CECE 2240 Lab Manual
CECE 2240 Lab Manual
LABORATORY MANUAL
Technology
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES-1
CONTENTS
Experiment. No. Name of the experiment Page No.
Table of contents 2
Introduction 4
Laboratory rules 5
Date of revision:
This course should enable the student The students should be able to:
to:
1. Use the design codes in order to produce
1. Establish design loads the design of structures
2. Apply iteration methods to the initial
2. Understand the design code which is
design to converge on an efficient final
used structure
to design structures 3. Maintain ethics within the framework of
3. Discuss the use of basic approaches professional conduct
and 4. Design and analyze of basic structural
more unique methods to analyze elements of reinforced concrete including:
structures by a. Singly and doubly reinforced
hand beams
4. Understand the design of b. One-way slabs
components and c. Columns and footings
5. Calculate the reinforcement details which
complete structures from initial
include:
conceptual a. Maximum and minimum
design to the final design reinforcement areas.
5. Identify the responsibility of the b. Spacing of reinforcement
engineer to c. Curtailment and anchorage of
be ethical in dealing with others and in reinforcement.
the d. Lapping of reinforcement.
presentation of results from analysis 6. Present the design details to show
and design reinforcement and size requirements for
basic members by using manual drawing or
CAD.
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application. Developed
and marketed by Autodesk,[1] AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as a desktop app running
on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers.[2] Prior to the introduction of AutoCAD, most
commercial CAD programs ran on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator
(user) working at a separate graphics terminal.[3] Since 2010, AutoCAD was released as
a mobile- and web app as well, marketed as AutoCAD 360.
AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project managers, engineers, graphic
designers, and many other professionals. It was supported by 750 training centers worldwide in 1994.
Introduction
Beams have been used since dim antiquity to support loads over empty space, as roof beams supported by
thick columns, or as bridges thrown across water, for example. The Egyptians invented the colonnaded
building that was the inspiration for the classic Greek temple. Even with the scarcity of timber in Egypt,
wooden beams supported the roofs. Early bridges were beams supported at each end by the stream banks,
or on piles, on which a deck was constructed for traffic. In either case, the trunk of a tree was the usual
beam, trimmed and either left round or squared. Our word "beam" is, in fact, cognate with
German Baum or Dutch boom. A tree makes a very satifactory beam, indeed, and practically all beams
were originally timber beams. Stone beams, as in door lintels, could be used only for very short spans and
light loads, because of the brittleness of stone. Brittle materials do not make good beams.
Through the millennia, beams were designed by empirical methods, applicable only to specific cases and
incapable of generalization. Galileo studied beams, and although he did not get it quite right, he showed
how the subject should be approached. The theory of beams was only perfected in the late 17th century
with the rise of the science of elasticity, and was shown to be a subject of great complexity for which a
full and accurate solution was very difficult. This remains true even with modern computational methods,
such as the method of finite elements, which produces only numbers (not designs) but very little insight,
and depends on parameters that are not well known and models that may contain errors. These methods
have great value, but are not a comprehensive solution.
The theory of beams shows remarkably well the power of the approximate methods called "strength of
materials methods." These methods depend on the use of statics, superposition and simplifying
assumptions that turn out to be very close to the truth. They give approximate, not exact, results that are
usually more than adequate for engineering work. Calculus and a little differential equations are all the
mathematics required for this approach, not the partial differential equations or tensor analysis that are
typical tools in elasticity.
Strength of materials methods can be used for beams of arbitrary cross sections, for beams whose shape
varies along the length, for loads applied in any direction at any point, distributed or concentrated. Many
of these applications are discussed in the first reference, which shows the versatility of the method. The
results obtained are fully adequate for engineering design. On the other hand, an accurate and rigorous
quantitative solution in these varied cases would be extremely difficult and usually impossible.
An introduction to many of the concepts that will be needed here will be found in Elasticity, including the
meaning of shear and bending moments, and shear and moment diagrams.
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced
concrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 millimeters) thick, are most often used to
construct floors and ceilings, while thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving. Sometimes these
thinner slabs, ranging from 2 inches (51 mm) to 6 inches (150 mm) thick, are called mud slabs,
particularly when used under the main floor slabs[1] or in crawl spaces.[2]
In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab, supported on foundations or directly on
the subsoil, is used to construct the ground floor of a building. These can either be "ground-bearing" or
"suspended" slabs. In high rise buildings and skyscrapers, thinner, pre-cast concrete slabs are slung
between the steel frames to form the floors and ceilings on each level.
On the technical drawings, reinforced concrete slabs are often abbreviated to "r.c.c.slab" or simply "r.c."
Reinforced Concrete Columns
A column is a very important component in a structure. It is like the legs on which a structure stands. It is
designed to resist axial and lateral forces and transfer them safely to the footings in the ground.
You can manually calculate the superimposed loads on a column in a structure using a simple process
outlined in this linked article. You might also like this RCC Column design app which can then be used to
calculate longitudinal steel reinforcement in a column for a given axial load.
Columns support floors in a structure. Slabs and beams transfer the stresses to the columns. So, it is
important to design strong columns.
The main role of foundations is to structurally support the building by transferring the loads of the
building through the walls into the surrounding soil. In terms of a stick frame structure, the foundations
must also protect the timber from moisture ingress by lifting the members above the ground.
The type of soil on the site will have a strong implication to the foundation design.
Different regions will have different soil types, the table below briefly demonstrates the types of soil and
its suitability as a foundation material.
LABORATORY RULES
1. No student will be permitted to work in the laboratory unless a demonstrator or instructor is present.
2. On completion of an experiment, they have to take print out and submit the hard copies to the
concerned lecturer.
3. Before leaving the class they have to shutdown the computer.
4. Dont use open any other software expect Auto CAD.
5. Before taking the print out students have to inform to technician.
6. Any problem in the Auto CAD software they have to inform to the concern course teacher.
DESIGN NO 1:
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Room size = 4 x 10 m
LL = 4 KN/ m 2
FF = 1 KN/ m 2
span 4000
Assume d = = = 142.8 143 mm
28 28
(28=20x1.4=28)
FF = 1.0 KN/ m 2
LL = 4.0 KN/ m 2
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wl 2 13.875 4.1432
M 29.77 KNm
8 8
wl 13.875 4.143
M 28.74 KNm
2 2
M=0.138 Fck b d 2
d 92.89 mm d 143 OK
v 28.74 1000
v 0.2 c (0.36)
bd 1000 143
Ast fy
mu 0.87 fy Ast d 1
bd fck
Ast 415
29.77 x 10 0.87 415 Ast 1431
6
1000 143 25
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Using 10 bar.
78500
Spacing = 125 c / c
622
Min pt = 0.12
170
Dia = =21.25>10mm provided ok.
8
Max spacing not more than 300. ok
628 100
p= 0.46 %
1000 143
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Secondary steel
=715 or 450 mm
Hence ok
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Example:-Design a cantilever porch of size 2500 mm wide and 5000 mm long is to be provided at a
height of 3 m from floor level. The porch slab which overhangs 2500 mm beyond the face of the beam
into be cast in flush with the top face of the beam
Solution:-
200 100
20
2
.1 Effective span = 2500 = 2565
2
Modification factor is 2
For
Fe250, fs=0.58 x fy
Pt % is 0.4
Let the overall depth of the slab be reduced to 100 mm at the cantilever and where bending moment is
zero.
2. Loads
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2.5 2
Mu = Wu x L12 / 2 7.95 24.84 KNm
2
(0.149 f ck bd 2 )
Or
Hence ok
5. Area of steel
CECE2240-Design of structures- 1 21 | P a g e
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666mm 2
Using 10 bar
1000 78.5
spacing 117 mm
666
Provide 10 @ 110 c/c
Curtailment of steel
It is proposed to curtail 50% of the steel required at the support since the depth of the slab is tapering
and bending moment variations parabolic the area of reinforcement will get reduced to half at a distance
greater than half the span from the free end.
1.6 2
Mu 7.45 10.176
2
Total depth of slab at 1.6 m from free end
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6. Distribution steel
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sp 6mm
Asp (/ 4 )X 62 = 28.75 mm2
Substitute all the values we get P =36. 37 mm say 35 mm
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Percentage of steel =
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A rectangular column footing 600 mm X 400 mm carries an axial load of 800 KN Design
a rectangular footing to support the column . The safe bearing capacity of the soil is 200
KN/m2 . Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
Load on the column = 800000N
Approximate weight of the foundation take 10 % of the weight of the column = 80000N
Total load = 880000N
Safe bearing capacity of the soil is given as 200 KN/m 2
= 200000N/m2
Area of the foundation = Total load / Safe bearing capacity of the soil.
= 880000/200000 = 4.40 m2
To find the length and breadth of the foundation
in case of square footing its easy because by taking square root we get all the values
Area = 4.4
BL = 4.4
B= 4.4 /L
Equating the projections on both sides beyond the footing
( B-0.4) = (L-0.6)
Sub B Value
( {4.4/L}-0.4) = (L-0.6)
Solving the above equation we get L = 2.2 m
Sub this is B value we get
B= 4.4/L = 4.4/ 2.2 = 2 m
Now find the projections on both the axis
= 0.8 m
Net upward pressure = column load / Area of the footing
= 800000/4.4
=181820 N/m2
Determination of reinforcement in section xx axis and YY axis.
Bending moment Myy = 181820 X 2.2X 0.8 X (0.8/2).
= 128000 Nm
Factored Moment Muy = 128000 X 1.5
= 192000 Nm
Determine the depth
Muy = 0.138 Fck bd2
192000 = 0.138 x 20 x 600 x d2
d= 341 mm.
Bending moment Mxx = 181820 X 2 X 0.8 X (0.8/2).
= 116364.8 Nm
Factored Moment Mux = 116364.8 X 1.5
= 174547.2Nm
Determine the depth
Mux = 0.138 Fck bd2
174547.2 = 0.138 x 20 x 400 x d2
d= 398 mm.
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Percentage of steel =
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