Module 1 PDF
Module 1 PDF
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials-Method
Deformation : Planes originally normal to axis remain normal, but their separation changes
Strain : =
Member must be prismatic
Stress : = Material of member be homogenous
Load must be directed axially along
P= centroidal axis of member
Load : Stress-Strain in linear elastic range
Displacement : =
Torsion
Member must be prismatic and with
circular cross-section
Material of member- homogenous and
linearly elastic
Torque T applied at ends of member
Angle of twist at any cross-section of
member is small
Deformation : Planes originally normal to axis remain normal, their separation remains same,
But they rotate in their own plane, ie, around to the axis
Strain :
=
Stress : =
= = 2 =
Load :
Displacement : =
Pure Bending
Strain : =
Stress : =
2
Load : = 2
1
Displacement : =
Methods of Analysis
Relation between
(1) Load and Stress
(2) Load and Deflection
Important Observations
F
B
Stress ()
A u
O f
Strain ()
TENSION SPECIMEN OF ALLOY STEEL PROPERTIES & CHARACTERISTICS
Y=YS J
L
A
PL
Stress ()
M K
O p e
EL > PL Strain ()
Proportional Limit ( ): Stress at the limit of
linear elasticity ( > )
Total Strain = p+ e
Yield Strength (Y)
Percent Elongation
Value of elongation (f) of gauge length L at
rupture divided by gauge length
Percentage elongation of alloy steel = 23%
Measure of ductility of material
GEOMETRY OF DEFORMED SPECIMEN AT DIFFERENT POINTS ALONG STRESS-
STRAIN CURVE
Stress-Strain Diagram for Mild Steel or
Structural Steel
Presence of upper yield point (yu) and lower yield point
(yL)
Stress required to initiate yield in structural steel is larger
than stress required to continue the yielding process.
At lower yield, the stress remains essentially constant for
increasing strain until strain hardening causes the curve
to rise.
Flat portion of stress-strain diagram extend over a strain
range of 10 to 40 times the strain at yield point.
Upper yield point ignored in design assuming that stress
initiating yield is lower yield point stress.
TENSION SPECIMEN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
A F
YU
Stress ()
YL =Y
B
u
O
Strain ()
Modulus of Resilience
Measure of energy per unit volume (energy density)
absorbed by a material upto time it yields under load
Area under stress- strain diagram to yield point
Modulus of resilience= Y2/E
Use: Differentiating among materials for application in
which energy absorption is critical
Modulus of Toughness
Measure of ability of material to absorb energy prior to
fracture
Strain energy per unit volume in material at fracture
Strain energy density= Area under stress strain diagram
to fracture
Greater modulus of toughness- Greater ability of
material to absorb energy without fracturing
To avoid material failure under impact or seismic load-
larger modulus of toughness
Modulus of rupture
Maximum tensile or compressive stress in the
extreme fibers of a beam loaded to failure in
bending
For materials having low plastic deformation-
wood, concrete
Does not represent max bending stress
Poissons ratio
Dimensionless measure of lateral strain
occurring in a member owing to strain in its
loaded direction
Failure Analysis
Designers Role
Material of System
Observations
Single factor of safety inadequate to account for all
unknowns
Each of particular load type will exhibit its own statistical
variability
Appropriate load and resistance factors applied to both
sides of design inequality
LIMIT STATE DESIGN
Statistical variation of
individual loads is
accounted in i
Role of Stress
Stresses do not limit loads applied to the member.
Load carrying capacity is not increased by making member of
stronger material
Effective method: Changing shape or increasing dimensions of
its cross sections
Failure by general yielding (plastic deformation)
Compiled by
Dr.G.R.Sabareesh
Department of Mechanical Engineering