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SECOND DIVISION

G.R. No. 129211 October 2, 2000

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee,

DECISION

QUISUMBING, J.:

On appeal is the decision dated November 13, 1995 of the Regional Trial Court of Manila, Branch 29,2 in Criminal
Case No. 91-99526, convicting appellant and his co-accused of the crime of murder, sentencing them to suffer the
penalty of reclusion perpetua, ordering them to pay the heirs of the victim P50,000.00 as indemnity, and to pay the
costs.

Appellant Larry Artellero was employed as a cement mixer and helper of co-accused Wilfredo Rodriguez, a mason
in the construction of the upper floors of the Far East Bank and Trust Company, Blumentritt Branch, Sta. Cruz,
Manila. Both were charged with the crime of robbery with homicide for the killing of the bank security guard, Ramon
Matias y Ibay. The trial court found both guilty of murder. Both appealed. However, Rodriguez withdrew his appeal
for financial reasons. Although only Artellero is the appellant now, in view of the circumstances obtaining in this
case, we are compelled to review Rodriguezs conviction as well.

The facts of the case are as follows:

On October 11, 1991, early in the morning, at the Far East Bank and Trust Company branch office in Rizal Avenue
cor. Batangas St., Sta. Cruz, Manila, a messenger discovered the lifeless body of Matias, inside the bank premises.
The body was hogtied with a nylon cord, and bore 32 stab wounds. The chairs and tables inside the bank were in
disarray. The banks emergency exit vault bore chisel marks. At around 6:00 A.M., SPO3 Mendoza and two other
officers of the Western Police District arrived after receiving a report on the incident. They interviewed the bank
janitor, a Mr. Cawagdan, and the other security guard, Dionisio Vargas. Then they ordered the transfer of the body of
Matias to the morgue. The police found a bloodstained scissors mate inside a podium located near the main
entrance of the bank. The head guard of the banks security agency (Leopard) also reported that three .38 cal.
revolvers and five 12 gauge shotguns were missing from the guard rostrum.3

At around 4:00 P.M., SPO3 Jamoralin and four other WPD policemen conducted a follow-up investigation. They
learned from Vargas that there was an on-going construction on the upper floors of the bank, and that appellant and
his co-accused had access to the bank after office hours. SPO3 Jamoralin asked Vargas to accompany them to the
barracks of the construction workers where they saw appellant at the ground floor of the construction site. On the
third floor, they saw the co-accused, Rodriguez, packing his personal belongings. When asked why he was packing,
Rodriguez replied that he had "nothing more to do (at the site)." SPO3 Jamoralin and the other police officers saw a
pair of worn-out "maong" pants on appellants bed, which had reddish stains on the right leg. The police also saw
reddish stains on accuseds shirt. Rodriguez explained that he had a wound on his neck. However, when the police
examined his neck, they found no wound. The police then arrested Rodriguez and appellant and brought them to
the police station for interrogation. The police took the maong and t-shirt and had them examined by the Chemistry
Section of National Bureau of Investigation (NBI).4

On October 15, 1991, Rodriguez executed a sworn statement confessing that he and appellant together with one
Rading Mendoza, and two other men whose names he did not know, killed Matias. Rodriguez was assisted by Atty.
Procopio Lao III, of the Public Attorneys Office.

On October 18, 1991, appellant and Rodriguez were charged with the crime of Robbery with Homicide under the
following Information:5

That on or about October 11, 1991, in the City of Manila, Philippines, the said accused, whose true names, identities
and present whereabouts are still unknown and helping one another, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and
feloniously, with intent to kill, attack, assault and use personal violence upon the person of RAMON MATIAS, a
security guard on duty at Far East Bank and Trust Company, by then and there stabbing the latter several times with
a bladed instrument, hitting him on the different parts of the body, thereby inflicting upon the said RAMON MATIAS
mortal stab wounds which were the direct and immediate cause of his death; that once the said RAMON MATIAS
was attacked, assaulted and/or killed in the manner above-described, the said accused, with intent of gain, take, rob
and carry away three (3) pieces of caliber .38 revolvers and five (5) pieces of 12 gauge shotguns, all valued not less
than P5.00; belonging to the Far East Bank and Trust Company, to the damage and prejudice of the said bank in the
aforesaid amount of P5.00, Philippine Currency.

Contrary to Law.

Upon arraignment on November 22, 1991, appellant and Rodriguez entered their respective pleas of not guilty.6

During trial, the prosecution presented the following witnesses: (1) SPO3 Jaime D. Mendoza, (2) SPO3 Rodolfo A.
Jamoralin, Jr., both of the Crimes against Persons Division of the WPD, (3) Atty. Procopio Lao III of the Public
Attorneys Office (PAO), and (4) Carolyn Y. Custodio, Supervisor of the Chemistry District of the NBI.

Custodio testified that the reddish stains on Rodriguezs pants and shirt were positive for type O human blood,
which was also the blood type of Rodriguez.7

The testimony of Dr. Dario L. Gajardo, Chief and Medico-Legal Officer of the PNP Crime Laboratory, was dispensed
with upon admission of the defense of the authenticity of the Necropsy Report,8 which stated that the cause of death
was "cardio-respiratory arrest due to shock and hemorrhage secondary to multiple stab wounds in the body."9

The prosecution likewise offered in evidence the photograph of the body of the victim when it was found, the nylon
cord used to tie him, the Sworn Statement of security guard Dionisio Vargas, the Certification issued by the Leopard
Agency as to the missing firearms, the sworn statement of Rodriguez, the Progress Report of SPO3 Jamoralin, the
Booking Sheet and Arrest Report, the Letter-Request of Chief Inspector Jose Pring addressed to the Director of the
NBI, the NBI Laboratory Report No. B-91-1613, the maong pants and shirt, and the PNP Medico-Legal Report.10

After presentation of the prosecutions evidence, appellant filed a Demurrer to the Evidence11 on the grounds that
the prosecution failed to establish the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt and that testimonies of the
prosecution witnesses were hearsay. Upon the Opposition12 of the public prosecutor, the trial court denied the
demurrer for lack of merit.13

The evidence for the defense consists of the testimonies of the following witnesses: (1) Evangelo U. Javellano, Jr.,
Bank Manager of the FEBTC, Blumentritt branch, who testified that bank policy prohibits the guards from allowing
persons into the bank after office hours, except for official visitors coming from higher ranks,14 (2) appellant, and (3)
Rodriguez.

On the stand, both Rodriguez and appellant admitted that they were provincemates from Masbate and co-workers in
the construction site. They slept inside the building on the night before the incident but denied any participation in
killing. They claimed that they learned of the killing only on October 11, 1991, at around 7:00 A.M., when they saw
many people milling around the area. Rodriguez claimed that on the night of October 11, 1991, he was mauled by
policemen to confess to the crime. Appellant, on his part, testified that the policemen merely placed him outside the
room where Rodriguez was being interrogated, and that the police did not take any statement from him. Appellant
also denied owning the maong pants which the police said were taken from his bed.15

After due trial, the trial court rendered a decision16 finding appellant and Rodriguez guilty of murder, instead of
robbery with homicide, disposing thus:

WHEREFORE, the accused Larry Artellero Y Rico and Wilfredo Rodriguez Y Culo are hereby found guilty of the
crime of Murder as defined and penalized under Art. 248 of the Revised Penal Code and each of them are (sic)
hereby sentenced to suffer the penalty of Reclusion Perpetua and pay civil indemnity of 50,000.00 by each of them
to the heirs of the victim Ramon Matias Y Ibay and to pay the costs.

The charge of Robbery with Homicide is dismissed it being not the proper charge. The accused are acquitted from
the charge of Robbery for insufficiency of evidence.

SO ORDERED.

Only appellant pursued his appeal. In his brief,17 he contends that the trial court erred in:

I. ... GIVING CREDENCE TO THE EXTRAJUDICIAL CONFESSION OF CO-ACCUSED, WILFREDO

II. ... HOLDING THAT THE MAONG PANTS STAINED WITH HUMAN BLOOD TYPE "O" IS THAT OF
ACCUSED-APPELLANT, AND AS PART OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE OF GUILT OR PARTICIPATION
IN THE COMMISSION OF THE CRIME.

III. ... HOLDING THAT THE FACT OF WORKING AND SLEEPING TOGETHER WITH CO-ACCUSED FOR
SIX (6) MONTHS, AS PART OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE TO FINGER POINT GUILT TO ACCUSED-
APPELLANT.

IV. ... RENDERING DECISION MORE SERIOUS THAN CHARGED IN THE INFORMATION.

Instead of filing an Appellees Brief, the Office of the Solicitor General filed a Manifestation and Motion in Lieu of
Appellees Brief18 contending that:

(1) THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ADMITTING IN EVIDENCE THE EXTRAJUDICIAL CONFESSION OF
ACCUSED WILFREDO RODRIGUEZ AGAINST HIS CO-ACCUSED, APPELLANT LARRY ARTELLERO.

(2) ASSUMING FOR THE SAKE OF ARGUMENT THAT ACCUSED RODRIGUEZS EXTRAJUDICIAL
CONFESSION IS ADMISSIBLE AGAINST APPELLANT ARTELLERO, THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN
FINDING APPELLANT GUILTY OF THE CRIME OF MURDER.

The OSG points out that the prosecution failed to prove the existence of a conspiracy between appellant and
Rodriguez independent of the extrajudicial confession of the latter. The fact that Rodriguez and appellant have been
working in the construction site for six months prior to the incident is insufficient to make a finding of conspiracy.
Further, the fact that type O blood stains were found on appellants maong pants and Rodriguezs t-shirt has no
probative value since appellant denied owning the maong pants, and more importantly, the victims blood type was
not examined, hence there was no point of comparison. Lastly, the OSG contends that the trial court erred in
convicting appellant of murder considering that the Information failed to allege the circumstances qualifying the
killing to murder.

The resolution of the issue regarding the guilt of appellant, in our view, hinges on whether the extrajudicial
confession of accused Rodriguez is admissible not only against him but also against appellant. We find that
Rodriguezs confession is constitutionally flawed so that it could not be used as evidence against them at all.

The four fundamental requisites for the admissibility of a confession are (1) the confession must be voluntary; (2) the
confession must be made with the assistance of competent and independent counsel; (3) the confession must be
express; and (4) the confession must be in writing.19

We find the second requisite lacking. Prosecution witness SPO3 Jamoralin testified that the accused and appellant
were arrested and brought to the police station at around 5:00 P.M. of October 11, 1991.20 The records show that the
extrajudicial confession of Rodriguez was taken down by Pat. David D. Tuazon at 2:00 P.M. of October 15, 1991.21
Atty. Lao confirmed on the stand that the police investigators called him at around 2:00 P.M. of October 15, 1991,
and that he conferred with the accused for about 10 minutes prior to the execution of the extrajudicial confession.22
Evidently, Rodriguez and appellant were detained for four days, but Atty. Lao of the PAO was called only on the
fourth day of detention when accused was about to put his confession in writing. Under the factual milieu, the
moment accused and appellant were arrested and brought to the police station, they were already under custodial
investigation.

In the case of People v. Bolanos,23 we held that an accused who is on board the police vehicle on the way to the
police station is already under custodial investigation, and should therefore be accorded his rights under the
Constitution. In this case, the teaching of Bolanos clearly went unheeded.
The rights of persons under custodial investigation is enshrined in Article III, Section 12 of the 1987 Constitution
which provides:

Sec. 12 (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of
his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person
cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in
writing and in the presence of counsel.

(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation or any other means which vitiates the free will shall be used
against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are
prohibited.

(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or section 17 hereof (right against self-
incrimination) shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.

(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violation of this section as well as compensation for
the rehabilitation of victims of tortures or similar practices, and their families.

Custodial investigation refers to the critical pre-trial stage when the investigation is no longer a general inquiry into
an unsolved crime but has begun to focus on a particular person as a suspect.24 When Rodriguez and appellant
were arrested by the police in the afternoon of October 11, 1991, they were already the suspects in the slaying of
the security guard,Ramon Matias, and should have been afforded the rights guaranteed by Article III, Section 12 of
the 1987 Constitution, particularly the right to counsel. The records do not show that Rodriguez and appellant, at the
time of their arrest in the afternoon of October 11, 1991, were informed of the well-known Miranda rights. Worse,
they were not provided with competent and independent counsel during the custodial investigation prior to the
execution of the extrajudicial confession.

In People v. De la Cruz, 279 SCRA 245 (1997), we declared as inadmissible the extrajudicial confession of accused
where the interrogation started at 9:00 A.M. and his lawyer arrived only at 11:00 A.M.. Jurisprudence is clear that an
accused under custodial investigation must continuously have a counsel assisting him from the very start thereof.25
In this case, Rodriguez and appellant were in the hands of the police for about four days without the assistance of
counsel. In People v. Compil,26 we held that:

The operative act, it has been stressed, is when the police investigation is no longer a general inquiry into an
unsolved crime but has begun to focus on a particular suspect who has been taken into custody by the police to
carry out a process of interrogation that lends itself to eliciting incriminatory statements, and not the signing by the
suspect of his supposed extrajudicial confession. Thus in People v. de Jesus (213 SCRA 345 [1992]) we said that
admissions obtained during custodial investigation without the benefit of counsel although later reduced to writing
and signed in the presence of counsel are still flawed under the Constitution.

So flagrant a violation of the constitutional right to counsel of the accused cannot be countenanced. In People v.
Olivarez, Jr.,27 we explained that:

The purpose of providing counsel to a person under custodial investigation is to curb the uncivilized practice of
extracting confession even by the slightest coercion as would lead the accused to admit something false. What is
sought to be avoided is the "evil of extorting from the very mouth of the person undergoing interrogation for the
commission of an offense, the very evidence with which to prosecute and thereafter convict him." These
constitutional guarantees have been made available to protect him from the inherently coercive psychological, if not
physical, atmosphere of such investigation.

Moreover, so stringent is this requirement that even if the confession of an accused speaks the truth, if it was made
without the assistance of counsel, it is inadmissible in evidence regardless of the absence of coercion, or even if it
had been voluntarily given.28

Since the extrajudicial confession executed by Rodriguez was given in violation of the safeguards in Art. III, Sec. 12
of the 1987 Constitution, we hold that Rodriguezs confession is totally inadmissible, and it was error for the trial
court to use it in convicting Rodriguez and appellant.

Insofar as Rodriguez is concerned, the trial court relied on his extrajudicial confession in convicting him. Aside from
said extrajudicial confession, however, there is a dearth of evidence on record, whether direct or circumstantial,
linking Rodriguez to the commission of the crime.

As to appellant, the trial court convicted him on the basis of two pieces of circumstantial evidence which show
conspiracy: (1) the extrajudicial confession of accused implicating him as one of the perpetrators and (2) the fact
that the maong pants allegedly belonging to appellant was found positive of type O blood. The former being
inadmissible and the latter being of no probative value since the blood type of appellant and the victim were not
taken for purposes of comparison, there remains nothing to support appellants conviction.

As pointed out by the Office of the Solicitor General, even granting arguendo that the extrajudicial confession of
accused was admissible, Section 33 of Rule 130 of the Rules of Court provides that such confession is only
admissible against the confessant. In order to be admissible against his co-accused, Section 30 of Rule 130 of the
Rules of Court require there must be independent evidence aside from the extrajudicial confession to prove
conspiracy. In this case, however, no other piece of evidence was presented to prove the alleged conspiracy.
1wphi1

Although it is only appellant who persisted with the present appeal, the well-established rule is that an appeal in a
criminal proceeding throws the whole case open for review of all its aspects, including those not raised by the
parties.29 The records show that Rodriguez had withdrawn his appeal due to financial reasons.30 However, Section
11 (a) of Rule 122 of the Rules of Court provides that "[a]n appeal taken by one or more [of] several accused shall
not affect those who did not appeal, except insofar as the judgment of the appellant court is favorable and applicable
to the latter." As we have elucidated, the evidence against and the conviction of both appellant and Rodriguez are
inextricably linked. Hence, appellants acquittal, which is favorable and applicable to Rodriguez, should benefit the
latter.

WHEREFORE, the decision of the trial court convicting appellant LARRY ARTELLERO y RICO and co-accused
WILFREDO RODRIGUEZ y CULO is hereby REVERSED. Appellant and Rodriguez are ACQUITTED of the crime of
murder and ordered immediately released from prison, unless held for another lawful cause. The Director of Prisons
is directed to inform this Court of his compliance, within ten (10) days from receipt of this Decision. No costs.

SO ORDERED.

Bellosillo, (Chairman), Mendoza, Buena, and De Leon, Jr., JJ., concur.

Footnotes
1
Appellant signed his name as "Artillero" in the Booking Sheet and Arrest Report, Folder of Exhibits, p. 14,
Records, p. 3, and in the Motion for Early Resolution dated March 13, 2000.
2
Judge Angel Valera Colet, presiding.
3
TSN, May 18, 1992, pp. 5-12; TSN, March 13, 1992, pp. 6-10.
4
TSN, June 22, 1992, pp. 7-8; TSN, June 5, 1992, pp. 6-15.
5
Records, p. 1.
6
Id. at 29.
7
TSN, October 16, 1992, pp. 5-9.
8
Records, p. 226.
9
Folder of Exhibits, p. 19.
10
Formal Offer of Documentary Evidence, Records, pp. 239-244; Exhibits "A" to "N," Folder of Exhibits.
11
Records, pp. 251-255.
12
Id. at 257.
13
Id. at 258.
14
TSN, May 22, 1995, pp. 4-5.
15
TSN, May 15, 1993, pp. 3-15; TSN, March 7, 1995, pp. 2-25; TSN, March 6, 1995, pp. 2-13.
16
Records, pp. 303-327.
17
Rollo, pp. 64-65.
 18
Id. at 128-151.
19
People v. Cabiles, 284 SCRA 199, 211 (1998); People v. Deniega, 251 SCRA 626 (1995).
20
TSN, June 22, 1992, p. 5.
21
Exhibit "F," Folder of Exhibits, pp. 7-9.
22
TSN, November 5, 1993, p. 9.
23
211 SCRA 262 (1992); Republic Act No. 7438, An Act Defining Certain Rights of Person Arrested, Detained
or Under Custodial Investigation as well as the Duties of the Arresting, Detaining, and Investigating Officers
and Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof, which took effect on July 2, 1992, later expanded the definition
of "custodial investigation" to include the practice of issuing an "invitation" to a person who is investigated in
connection with an offense he is suspected to have committed.
24
People v. Domantay, 307 SCRA 1, 15 (1999); People v. Andan, 269 SCRA 95 (1997).
25
People v. De la Cruz, 279 SCRA 245, 253 (1997), emphasis supplied.
26
244 SCRA 135, 142 (1995).
27
299 SCRA 635, 650 (1998).
28
People v. Cabiles, 284 SCRA 199, 211 (1998).
29
People v. Yam-Id, 308 SCRA 651, 655 (1999).
30
Resolution dated January 17, 2000.

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