tibia, Condylus medialis
Meniscus
lateralis
Tibia,Condyluslateralis
Eminentia
intercondylaris
M soleus
M tibialisanterior
F i g . 1 2 8 1 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ;
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n
Bursasuprapatellaris
M quadricepsfemoris, Tendo
Corpusadiposum
infrapatellare
Femur,Condyluslateralis
lvleniscus
lateralis,
(Cornuanterius) Capsulaarticularis,
Lig popliteum
arcuatum
Meniscus (Cornuposterius)
lateralis,
Articulatio
tibiofibularis
M soleus
M tibialisanterior
F i 9 . 1 2 8 5 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e [ a t e r a Lp a r t o f t h e j o i n t
To p o g r a p h y
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Corpusfemoris
Basis patellae
Epicondyluslateralis medialis
Epicondylus
Fossa intercondylaris
Tuberculum
Apex capitis fibulae mediale
intercondylare
Eminentia
Tuberculum intercondylaris
Articulatiotibiofibularis
intercondylare
laterale
Corpusfibulae
Corpustibiae
F i g . 1 2 8 6 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pwh i t h t h e c e n t r a Ib e a md i r e c t e do n t o
t h e m i d d t eo f t h e j o i n t ;s u b j e c rt e c L i n e d .
Corpusfemoris
Patella,Facies articularis
Facies poplitea
Apex patellae
Fossa intercondylaris
Eminentiaintercondylaris
Linea epiphysialis
Apex capitislibulae
Tuberositastibiae Articulatiotibiofibularis
Caput fibulae
Corpustibiae
Corpus libulae
F i g . 1 2 8 7 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s ;
w i t h t h e c e n t r a Lb e a md i r e c t e do n t o
[ a t e r a Lr a d i o g r a p h
t h e m i d d L eo f t h e j o i n t ;s u b j e c tr e c t i n e d
> Lowertimb M us e[es
Kneejoi nt,arthroscopy
Patella,Facies
articularis*
**
suprapatellaris
'1
Arthroscope
2 Inlet or outlet for the rinsinqfluid
3 Cold light source Femur. Facies oatellaris
4 Ocular or connectorfor the video system
5 Anterolateralaccess
6 Anteromedialaccess
7 Additionalinstrument
F i g . 1 2 8 9a - c K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s ;
a rth roscopy
a DistaL v i e w i n t ot h e f e m o r o p a t e I Ljaori n t
* P a t e L t raor o fr i d g er:i d g eb e t w e etnh em e d i aaI n d
l^+^-^l ^-+;-.,1^- -,,-t^^^^
* * C [ i n i c atIe r m : s u o r a o a t e t t ar e
r cess
F i g . 1 2 8 8 A c c e s s e sf o r a r t h r o s c o p y
M e d i a tv i e wo f t h e f r e e i n n e re d g eo f t h e L a t e r a L A n t e r o L a t e r vaiIe w o f t h e d i s t a Lo a r t o f t h e a n t e r i o rc r u c i a t e
mentScuS; t i g a m e n tL, i g .c r u c i a t u ma n t e r i u s
r e t r a c t o r[ * l s t i g h t Ldy e p r e s s i n tgh e a n t e r i o rp a r t o f t n e T h e l i g a m e n ti s c o v e r e db y a r i c h L yv a s c u L a r i z esdy n o v i a I
menrscus m e m b r a n e l t i s d r a w n m e d i a t Lbyy a r e t r a c t o r[ + )
Topography
Thigh Knee Leg Fnnt
Kneejoint, imaging
Condylus
lateralis
Fossa Capsula
intercondylaris articularis;
M gastrocnemius,
Tendo
Femur, l\4eniscus
Condylus lateralis,(Cornu
medialis
Lig
collaterale M popliteus,
tibiale Tendo
l\ileniscus Caput
medialis fibulae
Adiculatio
Tibia,
tibiofibularis
Condylus
medialis Tibia
infrapatellare
Corpusadiposum
F i g . 1 2 9 0 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ; F i g . 1 2 9 1 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n ; s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e [ a t e r a Ip a r t o f t h e j o i n t ;
k n e ei n t h e e x t e n d e dp o s i t i o n . k n e ei n t h e e x t e n d e dp o s i t i o n .
I n t h i s i m a g i n gt e c h n i q u ec,o m p a c bt o n ea p p e a r sb L a c k
Fossa
intercondylaris
Capsula
articularis, Capsula
Lig popliteum articularis,
obliquum Lig popliteum
obliquum
Lig cruciatum
anterius Lig cruciatum
Lig cruciatum posterius*
posterius
Area
Area intercondylaris
intercondylaris posterior
anterior
Tibia
F i g . 1 2 9 2a , b K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ; a A n t e r i o rc r u c i a t eL i g a m e n tL, i g c r u c i a t u ma n t e r i u s I, A C L ]
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ; b P o s t e r i o cr r u c i a t et i g a m e n t L, i g .c r u c i a t u mp o s t e r i u sI,P C L )
the cruciate
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o n st o d e m o n s t r a t e T h ei n h o m o g e n ei si tdyu et o o b l i q u see c t i o n i nogf t h ef i b r eb u n d l e s
[rgaments;
k n e ei n t h e e x t e n d e do o s i t i o n
> Lowertimb
Articulatio
tibiofibularis,
Lig.capitisfibulaeanterius
Tuberositas
tibiae
Membranainterosseacruris
Malleolusmedialis
Malleoluslateralis Syndesmosls
tibiofibularis,
Lig tibiolibulare
anterius
F i g . 1 2 9 3 J o i n t so f t h e b o n e so f t h e L e g ;
ventralview.
Faciesarticularis
inferior
Facies articularismalleolimedialis
Malleoluslateralis
F i g . 1 2 9 1 T i b i a ,T i b i a ,a n d f i b u l . aF, i b u l . a ;
distaIview.
To pogn a p h y
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
of thefoot
Skeleton
Phalanx distalis
Fi1.1295 Skeletono f t h e f o o t ,O s s ap e d i s ;
proximaIview.
Phalanx proximalis
Caputphalangis
Corpusphalangis
Caputossismetatarsi
Basisphalangis
Corpusossismetatarsi
Basisossismetatarsi
Os cuneiforme
mediale
Os cuneiforme
I HalluxlDigitusprimus] ossis
Tuberositas
ll Digitussecundus Os cuneiforme quinti
metatarsi
lll Digitustertius intermedium
Os cuboideum
lV Digitusquartus
V Digitusminimus[quintus] Os naviculare
Caputtali
Calcaneus
Calcaneus
Phalanx distalis
Phalanx media
Phalanx proximalis
Ossa sesamoidea
Tuberositas
ossis
Ossametatarsil-V primi
metatarsi
Basisossis Os cuneiformemediale
metatarsi
lll-V
Os cuneiformeintermedium
Tuberositas
ossis
quinti
metatarsi Os cuneiformelaterale
S u l c u st e n d i n ims usculi
f i b u l a r il so n g i
Tuberositas
ossis Tuberositasossis navicularis
cuboidei
Calcaneus Caputtali
Talus
tali
Sustentaculum
Caput tali
Collum tali
Facies malleolaris
medialis
Corpustali
Proc posterior
tali,Tuberculum
mediale
Phalanx proximalis Sustentaculum
Phalanx media tali
Phalanx distalis
Ossasesamoidea Tuberositas
medialeet laterale metatarsiV
Basisossis Os cuboideum,
metatarsi
hallucis Tuberositas
ossiscuboidei
F i g . 1 2 9 7 S k e t e t o no f t h e f o o t ,O s s ap e d i s ;
mediatview
Ossatarsi
Articulatiotarsi transversa*
navtcutare
Os cuneiforme
intermedium
Os cuneiforme
laterale
Articulationes
tarsometatarsales**
Ossa metatarsi
Calcaneus
Trochlea
Tuber calcanei
Articulatiotarsi
transversa*
Sinustarsi Tuberositasossis
O sc u b o i d e u m metatarsiV Caputossismetatarsi
V
Articulationes
tarsometatarsales**
F i g . 1 2 9 8 S k e L e t oonf t h e f o o t ,O s s ap e d i s ;
[ateraIview.
* A t s oc: H o P A RjTo'isn t
+ +A t s o L: | S F R A Nj oCi'nst
Topogr a p h y
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Talusand calcaneus
Faciesarticularis
navicularis Caputtali
Caput tali
Collumtali
Proc lateralis C o l l u mt a l i
Facies tali
malleolaris
medialis sulcustali
Facies
malleolaris Corpustali
Corpustali lateralis
Proc lateralis
tali
Sulcustendinis
Trochleatali, musculiflexoris
Proc.posterior
tal Facies superior hallucislongi
I Facies articularis
Tuberculummedial
I calcanea posterior
Sulcustendinis ./ Proc posterior
tali,
hallucislongi Tuberculumlaterale Proc posterior
tali
Sustentaculum
tali
Facies articularistalaris media Faciesarticularistalarisposterior
Faciesarticularis
talarisanterior Sulcustendinismusculi
flexorishallucislongi
Facies articulariscuboidea
F i g . 1 3 0 1 C a l c a n e u sC, a L c a n e u s ;
medialview.
Faciesarticularis
talarisoosterior
Facies articularistalaris media
Trochleafibularis
talarisanterior
Faciesarticularis
Sulcuscalcanei
Faciesarticularis
cuboidea
Sulcustendinismusculi
Tuber calcanei fibularislongi
F i g . 1 3 0 2 C a L c a n e uC
s ,a l c a n e u s ;
lateraIview.
> Lowertimb MurscLes
Tarsalbones
Os metatarsi
ll
Os metatarsilll
Os metatarsiI
Os metatarsilV
Caputossis
metatarsi
US
Os cuneiformemediale Corpusossis metatarsi
V
metatarsi
Os cuneiformeintermedium s ossrs
rtarsi
)rositas
Os cuneiforme
laterale metatarsi
ti
S u l cu us st e n d i n i s
Os naviculare musculi
iculifibulari
fibularis
Tuberositas
ossisnavicularis Tuberositas
erositasos!
ossi S
cuboidei
oidei rboideum*
Facies articularisnavicularis
Caput tali articularis
(Facies al
catcanea)
Collum tali
Facies malleolarismedialis
Facies articulariscuboidea
Trochleatali Faciesarticularis
talaris
anterior
Facies malleolarislateralis
Facies articularistalaris media
Tuberculum mediale
Proc Facies articularistalaris
postenor Sulcustendinismusculi posterior
tali
flexorishallucislongi
Tuberculum laterale Calcaneus
Sustentaculum
tali
Sulcustendinismusculiflexorishallucislonoi
Proc. lateralis )
tuberis calcanei I r,,xo.
Proc.medialisI iir"""."i
tuberis calcanei/
F i g . 1 3 0 3 T a r s a bI o n e s , O s staa r s i ,
a n d m e t a t a r s abI o n e s ,O s s am e t a t a r s i ;
proximaLview.
* T h ec u b o i b
d o n ei s s h o w ni n a m e d i a I v i e w
To p o g r a p h y
Knee Leg Foot
Ossacuneiformia
Os naviculare
Os cuboideum Os cuboideum
Calcaneus
Os naviculare
Ossacuneiformia
Os metatarsill
Os metatarsiI
Calcaneus
ParstibiotalarisDosterior
Pars tibionavicularis
M tibialisposterior,Tendo
M tibialisanterior,
Tendo
posterius
Lig tibiolibulare
Tuber calcanei
Ligg tarsometatarsalia
plantaria Sulcus tendinis Lig calcaneo- Lig plantare longum
musculi libularis longi naviculareplantare
F i g . 1 3 0 6 J o i n t so f t h e f o o t ,A r t i c u L a t i o n epse d i s ;
L i g a m e n tasn d t e n d o n s ;
m e d i a tv i e w
Lig tibiofibulare
anterius
Lig talofibulareanterius
Lig talocalcaneum
interosseum
L4alleoluslateralis Lio. cuboideonavicularedorsale
Ligg cuneonaviculariadorsalia
Ligg metatarsaliadorsalia
Lig calcaneofibulare
Tendo
calcaneus'
Ligg metatarsalia
transversa
profunda
Lig calcaneo- Lig calcaneo- Ligg tarsometatarsalia dorsalia
Lig plantare longum navtcurare cuboideum M libularisIperoneus]
brevis,Tendo
Lig bifurcatum
F i g . 1 3 0 7 J o i n t so f t h e f o o t ,A r t i c u t a t i o n epse d i s ;
L i g a m e n tasn d t e n d o n s ;
Lateratview.
* ALso: Achitles tendon
Topog r a p h yI S e c ti o n s
Thigh Knee LeE Foot
Anklejoint
Lig tibiolibulareposterius
posterius
Lig talofibulare
l\4alleolusmedialis
posterius
Lig talocalcaneum
Talus
Lig calcaneolibulare
Lig talocalcaneummediale
Tendo calcaneus"
Calcaneus
Tuber calcanei
F i g . 1 3 0 8 J o i n t so f t h e f o o t ,A r t i c u t a t i o n epse d i s ;
l i g a m e n t sa n d t e n d o n so f t h e p o s t e r i o rp a r t o f t h e f o o t
* A l s oA : c h i [ [ et se n d o n
Fibula
Membrana
interossea
cruris
Facies articularisinferior
Lig tibiofibulare
anterius
Facies articularismalleolimedialis
Sulcus malleolaris
Malleoluslateralis
F i g . 1 3 0 9 A n k t ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t itoa t o c r u r a [ i s ;
p r o x i m aa L r t i c u t a rs u r f a c e s ;
distaLview.
> Lowertimb $urfaee lSkeletonl Musci.es
Hip
Joints of the foot
F i g . 1 3 1 0 J o i n t so f t h e f o o t ,A r t i c u t a t i o n epse d i s ;
p t a n t a rv i e w .
* W i t ht h el o n gp t a n t aLr i g a m etnhteg r o o vfeo rt h et e n d o n
o f t h ef i b u [ a r i[so n g u m
s usctei s e n c t o s ei n da c a n a L
Ligg collateralia
Ligg plantaria
Lig metatarsale
transversum
profundum
Basisossismetatarsi
I
plantaria
Ligg tarsometatarsalia
Os cuneiforme mediale
Tuberositas
ossis
quinti
metatarsi
Ligg cuneonaviculariaplantaria
S u l c u st e n d i n im
s usculi Lig cuboideonaviculareplantare
fibularis lperonei] longi*
Lrg
calcaneofibulare
Lig metatarsale
transversumprofundum
M fibularis
[peroneus]longus,
Tendo
Ligg metatarsalia
rLdr ra
Ligg tarsometa-
Prar
tarsaliaplantaria
lV1tibialisanterior,
Tendo
Ligg tarsi
fibularis[peroneus] plantaria
brevis,Tendo
Lig cuboideo-
Tuberositas
ossis naviculareplantare
cuboidei
M tibialisposterior,
Tendo
Lig calcaneonaviculare
plantare
Ligg tarsometatarsaliadorsalia
Os metatarsi ll
Os metatarsi lV
Os metatarsiI Os metatarsi
V
Lig talofibulare
Facies articularistalaris media anterius
Lig talocalcaneuminterosseum
(Faciesarticularis
Os naviculare talaris)
F i g . 1 3 1 t , T a l o t a r s aj o
I i n t ,A r t i c u L a t itoa t o t a r s a L i s ; T i g h t c o n n e c t i v et i s s u el a y e rb e t w e e nt h e p t a n t a rc a t c a n e o n a v l c u L a r
t h e t a t u sa n d t h e l a t e r a IL i g a m e n ths a v eb e e nr e m o v e d ; t i g a m e n at n d t h e t i b i o n a v t c u [ a p ra r t o f t h e d e t t o i dt i g a m e n It i m i t i n g
a m e d i a L tdyi r e c t e dg t i d i n go f t h e h e a do f t h e t a l u s ;s l a c k e n i n o gf this
l a t e r a Iv i e w .
l a y e rr e s u [ t si n f t a t t e n i n go f t h e t o n g i t u d i n avt a u t t I f t a t - f o o t p
, e sv a L g u s l
T h e t w o a r r o w sp o i n to u t t h e h e I i c a dL i s t o r s i o no f t h e
t a L o c a L c a n ei natIe r o s s e o u[si o a m e n t .
> Lowertimb M us c tes
Ankleand talotarsaljoint,sectlons
Metaphysis,Linea epiphysialis
Articulatio
talocruralis
Tibia, Malleolusmedialis
Nletaphysis,
Lineaepiphysialis Lig collateralemediale,
Pars tibiocalcanea
Corpustali
M tibialisposterior,Tendo
Fibula, Malleoluslateralis
Vagina tendinis musculitibialis
Lig talolibulareposterius posterioris
M flexordigitorum
longus,Tendo
Vaginatendinismusculiflexoris
Lig, calcaneofibulare digitorum
longi
Articulatiosubtalaris Betinaculum
musculorum
llexorum
Retinaculum
musculorum Articulatio
subtalaris
fibularium superius
lperoneorum]
M fibularis[peroneusj Lig talocalcaneum
interosseum
brevis,Tendo
V a g i n cao m m u n itse n d i n u m
musculorumfibularium lperoneorum] N plantarismedialis
M libularis[peroneus]
longus,Tendo (v plantarismedialis)
plantarismedialis
Retinaculum
musculorumfibularium
lperoneorum]inferius
M abductor hallucis
Calcaneus
M quadratus
plantae
M abductordigiti minimi A; N plantaris (V plantaris
lateralis; lateralis)
plantaris
Aponeurosis
M flexor digitorumbrevis
F i g .1 3 1 5 A n k L ea n dt a L o t a r s a t j o i n t ,
A r t i c u t a t i o n etsa L o c r u r a t iest t a l o t a r s a t i s :
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n .
M tricepssurae, Articulatiotalocruralis
Tendocalcaneus
Articulatio
subtalaris
I
(Articulatio
talotarsalis)
./ Articulatio |
/ talocalcaneonavicularis./
Os naviculare
Os cuneiformeintermedium
Articulatiotarsometatarsalis
Lig talocalcaneum M fibularis
[peroneus]longus,Tendo
Interosseum
Os metatarsi
ll
M interosseusdorsalisoedisI
Calcaneus
Tuber calcanei
F i g .1 3 1 6 A n k t ea n d t a t o t a r s a L j o i n t ,
A r t i c u [ a t i o n etsa [ o c r u r a L e
i st t a t o t a r s a t i s ;
cr^iit2l cortinn
* F a t p a do f t h e h e e l
T* p:uqr* prhy
ThiEh f{n*e i-e.q Foot
joint,radiography
Ankleand taLotarsal
Linea epiphysialis
Syndesmosistibiofibularis
Trochleatali
Articulatiotalocruralis Malleolusmedialis
l\4alleoluslateralis Talus
F i g .1 3 1 7 A n k L e j o i n t ,A r t i c u L a tti ao L o c r u r a L i s ; C l i n i c a L [ yt h, e p o s t e r i o rb o r d e ro f t h e f i b u L a rn o t c hi s a L s or e f e r r e dt o
A P - r a d i o g r a pw h i t h t h e s u b j e c tr e c L i n eadn d t h e c e n t r a Ib e a m a s t h e t h i r dm a t t e o t u s .
d i r e c t e dt a n g e n t i a L o
[ yn t ot h e t r o c h L e o af t a I u s .
Fibula
Linea epiphysialis-.
Articulatiotalocruralis
Trochleatali
Malleolusmedialis
Proc posteriortali
Malleoluslateralis
Articulatiosubtalaris.
Collum tali
Sinustarsi Caput tali
Articulatio
*
talocalcaneonavicularis
Sustentaculum
tali
Os naviculare
Tuber calcanei
F i g .1 3 1 8 A n k L ea n dt a t o t a r s a L j o i n t , * D u e t o t h e i rh e I i c a dI i s t o r s i o nt h
, e j o i n t c t e f t sa r e n o t d i s p t a y e d
A r t i c uL a t i o n etsa L o c r u r a t ei st t a L o t a r sI a
is; orthogonatty
* * O v e r [ a p p i negp i p h y s e aI it n e so f t h e t i b i aa n d f i b u t a
A P - r a d i o g r a pwhi t ht h e s u b j e c rt e c L i n eadn dt h e c e n t r a b I eam
d i r e c t e dt a n g e n t i a [ yo n t ot h e a p e xo f t h e t r o c h L e o
af t a L u s
> Lowertimb >>lttl Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Fasciaeof thelowerlimb
M tensorlasciae
latae Funiculus
spermaticus
CornusuPerius
MargeI Hiatussaphenus,
Fasciacribrosa
falciformis Cornuinferius
I
V saphena magna
Tractus iliotibialis
Fascia lata
Patella
Retinaculum Bursasubcutanea
patellaelaterale prepatellaris
Lig patellae
Caput fibulae
Bursasubcutanea
infrapatellaris
Fasciacruris
Fasciacruris
Tibia,Margoanterior
M tibialisanterior,
Tendo
Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum
supeflus
Betinaculummusculorum
extensorum inferius
M extensor
digitorum
longus,Tendines M extensor hallucisbrevis
M. extensor hallucislongus,
tenoo
Fascia dorsalis pedis
F i g . 1 3 1 9 F a s c i al a t a ,F a s c i al a t a ,a n d d e e pf a s c i ao f [ e g ,
F a s c i ac r u r i s .
T h e t r a n s i t i o nz o n eb e t w e e nt h e a p o n e u r o s ios f t h e e x t e r n a l
o b t i o u ea b d o m i n a m I u s c t ea n d t h e f a s c i al a t a i s k n o w na s
i n g u i n a ILi g a m e n tT. h i s I i g a m e n te x t e n d s[ a t e r a L tfyr o m t h e
a n t e r i o rs u p e r i o ri I i a cs p i n et o i t s a t t a c h m e n ot n t h e p u b i c
t u b e r c [ em e d i a t L y .
* 0 p e n i n gi sn t h ef a s c i fao rt h ep e r f o r a t o ver i n s( D o D Dv' e
s insl
Topography
Thigh Leg Foot
Fasciaeof the lowerlimb
(Fascia glutea)
M tensor
fasciaelatae
Sulcusglutealis
M gastrocnemius
M. gastrocnemius,
Tendo
lvlalleolusmedialis Tendocalcaneus
F i g . 1 3 2 0 F a s c i a[ a t a ,F a s c i a[ a t a ,
a n d d e e pf a s c i ao f l e g ,F a s c i ac r u r i s .
> Lowertimb
Musclesof thelowerlimb,overview
lvl iliacus
vr irioo.o".
{, psoas major
M pectineus
M sartorius
M adductor longus
M vastuslateralis
M gracilis
quadflceps M rectusfemoris
femoris
M vastus medialis
M fibularis[peroneus]
longus
M gastrocnemius,
Caput mediale
M tibialisanterior
M soleus
M extensor
digitorum
longus
lvl extensor
hallucis
longus
F i g , 1 3 2 1 M u s c L eos f t h e l o w e r I i m b ,M m e x t r e m i t a t i si n f e r i o r i s ;
> T r + 2 , f! + 4T
, l+5,
T l+7,Tl+8 overvtew.
Tn pogr a p h y
Thigh Leg Foot
M g l u t e um
s edius
M gluteusmaximus
lvl semitendinosus
l\il biceps femoris
M semimembranosus
M gastrocnemius
Tendo calcaneus
lvl quadratus
lumborum
M obliouusinternus
abdominis
l\4 transversus
abdominis
M. psoasmajor
lvl,iliacus
M piriformis
pectineus
l\,1.
M gluteusminimus
M obturatoriusexternus
l\il vastuslateralis l\4 adductorlongus
M adductor brevis
M iliopsoas
M gracilis
M semimembranosus
genus
M articularis
M adductormagnus
M quadriceps
femoris
M vastus medialis
M bicepsfemoris
Lig collaterale
fibulare
patellae
Retinaculum M sartorius
laterale
M gracilis
Tractus iliotibialis
lvl semitendinosus
l\4 extensor digitorum
tongus Lig patellae
M fibularis
[peroneus]longus [/ tibialis
anterior
F i g . ' 1 3 2 3 O r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e sa t t h e
L o w e r[ u m b a rv e r t e b r a et,h e p e L v i b c o n e s t, h e f e m u r a n d
t h e p r o x i m ae
I x t r e m i t i e so f t h e b o n e so f t h e [ e g ;
ventraIview.
til
To pogr a p h y ,i]r;
)rigins and insertionsof the musclesof the hip,the thighand the leg
M. obliouus abdominis
externus
M. gluteusmedius
M, gluteusminimus
l\il piriformis
l\4 tensor fasciae latae
l\4 gluteusmaximus
M obturatorius
internus
M piriformis
lvl rectusfemoris
M obturatorius
externus
l\4 gemellus
superior M gluteusmedius
l\4.gluteusminimus
M. obturatorius
internus
musculigluteimedii
Bursatrochanterica
M. levatorani
l\4 quadratusfemoris
perineiprofundus
M transversus
Bursasubculaneatrochanterica
M gluteusmaximus
Bursaischiadica
musculi
obturatorii
interni M pectineus
M. adductormagnus
M gemellus inferior
M, semitendinosus M adductorbrevis
M iliopsoas M vastus medialis
M vastusintermedius
M adductorlongus
M biceps femoris
l\4 vastuslateralis
l\4 adductormagnus
M gastrocnemius
Bursasubtendinea
musculigastrocnemii
medialis
M plantaris
M semimembranosus
Lig collateralefibulare
M sartorius
l\/ gracilis M biceps femoris
M semitendinosus l\4,popliteus
M semimembranosus M. soleus
musculisolei
Arcustendineus
Foramennutricium
lvl soleus
M tibialisposterior
M flexordigitorum
longus
F i g , 1 3 2 t , 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e sa t ) T 4 3 - T4 6 , T4 9 , T5 0
t h e p e L v ib c o n e s t, h e f e m u r a n d t h e p r o x i m a eI x t r e m i t i e s
o f t h e b o n e so f t h e [ e g ;
dorsaIview.
> Lowertimb >>l Surfmce l$[ceLertnnl Muscles
Musclesof thethigh
F i g . 1 3 2 5 T e n s o rf a s c i a e , . q u a d r i c e p fse m o r i s
Q u a d r i c e pfse m o r i sm u s c L eM
[ a t a em u s c t e ,M t e n s o r
f a s c i a eI a t a e ,a n d s a r t o r i u s
m u s c t e ,M . s a r t o r i u s .
l\il pectineus
l\4 adductorlongus
M adductor brevis
l\4 gracilis
M adductor
magnus
A d d u c t o rm u s c t e s M
. m.adductores l I i o p s o a sm u s c t e ,M i I i o p s o a s
To p o g r a p h y
Thigh Leg Foot
psoas major
M iliopsoas
{. iliacus (M psoasminor)
Lig inguinale
Arcusiliopectineus
l/ iliopsoas
Lig pectineum
M tensor tasciae latae
M pectineus
M rectusfemoris
M adduclorlongus
M. sartorius
M gracilis
M vastuslateralis
M vastusmedialis
Fascia lata, Tractus iliotibialis
prepatellaris
Bursasubtendinea
Femur,Condylusmedialis
Lig patellae
Caput libulae
Bursa subcutaneainfrapatellaris
%,
Promontorium
M sartorius
l\4 piriformis
M tensor tasciae latae
Lig sacrospinale
M gluteusmedius
Pecten ossis pubis
Lig pubicumsuperius
M gracilis
Septumintermusculare
vastoadductorium
M quadricepsIemoris*
M sartorius
Fascia lata
M, rectus femoris,Tendo
Femur,Condylusmedialis
Lig patellae
F i g .1 3 3 0 M u s c t e o s f t h e t h i g ha n d t h e h i p ;
> I I + 2 , I l + l + , lT+ 5
a f t e r r e m o v a L otfh e f a s c i a[ a t a ,t h e t e n s o rf a s c i a e[ a t a e
m u s c l ea n d t h e s a r t o r i u sm u s c t e .
* T h ef o u r t hh e a do f t h eq u a d r i c e p msu s c l et h
, ev a s t u isn t e r m e d i u s
musc[e, is covered bythe rectusfemorismuscle
To p o g r a p h yI Se c ti o n s
Thigh Leg Foot
Musclesof the thigh
M iliopsoas
M. piriformis
M sartorius
( iliaca
Bursasubtendinea
caPutrectum-
M rectusfemoris**.i
rellexum
luaput
Pectenossispubis
M gluteusmedius
Lig iliolemorale
M iliopsoas M pectineus
M adductor
brevis
M adductorlongus
M adductormagnus
Hiatusadductorius
Fascia lata
M vastusmedialis
M vastusintermedius
Femur,Epicondylus
medialis
Lig patellae
F i g .1 3 3 1 M u s c L eosf t h e t h i g ha n dt h e h i p ; + C o m m o ni n s e r t i o no f t h e s a r t o r i u sg, r a c i t i sa n d s e m i t e n d i n o s u s
d e e pL a y e ar f t e r r e m o v a oI f t h e s a r t o r i u st,h e r e c t u sf e m o r i s m u s c t e sj u s t b e t o wt h e m e d i a Ic o n d y l eo f t h e t i b i a
* * T h e o r i g i n o f t h e r e c t u sf e m o r i s m u s c t eh a s b e e nf t a p p e dt a t e r a l t y
a n d t h e a d d u c t o rL o n g u sm u s c t e sa s w e I La s p a r t so f t h e
upwards
s u s c t ei n t h e j o i n tr e g i o n .
i t i o p s o am * * * A p a r t o f t h e a d d u c t o r[ o n g u sm u s c t eh a s b e e nf t a p p e du p w a r d s .
> T I + 2 , Tl + 4 , I t + 5
> Lowertimb Surface lSkeletonl Muscles
M iliopsoas
lvl sartorius
M piriformis
M. rectustemoris
Canalisobturatorius
gluteusmedius M adductorlongus
M obturatoriusexternus
l\4 iliopsoas
M adductor brevis
M pectineus Trochanter
minor
M adductorminimus
M adductorbrevis
M adductormagnus
M vastuslateralis
M adductorlongus
M gracilis
M vastus medialis
Hiatusadductorius
lvl vastusintermedius
M gracilis,Tendo
> I 4 2 , T4 / + , 4
T5 F i g . 1 3 3 2 M u s c t e so f t h e t h i g ha n d t h e h i p ;
a f t e r a t m o s tc o m p t e t er e m o v a I o fs u p e r f i c i aaI n d
s e v e r ad I e e p e rm u s c t e s ;
ventratview.
'M0rA
lerpau.r
9 ' L - Z ' L ' e Z ZL ? : d ! qa q l p u e r . l 6 r qe]q t j o s a l r s n N e e e l ' 6 l l
snuDeuropnppe'nl
y!
snsourpualru.ros suoural snlca|lil
unouol1nde3'suouelsdactqy\ sr;rcer6 y1
sn0uolJopnppE'yI
snurxeusneln;6y1
srqndsrsso
JOlralur
snueu
ilqcsrsrssosnuleH srlerouro]V
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snuouesyI
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snutLl.l
urncrperqcsruaurelol
areunce;611
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etcsel :snuolPJnlqo'N
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snao^ccocorqJst
li\ roueonssnureu
e u r e u a B c e lnl !: V
(aurolurdeJlur
ueulero3)
snaulsaoorIsncJV
sruuolurdli\ sllaoulol N
Proualue sllErouol u
'srlerourelolruoo
erlErcPsEUrureJol N
'611
e;eurnbur
(auro;urdetdnsuoujelol)
srlPlelPlsuor.uel
s!lerces
srlEuEc snauelncN
ro!JoonsrolJaluP
srqnosrssoualcad ece!t!eutos
opual
'(roufl-u
seosd'W)
unJcesso
eroualuE ecerltolces 66t"1 roleu seosd !\
'ecerlrorceso[elnsruv
srlerqeua^
srpue3
tt6!qlaql Jo sapsn4
looj 6at q6!ql
suorllas | ,{qder6odol
'olq a q l ' s n r p a t us n a l n l 6 ' t / {
lo sallsnur
' a l l s n u Js n r p a u sr n a l n l e g e e l ' 6 l l
l e s J o pd a a o 4ec r '6!r
suoualsnlPrpenby!
roualursnllaua0 y!
snulalul
snuolPJnlqo y!
rouadnssnllauao y!
srrlroluro y!
snrpau
snalnlon
snururur
snalnloti\
'snuJrxeu s n a l n lo hl ' q O l q lo q ]
J os a l l s n u r
' a l l s n u rs n L u r x e us n o l n l g g e e ' 6 l l
t lesroo teel'6ll
snsourpuelruos
l
snutxpul
snalnl0 y\
dltl atil pue q6gl aLlllo sapsnry
dltt s!^lad MaTAJAA0
solrsnr{ luo}alo{sl arP}rn5 qull JattAo'l<
To p o g r a p h yI S e cti o n s
Thigh Leg Foct
M erectorspinae,
Fasciathoracolumbalis
M gluteus medius, Fascia
M gluteusmaximus
Trochanter major
Sulcusglutealis
Tractus iliotibialis
Fascia lata
lvl gluteusmaximus,
Tendo
s f t h e t h i g ha n dt h e h i p .
F i g .1 3 3 8 M u s c t e o
Crista iliaca
M latissimusdorsi, Aponeurosis
M gluteusmaximus
M ,g l u t e u m
s edius
( (Foramen
Foramen I suPrapiriforme)
ischiadicum1
majus | (Foramen
I infrapiriforme) M piriformis
Ramusinferiorossispubis
Tuberischiadicum Bursatrochanterica
musculigluteimaximi
Ramusossisischii M quadratus
femoris
l\4,gracilis
M gluteusmaximus
M adductor magnus
M adductorminimus
M semitendinosus
M adduclor magnus
bicepsfemoris,
C a p u lto n g u m
Tuberositasglutea
* T h e p a r t o f t h e o b t u r a t o ri n t e r n u sm u s c l eb e t w e e nt h e c u r v e de d g e
F i g .1 3 3 9 M u s c t e o s f t h e t h i g ha n d t h e h i p ;
t h e g l u t e u sm a x i m u sm u s c t eh a s b e e ns e c t i o n e d ; o f t h e l e s s e rs c i a t i cn o t c ha n d t h e i n s e r t i o ni n t h e t r o c h a n t e r i cf o s s a
d o r s a tv i e w . f r e q u e n t l cy o n s i s t so f t e n d i n o u sb a n d s
) T 4 3 , I I + 5 , T4 6
> Lowertimb Muscles
Crista iliaca
M gluteusmedius
M g l u t e um
s inimus
(Foramen
suprapiriforme)
I/ gluteusmaximus
M piriformis
(Foramen
infrapiriforme) N4gemellus
superior
lvl tensorfasciaelatae
l\il obturatorius
internus
M gemellus
inferior
Lig sacrotuberale
M quadratus
femoris
M obturatoriusinternus
M gluteusmedius
Tuberischiadicum
Trochanter
major
Bursalrochanterica
musculigluteimaximi
M adductormagnus
lvl gluteusmaximus
M adductorminimus
M adductormagnus
M gracilis
M semitendinosus
M vastuslateralis
M biceps temoris, Caput longum
M. bicepsfemoris,Caputbreve
M semitendinosus,Tendo A poplilea
lvl semimembranosus,
Tendo
M gastrocnemius,Caput laterale
M gastrocnemius,Caput mediale
lvl gluteusmedius
M gluteusminimus
M gluteusmaximus L4 gemellusinferior
Tendo
internus,
M obturatorius
M piriformis
musculigluteimedii
Bursatrochanterica
(Foramen
infrapiriforme)
Trochantermajor
M gemellus
superior
externus
M obturatorius
M obturatorius
inlernus
Bursaischiadica
musculiobturatorii
interni M quadratus
femoris
M
M gluteusmaximus
M adductorminimus
M gracilis
M adductor magnus
M vastuslateralis
M semimembranosus
lV bicepsfemoris,Caputlongum
M semitendinosus.Tendo Fossapoplitea
M semimembranosus,Tendo
M gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale M. gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale
F i g .1 3 4 1 M u s c t e o s f t h e t h i g ha n dt h e h i p ; )I t + 3 , T4 5 , Tt 6
d e e pL a y e ar f t e ra t m o s tc o m p l e t er e m o v a o I f the
s u p e rifc i a L g t u t e aa nI dt h e i s c h i o c r u r amLu s c L e s ;
dorsaIview.
> Lowerlimb Surfaee lSkeletonl Muscles
Hip
Musclesof the thighand the hip
M obliquus
externusabdominis
Cristailiaca.Labiumexternum
SDinailiaca anteriorsuoerior
M gluteusmaximus
M. reclus femoris
Tractus iliotibialis
M vastuslateralis
M biceps femoris, Caput longum
Tractus iliotibialis
M semimembranosus
M bicepsfemoris,Caputbreve
l\4 gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale
lvl sartorius
l\4 gracilis, Tendo
M semimembranosus,Tendo
Tendo
M semitendinosus,
Retinaculumoatellaemediale
Corpusadiposum
infrapatellare
Lig patellae
M gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale
F i g . 1 3 4 3 M u s c t e si n t h e r e g i o no f t h e k n e ej o i n t ;
> f I r 4 - Tt 6 , T4 9
mediaLview
* C o m m o inn s e r t i oj u
n s tb e t o w t h em e d i acI o n d y toef t h et i b i a
l f o r m e r tkyn o w na ss u p e r f i c ipaet sa n s e r i n uP
s ,e sa n s e r i n ussu p e r f i c i a [ i s l
M vastuslateralis
M adductor magnus
lvl bicepsfemoris,Caputbreve
M gracilis
Femur,Lineaaspera
Hiatusadductorius
M vastusmedialis
lvl bicepsfemoris,Caputlongum
M adductormagnus,Tendo
M semimembranosus,Tendo
lvl gracilis,Tendo
M semitendinosus.
Tendo lvl gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale
M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale
)rigins andinsertionsof the musclesof the thighand the ventralpart of the leg
Tractusiliotibialis
l\/ gracilis
M quadricepsfemoris
M sartorius
lvl tibialisanterior
l\4 fibularis[peroneus]
tongus
M. extensor
digitorum
tongus
fibularisIperoneusl
brevis
F i g . 1 3 4 5 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e s
a t t h e b o n e so f t h e l e g ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w
To p o g r a p h y
Thigh Leg Foot
of themusclesof thethighand the dorsalpart of the leg
}rigins and insertions
M popliteus
M soleus
M tibialisposterior
M. fibularis[peroneus]
M flexordigitorum
longus rongus
M flexorhallucislongus
M fibularislperoneus]
orevts
M. flexorhallucislongus,Tendo
M fibularislperoneus]
brevis,Tendo
lvl.tibialisposterior,Tendo
M llexordigitorum
longus,Tendo
Musclesof theLeg
Fig.1317 Extensor
m u s c L eosf t h e[ e g .
M tibialisanterior
M fibularis[peroneus]
longus
Iperoneus]
L a t e r a [[ fi b u l . a rm
] uscLes
M flexorhallucis
l o n gu s
(Chiasma crurale)
lvl.soleus
(Chiasma tarsale)
Tendo calcaneus
Tibia,
Condylus medialis
Tuberositastibiae
M gaslrocnemius
M extensor
digitorum
longus
Septumintermusculare
crurisanterius
M extensor M tibialisanterior,Tendo
longus
digitorum
M extensor
h a l l u c i sl o n g u s
Malleolusmedialis
lvlalleoluslateralis
Retinaculummusculorum
extensoruminferius
l\il extensor digitorum
longus,Tendines
M extensor hallucis
longus,Tendo
M fibularislperoneus]
tertius,Tendo
M exlensor
lvl extensor
digitorum brevis
hallucisbrevis
F i g . 1 3 5 1 M u s c L eos f t h e [ e ga n d t h e f o o t .
> Lowertimb Surface lSkel.etonl Muscles
Hip
Musclesof the leg
M semitendinosus
M semimembranosus
M gracilis
M semitendinosus,Tendo
M semimembranosus,Tendo
M gaslrocnemius,
Caputmediale M gastrocnemius,Caput laterale
Fasciacruris
N4alleolusmedialis -------------t-
Malleoluslateralis
Tendo calcaneus*
Tuber calcanei
F i g . 1 3 5 2 M u s c l e so f t h e L e g ;
s r r n p rifr i a l l r v c r
* A l s o : A c h i t l e st e n d o n
Topngraphy
Thigh Leg Font
Musclesof the leg
l\4 gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale
M biceps femoris
M semimembranosus
Bursasubtendinea
musculi lvl gastrocnemius,
Capullaterale
gastrocnemii
medialis
Bursamusculisemimembranosi
Lig popliteum
obliquum Lig popliteum
arcuatum
Tibia,Condylus medialis
l\4 plantaris
A ; V poplitea;Arcus
tendineus
musculisolei
M soleus
M plantaris,
Tendo
M gastrocnemius
longus
M libularislperoneus]
M gastrocnemius,Tendo
M llexor hallucislongus
M flexor digitorum longus
M tibialisposterior.Tendo Seotumintermusculare
crurisDosterius
Malleolusmedialis
Tendo calcaneus*
Retinaculummusculorum
Retinaculummusculorumflexorum fibularium superius
lperoneorum]
Tuber calcanei
F i g . 1 3 5 3 M u s c L eos f t h e l e g ;
s u p e r f i c i a[[a y e ra f t e r p a r t i a Ir e m o v a I
o f t h e g a s t r o c n e m i um s uscLe.
* ALso: Achi[[es tendon
> Lowertimb Surface lSketetonl Muscles
Musclesof theleg
M biceps femoris
Bursasubtendinea
musculi
gastrocnemii
medialis M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale
Bursamusculisemimembranosi
M plantaris
M semimembranosus,Tendo
Lig popliteumobliquum
M popliteus
M tibialisposterior
M soleus
Fibula,Margointerosseus
M flexordigitorum
longus
l\4 tibialisposterior
M fibularis[peroneus]
longus
M flexor hallucislongus
M a l l e o l ums e d i a l i s
M tibialisposterior,
Tendo
M flexor hallucislongus,Tendo
Retinaculum
musculorum
flexorum
Betinaculum
musculorum
fibularium
superius
[peroneorum]
Tendo calcaneus"
Tuber calcanei
F i g . 1 3 5 4 M u s c [ e so f t h e l e g ;
deep tayer.
* A t s oA: c h i [ [ et se n d o n
To p o g r a p h y
ThiEh Leg Foot
Musclesof the leg
lil gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale
Bursasubtendinea
musculi
gastrocnemii
medialis
M plantaris
Bursamusculisemimembranosi
M popliteus
-----f
Tibia,CondylusmeOialis M. bicepsfemoris,
Tendo
i,, ,
Recessus
suboooliteus
M popliteus
M flexordigitorum
longus
l\4tibialisposterior
M flexor hallucislongus
l\,4tibialisposterior,Tendo
M flexor hallucislongus,Tendo
lvl flexordigitorum
longus,Tendo
M fibularislperoneus]
brevis
Retinaculum
musculorum
flexorum
Retinaculum f ibularium
musculorum
superius
[peroneorum]
Tendo calcaneus
F i g .1 3 5 5 M u s c L eos f t h e l e g ;
doonoqt lerror
> Lowertimb
Tractus
iliotibialis
l\4 tibialisanterior
Septumintermusculare
crurisanterius
l\4 extensor digitorum longus
M fibularis[peroneus]
brevis
M tibialisanterior,Tendo
M extensor hallucislongus
Tendo calcaneus
Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum
inferius
Malleolus
lateralis
Retinaculum
musculorum
fibularium superius
lperoneoruml
Tuber calcanei M extensor
hallucisbrevis
M fibularis[peroneus]
longus,Tendo
M. extensor
digitorum
longus,Tendines
Betinaculum
musculorum
fibularium inferius
Iperoneorum]
M fibularis[peroneus]
brevis,Tendo
M extensor brevis
diqitorum
- T 4 9 , T5 1
> I t+7 F i g . 1 3 5 6 M u s c l e so f t h e L e ga n d t h e f o o t .
Topography
Thigh Leg
1riginsand insertions
of the musclesof the thefootand the leg
M. tricepssurae,Tendocalcanous
M. extensordioitorumbrevis:
M. extensorhallucisbrevi6
M. fibularislperoneus]brevis
M. fibularislporoneus]tertius
M. abductor
digitiminimi Mm. interosseidorsalespedis
Mm.interosseiplantares
M. abductorhallucis
Mm.extensoreshallucislongusst brevis
Mm.extensorgsdigitorumlonguset brevis
F i g .1 3 5 7 O r i g i nas n di n s e r t i o nosf t h em u s c t e s
>T4t,T48,T51,
a t t h eb o n e so f t h ef o o t ; T53,T54
dorsaIview.
> Lowertimb tt
Tendonsheaths
of thefoot
longus
M extensordigitorum
M tibialisanterior,Tendo
l\4 extensorhallucislongus
Lig tibiofibulare
anterius
Retinaculum
musculorum Malleolus
medialis
extensorum
interius
Malleoluslateralis
Vaginatendinismusculitibialisanterioris
hallucislongi
Vaginatendinismusculiextensoris
Retinaculum
musculorumfibularium
Iperoneorum]inferius
Vaginacommunis
tendinummusculorum
fibularium
lperoneorum]
M fibularislperoneus]
brevis,Tendo
l\4 extensor
digitorum
brevis
Tendo
M tibialisanterior,
Tuberositas quinti
ossismetatarsi
M extensorhallucisbrevis
M abductor
digitiminimi
Ligg tarsometatarsaliadorsalia
f ibularislperoneus]
tertius,Tendo
(M opponens
digitiminimi)
Corpusossismetatarsi
I
M extensor longus,Tendines
digitorum
l\il extensor hallucisbrevis,Tendo
Mm interossei
dorsalesoedis
lvl extensorhallucislongus,
Tendo
, a g i n a et e n d i n u m ,
F i g . 1 3 5 8 T e n d o ns h e a t h sV
of the foot
T o p o g r a p h yI Se cti o n s
Thigh Leg Foot
sheathsof the foot
Tendon
M. extensor hallucislongus,Tendo
lvl extensor
digitorum
longus
Tendo calcaneus
Retinaculum
musculorum
fibularium inlerius
lperoneorum]
brevis,Tendo
M fibularislperoneus]
, a g i n a et e n d i n u m o
F i g . 1 3 5 9 T e n d o ns h e a t h sV , f thefoot.
Vaginatendinismusculi
Vagina tendinis musculi tibialisanterioris tibialisposterioris
Vaginatendinismusculi
llexorisdigitorum
longi
Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum
inferius
Vaginatendinismusculi
flexorishallucislongi
M abductor hallucis
, f thefoot.
, a g i n a et e n d i n u m o
F i g . 1 3 6 0 T e n d o ns h e a t h sV
> Lowertimb Sunface lSkel.etonl Muscles
Musclesof thefoot
M tibialisanterior,Tendo
M extensorhallucislongus
Malleolusmedialis
l\4alleolus lateralis
Retinaculummusculorumextensorum inlerius
M fibularis[peroneus]
brevis,Tendo
Retinaculum
musculorumfibularium
[peroneorum]inferius
lvl extensordigitorumbrevis
M tibialisanterior,Tendo
lM fibularislperoneus]
tertius,Tendo
M extensorhallucislongus,
Tendo
l\4 extensor
digitorum
longus,Tendines
M extensorhallucisbrevis
M abductordigiti minimi
Articulatiometatarsophalanqea
hallucis.Caosula articularis-
Mm interossei
dorsalesoedis
)r47,T51,T53 F i g . 1 3 6 1 M u s c t e so f t h e f o o t ;
a f t e rr e m o v a o
I f t h e t e n d o ns h e a t h s .
Tnpogr a p h y
Thigh LeU Foot
Musclesof the foot
M fibularislperoneus]
tertius
M tibialisanterior,Tendo
[/ extensor longus
digitorum
M extensor hallucislongus
Malleoluslateralis
Retinaculum extensorum
musculorum
inferius
l\4 tibularis[peroneus]
brevis,Tendo
M fibularislperoneus]
tertius,Tendo
Mm interossei
dorsales
pedrs
M extensor brevis,
digitorum
Tendines
M extensor digitorum longus,
Tendines
F i g . 1 3 6 2 M u s c L eos f t h e f o o t : >T47,T51,T53
a f t e rs e c t i o no f t h e i n f e r i o r
extensor etinacutum.
> Lowerlimb tt tat"t
Hip
Musclesof the foot
Fasciculitransversi
plantaris
Aponeurosis
(Eminentiaplantarislateralis)
(Eminentiaplantarismedialis)
Malleolusmedialis
M abductor hallucis
l\4alleoluslateralis
Bursasubcutanea
calcanea
F i g . 1 3 6 3 M u s c l e so f t h e f o o t ;
p L a n t aar p o n e u r o s i sA,p o n e u r o s i ps t a n t a r i s .
T o p o g r a p h yI Se cti o n s
Thigh Leg Foot
0riginsandinsertionsof the musclesof the footand the leg
M. flexordigitorum
brevis
M flexordigitorum
longus
M flexorhallucislongus,Tendo
M adductorhallucis,
Caputtransversum
M adductorhallucis,
Caputobliquum
Mm interosseiplantares
l\il abductor hallucis
Ossasesamoidea
M abductor digiti minimi
M abductor hallucis,Tendo
M flexor hallucisbrevis
t
I
I
+ longus
M fibularis[peroneus]
I
I
dorsalespedis
Mm interossei al
fl
M tibialisanterior
M flexordigitiminimibrevis
lvl abductor
digitiminimi M abductorhallucis
,
M adductorhallucis,
Caputobliquum
M. tibialisposterior
M fibularis longus,Tendo
lperoneus]
M quadratus plantae
brevis
M flexordigitorum
F i g . 1 3 6 1 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c l e s )T47,T48,T50,
a t t h e b o n e so f t h e f o o t ; T 52-T 54
plantarview.
> Lowertimb Surface lSke[etonl Muscles
Hip
Musclesof the foot
Vaginaetendinum digitorumpedis
Parscruciformis
Vaginatendinismusculi
flexorishallucislongi
Parsanularis
M flexor hallucislongus,Tendo
Mm lumbricales
pedislv-l
M flexor hallucisbrevis
M adductorhallucis,
Caput
transversum
plantaris
M interosseus lll
l\4 abductorhallucis
plantaris
Aponeurosis
Tuber calcanei
F i g . 1 3 5 5 M u s c t e so f t h e f o o t ;
t h e p t a n t a ra 0 o n e u r o s i hs a s b e e nr e m o v e d
T o p o g r a p h yI S e c t i o n s
Thinh I- v :o, n Foot
Musclesof the foot
flexor hallucislongus,Tendo
Vaginaetendinum digitorumpedis
M flexordigitorum
longus,
Tendines
M flexor hallucisbrevis
M interosseus
dorsalispedislV
M fibularis[peroneus]longus,Tendo
M abductor hallucis
M quadratus
plantae
l/ flexordigitorum
brevis
l\4 abductor
digitiminimi
Tuber calcanei
F i g . 1 3 6 6 M u s c l e so f t h e f o o t ;
) T 50,T 52-T stl
Lf t h e
m i d d t eL a y ear f t e r a L m o sct o m p t e t er e m o v a o
f t e x o rd i g i t o r u mb r e v i sm u s c L e .
> Lowertimb Surface lSkeletonl Musctes
Musclesof thefoot
M flexor hallucislongus,Tendo
brevis,Tendines
M, flexordigitorum
Caputobliquum
Mm inlerosseiplantares lll et ll
l\4 interosseus
dorsalispedislV lvl flexorhallucisbrevis
(M opponens
digitiminimi)
M libularislperoneus]
longus,Tendo
M quadratus
plantae M flexor digitorum longus,Tendo*
M tibialisposterior,Tendo
Retinaculum
musculorum
flexorum
Lig plantarelongum
M flexorhallucislongus,Tendo*
M abductor digiti minimi
l\4 abductor hallucis
plantaris
Aponeurosis
f,4 flexor digitorumbrevis
Mm.interossei
dorsalespedisl-lV
i u s c L e sM, m i n t e r o s s edi o r s a t e sp e d i s ;
F i g . 1 3 6 8 D o r s a Ii n t e r o s s em
dorsaLview.
Mm inlerossei
p l a n t a r el sl l - l
i u s c L e sM, m i n t e r o s s epi L a n t a r e s ;
F i g . 1 3 6 9 P L a n t airn t e r o s s em
p L a n t avr i e w .
> Lowertimb
plexus
Lumbosacral
N, subcostalis
R cutaneuslateralis
N i l i o h y p o g a s t r i(cTu1s2 ,L 1 )
N i l i o i n g u i n a l i(sT 1 2 , L 1 ) Plexuslumbalis
/^.
I H, Iemorails
N o e n i t o f e m o r a l i(sL 1 . 2') {
R. genitalis
\
N femoralis (L2-4)
(L2-4)
N. obturatorius
N gluteussuperior(L4,5; Sl )
Truncuslumbosacralis Plexussacralis
N .g l u t e u isn f e r i o(r1 5 ;S 1 ,2 )
I N ,f i b u l a r i s
tcommunts
N. tscnradrcus I
( L a ,5 ; S 1- 3 ) I
I
-
\ N. tibialis
Plexus
coccygeus
DC
(S1-3)
femorisposterior
N cutaneus
Co
N pudendus
(S2-4)
Nn analeslrectales]
inferiores
N, coccygeus N anococcygeus
F i g .1 3 7 0 L u m b o s a c raanI dc o c c y g epaLI e x u s ,
tredtl P t e x u[su m b o s a c r a(t P i st e x u[su m b a Lei st s a c r a t i se]t c o c c y g e u s ;
s e g m e n t aoIr g a n i s a t i o n
fnerves.
Thigh Poplitealfossa Leg Foot
Nervesof the lower limb
N iliohypogastricus
N ilioinguinalis
N. cutaneus
femorislateralis
N. genitofemoralis
N. femoralis
N. gluteussuprior
N. gluteusinferior
N obturatorius
N. pudendus
N. cutaneus
lemorisposterior
N. ischiadicus
N. saphenus
N. cutaneussurae
medialis
N. cutaneussuraelateralis
tibularis
R. communicans
N. saphenus
N. suralis
N cutaneusdorsalis
intermedius
N. cutaneus
dorsalismedialis N. cutanusdorsalislateralis
N. olantarislateralis
N. Dlantaris medialis
dorsalespedis
Nn.digitales
Cutaneous
innervation
S2
DJ
S4
DC
F i g , 1 3 7 3 S e g m e n t acI u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n
ldermatomes] F i g , 1 3 7 4 S e g m e n t acI u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o (nd e r m a t o m e s ]
of the lower [imb. o f t h e l o w e r[ i m b .
Thigh F o p l l t e a if n s s a Leg Fn*t
Cutaneous
innervation
N iliohypogastricus,
R cutaneus lateralis
N iliohypogastricus,
R cutaneus lateralis
N cutaneus
femoris
posterior,
Nn clunium
inferiores
N cutaneus
lemorisposterior
N femoralis,
Rr cutanei
anleriores N obturatorius,
R cutaneus
N obturatorius,
R cutaneus
N fibularis
N saphenus, communrs,
R infrapatellaris N cutaneus
(N femoralis) suraelateralis
N saphenus, (N ischiadicus)
Rr cutaneicruris
mediales
(N temoralis)
N fibularis
communrs,
N cutaneus
surae lateralis N saphenus,
(N ischiadicus) Rr cutanei
cruris mediales
(N femoralis)
N suralis.
N cutaneus
dorsalislaleralis
I N. cutaneus
N. fibularisI oorsalls
superficialisl Inlermeolus
(N ischiadicus) N..ut"n"r.
|
\ dorsalismedialis
N f i b u l a r ipsr o f u n d u s ,
Nn digitales dorsalespedis
(N ischiadicus)
I Nn lumbales
I N iliohypo-
gastricus
N genito-
femoralis I N obturatorius N fibularis
I Nn sacrales
I N cutaneus
lemorislateralis
N femoralis
N cutaneus
femorisposterior
N suralis
F i g . 1 3 7 5 C u t a n e o u sn e r v e so f t h e l o w e r L i m b . s e r v e so f t h e l o w e r [ i m b
F i g .1 3 7 6 C u t a n e o u n
> Lowertimb M us c l es
Femoraland obturatornerve
N iliohypogastricus
M psoasmajor
N. ilioinguinalis
N genitofemoralis
N lemoralis
N cutaneus
femoris
lateralis
Rr.cutaneianteriores
Membrana
vastoadductoria
F i g .1 3 7 7 F e m o r a a I n d o b t u r a t o rn e r v e ,N n . f e m o r a L i es t o b t u r a t o r i u s ;
overvtew;
c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n
i L [ u s t r a t ewdi t h p u r p t e .
Thigh Poptitealfossa Leg Foot
Glutealnervesandsciaticnerve
Plexussacralis
N. gluteussuperior
N gluteusinferior
N. ischiadicus
N. cutaneus
femorisposterior
F i g . 1 3 7 8 G t u t e a nI e r v e s N , n . g t u t e i ,a n d s c i a t i cn e r v e ,N . i s c h i a d i c u s ;
overvtew;
c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o int l u s t r a t e dw i t h p u r p t e
> Lowertimb
Tibialand fibuLarnerve
N ischiadicus
N tibialis
N fibulariscommunis
Arcustendineus
musculisolei
N suralis
N suralis
N plantaris
lateralis
N plantarismedialis
F i 9 . 1 3 7 9 T i b i a Ln e r v e ,N . t i b i a t i s ; F i g . 1 3 8 0 F i b u [ a rn e r v e ,N . f i b u t a r i s ;
overvtew; OVCTVIEW:
c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o int L u s t r a t ewdi t h o u r o [ e . c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n with purpLe
i[tustrated
Topography
T h i g h F o p t i t e af Io s s a L e g Fuot
Arteriesof thelowerlimb
A glutea inferiot
A femoralis
A circumflexa
femoris lateralis A circumflexa
femoris medialis
R descendens
Aa. perforantes
AA 0""fri?ii?'j
ll; ll;lll)
A descendens
genus
A poplitea
R saphenus
R articularis
A superiorlateralis
A superior genus
A superior m e d i a l igse n u s
genus
lateralis A superior
medialisgenus
A suralis
A tibialisposterior A tibialisanterior
A tibialisanterior
A fibularis
R communicans
R pertorans
A fibularis,
A malleolaris
anteriormedialis
A malleolaris
anteriorlateralis Rr malleolares Rr malleolareslaterales
mediales
A tarsalislateralis A tarsalis medialis
A plantaris A plantarislateralis
A dorsalis pedis medialis
profundus
Arcusplantaris
Aa metatarsales
(A arcuata) oorsales
F i g . 1 3 8 1 A r t e r i e so f t h e L o w e r[ i m b ; F i g . 1 3 8 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e l o w e r L i m b ;
overvtew; overvtew;
v e n t r a Iv i e w dorsaIview.
T h e s e g m e n to f t h e f e m o r a La r t e r yb e t w e e nt h e p o i n tw h e r e
t h e d e e pa r t e r yo f t h i g h b r a n c h e so f f a n d t h e p o i n to f e n t r y
i n t o t h e a d d u c t o rc a n a [[ * ] i s k n o w nc t i n i c a t Lavs s u p e r f i c i a I
femoralarterv.
> Lowertimb M us c tes
Pelvis Hip
Veinsand lymphaticsof the lowerlimb
Nodi lymphoidei
inguinales
sapnenamagna
V. saphenaparva
F i g . 1 3 8 3a , b V e i n sa n d l y m p h a t i c so f t h e l o w e r [ i m o ; a MediaLview
overytew b D o r s a tv i e w
V superficialis
Valvula V.communicans
Valvula
V perforans
1 DODD'Sveins
2 HUNTER'S vein V profunda Fascia
3 BoYD'svein
4 V arcuatacrurisposterior
5 SHERMAN'S vein
6 cocKETT'sveins
7 Deepperforatingvein
Of HACH
8 Popliteal perforating vein
9 MAY'Svein
10 Lateral perforatingvein
A : V epigastrica
superficialis
a a
i N ilioinguinalis
a V femoralis
N cutaneus
femorislateralis
o a Aa : VV pudendaeexternae
(N genitofemoralis)
B, femoralis
(lateralis)
o V saphenaaccessoria
A ;V circumllexa
iliumsuperlicialis
a a
a V saphenamagna
(N femoralis)
o Br cutaneianteriores
, Rr cutanei(N obturatorius)
genus
a A descendens
, R infrapatellaris(N saphenus)
Bete patellarea
1391
F i g . 1 3 8 6 E p i f a s c i avLe s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e i n g u i n a l
r e g i o nR, e g i oi n g u i n a t i tsh, e a n t e r i o r e g i o no f t h i g h ,
, n d t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f k n e e ,
R e g i of e m o r i sa n t e r i o r a
R e g i og e n u sa n t e r i o r .
> Lowertimb Surfaee lSkeletonl Musctes
Petvis Hip
Lymphatics
of theinguinalregion
Lig inguina
V circumflexailium
superficialis V epigastricasuperficialis
Nodi lymphoideiinguinales
superficiales
Funiculusspermaticus
V saphena magna
Vv pudendae externae
V saphena accessoria
(medialis)
V saphena magna
M adductor longus
F i g . 1 3 8 7 S u p e r f i c i aLI y m p h a t i c sL ,y m p hn o d e s
a n d m a j o rv e i n so f t h e i n g u i n arIe g i o nR , e g i oi n g u i n a t i s
Nodi lymphoideiiliaciexterni, A ; V i l i a c ai n t e r n a
Nodi laterales
A;V iliacaexterna
Ovarium
Uterus
Nodi lymphoideiinguinales
supediciales,Nodi inferiores
F i g . 1 3 8 8 D r a i n i n ga r e a so f t h e L y m p hn o d e si n t h e
i n g u i n arLe g i o nR , e g i oi n g u i n a L iosf,t h e f e m a L e ;
overvtew.
T h e a r r o w si n d i c a t ep o s s i b Ldei r e c t i o n so f t h e f t o w o f t y m p h .
* I n s o m eT a r ec a s e st ,h em e d i apI a r t so f t h eu t e r i n teu b ea n d
t h ef u n d u so f t h eu t e r u sm a yb ed r a i n e bd ys u p e r f i c i[aytm p hn o d e s
i n t h ei n g u i n ar e
I g i o vn i at h er o u n dL i g a m eonftu t e r u s
T o p o g r a p h yI Se c ti o n s
Thigh PoptiteaI
fossa Leg Foot
Vessels
andnervesof theinguinalregion
0 M psoas major
M iliacus O
t (M psoasmino0,Tendo
N femoralis t
Arcusiliopectineus
Lig inguinale
OaA;Vfemoralis
(Nodus lymphoideuslacunarismedialis)"
Lig lacunare**
Fascia lata
a V, circumflexailium superficialis
Lig pubicumsuperius
a V epigastrica
superficialis
Fascialata
Cornuinferius
a W pudendae
externae
V saphena magna O
F i g .1 3 8 9 S a p h e n o uosp e n i n gH, i a t u ss a p h e n u s ,
a n dv a s c u t asr p a c e L, a c u n av a s o r u m ;
a f t e rr e m o v aoI f t h e a n t e r i o ar b d o m i n a L w aa[nLdt h e
c o n t e n t so f t h e a b d o m e n a, s w e [ La s d i s s e c t i o n of the
i t i a cf a s c i aa n d t h e f e m o r a t s e p t u ml c l o o u r r ]
* A t s oR : o S E N M U L LnEoR d 'es
* * A t s oG : I M B E R N [Ai gTa' sm e n t
Vaginamusculirecti
Laminaanterior
abdominis,
a M obliquusexternus
Aponeurosis
abdominis,
, N genitofemoralis,
femorislateralis
cutaneus R femoralis
Spina iliaca anteriorsuDerior aoA;Vlemoralis
Lig inguinale Septum femorale
M iliopsoasO
(Nodi lymphoideilacunares)
N femoralis..
Lig lacunare
Arcusiliopectineus
Funiculus
spermaticus
(Bursa iliopectinea)
Lig inguinale
M ilioosoas.Tendo a
Tuberculum pubicum
M pectineus Membrana
obturatoria
o
Canalisobturatorius
$ N obturatorlus
a a V;A obturatoria
F i g ,1 3 9 0 M u s c u t aar n dv a s c u t asr p a c e ,
L a c u n a em u s c u t o r u me t v a s o r u m ;
o b t i q u es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e to f t h e i n g u i n a ILi g a m e n t .
> Lowertimb $urface lSkeletonl Muscles
Vessels
and nervesof the thigh
O A iliaca externa
N femoralis.
a V iliaca externa
cutaneus femoris lateralis :
a A iliaca interna
Lig inguinale
A circumflexailium profunda O
M iliacus& I M pectineus
N femoralis:
a V saphena magna
A profundafemoris a
: R muscularis(N femoralis)
A, femoralis* O
C lvl adductorlongus
M rectuslemorisi
s N4gracilis
G l\4 sartorius
l\4 vastuslateralis
a
a M vastus medialis
R articularis
a
(A descendens
genus)
Rete patellarea
1154
11 5 6
Lig, patellae
F i g . 1 3 9 1 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f t h i g h * C [ i n i c a [ [t yh e f e m o r a t a r t e r yi s c o m m o n [ yr e f e r r e dt o a s s u p e r f i c i a t
R e g i of e m o r i sa n t e r i o r ; f e m o r a Ia r t e r y t o d i s t i n g u i s hi t f r o m t h e d e e pa r t e r y o f t h i g h
a f t e r r e m o v a L otfh e f a s c i a[ a t ae x c e o tf o r t h e i I i o t i b i a L t r a c t .
To p o g r a p h yI S e c ti o n s
Thigh PopliteaIfossa [-eg Fc*t
Vesse/s
and nervesof the thiqh
N obturatorius
N cutaneuslemoris lateralis :
a A femoralis
M i l i a c ua
s (A obturatoria)
a R acetabularis
a R anterior(A obturatoria)
., N. obturatorius
A circumflexafemoris lateralisa
o A circumtlexa
femorismedialis
A profunda femoris a
a R superficialis
(A circumflexa
femorismedialis)
M sartorius
A
R descendens a
(A circumflexa femoris lateralis)
o V femoralis
a A femoralis
; N saphenus
R m u s c u l a r(i N
s femoralis)
Septumintermusculare
vastoadductorium*
li M gracilis
N saphenus
R articularis(A descendensgenus) O
Fig.1392 Vesselsand n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f t h i g h , + T h ee n t r a n c ei n t ot h e a d d u c t o cr a n a Ii s f o r m e db y t h e v a s t u sm e d i a [ i s
R e g i of e m o r i sa n t e r i o r ; a n d a d d u c t o [r o n g u sm u s c l e sa s w e t l a s b y t h e a n t e r o m e d i a L
a f t e r p a r t i a Ir e m o v a o
I f t h e s a r t o r i u sm u s c [ ea n d d i s s e c t i o n
of intermuscuLa ser p t u ms p a n n i n gb e t w e e nt h e m
t h e p e c t i n e u sm u s c l e .
> Lowertimb SurrfaeelSkeletonl Muscles
.. N obturatorius
V iliaca externa a
o V saphena magna
N femoralis i
M i l i a c ucs
A profunda
femorisa o V femoralis
a A pertorans
(N femoralis)
Rr musculares ,
s l\4 adductorlongus
A perforans
a o V femoralis
* M gracilis
l\il vastus lateralis I
I M adductor magnus
R muscularis(N femoralis) ,
a A femoralis
vastus medialis fl
O A descendens genus, R saphenus
N saphenusa,
O l\4 sartorius
genus
a A superiormedialis
A poplitea
genusa
Retearticulare
genus
o A inferiormedialis
1'l5I+
11 5 6
11 5 9
t,
t'- F i g . 1 3 9 3 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f t h i g h ,
R e g i of e m o r i sa n t e r i o r ;
V
1392 1408 d e e pl a y e ra f t e r p a r t i a Lr e m o v a oI f t h e s a r t o r i u sa n d r e c t u sf e m o r i s
m u s c l e s t, h e p e c t i n e u sa n d a d d u c t o rl o n g u sm u s c t e sh a v eb e e n
d i s s e c t e d ; t haed d u c t ocr a n a L i s a L m o set n t i r e Loyp e n e d .
Topography I Sections
Thigh PoptiteaI
fossa Leg Foot
Arteriesof thepelvisand thehip
Aorta,Bifurcatioaortae
A. iliacacommunis
A. iliaca interna
A. epigastricainferior
A epigastricasuperficialis
R. obturatorius
A circumflexailiumsuperficialis
R. pubicus
A. femoralis Lig.inguinale
Aa. pudendaeexternae
R. ascendenset R. transversus R. acetabularis
R. ascendens
R. anterior
A. profundafemoris
R. posterior
A. circumflexafemorislateralis
A. obturatoria
R. transversus
A. circumflexafemorismedialis R. acetabularis
R. descendens R. profundus
R. superficialis
Aa perforantes
R descendens
A. lumbalis
V
Parsabdominalisaortae
lAortaabdominalisl
A. sacralismediana
A. iliacacommunis
A. iliacaexterna
A iliacainterna
A. gluteasuperior
Caputfemoris
A. obturatoria
F i g .1 3 9 5 A r t e r i e o s f t h ep e t v ias n dt h et h i g h ;
d i g i t asI u b t r a c t i oann g i o g r a p h
I Dy S A I .
> LowerLimb Surface lSketetonl Muscles
(Ll -L3)
Nn cluniumsuperiores
(N iliohypogastricus)
R culaneuslateralis
N n c l u n i u mm e d i i ( S 1 - S 3 )
Sulcusglutealis
(N cutaneus
Nn cluniuminferiores temorisposterior) N cutaneus
femorislateralis
Fascia lata
R cutaneus(N obturatorius)
femorisoosterior
N cutaneus
V saphena magna
V saphenaparva
F i g , 1 3 9 6 E p i f a s c i avte i n sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o n
o f t h i g h ,R e g i of e m o r i sp o s t e r i o rt,h e g L u t e arIe g i o n .
R e g i og L u t e a I i sa,n d t h e p o p l . i t e af ot s s a ,F o s s ap o p L i t e a .
Crista iliaca
Spinailiacaposterior
superior Cristasacralismediana
N gluteussuperior suprapiriforme)Foramen
(Foramen
ischiadicum
(Foramen
infrapiriforme) maJus
Foramenischiadicum
majus
N ischiadicus
N cutaneus
femorisoosterior
Tuberischiadicum
Lig sacrotuberale
Tuberischiadicum
F i g . 1 3 9 7 S k e t e t o nc o n t o u ra n d s c i a t i cn e r v e ,
N . i s c h i a d i c u sp,r o j e c t e do n t ot h e s u r f a c eo f t h e
g t u t e a Lr e g i o n ,R e g i og t u t e a t i s .
Thigh PopliteaIfossa Leg Foot
andnervesof the thigh
Vessels
a M gluteusmedius,Fascia
N n c l u n i u mm e d i i ( S 1 - 5 3 ) : r
M gluteusmaximusa
is Nn cluniuminferiores
(N cutaneusfemorisposterior)
Tractusiliotibialis
femorisoosterior
* N cutaneus
M gracilisI
a M.vastuslateralis
M semitendinosus
a
M. semimembranosus
a
a M bicepsfemoris
V popliteao * N tibialis
M semimembranosus
a d N. fibulariscommunis
A. popliteaa
{i N cutaneus suraelateralis
(N fibularis
communis)
a V saphena parva
M gastrocnemius
a
F i g . 1 3 9 8 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e g L u t e arLe g i o n ,
R e g i og t u t e a t i st,h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f t h i g h ,R e g i of e m o r i s
p o s t e r i o ra, n d t h e p o p t i t e aflo. s s a ,F o s s ap o p [ i t e a .
> Lowertimb Muscles
Vessels
and nervesof the thigh
(L1-L3) "
Nn cluniumsuperiores
N n c l u n i u mm e d i i( S 1 - S 3 ) { ,
(Fascia glutea)
o M gluteusmaximus
N n c l u n i u mi n f e r i o r e s ,
(N cutaneus femoris posterior)
,r N ischiadicus
femorisposterior
N cutaneus t,
a A perforans
e lvl bicepsfemoris,Caputlongum
N t i b i a l i,s,
semitendinosus
I
a Aa,perforanles
Hiatusadductoris
N fibularis
communis
M. gracilisC
l\4 semimembranosus
a
A popliteaa
V popliteao
N cutaneussuraemedialis
A superiormedialis
genusa
(N tibialis)*
Rr musculares
M gastrocnemius, N .s u r a l i s
|l
Caputmediale
O M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale
r400
F i g . 1 3 9 9 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e g l u t e a Ir e g i o n ,R e g i og l u t e a [ i s ,
t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f t h i g h ,R e g i of e m o r i sp o s t e r i o r ,
13 9 8 a n d t h e p o p t i t e afLo s s a ,F o s s ap o p L i t e a ;
t h e l o n g h e a do f t h e b i c e p sf e m o r i sm u s c [ eh a s b e e nr e t r a c t e d
IateraLty.
I n t h i s s p e c i m e nt ,h e m e d i a L a n[da t e r a I s u r a I c u t a n e onuesr v e sb r a n c h
o f f q u i t ef a r p r o x i m a t L y
Thigh Poptitealfossa Leg
and nervesof the thigh
Vessels
M gluteusmaximuso I M piriformis
a l\4 gemellus
superior
internus
c M obturatorius
A gluteainferior
a O R ascendens (A. circumflexa
femoris medialis)
a R superficialis(A circumflexa
femoris medialis)
A ; V p u d e n dian t e r n a o
a M. quadratus temoris
Iemorisposterior
N cutaneus
N ischiadicus*
a A perforans
a M. adductormagnus
(N tibialis)*
Br musculares
M bicepstemoris,Caputlongums
O Aa perforantes
o M bicepstemoris,Caputlongum
M semitendinosus
o
V popliteao
!, N fibularis
communis
V saphenaparvaa
F i g . 1 4 0 0 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e g t u t e a Ir e g i o n ,R e g i og L u t e a l ' i s ,
t h e p o s t e r r or e g i o no f t h i g h ,R e g i of e m o r i sp o s t e r i o r ,
1399
a n d t h e p o p L i t e af oI s s a ,F o s s ap o p L i t e a ;
o f t h e g L u t e u sm a x i m u sm u s c l ea n d t h e L o n gh e a d
a f t e rd i s s e c t i o n 11113
'14'lIr
o f t h e b i c e o sf e m o r i sm u s c L e
> Lowertimb
Hip
Vessels
and nervesof theglutealregion
Trigonum
lumbale
Cristailiaca
N gluteussuperior&
a M gluteusmedius
a M .g l u t e u m
s inimus
N gluteusinferior*
a M gluteusmedius
A;Vgluteainferioraa
lVI.gluteusmaximusI I M gluteusmaximus
o M piriformis
cutaneus
temorisposterior
{t
a M gemellus
superior
N. ischiadicusE
a M. obturatorius
internus
a M quadratus
femoris
Trochanter
minor
Rr.profundi(A circumflexa
femorismedialis) a M adductormagnus
O
F i g . 1 4 0 1 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e g t u t e a lr.e g i o n ,R e g i og l . u t e a l . i s ;
a f t e rd i s s e c t i o n
a n d p a r t i a Ir e m o v a o
I f t h e g l u t e u sm a x i m u sa n d m e d i u sm u s c L e s ;
t h e s c i a t i cn e r v eh a s b e e nr e m o v e da f t e r i t s p a s s a g et h r o u g ht h e i n f r a p i r i f o r mf o r a m e n
Crista iliaca
Spinailiacaanteriorsuperior
M gluteusmedius
gluteussuperior
N. ischiadicus
Trochantermajor
V saphena
magna
N saphenus
V saphena parua
R infrapatellaris
(N saphenus)
N saphenus N cutaneus
surae lateralis
(N fibularis
communrs)
V perforans
V pedorans*
Rr cutanei
Rr cutaneicrurismediales crurismediales
(N saphenus) (N saphenus) N cutaneus
suraemedialis
V saphena (N tibialis)
(V arcuatacrurisposterior) parua R communicans
fibularis
N suralis
Fasciacruris
Fasciacruris
Rr cutaneicrurismediales
(N saphenus) V marginalis
lateralis
Arcusvenosus
dorsalispedis
N fibularis
superficialis
N cutaneus
dorsalismedialis
cutaneusdorsalis
intermedius
Rete venosum
dorsale pedis
V marginalismedialis N cutaneus dorsalis
(N suralis)
lateralis
V saphena parva
13 8 6 1396
+I
*k
:-;' ' - ' -
Vessels
andnervesof the leg
o (V femoropoplitea)
V saphena magna a
V saohena oarva O
A. popliteaa
& N tibialis
Nodi lymphoideipopliteiprofundi
a V. poplitea
Vasa lymphaticasuperficialia
Fasciacruris
M gastrocnemiusil
V saphenamagnaa a V saphenaparua
F i g . 1 4 0 5 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e p o p t i t e afIo s s a ,
Fn<<a nnnlitaa.
o f t h e d e e pf a s c i ao f l e g a n d p a r t i a Ir e m o v a l
a f t e rd i s s e c t i o n
o f t h e s m a t [s a p h e n o uvse i n .
1 Compartimentumcruris 3 Compartimentumcruris
anterius: posterius,Pars profunda:
.: A ;V tibialisanterior A;Vtibialisposterior
N fibularis profundus A ; V fibularis
l\il tibialisanterior N .t i b i a l i s
lvl extensordigitorumlongus l\4.llexordigitorum longus
lvl extensorhallucislongus l\4.tibialisposterior
l\/ fibularis tertius
lperoneus] M llexorhallucislongus
2 Compartimentumcruris 4 Compartimeniumcruris
Fasciacruris laterale: posterius,Pars super-
N fibularissuperficialis ficialis:
l\4 fibularis longus
[peroneus] lV tricepssurae
Septum Nl fibularis brevis
Iperoneus] l\4 plantaris
intermusculare
crurisanterius
Tibia
Septum
intermusculare
crurisposterius Membrana
interossea
crufls
V saphena
magna
N saphenus
Fascia cruris
F i g . 1 4 0 6 O s t e o f i b r o ut su b e so f t h e l e g ;
c r o s s - s e c t i osnu p e r i o rt o t h e m i d d t eo f t h e l e g
N cutaneus T h e s eo s t e o f i b r o utsu b e st o g e t h e rw i t h t h e i r c o n t e n t s
suraemedialis a r e c t i n i c a [ Lkyn o w na s c o m p a r t m e n t s
V saphenaparua * Deeppartof thedeepfasciaof leg
Topography
Thigh Poptitealfossa Leg Fnot
Vesselsof the leg
Caput fibulae
Tuberositastibiae
longustD
M fibularislperoneus]
i* M tibialisanterior
(Noduslymphoideus
tibialisanterior)
Vasa lymphaticaprofunda
Tibia, Facies medialis
W tibialesanteriores
a
a lvl tibialisanterior,Tendo
A tibialisanterior a
M extensor hallucislongus o
M extensor longus$
digitorum musculorum
Retinaculum inferius
extensorum
MalleolusIateralis
13 9 1
*t!*
l!l
A b b . 1 4 0 7 V e s s e t so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f t e g , T h e s u p e r f i c i atty m p h a t i c sr e g u t a r t yf o t l o wt h e m a j o re p i f a s c i a I
R e g i oc r u r i sa n t e r i o r ; v e i n sa n d c o n v e r g ea L o n gt h e g r e a ts a p h e n o u vs e i nt o t h e
t h e e x t e n s o rm u s c t e ss p r e a db y r e t r a c t o r s . m e d i a ts i d eo f t h e L e gT . h e d e e pl y m p h a t i c sa r e f o u n dw i t h i n
t h e c o n n e c t i v tei s s u es h e a t h so f t h e d e e pa r t e r i e sa n d v e i n so f
the Leg.
> Lowerlimb M us c l es
A superiorlateralis
genuso a A superiormedialis
genus
A inferiorlateralis
genusa a Betearticulare
genus
N fibulariscommunis
M fibularis[peroneus]longus *
Lig patellae
M extensor
digitorum
longus*
A recutrens
tibialisanteriora
N libularisprofundus:
O A tibialisanterior
N fibularis
superticialis
,
M fibularis[peroneus]longus S
lvl extensordigitorumlongus{
I lvl tibialisanterior
N libularissuperficialis
i fibularisprofundus
M fibularis[peroneus]brevis G
A libularis, R perforansa
Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum
inferius
Rete malleolarelateralea
a A dorsalispedis
l\4 extensor digitorum brevis *
fibularis[peroneus]tertius,Tendo *
, Nn digitalesdorsales pedis
a Aa metatarsales
dorsales
13 9 1
1392
A 1416
I"
F i g . 1 4 0 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f l e g ,
'lI+07 R e g i oc r u r i sa n t e r i o r a
, n d t h e d o r s u mo f f o o t ,D o r s u mp e d i s ;
a f t e rr e m o v ao I f t h e d e e pf a s c i ao f t e ga n d d i s s e c t i o n
of the extensor
d i g i t o r u ml o n g u sa n d f i b u [ a r i s[ p e r o n e u s[]o n q u sm u s c t e s .
To p o g r a p h yI S e cti o n s
Thigh PoptiteaIfossa Leg Foot
Arteriesandnervesof thepoplitealfossa
M semitendinosus
O
M semimembranosus
o
{* N tibialis
A popliteaa
genus
a A. superiorlateralis
genusa
A. superiormedialis
suraelateralis
t N. cutaneus
V saphenaparvaa
a Aa.surales
Rr musculares
(N tibialis)$
E N cutaneussuraemedialis
M gastrocnemius,
Caputmedialea
* N fibularis
communis
a M bicepsfemoris,
M gastrocnemius,
Caputlateralea Tendo
A perforans
M semimembranosus
M semitendinosus
M biceps femoris
l\4 gracilis
A superiormedialis
genus
genus
A superiorlateralis
M semimembranosus
M. bicepsfemoris
A. media genus
A poplitea
M gastrocnemius,Caput mediale
M plantaris
Aa surales M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale
genus
A inferiorlateralis
genus
A. inferiormedialis
lvl popliteus
M. soleus
M soleus
(A recurrens
A tibialisanterior tibialisposterior)
(Truncustibiofibularis) M soleus
A tibialisposterior A. fibularis
F i g . 1 4 1 0 A r t e r i e so f t h e p o p t i t e afIo s s a ,F o s s ap o p L i t e a ; r e m o v ao I f t h e c o v e f l n gm u s c L e s .
d e m o n s t r a t i o on f t h e a r t e r i a Is u p p t ya f t e r p a r t i a I T h i sb r a n c h i n og a t t e r ni s f o u n di n a b o u t9 0 %o f t h e c a s e s .
> LowerLimb Surface lSkel.etonl MuscLes
aOA;V suralis
(N tibialis)
, Rr musculares
A :V suralia
s a
genusO
A inferiormedialis
W tibialesposteriores
o f lvl soleus
Arcustendineus
musculisolei
M plantaris,Tendo *
I M gastrocnemius
O l\4 fibularislperoneus]
longus
N tibialis , I lM fibularis[peroneus]
brevis
A ;V tibialisposterior
a a
NI tibialisposterior,
Tendo6 Malleolus
lateralis
Retinaculum
musculorum
f lexorum
Relinaculum fibularium
musculorum
1400 superius
Iperoneorum]
1 Tendo calcaneus
11,13
,,
'lI+Ol+
"I t
F i g . 1 1 1 1 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p o p l i t e afLo s s a ,F o s s a a f t e r r e m o v a L otfh e d e e pf a s c i ao f L e ga n d d i s s e c t i o n
of the
p o p t i t e aa, n d t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f L e g R
, e g i oc r u r i s p o s t e r i o r ; o a s t r o c n e m i ums uscte
F i g . 1 1 1 2a - d V a r i a t i o n si n t h e b r a n c h i n gp a t t e r no f t h e
p o p t i t e aaLr t e r y ,A . p o p [ i t e a .
a C o m m o nt r u n ko f t h e a n t e r i o ar n d p o s t e r i otri b i a L a r t e r y ,
A a . t i b i a t e sa n t e r i o re t p o s t e r i o ra, L o n gw i t h t h e f i b u t a r
a r t e r y ,A . f i b u t a r i s
b T h e p o p t i t e aaLr t e r y ,A p o p t i t e ab, r a n c h e so f f p r o x i m a L [t yo
t h e s u p e r i o rb o r d e ro f t h e p o p t i t e am L u s c L eM , . popLiteus.
c P o s t e r i o tri b i a L a n df i b u L a ar r t e r y ,A a .t i b i a l . i ps o s t e r i o r
e t f i b u [ a r i so, r i g i n a t ef r o m a c o m m o np r o x i m a tI r u n k .
d T h e a n t e r i o rt i b i a Ia r t e r y ,A t i b i a L i a snterior,
p a s s e sv e n t r a I Ltyo t h e p o p L i t e amI u s c [ e ,M p o p [ i t e u s . - Lo/o -30k - 1To
T opog r a p h yI S e c ti o n s
ThiEh Poplitealfossa Leg Fc*t
andnervesof thepopLiteal
Vessels fossaand the leg
1 N fibulariscommunis
; N tibialis
A i n f e r i o rm e d i a l i sg e n u s a
A popliteaa
M soleus&
A libialis posterior O
N tibialis r
M tibialisposterior
s
M llexordigitorum
longus{F
A tibialisposterior
a
* M flexor hailucislongus
N tibialis;
M tibialisposterior,Tendo *
Malleolus
lateralis
lvlalleolusmedialis
Retinaculum
musculorum
flexorum musculorum
Retinaculum fibularium
superius
lperoneorum]
Tendocalcaneus
.:\
1398
F i g . 1 4 1 3 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e p o p l i t e afIo s s a ,F o s s a
, e g i oc r u r i s p o s t e r i o r ;
p o p t i t e aa, n d t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f L e g R
deep layer.
> Lowertimb $unface lSke[etonl Muscl"es
A popliteao N tibialis
inferiormedialisgenus a
t M plantaris
l\4 popliteus
*
A tibialisanteriorO
(Truncus
tibiofibularis)
a
* M soleus
M soleus dt
M tibialisposteriorI
a A fibularis
A. tibialisposterior
a
N tibialis
l\4 flexordigitorum
longus&
f M fibularis[peroneus]longus
A tibialisposteriora
s [/] fibularis[peroneus]
brevis
lvl tibialisposterior,Tendo @
Rr malleolaresmediales a
a Rr malleolareslaterales
M flexor hallucislongus,Tendo *
Tendo calcaneus
Rr calcanei O
a Retecalcaneum
F i g . 1 1 1 1 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p o p l i t e afIo s s a ,F o s s a
p o p I i t e aa, n d t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f L e g R
, e g i oc r u r i s p o s t e r i o r ;
d e e o e s lt a v e r .
To p o g r a p h yI Se cti o n s
Thigh Poptitealfossa Leg Foot
Veinsandnervesof the foot
t: N saphenus
Malleolusmedialis
Malleoluslateralis
o V saphenamagna
N cutaneusdorsalismedialis
, N. saphenus
N culaneusdorsalisintermedius
V saohenaparvao
o V maroinalis
medialis
cutaneus
dorsalis
lateralis
V marginalislateralisO a V pertorans
t N tibularisprofundus,
Nn digitales
rl^rcalac na.lic
Arcusvenosusdorsalispediso
Vv digitalesdorsales pedis a
Nn digitalesdorsales pedis
F i g , 1 4 1 5 E p i f a s c i avLe i n sa n d n e r v e so f t h e d o r s u mo f f o o t ,
D o r s u mp e d i s .
> L o w e rt i m b Surface lSkeletonl Musctes
M extensor
digitorum
longusfi
s M tibialisanterior,Tendo
l\4 extensorhallucislongus*
o A malleolarisanterior medialis
R perforans(A fibularis)a
Rete malleolarelateralea
; N fibularisprolundus
(N fibularisprofundus)
* Rr musculares
L4mextensores
digitorum
et hallucisbrevisO
a Aa tarsalesmediales
A tarsalislateralis
a
a A dorsalispedis
(A arcuata)a
o A plantaris
profunda
Aa metatarsales
dorsalesa
|) l\4 extensor hallucisbrevis,Tendo
a M extensor hallucislongus,Tendo
Aa digitalesdorsales a
1408
,r-l: F i g , 1 1 1 6 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e d o r s u mo f f o o t .
/1,' D o r s u mo e d i s .
'lI+15
Topography I Sections
Thigh PopliteaIfossa Leg Foot
Aa digitalesplantarespropriae
Aa. digitalesplantarescommunes
Aa metatarsalesolantares
A. plantarisprofunda(A. dorsalispedis)
Arcusplantarisprofundus
R superficialis
R. profundus
A. olantarismedialis
A olantarislateralis
A. tibialisposterior
27 To 26 o/o o/o 13 Vo
plantares
Aa digitales propriaea
plantares
Nn digitales proprii::
Nn digitates.i
ptanlarescommunes
Aa metatarsales plantares a
N plantarislateralis,*, plantaris
a N digitalis proprius
R superficialis
plantaris
Aponeurosis
Retinaculum
musculorum
f lexorum
a A tibialisposterior
N plantarislateralis
M flexordigitorum
brevis,Tendines
a
o Aa digitalesplantarespropriae
plantares
o Aa.digitales communes
a M flexor hallucisbrevis
longus
a M. flexordigitorum
a M. abductorhallucis
a M quadratusplantae
.9 (B cutaneus)
A. plantarislateralisa
s N plantaris
medialis
M abductor
digitiminimia
Betinaculum
ADoneurosis
olantaris musculorumflexorum
M flexordigitorum
breviso * (R muscularis)
a A tibialis posterior
lateralis
& N. olantaris
o M. abductorhallucis*
Retecalcaneum
a)
1t+13
1t+21
plantares
Nn digitales proprii e M flexor hallucislongus.Tendo
Nn digitalesplantares :
communes
* Caputtransversum
I
M adductorhallucis
plantares
Aa metatarsales a I
a caputobtiquum )
C [,,]flexorhallucisbrevis
Arcusplantaris
profundus
a o R perforans*
,
f R. superficialis a A plantarismedialis,R superticialis
I
N plantaris
lateralis
1t -
\ H. proTunous c lvl flexor hallucislongus,Tendo
A plantarislateralisa
o M abductor hallucis
,' N. plantaris
medialis
flexordigitorum
brevisa
Retinaculum
musculorum
plantaris
Aponeurosis tlexorum
a A tibialisposterior
Rete calcaneum a
1r+1l+
tI
Fig,It21 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s o L eo f f o o t ,P t a n t a ;
t, doonoci larrer
1I+20 + A n a s t o m o s iws i t h t h e d o r s a [ i sp e d i sartery
To p o g r a p h yI Se rtro rrs
T h i q h P n p l i t e a I f o s s aL e U F o o t
of the foot
Compartments
/ : / t''r'/''''
N fibularissuperficialis
V saphena magna
A dorsalispedis
M extensordigitorum
brevis
plantaris
Aponeurosis
l\4 flexor hallucislongus,Tendo
r S n a c eo f t h e i n l e r o s s em
i usctes
** L a t e r a cI o m p a r t m e n t
*** MediaL compartment
**** I n t e T m e d i a ct eo m p a r t m e n t
> Lowertimb Surface lSkeletonl MuscLes
Leg
Thigh,obliquesection
a l\4 gluteusminimus
a M sartorius
M gluteusmediusa
a l\4 rectusfemoris,Tendo
A ; V.gluteasuperiora a
C M iliopsoas
N gluteussuperior.,, , N femoralis
Lig iliofemorale
a A femoralis
Bursasubtendinea
iliaca
l\4 piriformis,
Tendoa
o V femoralis
M obturatorius
internus,
TendoO
a A profunda
femoris
M gluteusmaximusc g N obturatorius
N gluteusinferior a M adductorbrevis
M obturatorius
externusa
a M adductormagnus
N ischiadicus,
t M quadratus
femoris
N cutaneus
femorisDosterior
,
t l\4 semitendinosus
N4semimembranosus,
Tendos
F i q . 1 1 2 3 T h i g h ,F e m u r ;
o b L i q usee c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e h i pj o i n t
To p o q r a p h yI S e cti o n s
Font
Thighand leg,cross-sections
a M rectusfemoris
M vastusintermedius
a
Fascia lata
M vastuslateralist
a l\4 vastusmedialis
o v saphenamagna
Femur
ooA;Vfemoralis
M bicepsfemoris.CaputbreveO
N ischiadicus
o M adductormagnus
o M adductorlongus
M semitendinosusC
O l\4 semimembranosus
F i g . I t 2 1 T h i g h ,F e m u r ;
c r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e m i d d t eo f t h e t h i g h .
M tibialisanteriore Fasciacruris
N fibularissuperficialis
Septumintermusculare profundus
N fibularis
crurisanterius
lr4fibularislperoneusl
brevisI I M flexor digitorum longus
a v saphena magna
M fibularis[peroneus]
longusa
Membrana interossea
Septumintermusculare
crurisposterius
a M tibialisposterior
Fibula
O A tibialisposterior
M {lexor hallucislongus a
o M gastrocnemius,
M soleuso Caputmediale
N tibialis
A fibularisa o V saphenaparva
F i g . 1 t 2 5 L e g ,C r u s ;
c r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e m i d d t eo f t h e L e g .
> Lowertimb M us c tes
Legand foot,sections
N fibularisprofundus *
a l\4 extensor hallucislongus,Tendo
A dorsalispedisa
N libularissuperficialis
I
a M tibialisanterior,Tendo
M extensor
digitorum
longus,Tendoa
Syndesmosistibiofibularis
O V saphenamagna
N saphenus
NI fibularis[peroneus]
|
longus,Tendo
a Nil tibialisoosterior,Tendo
M fibularislperoneus]
breviso
a lvl flexordigitorum
longus,Tendo
A fibularis
O
6 N tibialis
M flexor hallucislonous I
a M plantaris,
Tendo
Tendocalcaneus
F i 1 . 1 1 2 6 L e g ,C r u s ;
c r o s s - s e c t ijouns ta b o v et h ea n k [ ej o i n t .
t l\4 extensorhallucislongus,Tendo
M extensor
digitorum
brevis,Tendoa a M tibialisanterior,
Tendo
I l\4,tibialisposterior,Tendo
Proc lateralistali
c M flexor digitorumlongus,Tendo
M fibularis[peroneus]
brevis,Tendoc a M llexor hallucislongus,Tendo
M fibularis[peroneus]
longus,Tendot O A plantarismedialis
s N plantaris
medialis
E N plantarislateralis
o A plantaris
lateralis
0 l\4 ouadratusolantae
Tendo calcaneus
Fi1.1127 Foot,Pes;
o b I i q u es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e c a t c a n e u as n d t h e h e a do f t h e t a t u s
Topogr a p h yI Se c ti o n s
Foot
Foot,sagittalsections
Articulatiotalocruralis
dorsalispedisI
M interosseus
Lig talocalcaneum
M extensordigitorum
longus,Tendo Interosseum
Phalanx proximalis
Calcaneus
M quadratus
plantae
M llexor digitorum longus, M adductor l\4 flexor N plantaris Lig plantare longum plantaris
Aponeurosis
Tendo hallucis, digitorum brevis lateralis
Caputobliquum
F i g . 1 t 2 8 F o o t ,P e s ;
s a q i t t a sL e c t i o nt h r o u q ht h e s e c o n dt o e .
N4 libialis
anterior, Tendo
l\4.flexor hallucislongus
Tibia
Linea epiphysialis
Articulatio
talocruralis
M triceps surae,
Tendo calcaneus
Talus
Articulatiosubtalaris
(Articulatio
talonavicularis)
Lig talocalcaneum
interosseum
Os naviculare
Calcaneus
Lig plantarelongum
Fig.1t29 Foot,Pes;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c teo m o g r a p h yi m a g e{ M R l ) s; a g i t t a sI e c t i o n
> Lowertimb ...Top ogr aphy
I Sec ti ons
Foot
Foot,cross-section
andpedograms
hallucislonguset brevis,Tendines
Mm extensores
l/m extensores
digitorum longus
et brevis,Tendines
Fasciadorsalispedis dorsalispedisI
M interosseus
M interosseus
dorsalisDedislll plantaris
M. interosseus I
M interosseusdorsalis oedis lV
l\4,adductorhallucis,
Caputobliquum
(M opponens digiti minimi)
(Eminentia
plantaris lateralis) (Eminentiaplantarismedialis)
M interosseus plantarislll M. flexorhallucisbrevis
l\4 inlerosseusplantarisll Mm flexoresdigitorumlonguset brevis,Tendines
F i g . 1 4 3 0 O s t e o f i b r o utsu b e so f t h e f o o t ;
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e m e t a t a r s u s
F i g . 1 4 3 1a - c F o o tp r i n t s ,p e d o g r a m s .
a NormaIfoot
b Pes cavus
c Ftat foot
tnoex
II
T h e n u m b e r sr e f e rt o t h e p a g en u m b e r s .
T h e n u m b e r sw i t h , T " r e f e rt o t h e n u m b e r so f t h e t a b t e si n t h e s e p a r a t eb o o k t e te n c t o s e di n V o l u m e1 .
Fossa Gt an dI s l Hip J
- s u p r a v e s i c a l i6s1 ,7 1 ,2 3 6 - o f B A R T H o L I2N0 0 , 2 3 3 , 2 3 5 - a r t e r i e s3 5 9
- t r o c h a n t e r i c 2a 7 5 - 2 7 72, 7 9 - o f B R U N N E1R3 6 - muscles 310-322,T42-f 43 Jejunum132,13/.-135,137,152,
- v e s t i b u lvi a g i n a e2 3 5 - o f c o w P E R2 2 6 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 4 H o r s e s h o kei d n e y18 5 154,157,162-163,165,175,179,
F o v e a[ - a e J Glandu[al-ae] H u m e r u s3 , 1 2 4 242,244,247, 249-251
- c a p i t i sf e m o r i s 2 7 3 ,2 7 5 - 2 7 7 , - a r e o t a r e s6 4
, 255
H U N T EsRv e i n 3 5 2 Joint
279-280 - b u l b o u r e t h r a t i1s9 2 ,1 9 6 ,1 9 8 , H y d a t i ds, t a t k e d2 0 1 - o f c H 0 P A R 2T9 6 , f 3 9
- c o s t a t i si n f e r i o r 8 , 2 0 2 2 2 ,2 2 6 , 2 3 22, 3 4 ,2 3 6 - o f L I S F R A N2C9 6 , T 3 9
H y m e n2 3 5
- - p r o c e s s utsr a n s v e r s8i - 9 , 2 1 , -d u o d e n a t e s1 3 6 H y s t e r o s a t p i n g o g r a p h2 y0 3 J u n c t i oa n o r e c t a t i 2
s 10
45 -g a s t r i c a e1 3 0 J u n c t u r a ec i n g u Lpi e t v i c 2
i 6 8 - 2 71 ,
- - superior 8-9,20-21 -r n t e s t i n a t e1s3 6 ,1 3 9 T39
- d e n t i s6 , 1 9 -mammaria 125-127 I
F o v e o l a eg a s t r i c a e 13 0 -o e s o p h a g e a 1e 0 5
F R A N K E N H A USSgEaR n g t i o n2 2 3 -s u p r a r e n a t i s1 5 2 ,1 6 1 ,1 6 7 ,1 7 9 , l t e u m 1 3 7 - 1 1 r 0 1 ,5 7 - 1 5 81, 6 2 - 1 6 3 , K
Frenu[um 1 8 2 ,1 8 5 ,1 8 9 ,2 1 7 ,2 4 5 ,2 4 9 16 6 , 1 7 5 ,2 0 9 ,2 1 5 , 2 4 2 - 2 4 4 , 2 5,1
- c t i t o r i d i s2 3 5 , 2 5 3 - t h y r o i d e a 1 0 4 - 1 0 5 ,1 0 7 , 254-255 K o H L E Rt' se a r d r o p 2 8 0
- [ a b i o r u mp u d e n d i2 3 5 110-111,118-119 lmpotentia K0HLRAUScH f o' sl d 2 1 0 ,2 5 2
- o s t i ii t e a t i s1 3 9 - t r a c h e a l e s9 1 - coeundi 222 K R I S T E L L EmRu,c o u sp t u g o f 2 0 7
- p r e p u t i i1 9 9 - v e s i c u t o s a1 9 1 - 1 9 2 ,1 9 5 - 1 9 6 , - generandi 222
F un du s 2 2 2 ,2 2 6 - 2 2 ,72 3 6 , 2 4 2 - 2 4 3 , 2 5 6 , r m p r e s s r o
- g a s t r i c u s 1 2 0 ,1 2 8 - 1 3 0 ,1 3 2 , 258 - c a r d i a c a9 5 L
1 4 9 ,1 6 0 - - AP-radiograph 195 - colica 142
- u t e r i 1 6 7 ,2 0 1 - 2 0 4 2 . 0 7 ,2 0 9 , - v e s t r b u [ a rm i s a j o r 2 0 0 ,2 3 3 , - d u o d e n a [ i s1 4 2 Labium
253 235,237 - g a s t r i c a1 4 2 - anterius 202,205
- v e s i c a e 1 6 7 ,1 9 5 - 1 9 6 ,1 9 8 Gtans - o e s o p h a g e a1 4 2 - e x t e r n u m 2 6 4 ,2 6 6 - 2 6 7 3 , 22
- - b i l r a r i s1 / + 9 - 1 5 0 , 1 5186, 3 , - c L i t o r i d i s2 0 0 ,2 0 7 ,2 3 3 ,2 3 5 - r e n a t i s1 4 2 - i n t e r n u m 2 6 / +2, 6 6 - 2 6 7
166 - p e n i s 1 9 2 ,1 9 6 - 1 9 9 , 2 2 2 , - s u p r a r e n a l i s1 4 2 - l a t e r a t e2 7 5 , 2 7 7
FunicuLus 242-243,252 Inctsura - m a J Up s u d e n d i2 0 7 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 5 ,
- s p e r m a t i c u s5 6 - 5 8 , 6 0 , 6 81, 9 3 , G L I S S 0T Nr,i a do f 1 4 5 - a c e t a b u I2i 6 6 - 2 6 7 253,261
1 9 7, 2 1 8 , 2 2 6 - 2 2 ,72 3 8 ,2 5 6 , 3 0 6 , G l o m u sc o c c y g e u m2 5 3 - a n g u l a r i s1 2 8 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 2 , 1 3 5 , - m e d i a [ e2 7 5 - 2 7 7
35 4 - 3 5 5 GRAAFia f ont t i c t e2 0 1 160 - m i n u sp u d e n d i2 0 7 ,2 2 3 , 2 3 1 ,
- u m b i t i c a I i s7 0 , 2 0 6 ,2 0 8 G u b e r n a c u l u tme s t i s 7 0 , 1 9 2 - a p i c i sc o r d i s8 4 - 8 5 233, 235, 237,241, 253, 261
- cardiaca p u l m o n i ss i n i s t r i - p o s t e r i u s2 0 2 , 2 0 5
94-95,103,110 L a b r u ma c e t a b u L2i 7 9
G H - c a r d i a [ i s1 2 8 , 1 3 0 L ac un a[ - a e J
- c t a v i c u l a r i 5s 0 - m u s c u t o r u m2 6 9 , 3 5 5
Gangtion(-ial H A c Hd, e e pp e r f o r a t i nvge i no f 3 5 2 - c o s t a l i s5 0 - u r e t h r a t e s1 9 8
- c a r d i a c u m1 2 0 H a e m o r r h o i d2s1 1 - f i b u t a r i s2 8 2 - v a s o T U m6 2 , 6 8 ,2 6 9 ,3 5 5
- c e r v i c a tm e edium83,117,120 H a L t u x2 6 2 ,2 9 5 , 2 9 9 - i s c h i a d i c am a j o r 2 6 6 - 2 6 7 L a mi n a ( - a e l
- - s u p e r i u s8 3 H a u s t r ac o l i 1 3 8 - 1 3 91, 4 1 ,16 3 - - minor 266-267,280 - a n t e r i o rl V a g i n a
- c e r v i c o t h o r a c i c u8m3 , 1 1 7 , 1 2 0 H E A Dz,o n e so f m u s c u [ ri e c t i
67 - j u g u [ a r i sl S t e r n u m ]4 6 , 5 0 a b d o m i n i s l5 2 , 5 6 - 5 8 ,7 0 , 7 2 ,
- c o e l i a c a2 1 L , 2 4 9 Heart - t i g a m e n ttie r e t i s 1 4 2 355
_ o f F R A N K E N H A U S2E 2R3 - axis80 - p a n c r e a t i s' 1 5 2 - ar c us v e r t eb r ae 7- 9 , 2 1- 2 3 , 2 5 ,
- mesentericum i n f e r i u s2 1 4 - s h a d o w1 0 1 - v e r t e b r a l i isn f e r l o r8 , 1 2 ,1 5 2 9 , 3 5 ,4 1, 4 4
- p e t v i c a2 1 4 , 2 2 2 - 2 2 3 - s h a p e1 0 1 - - s u p e r i o r1 2 ,1 5 - c a r t i t a g i n icsn c o i d e a e12 . 9 1 ,
- s a c r a L i a2 2 5 - - a o r t i ck n o b 1 0 1 In f u n d r bIuu m 119
- s e n s o r i an e r v o T U m spinalium - - - o f p u t m o n a r y a r t e r y1 0 1 - d u c t u sp a r a m e s o n e p h r i 'c1i 9 2 - cribrosa68
21,40-43,45 - - - o f t h e t e f t / r i g hat t r i u m 1 0 1 - t u b a eu t e r i n a e 2 0 0 - 2 0 1 , 2 0 4 , - d e x t r al C a r t i t a gtoh y r o i d e a l
- s t e t l a t u ms G a n g [ i o cne r v i - - - a r c h o f t h e v e n t r i c [ e 10 1 209, 228,253 9 0 - 9 1 ,1 0 / +
c o th o r a c i cum - v e i n s8 5 I n g u i n acIa n a [6 1 - h e p a t o c y t i c a1e4 5
- t h o r a c i c a1 1 3 - 1 1 41, 1 7 , H E I S T E R S v a L1v5e0 - walts 60 - m u s c u [ a r im s u c o s a e1 0 5 ,1 3 0 ,
120-121 H e p a r 5 4 ,6 7 , 1 1 9 - 1 2 11, 3 1 , I n g u i n ahI e r n i a 6 1 136,139
- t r u n c is y m p a t h i cLi 1 - 4 3 , 4 5 , 142-146, 149 -150, 154-155, 157, - directm - p a r i e t a t i sI P e r i c a r d i u ms e r o -
, e d i a [6 1
21/+,222-223 180, 188, 242-241.246-250.255 - i n d i r e c tL, a t e r a 6[ 1 suml 74-75, 85, 89, 119-120
G a s t e r6 3 ,6 7 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 , - A p - r a d i o g r a p h1 7 1 I n j e c t i o nv,e n t r o g I u t e a3[6 4 - - lTunica v a g i n a t itse s t i s l 7 0 ,
1 1 7 , 1 2 1 , 21 8 - 13 5 , 1 4 0 ,15 5 , - a r t e r i e sv, a r i a t i o n s17 0 I n s u t ap a n c r e a t i c a 153 193-194,239
1 5 7 - 1 6 1 , 1 6 6 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 2 , 1 7 9 - 1 8 0-, f o r m v a r i a t i o n s1 + + I n t e r a c e t a b u Lt ianre 2 6 5 - p o s t e r i o [rV a g i n m a u s c u t ri e c t i
217,242-244,246-250,255 - t a p a r o s c o p1y 4 9 I n t e r a r t i c u Lpaor r t i o n8 , 1 5 a b d o m i n i s 5J 8 , 6 9 - 7 0
- AP-radiograph 1 3 2 ,1 7 1 - m i c r o s c o p isct r u c t u r e1 4 5 - p r o f u n d a( F a s c i tah o r a c o t u m -
I n t e r m e t a t a r s aj oI i n t s s A r t i c u l . a -
- a r t e r i e sv, a r i a b i l i t y1 7 0 - p o r t ah e p a t i s1 4 2 t i o l - n e s il n t e r m e t a t a r s a [ e s b a t i s J2 9 ,3 2
- forms 132 - p r o j e c t i o n1 4 4 I n t e r s e c t itoe n d i n e a4 6 , 5 6 - 5 8 - p r o p r i am u c o s a e1 0 5 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 6 ,
- l a y e r so f t h e w a t t 1 3 0 - s e g m e n t s1 4 7 I n t e r s p i n at iI n e 2 6 5 139
- p r o j e c t i o n1 3 2 - veinsp , r o j e c t i o n1 4 6 - s u p e r f i c i a [ i sI F a s c i ac e r v i c a t i s ]
I n t e s t i n adIe v e l o p m e n1t5 7
G a s t r o s c o p1y3 3 - - ultrasound image 14g Intestinum 110,119
G e n i t aol r g a n s Hiatus - c r a s s u m6 7 , 1 6 3 - 1 6 5 - - [ F a s c i at h o r a c o [ u m b a L i s ]
- f e m a l e2 2 3 - a d d u c t o r i u s3 1 5 - 3 1 6 , 3 2 3 , 3 5 8 , - t e n u e 6 7 , 1 3 6 ,1 5 9 ,1 6 3 - 1 6 4 ,
- - d e v e t o p m e n t2 0 0 29
362 252-253 - v i s c e r a t i IsP e r i c a r d i u m sero-
- - external233,235,241 - a o r t i c u s6 2 - 6 3 ,1 0 4 ,1 7 9 , f 2 1 - - l a y e r so f t h e w a t L 13 6
- - i n n e r v a t i o n2 2 3 suml 74-75, 78-80, 119-120
- o e s o p h a g e u s6 2 - 6 3 ,1 0 4 - 1 0 5 , I n t r o i t u vs a g i n a e2 2 3 - - I T u n r c a v a g i n a l i s t e s t1i s9)4 ,
- - i n t e r n a l2 0 4 , 2 0 9 1 0 7 ,1 0 9 ,1 7 9 ,2 1 7 ,2 2 1 ,T 2 1 l s t h m u s8 , 1 5 239,242
- male 222,239 - s a c r a l i s1 0 - 1 1 - g t a n d u l a teh y r o i d e a e1 0 4
- - development ' 1 9 2 v L A N Z 'pso i n t 1 4 0
- s a p h e n u s3 0 6 ,3 5 4 - 3 5 5 - t u b a eu t e r i n a e2 0 1 , 2 0 9 , 2 2 9 ,
- - e x t e r n a l1 9 7 , 2 3 8 , 2 4 0 L a p a r o s c o p y1 4 9
- urogenitate i st a n i 2 3 0 253 L a r y n x3 5 ,9 0 - 9 1 ,10 9
- - innervation 222 Hitum - uleri 201-202,253 L A U E N S T EpIrNo j e c t i o n2 8 0
G e n u2 6 3 - ( G L a n d ust au p r a r e n a t i s1l 8 2 Legs Crus
- muscles 323 - r e n a [ e1 8 2
L i e ns S p t e n
G I f 4 B E R NsA[Ti g a m e n t 3 5 5 - s p t e n i c u m1 5 6 ,1 6 1 ,2 1 9
L i g a m e not f G I M B E R N 3A5I 5
lndex
L i g a m e n tm
u [-aJ Ligamentuml-a) Ligamentum[-a) Linea[-ae]
- atare18 - i[iotumba[3 e 1, 4 1, 2 1 7, - suspensorium c L i t o r i d i2
s35 - i n t e r c o n d y l a r2 i s7 5
- a n o c o c c y g e usmc o r p u s 268-270,272 - - o v a r i i1 6 7 , 2 0 1 , 2 0 4 , 2 0 9 , 2 5 3 - i n t e r m e d i a2 6 4 ,2 6 6 - 2 6 7
anococcygeum - i n f u n d i b u L o p e L v i c2u0m 9 - - penis 58,238-239 - i n t e r t r o c h a n t e r i c a2 7 5
- a n u [ a r i a9 0 - 9 1 - i n g u i n a l e5 7 , 6 0 ,6 2 , 6 9 , - tatocatcaneum interosseum - m e d i a n ap o s t e r i o r1
- a p i c i sd e n t i s 18 - 1 9 196- 19 7 , 2 34 - 2 3 5 ,2 6 2 ,2 6 8 - 2 70 , 3 0 0 ,3 0 3 - 3 0 4 3 , 83 - m u s c u t is o t e i 2 8 2 - 2 8 3
- a r c u a t u mL a t e r a t e6 2 - 6 3 ,6 8 3 0 6 ,3 1 3 ,3 1 7 ,3 5 4 - 3 5 6 , 3 5 9 - - l a t e r a t e3 0 0 - p a r a v e r t e b r a [ i s1
- - m e d i a t e6 2 - 6 3 - i n t e r c t a v i c u L a5r1e - - m e d i a l e3 0 1 - p e c t i n e a2 7 5 - 2 7 6
- - m e d i a n u m6 3 - i n t e r c u n e i f o r mdi ao r s a L i a 303 - - p o s t e r i u s3 0 1 - s c a p u t a r i s1
- a r t e r i o s u m 7/ ' - 7 5 , 8 / + 8 , 8 ,9 9 , - i n t e r f o v e o l a r e7 1 - t a t o f i b u t a raen t e r i u s3 0 0 , 3 0 3 - s e m i L u n a r i5s 8
10 4 - 10 5 , 1 1 3 - 1 1 4 - interspinaLia 2 5 , 3 1 ,3 5 , 4 4 ,1 1 9 - - p o s t e r i u s3 0 1 , 3 0 4 - s u p r a c o n d y l a r ilsa t e r a L i s2 7 5
- a t t a n t o o c c i p i t aLtaet e r a t e1 7 - i n t e r t r a n s v e rasr i u m 2 1- 2 2 , - t a r s ip L a n t a r i 3 a0 2 - - m e d i a t i s2 7 5
- b i f u r c a t u m3 0 0 , 3 0 3 31-32, 1,1 - t a r s o m e t a t a r s a Ldi ao r s a L i a3 0 0 , - t e r m i n a L i s1 6 7 ,2 3 0 ,2 3 6 ,
- c a l c a n e o c u b o i d e u3m 0 0 ,3 0 3 - i s c h i o f e m o r a [ e2 7 8 - 2 7 9 303,334 264-2652 , 7 1 ,2 8 0
- - p t a n t a r e3 0 2 - Lacunare 62,317,355 - - p L a n t a r i a3 0 0 ,3 0 2 - t r a n s v e r s a1 0
- c a l c a n e o f i b u [ a r 3e 0 0 - 3 0 4 - L a t u mu t e r i 2 0 1 , 2 0 9 - t e r e sh e p a t i s5 9 , 7 1 - 7 2 , 1 4 2 , L i n g u a1 2
- c a t c a n e o n a v i c u L a3r e 0 0 ,3 0 3 - [ o n g i t u d i n a at en t e r i u s1 7 , 1 4 4 , 1 1 1 75,41,15 8 ,16 0 - 16 1 ,16 6 , L i n g u t ap u l m o n i s i n i s t r i9 4 - 9 5 ,
- - plantare299-3003 , 02-303 2 0 - 2 2 , 2 4 - 2 5 ,2 9 ,4 2 , 4 5 ,5 5 , 7 2 , 170,172,21,9-250,255 110
- c a p i t i sc o s t a ei n t r a a r t i c u l a r e2 2 116,124,268 - - uteri 167,200-201,204,209, L I S F R A N cj o' si n t 2 96 , I 3 9
---radiatum20-21 - - p o s t e r i u s2 0 , 2 3 - 2 5 , 4 2 - 4 3 , 2 2 8 - 2 2 9 ,2 5 3 L i v e rp u n c t u r e 1 4 4
- - f e m o r i s2 3 6 , 2 5 6 , 2 6 0 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 9 45 - t i b i o f i b u L aar e
n t e r i u s2 9 4 , L o b a rb r o n c h i9 2
- - f i b u l a ea n t e r i u s2 8 6 , 2 9 4 - [ u m b o c o s t a t e6 3 3 0 0 - 3 0 13, 3 4 Lobutusl-il
---posterius287,290 - m e n i s c o f e m o r a lpeo s t e r i u s - - p o s t e r i u s3 0 0 - 3 0 1 - g l a n d u l a em a m m a r i a e6 4
- c a r d i n a [ e2 0 1 , 2 0 5 287-288 - t r a n s v e r s u m2 3 - testis193-194,252
- cottateratel-ial - m e t a t a r s a [ e ( - i adlo r s a t i a 3 0 0 - - a c e t a b u t i2 3 0 , 2 7 9 - t h y m i1 1 1
- - {Articutatione i nst e r p h a - - - p t a n t a r i a3 0 2 - - l A r t i c u L a tzi oy g a p o p h y s i a t i s l Lobusl-iJ
t a n g e a ep e d i s )3 0 2 - - t r a n s v e r s u mp r o f u n d u m 3 0 0 , 23 - caudatus142-1431 , 5 4 ,1 6 1 ,
- - fibulare 285-289,293, 302 - - a t t a n t i s1 8 - 1 9 166,172,244,249
3 10 - 3 11 ---superficia[e338 - - cervicis Ligamentum cardi- - [ G L a n d u t ha y r o i d e a 1J 0 4 - 1 0 5 ,
- - laterale288 - n u c h a e2 5 , 2 8 , 3 4 nate 107,110
- - m e d i a [ e[ A r t i c u l a t igoe n u s ) - o v a r i ip r o p r i u m 2 0 0 - 2 0 1 , 2 0 4 , - - genus 286,289 - g l a n d u l a em a m m a r i a e5 2
287-288 209 - - perinei 230,234 - h e p a t i sd e x t e r 1 3 1 ,1 4 0 ,
- - - [ A r t i c u t a t i o t a t o c r u r a L i s ] - patettae 285, 287-290, 293,306, - t r i a n g u t a rdee x t r u m 1 4 2 1 4 2 - 1 1 + 4 , 1 4 9 - 1 5508,-116 1 ,16 3 ,
3 0 0 - 3 0 4 ,3 8 2 310, 312-315, 322-323,327, 332, - - s i n i s t r u m1 4 2 , 1 4 7 , 1 6 7 16 6 , 1 7 2 ,1 8 8 , 2 4 / + - 2 4 6 2 ,1 , 8 - 2 5 0 ,
- - tibiate 284-290,293 356,368 244-245 255
- c o r o n a r i u m 14 2 - 11 , 3 ,1L 5 , 1 6 0 , - u m b i l i c a lm e e d i a n u m6 1 , 7 2 , - - sinister 120,131,142-144,
167 - p h r e n i c o c o t i c u 1m6 0 ,1 6 6 15 8 ,1 9 0 - 1 9 11, 96 , 2 0 7 ,2 2 9 ,2 3 6 , 14 9 - 15 0 , 1 5 4 ,1 5 8 - 16 1 ,16 6 ,
- costoclavicular5 e1 - phrenicosplenicum 247 252-253 170,172,212-243,245,
.- costotransversarium20-21, 32 - p t a n t a r e l - i a3J0 2 - v e n a ec a v a e 1 4 2 - 1 4 3 , 1 4 7 2 4 7- 2 5 0 , 2 5 5
- - L a t e r a t e2 0 - 2 2 - - longum 299-300,302,304, - v e n o s u m1 4 2 , 1 4 7 - i n f e r i o r9 4 - 9 6 ,9 8 - 9 9 ,1 0 3 ,11 0 ,
- - s u p e r i u s2 1 - 2 2 , 3 1 342,379,383 - vocale 1'19 1 18, 121, 121+-127 , 148, 159,243,
- c o s t o x i p h o i d e5a6 ,5 8 - p o p t i t e u ma r c u a t u m 2 8 6 , 2 8 8 , L i m b ,l o w e r 2 6 3 245-247
- c r i c o t h y r o i d e um me d i a n u m9 0 290,329 - a r t e r i e s3 5 1 - m e d i u s( P r o s t a t a1l 9 5
- c r u c i a t u ma n t e r i u s 2 8 6 - 2 8 7 , - - obliquum 286-288,293, - c o m p a r t m e n t s3 6 6 - - putmonis dextri 94-96, 98,
289-290,292-293 329-330 - c r o s s - s e c t i o3n8 1 - 3 8 2 1 0 3 ,1 1 0 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 1 , 59,
- - p o s t e r i u s2 8 6 - 2 9 0 , 2 9 3 - p u b i c u mi n f e r i u s2 3 0 , 2 3 1 r , 2 6 8 , - c u t a n e o u Isn n e T v a t r osne,g m e n - 245
- c r u c i f o r m ea t t a n t i s18 - 19 270-272,r39 tat 346 - nrnc+elra davfpr 195
- cuboideonavicu[a d roer s a L e3 0 0 - - superius234,256-257, - c u t a n e o u sn e r v e s 3 4 9 - - s i n i s t e r1 9 5
- - plantare302 268-2692 , 7 2 ,3 14 , 3 5 s ,T 3 9 - d e r m a t o m e s3 4 6 - p y r a m i d a t i1s1 0
- c u n e o c u b o i d e udmo r s a t e3 0 3 - p u b o f e m o r a l e2 7 8 - 2 7 9 - innervation se , g m e n t a it n, d i c a - - q u a d r a t u s 14 2 , 1 6 0 - 16 1 ,1 7 2 ,
- c u n e o n a v i c u l a rdi oa r s a t i a3 0 0 , - p u b o p r o s t a t i c u m2 2 6 ,2 5 2 tor musclesT41 249
303 - p u L m o n a [ 9e 5 ,1 ' 1 2 - l y m p h a t i c s3 5 2 - s u p e r i o r I 4 - 96 , 9 8 - 9 9 ,1 0 3 ,
- - p t a n t a r i a3 0 2 - rectouterinum 205 - muscles 306-309T , 42-T5/. 110 - 111 , 1 1 8 ,1 2 4 - 1 2 71, 5 9 ,
- deltoideum s Ligamentum - r e f l e x u m5 6 ,5 8 , 6 0 - - o r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n s 245
c o t L a t e r a tme e d i a t e[ A r t i c u [ a t i o - r o t u n d u m 1 6 7 ,2 0 1 ,2 0 4 ,2 2 9 310-311,324-325 - { T h y m u s1l 1 1
t al o cr u r aI is ] - sacrococcygeum anterius - nerves345 L o w e ra b d o m e nv, e s s e L s1 7 5 ,1 7 7
- d e n t i c u l a t u m4 0 , 4 3 , 4 5 230-231 - s k e L e t o n2 6 3 L o w e rl i m b s L i m b ,l o w e r
- epididymidin s f e r i u s1 9 3 - - p o s t e r i u sp r o f u n d u m2 7 0 - -,,-J^-^ ^^^l^-.,
5Ur rdLtr d'rd(v'rry
tlt
zez L u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a I
- - s u p e r i u s1 9 3 - - - s u p e r f i c i a t e2 5 2 , 2 7 0 - v e i n s3 5 2 c o L u m n4 3
- f a L c i f o r m e5 9 , 7 1 - 7 2 ,1 4 2 - 1 4 3 , - s a c r o i L i a caan t e r i o r a 2 3 0 , Limbus - A P - r a d i o g r a p 'h1 6
14 7 , 1 5 0 ,15 8 - 16 0 , 16 6 ,2 4 3 , 268-2692 , 7 1 - 2 7 2 , 3 1 ,7r 3 9 - a c e t a b u t i2 5 6 ,2 6 6 - 2 6 7 _CT35
21,8-249 - - i n t e r o s s e a2 3 0 , 2 5 4 , 2 7 0 - 2 7 2 , - f o s s a eo v a l i s 7 8 - | ^+^-^t -^t:^^-^^l
(dLEr dt I ourvgr dPr |
1F
| J
Systema
- c o n d u c e n t ec o r d i s 8 2 - 8 3
f rigonunl-a) TubercuLum[-aJ v
- l u m b o c o s t a [ e6 3 ,T 2 1 - p u b i c u m 4 7 , 2 3 0 ,2 3 4 - 2 3 5 2 , 64,
- s k e t e t a l e( C o l u m n av e r t e b r a l i s l - s t e r n o c o s t a t e6 3 ,T 2 1 2 6 6 - 2 6 ,72 7 1, 2 7 3 ,3 5 5 V ag i n a[ - a e ) 2 0 0 - 2 0 5 2 , 0 7 ,2 2 3 ,
2 - v e s i c a e1 9 0 - 1 9 11,9 5 ,1 9 8 - q u a d r a t u m2 7 5 - 2 7 6 2 2 8 ,2 3 0 - 2 3 1, 2 3 4 , 2 3 7, 2 5 3 , 2 5 7
T r o ch an t er T ub e r o si t a s - c o m m u n i st e n d i n u mm u s c u t o -
- m a j o r 2 5 6 ,2 6 2 ,2 6 8 ,2 7 3 - 2 8 0 , - g t u t e a 2 7 5 - 2 76 , 2 7 8 ,3 1 9 r u m f i b u t a r i u m3 0 4 ,3 3 4 - 3 3 5
T 3 1 9 - 3 2 1 , 3 6 03, 6 4 - iliaca 264,266 - m u s c u t rl e c t ia b d o m i n i s5 2 ,
- minor 273-2803 , 16 , 3 2 1 ,3 6 4 - m u s c u Lgi I u t e im a x i m i 2 6 7 5 6 - 5 8 ,6 9 - 7 0 ,7 2 , 2 4 9 ,3 5 5
Taenia - t e r t i u s2 7 5 - - s e r r a t ia n t e r i o r i s 4 9 - p L a n t a r it se n d i n i sm u s c u L i
- t i b e r a1 3 8 - 1 1 r1 05 , 8 ,1 6 1 - 1 6 5 T r o chI e a - o s s i sc u b o i d e i2 9 5 - 2 9 6 2 , 9 8 ,3 0 2 f i b u t a r i sL o n g i3 4 1
- m e s o c o L i c1a3 9 ,1 6 1 - f i b u L a r i s2 9 6 - 2 9 7 - - m e t a t a r spi r i m i 2 9 5 ,2 9 8 - t e n d i n i s / t e n d i n udmi g i t o r u m
- o m e n t a t i s1 3 9 ,1 5 8 ,1 6 0 - 1 6 11, 6 3 - tati 295-298,305 - - - quinti 295-296,298, p e d i s3 3 5 , 3 4 0 - 3 4 1
fatus 295-2993 , 0 1 ,3 0 4 - 3 0 5 3 , 83 Truncus[-il 302-303,334 - - muscuti/-orum extensoris
T a r s a Ij o i n t - b r a c h i o c e p h a l i c u7s4 - 7 5 , 8 9 , - - n a v i c u l a r i s2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 2 d i g i t o r u mt o n g i 3 3 4 - 3 3 5
- s A r t i c u l a t i cou n e o n a v i c u t a r i s , 9 8 - 9 9 ,10 4 - 10 5 , 1 0 7 ,1 0 9 ,1 1 1 , - - s a c r i1 0 - 1 1 h a L L u c i[ so n g i 3 3 4 - 3 3 5
A r t i c u l a t i co u n e o c u b o i d eAar,- 114-1151 , 1 8 - 1 2 1, 1 2 4 - p h a t a n g ids i s t a t i sl P e s l 2 9 5 - - - f t e x o r i sd i g i t o r u ml o n g i
t i c u t a t i o l - n e isnl t e r c u n e i f o r m e s - c o e t i a c u s6 2 , 1 0 4 ,1 0 6 ,1 1 5 ,1 5 2 , - tibiae 262, 282, 285-287,291, 304,335
- t r a n s v e r s es A r t i c u t a t i ot a t o c a t - 15 5 , 16 8 , 1 7 0 - 1 7 3 1 , 7 8 - 1 7 9 ,1 8 7, 2 9 4 , 3 2 ,73 3 2 , 3 6 7 h a L L u cliosn g i 3 3 5 , 3 4 0
c a n e o n a v i c u l a rAi sr ,t i c u t a t i o 2 1 4 , 2 1-72 1 8 ,2 2 0 - 2 2 1 Tubutus - - - t i b i a L iasn t e r i o r i s3 3 4 - 3 3 5
catcaneocuboidea - - v a r i a t i o n s1 7 8 - d i s t a t i s1 8 4 p o s t e r i o r i s3 0 4 , 3 3 5
T a r s a tI u n n e [ 3 7 7 - c o s t o c e r v i c a t1i s1 5 - p r o x i m a l i s1 8 4 - - [Pesl 334-335
T a r s o m e t a t a r sj a o Ii n t ss A r t i c u l a - - [ E m b r y o l2 0 6 Tunica Vatval-ael
t i o l - n e stJa r s o m e t a t a r s a t e s - nac+rncnlonirrrc 174 - a d v e n t i t i a1 0 5 - a o r t a e 7 7 ,8 0 ,8 2 ,8 5 , 1 1 L ,
Tarsus263 - hepatomesentericu 1 s7 8 - - l T r a c h e a9l 1 119-120,126-127
Teta - i n t e s t i n a t i 2s 1 8 - a t b u g i n e a1 9 3 , 2 / 1 / + - a t r i o v e n t r i c u L a rdi se x t r a 7 7 - 7 8 ,
- s u b c u t a n e a5 8 ,74 , 2 1 0 ,2 3 2 ,2 3 9 - [ u m b a L i s2 1 8 - 2 1 9 - - enrnnri< <nnnnin<i 199 8 0 - 8 2 ,1 1 9 - 1 2 0 1 , 27
- s u b m u c o s a1 0 5 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 6 - 1 3 7 , - l u m b o s a c r a l i s6 8 ,2 2 0 - 2 2 12, 2 5 , - - c o r p o r u mc a v e r n o s o T u m - - sinistra 77,79-82,126-127
139 344 1 9 7- 1 9 9 ,2 4 2 , 2 5 2 - cordis 77
- s u b s e r o s a1 3 0 ,' 1 3 61, 3 9 - n e r v is p i n a l i s 1 + 1 - 4 3/ .,5 - d a r t o s 7 0 ,1 9 4 ,1 9 7 ,2 2 6 ,2 3 2 , - m i t r a I i ss V a l v aa t r i o v e n t r i c u -
T e n d oc a t c a n e u s3 0 0 - 3 0 13, 0 4 , - p u l m o n a t i s7 4 - 7 6 ,7 9 , 8 2 , 8 4 , 239, 242, 252 [ a r i ss i n i s t r a
3 0 7 ,3 0 9 ,3 2 8 - 3 3 3 3 , 3 5 ,3 7 0 - 3 7 2 , 9 8 , 1 0 1 ,11 4 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 1 , 25-126 - f i b r o s a1 5 3 - t r i c u s p i d a I i s V a l v aa t r i o v e n -
382-383 - s y m p a t h i c u s4 1 , 4 5 , 6 3 , 6 8 ,8 3 , - m u c o s a 1 0 5 ,1 2 1 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 9 , t r i c u t a r i sd e x t r a
T e s t i s6 1 ,6 7 , 1 8 5 ,1 9 2 - 1 9 42, 2 2 , 112-1131 , 1 5 - 1 1 7, 1 2 0 - 1 2 1, 150,190,201-202 - t r u n c ip u t m o n a t i s7 7 , 8 2 , 8 4
242-243.252 12/+-125 1 ,2 7, 2 2 0 - 2 2 3 , 2 2 52,4 5 , - - I G a s t e r j1 0 8 V a [ V eo f H E I S T E 1 R5 0
T h i g hs F e m u r 248,250-251 - - I T r a c h e a9j 1 Valvu[a{-aeI
Thnr:rir m, ,c.16. qr-Eq c7 E8,Tl 3 - t i b i o f i b u L a r 3i s6 9 ,3 7 2 - muscuLari1 s 0 5 ,1 1 9 ,1 2 9 - 1 3 0 , - a n a l e s2 1 0
T h o r a c i c o r g a n1s1 8 - v:n:lic:nrorinr A1 117 13 5 - 13 7 , 1 3 9- 1 4 0 , 1 9 0 - 1 91 , - f o r a m i n i so v a [ i s7 9
T h o r a c i cp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a I - - posterior 63,120-121 201-202,210,226,228,230, 261 - f o s s a en a v i c u [ a r i s1 9 8
coIumn T r u n k - a r mm u s c t e s2 6 - 2 7 , f1 8 - s e T o s a1 3 0 ,1 3 6 - 1 3 7' ,1 4 31, 5 0 , - s e m i t u n a r ias n t e r i o r7 7
- AP-radiograp1 h4 - d e e pl a y e r 2 7 153,201-202,226 - - - { V a t v tar u n c ip u [ m o n a I i s8l 4
- [ a t e r a rI a d i o g r a p h1 4 - s u p e r f i c i a lIa y e r 2 6 - - I C o t o n j1 3 9 - - d e x t r a( V a t v a o r t a e j 7 7 , 7 9 ,
T h o r a c iw c a L [5 8 ,6 6 ,6 9 T r u n k - s h o u t d eg ri r d L e muscles - v a g i n a I i st e s t i s 7 0 , 1 9 3 - 1 9 4 , 8 2 , 8 4 , 1 1 9 ,1 2 6
- innervation se, gmenta6 [ 7 26-27,r17 2 3 9 ,2 4 2 - - - { V a L vtar u n c i p u L m o n a L i s l
- m u s c t e ss t h o r a c i cm u s c t e s - d e e pl a y e r 2 7 77,84
- s k e t e t o np r o j e c t i o n4 7 - s u p e r f i c i al aI yer26 - - p o s t e r i o r[ V a l v aa o r t a e l 7 7 ,
- s u r f a c ea n a t o m y 4 6 Tuba U 7 9 - 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 4 ,1 1 9 ,1 2 6
Thorax - uterina 167, 200-201,203-204, - - s i n i s t r a{ V a l v aa o r t a e } 7 7 ,
- c r o s ss e c t i o n1 2 5 2 0 9, 2 2 3 , 2 2 8 2 , 59 U m b i [ i c acLo r d 2 0 8 7 9 - 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 41, 1 9 ,1 2 6
- f r o n t a ls e c t i o n 118 , 12 1 - - A P - r a d i o g r a p 2h 0 3 U m b i L i c u5 s 9 , 7 2 ,1 9 7 - - - ( V a L vtar u n c i p u I m o n a t i s )
- m e d i a ns e c t i o n11 9 Tuber U n c o v e r t e b r acIl e f t s 2 4 7 7, 8 2 , 8 4
T h y m u s1 1 0 - 1 1 31 ,1 9 1, 5 9 - c a L c a n e2i 96 - 2 9 8 ,3 0 0 - 3 0 2 , U n c u sc o r p o r i s7 , 1 3 ,2 4 - 2 5 ,3 5 - s i n u sc o T o n a r i 7 i 8,82,84
ribia 262-263,282-283,285-287, 304-305,328-330, 332, 340-341 U p p e ra b d o m e n - v e n a ec a v a ei n f e r i o r i s 7 8 ,8 2
290-294, 300-301, 304-306,327, - i s c h i a d i c u m3 , 2 1 2 - 2 1 3 2 , 15, - v e s s e t s1 7 2 - 1 7 3 Vas[-a]
3 2 9 - 3 3 1 , 3 6 6 - 3 6,73 7 4 , 3 8 1- 3 8 3 230, 232-235, 257-258, 265-268, - v i s c e r a1 6 0 - d e f e r e n ss D u c t u sd e f e r e n s
Trabecu[a{-ae] 2 7 0 ,2 7 3 ,2 8 0 ,3 1 7 ,3 19 - 3 2 0 ,3 6 0 U r a c h u s7 0 , 1 5 9 ,1 8 5 ,1 9 2 ,2 0 0 - l y m p h a t i c u ma()- 1 9 7, 2 1 9
- carneae79-80 - o m e n t a t e1 4 2 ,1 6 1 U r e t e r 7 1 , 1 5 2 ,1 6 3 - 1 6 4 1 , 66-167, - - a f f e r e n t i a2 1 9
- coTporum cavernosorum 198 T u b e r c [ eo f V A T E R13 5 , 15 0 , 15 2 1 7 1 ,1 7 9 ,1 8 2 - 1 8 31, 8 5 - 18 7 , - - A P - r a d i o g r a p 2h 1 9
- septomarginat7 i s8 ,8 0 - 8 1 Tubercutuml-al 191-1921 , 9 6 ,2 0 0 - 2 0 1, 2 0 5 , 2 0 9, - - c e n t r a t e1 3 6
- s p t e n i c a e1 5 6 - a d d u c t o r i u m2 7 5 , 2 7 7 2 16 - 2 1 8 ,2 2 1 - 2 2 2 2 , 2 6 - 2 2 9 ,2 3 1 , - - e f f e r e n t i a2 1 9
T r a c h e a1 3 ,8 9 - 9 1 ,9 8 - 9 9 ,1 0 1 , - a n t e r i u s{ V e r t e b r ac e r v i c a [ i s ] 236,245, 251, 253-254,258 - - p r o f u n d a3 6 7
104,106-1070 , 19 , 111 , 1 1 / + - 1 2 1 , 6-7, 35,55 - AP-radiograp1 h86 - - s u p e r f i c i a [ i3a6 6
123-124 - c o s t a e8 , 2 0 , 2 2 , 4 9 U r e t h r a 19 0 , 1 9 6 ,1 9 8 , 2 5 2 - 2 5 3 - t e s t i c u t a r e s7 1
- b i f u r c a t i o n9 0 - i l i a c u m2 6 4 , 2 6 7 - f e m i n i n a 2 0 0 ,2 0 7 ,2 3 0 ,2 3 / . , V A I E RP,a p i t l oa f 1 3 5 , 1 5 0 , 1 5 2 - 1 5 3
- c r o s s - s e c t i o9n1 - i n t e r c o n d y l a r lea t e r a L e2 8 2 , 237,261 Veinlsl
- p r o j e c t i o n9 0 291 - m a s c u t i n a1 9 0 , 1 9 5 - 1 9 6 1 ,9 8 - 1 9 9 , - d e e p p e r f o r a t i n go f H A c H3 5 2
T r a c t u si t i o t i b i a l i s2 7 9 ,3 0 6 - 3 0 7 , - - nediale 282,291 222,234,239,244,259-260 - o f B o Y D3 5 2
312-3133 , 18 - 3 19 , 3 2 2 ,3 2 4 ,3 2 7 , - i n t e r v e n o s u m7 8 U t e r u s 1 4 0 ,2 0 0 - 2 0 3 2 , 0 5 ,2 0 7 , - o f C O O K E I3T5 2
3 3 2 ,3 6 1 ,3 8 1 - Latera[e ( T a t u s ]2 9 6 - 2 9 8 209, 223, 228-229,253,351, - o f D o D D3 0 6 ,3 5 2
T R E I TM Z ,u s c t eo f 1 3 5 ,1 5 2 - m a j u sI H u m e r u s J4 7 - A P - r a d i o g r a p 2h 0 3 - o f H U N T E 3R5 2
T r i a do f G L I S S 0 1 N4 5 - m e d i a l e[ T a t u s J2 9 6 - 2 9 8 - m u c o s a p, h a s eo f p r o t i f e r a t i o n - o f M A Y3 5 2 , 3 6 5
T r i a n g l eo f B O C H D A L E6K 3 - m i n u sl H u m e r u s l4 7 202 - o f S H E R M A3N5 2
Trirnnrrlrr cnrro ?7 - m u s c u t si c a t e nai n t e r i o r i s4 9 - p o s i t i o n2 0 3 Venal-ael
Trigonum I- a J - obturatorium a n t e r i u s2 6 7 - pregnant 206-207 - a n t e r i o r[ V p u [ m o n a l i sd e x t r a
- ctavipectorate 58 - - p o s t e r i u s2 6 6 - 2 6 7 - - ultrasound image206 s u p e r i o r l9 8 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 2
- f i b r o s u md e x t r u m 7 7 , 8 4 - p o s t e r i u s{ A t t a s l 3 4 - u [ t r a s o u n idm a g e 2 0 6 - a p i c a [ i s9 8
- - s i n i s t r u m7 7 , 8 4 - - ( V e r t e b rcae r v i c a L i s6J- 7 , 1 2 , U t r i c u I u sp r o s t a t i c u s1 9 0 ,1 9 2 ,1 9 8 - a p i c o p o s t e r i o9r8
- [ u m b a t e 2 6 - 2 7 ,3 7 , 5 2 , 3 6 1 17 , 3 1 ,3 3 ,3 5 '190, - a p p e n d i c u [ a r i1s6 9 ,1 8 0
U v u l av e s i c a e 198
lndex
t
- - rdrsr dr I duru9r dPil r4
231 118,121-122 - - m e d i a n a1 7 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 1 , V e r t e b r a cl o t u m n 3 - 4
- - - s u p e r t i c i a t i6s 6 , 3 5 3 - 3 5 5 - L o bm i edii 98 - t i g a m e n t s2 0 - 2 1
229
- - s c a p u l a e3 7 - [ u m b a l e s 4 1 ,1 7 9 ,2 1 7 ,2 4 3 ,2 1 + 5 - s a p h e n aa c c e s s o r i laa t e r a l i s3 5 3 V e si c a
- c o L i cdae x t r a1 5 2 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 5 , 1 8 0 - [ u m b a l i sa s c e n d e n s ---medialis354 - b i L i a r i s6 7 , 1 4 0 ,1 4 2 ,1 4 4 ,
42,
- - m e d i a 1 5 2 ,1 6 1 , 1 6 3 - 1 6 1 + , 115-116,221 - - magna66,68,218,257,284, 146-1/+7, 149 -151, 15/1,160-161,
169,175,177,180 - m a r g i n a t i cs o t i 1 6 9 3 0 6 ,3 5 2 - 3 5 63, 5 8 ,3 6 0 , 1 7 0 ,1 7 2 ,18 0 ,2 5 0
- - s i n i s t r a1 6 7 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 5 , 1 7 7 , - - l a t e r a l i s
3 6 5 ,3 7 3 365-3663 , 7 3 ,3 7 9 ,3 8 1- 3 8 2 - - AP-radiograph 1 5 1 ,i 5 4
180-181 - - m e d i a l i s3 6 5 ,3 7 3 - - p a r v a 2 8 4 , 3 5 2 , 3 6 0 - 3 6 1 , 3 6 3 , - - t a p a r o s c o p1y 4 9
- c o r d i s8 5 - m e s e n t e r i c ai n t e r i o r 1 5 2 ,1 6 7 , - f e l t e as V e s i c ab i t i a r i s
3 6 5 - 3 6 6 ,3 6 9 - 3 7 0 , 3 7 3 ,
- - m e d i as V e n ac a r d i a c a media 1 6 9 ,1 7 7, 1 7 9 - 1 8,12 1 3 3 81- 3 8 2 - u r i n a r i a6 2 ,6 7 ,7 0 - 7 1 ,1 4 0 ,1 5 9 ,
- cremasterica 238 - - s u p e r i o r1 5 2 - 1 5 3 , 1 6 7 , 1 6 9 , - s i g m o i d e a e1 6 9 ,1 7 7 ,1 7 9 - 1 8 1 , 16 5 - 1 6 7, 1 7 9 ,1 8 5 ,1 9 0 - 1 9 2 ,1 9 6 ,
- c y s t i c a 1 4 9 ,1 6 9 ,1 7 2 ,1 8 0 - 1 8 1 1 7 3 ,1 7 5 ,1 7 7, 1 7 9 - 1 8,1 210,213 1 9 8 ,2 0 0 ,2 0 5 ,2 0 7, 2 0 9, 2 1 7, 2 2 2 ,
- d i g i t a t e sd o r s a [ e sp e d i s 3 7 3 242-244,251 - eninelic nnc+orinr l'l 226-229, 236-237, 242-243,
- d o r s a [ i sp r o f u n d ac t i t o r i d i s2 3 1 , - m u s c u [ o p h r e n i c6a9 - s p [ e n i c a1 5 2 - 1 5 6 ,1 6 1 ,1 6 7 ,1 6 9 , 252-253, 256-257, 259-261,35/+
234 - o b t i q u aa t r i is i n i s t r i8 5 1 7 3 ,1 7 7, 1 7 9- 1 8 1 ,2 4 4 - 2 4 5 , - - p u n c t u r e1 9 0
---penis199,227,234, - o b t u r a t o r i a7 1 ,2 1 3 ,2 2 7 ,2 2 9 , 248-2s0 Vestibu[um
238-239,252 2 3 1, 2 3 6 ,2 5 6 - 2 5 7, 2 6 1, 3 1 7, 3 5 5 - s u b c l a v i a8 9 , 1 0 5 - 1 0 61, 1 1 - 1 1 2 , - b u r s a eo m e n t a l i s1 6 1 , 1 6 6
- - s u p e r f i c i a Ipi e s n i s1 9 9 , 2 3 8 , - o c c i p i t a t i3s7-39 - v a g i n a e2 3 5
116,118,121,123
252 - o e s o p h a g e a 1e 0 6 , 1 6 91, 8 0 - s u b c o s t a L i1s1 5 - 11 6 V i t t ir n t e s t i n a t e1s3 6
- d u o d e n a t e s1 6 9 - o v a r i c a1 5 2 ,1 6 7 , 1 8 2 , 1 8 7 , 2 0 1 , - s u b c u t a n e aaeb d o m i n i s6 6 V is c er a
- e p i g a s t r i cian f e r i o r6 0 ,6 6 ,6 9 , 2 0 9 , 2 2 8 - 2 2 ,92 5 3 - s u p r a r e n a [ i s1 8 2 ,1 8 7 ,2 1 7 - o f t h e n e o n a t e15 9
7 1- 7 2 , 1 5 8 - 1 5 9, 1 7 3 ,1 7 5 ,1 7 9 , - p a n c r e a t i c a 1e 6 9 - suratis 370 - u p p e ra b d o m e n1 6 0 - 1 6 i
18 1 , 19 6 ,2 1 7 ,2 2 1 ,2 2 7 ,2 2 9 ,2 3 1 , - p a n c r e a t i c o d u o d e n a I i s ( - e s J - t e s t i c u t a r i s7 1 , 1 5 1 ,1 7 9 ,1 8 2 , V o r t e xc o r d i s 7 6
236,253 169,180 18 7 , 19 3 ,2 1 7, 2 2 1, 2 3 8 , 2 5 1
- - s u p e r f i c i a l i6s 6 ,1 8 1 , 3 5 3 - 3 5 5 - - s u p e r i o r p o s t e r i o r - thoracica
169 i n t e r n a6 3 ,6 6 ,6 9 ,
- - s u p e r i o r6 6 , 6 9 - 7 0 , 7 2
- f e m o r a l i s 6 2 , 7 3 , 2 1 8 ,2 4 4 , 2 5 6 -
- paraumbiLicate 6 s6 , 7 2 ,1 8 1
- p e r f o r a n t e s3 0 6 ,3 5 2 , 3 6 5 , 3 7 3
8 8 - 8 9 ,9 8 , 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 ,1 2 4
- - L a t e r a I i s5 6
w
2 5 7, 3 14 , 3 5 3 3 , 5 5 - 3 5 83, 8 0 - 3 8 1 - pericardiacophren8 i c9a, - t h o r a c o e p i g a s t r i c6a6e WINSLoW F ,o r a m e no f 1 6 0
- f e m o r o p o p t i t e a3 6 6 111-113,118 - t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r 8 8 - 8 9 ,' 1 0 6 , W I R S U ND Gu, c to f 1 5 2
- f i b u t a r i s3 6 6 - p e r i n e a [ i s2 3 4 110-111,116 W 0 L F F i adnu c t 1 9 2 ,2 0 0
- g a s t r i c a [ - a eb lr e v e s1 3 1 ,1 o o , - p h r e n i c a ien f e r i o r e s6 3 , 1 0 6 , - - s u p e r i o r1 1 0
169,180 1 8 1, 2 1 7 - t i b i a t e sa n t e r i o r e s3 6 6 - 3 6 7
- - d e x t r a 1 3 1 ,1 6 9 ,1 8 0 - p [ a n t a r i s[ a t e r a [ i s3 0 4
- - s i n i s t r a1 0 6 , 1 3 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 6 0 , - - m e d i a t i s3 0 4
- - p o s t e r i o r e s3 6 6 , 3 7 0
- t r a n s v e r s ac o t l i 3 8
z
16 9, 1 7 2 ,1 7 9 - 1 8,12 4 4 ,2 4 9 - p o p t i t e a2 8 4 ,3 2 9 , 3 6 1 - 3 6 33, 6 6 , - umbiticati7 s 0 - 7 1 ,1 t 3 , 1 5 9 ,2 0 7 ZENKER D ,i v e r t i c u t u m of 109
- g a s t r o d u o d e n a t1i s5 2 369-37 1 - uterina 228-229 Zona
- g a s t r o o m e n t a tdi se x t r a 1 3 1 - p o r t a eh e p a t i s1 0 6 ,1 3 1 , - v e n t r i c u tdi e x t na n t e r i o r e s8 4 - f a s c i c u t a t a1 8 9
16 0 ,16 7 , 16 9 , 1 7 2 - 1 7 3 1 , 80 142-1431 , 4 6 , 14 8 , 1 5 2 - 1 5 1 1, 6 7, - - s i n r s t r ip o s t e r i o r e s7 5 ,8 5 - o r b i c u t a r i s2 5 6 ,2 7 1 ,2 7 9
- - s i n i s t r a1 0 6 , 1 3 1 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 9 , 16 9- 1 7 0 ,1 7 2 - 1 7 31, 7 9- 1 8 1 , - v e r t e b r a t i s3 9 , 7 5 , 1 0 6 - r e t i c u t a r i s1 8 9
172-173,180 2 4 3 - 2 4 4 , 2 4 62, 4 8 - 2 5 0 - v e s i c a t i s { - e s7l 0 , 2 2 8 Z y g a p o p h y s iss P r o c e s s u sa r t i c u -
- g t u t e ai n f e r i o r 2 1 3 ,2 5 6 ,3 6 / +3, 8 0 ---projectionl46 - - inferior 227 [ a r i s s u p e r i o r /ni f e r i o rl V e r t e b r a l